Ukuqhuma kwe-Hydrothermal Steam, i-Geyser Basin Crust Breakthrough, kunye noKugqabhuka kweGlacial¶

Amasimi e-Geothermal kunye neendawo ezinomkhenkce zentaba-mlilo (ezifana neYellowstone National Park eUnited States, iTaupo Volcanic Zone kunye neRotorua eNew Zealand, i-Iceland's volcanic rift zones, Kamchatka, kunye neAndes) zibonelela ngequbuliso ezintathu, ezidityanisiweyo zokhuseleko lobomi kwiimeko ezingxamisekileyo: ukuqhushumba kwamanzi amdaka kunye nokuqhuma kwelitye yeemitha ngaphandle kokushukuma kwangaphambili kwe-magma, i-sinter eethe-ethe kunye netravertine crust outthroughs ukuya kuma-93-degree-Celsius (200-degree-Fahrenheit) amachibi ashushu kakhulu aneasidi okanye ialkaline, kunye nezikhukula ezingaphantsi komkhenkce (jokulhlaups) apho i-subglacial geothermal vat brupted under the volcano de ivolcano de ivolcano yamanzi ikhukulise ubushushu obungaphantsi komkhenkce. Idama lomkhenkce liyagqabhuka. Ukongeza, i-low-lying thermal depressions kunye ne-snow-covered fumarole hollows ibamba engabonakaliyo, i-odorless-at-high-dose pools ** i-hydrogen sulfide (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) kunye ne-carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\))* ebangela ukubola ngokuphefumla kabini. Ukuba unxunguphalo lwenzeka kwindawo enobushushu okanye emkhenkceni, tsalela umnxeba kwinombolo yakho kaxakeka yasekuhlaleni ngokukhawuleza (911 eUnited States naseKhanada, 112 kulo lonke elaseEuropean Union naseIceland, 111 eNew Zealand, 999 eUnited Kingdom) okanye ujonge kuluhlu lwethu lweenkcukacha amanani kaxakeka. Malunga neengozi ezinxulumene nokwakheka komhlaba, funda izikhokelo zethu Uqhushululu lwechibi lomkhenkce kunye nokuphuma kokusilela kwedama, iintaba-mlilo, ukuqhuma kwe-limnic kunye namafu egesi ye-volcanic carbon dioxide, kwaye ukutshisa kakhulu kunye nokugungxulwa kweekhemikhali.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. **Baleka unyuke umoya kwaye uye ecaleni kuyo nayiphi igiza okanye ichibi elishushu elijika libe nodaka ngequbuliso, okanye liqalise ukukhupha amaqhekeza amatye amnyama. Ibengezela ngoko nangoko ibe ngumphunga, yophula umnqwazi welitye elivalelekileyo. Sprintela kude nesitya ecaleni kwendlela yokuhamba ngeenyawo ngelixa ujonga phezulu ukuze uphephe amatye awe-ballistic, kwaye ubeke ubhaka oqinileyo, ingxowa yekhamera, okanye ibhatyi esongiweyo phezu kwentloko nasemqaleni wakho ukuze ukhusele ekuweni kwamatye kunye nemvula yodaka olubilayo.
2. Ungaze usuke kwiindlela ezakhiwe ngamaplanga okanye iindledlana zegrabile ezichongiweyo kwisitya sokuvuthuza komhlaba, kwaye ungaze ungene emva kwenja okanye into ewisiweyo. Into ekhangeleka ngathi ngumhlaba oqinileyo omhlophe okanye ongwevu ecaleni komthombo oshushu idla ngokuba yi *5-to-20-millimeter-ebhityileyo (0.2-to-0.8-intshi-ebhityileyo) ishelufu ye-silverine crust okanye i-sililitha ebhityileyo yamanzi abilayo okanye udaka lwe-sulfuric acid (\(p\text{H } 1.5\text{ ukuya ku}2.5\)). Gcina izinja kwi-leash emfutshane esisigxina kude neendawo ezishushu; phantse yonke into ebulalayo engena ngabom kwiqula elibilayo kwenzeka xa umnini-khaya etsiba ukuze ahlangule isilwanyana sasekhaya.
3. Ukuba umhlaba uyaqhekeka ngaphantsi kweenyawo zakho okanye ugqobhoze kuqweqwe olucekethekileyo lwe-thermal, yibeke phantsi esiswini sakho ngoko nangoko kwaye uqengqeleke okanye ugaqe ngesisu ngasemva ecaleni kweenyawo zakho kanye. Ukuma nkqo kugxininise ubunzima bomzimba wakho wonke kwindawo encinci yesithende esinye. Ukulahla okuthambileyo kusasaza ubunzima bakho kwi-torso yakho kunye namalungu ngelixa ukhupha imilenze yakho kumanzi angaphantsi kwe-scalding.
4. Ukuba umntu uwela kumthombo oshushu obilayo okanye ugqabhuke kuqweqwe olushushu, zikhuphe ngoko nangoko, zipholise iindawo ezitsha ngamanzi acocekileyo abandayo, kwaye UNGAKHISHIZI iimpahla ezincamatheleyo ezenziweyo. Pholisa iindawo ezitshisiweyo ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi apholileyo, acocekileyo abalekayo (ungaze atshise kwaye adleke ngokwekhemikhali) kangangemizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20, uthintele ukunyibilika kwesikhumba, ukuthintela ukunyibilika kwesikhumba kwimizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-20. usonge i-torso kunye nemilenze ngokukhululekileyo kumaphepha omileyo acocekileyo okanye ifilimu yokutya yeplastiki, kwaye uphume ngehelikopta okanye i-ambulensi kwiziko lokutshisa lengingqi.
5. Bamba umoya wakho kwaye unyuke umoya ngokukhawuleza ukuba uva ivumba lamaqanda abolileyo athi anyamalale ngesiquphe, uzive unesiyezi ngesiquphe, okanye ubone iintaka ezifileyo okanye izinambuzane kumngxuma we-geothermal. Zombini hydrogen sulfide (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) kunye necarbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) yi-creeek pool, i-creek pool kunye ne-creek imiqolomba yekhephu, kunye noxinzelelo lobushushu ngexesha lemozulu ezolileyo. Ngaphezulu kweendawo ezili-100 kwisigidi ngasinye, \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ikhubaza umthambo wokuvumba ngemizuzwana ukuze ungaphinde unukise ivumba leqanda elibolileyo kanye phambi kwe-500 ukuya kwi-1,000 ppm ibangela ukuba "ukubetha" ukuphefumla ngokukhawuleza.
6. Lahla amathafa anomkhenkce aphuma ngaphandle (i-sandur), iibhulorho zomlambo eziphantsi, kunye nemiqolomba yomkhenkce ngoko nangoko ukuba uva ivumba lesulfure ecaleni komlambo onomkhenkce, uzive ushukuma umhlaba ngokuqhubekayo, okanye ubone amanzi amdaka atsalwa ngumkhenkce ephuma kwimpumlo yomkhenkce. Ukugqabhuka kwesalfure ecaleni komlambo onomkhenkce, uziva ushukuma umhlaba ojikelezayo, okanye ubona amanzi amdaka atsalwa ngumkhenkce esuka kwimpumlo yomkhenkce.** Ukugqabhuka kwamanzi okungaphantsi komkhenkce (i-jokulhlaup) kwandisa umlambo khupha umkhenkce ukuya*' Izihlandlo ezili-1,000 kwiiyure nje ezimbalwa**, itshayelwa iibhulorho zohola wendlela ize igqume amathafa athe tyaba agudle unxweme ngeekhilomitha ububanzi ngaphantsi kwamanzi agqumayo, iintaba zomkhenkce ezilingana nendlu, kunye nentlenga yentaba-mlilo. Qhuba okanye ubalekele ngokuthe ngqo kumjelo womlambo ukuya kwiinduli eziphakamileyo.

Umthi wesigqibo: isitya se-geothermal, impumelelo ye-crust, kunye nokusinda kwe-jokulhlaup¶

flowchart TD
    Start["I-Geothermal okanye i-Glaciovolcanic Emergency ifunyenwe"] --> HazardType{"Yeyiphi ingozi eyenzekayo ngoku?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. UPHUHLISO LWESITHUNYANA SEHYDROTHERMAL: Iplamu yodaka oluMnyama, iRock Ballistics, iLoud Boom"| SteamBlast["1. Baleka unyuke umoya kwaye umke kwindawo egqabhukileyo ecaleni kwendlela yebhodi esele imisiwe 2. Jonga phezulu ukuze ulandele kwaye uphephe iibhloko zamatye eziwongayo eziphakamileyo 3. Khusela intloko nentamo ngobhaka okanye idyasi enzima kwimvula yodaka olubilayo 4. Shenxisa ubuncinci ngama-500 m (1,65 m) kude nomsinga osebenzayo (1,65m)"]

    HazardType -->|"2. I-THERMAL CRUST THROUGH: Iinyawo zibetha ngeSinter ukuya kwi-Scalding Pool"| CrustBreak{"Ngaba ixhoba lisequleni okanye kuqweqwe?"}

    CrustBreak -->|"Ukuzihlangula: Ukuqhekeka kwe-crust phantsi kweebhutsi zakho"| BellyCrawl["UKUKHUPHA KWANGOKO NGOKUKHAWULEZA OKUFANELEKILEYO: 1. Sukuthatha elinye inyathelo elithe nkqo ukuya phambili."]

    CrustBreak -->|"Ukuhlangula umntu obukeleyo: Ixhoba lintywiliselwe emanzini okanye litshiswe"| BurnCare["I-THERMAL SCLD & ACID TRIAGE: 1. Fikelela kwixhoba elisuka kwipali, isebe, okanye intambo (ungaze unyathele kuqweqwe olucekethekileyo) 2. nkcenkceshela amatsha ngokusela acocekileyo abandayo okanye amanzi aqukuqelayo. songela kwiphepha elomileyo elicocekileyo"]

    HazardType -->|"3. IPOKETHI YEGASI YEGEOTHERMAL EYItyhefu: Isiyezi, Izilwanyana Zasendle Ezifileyo, okanye Ukuwa ngesiquphe kwiHollow"| GasEscape["I-H2S & CO2 GAS PACKET POCKET ESCAPE: 1. Bamba umoya ngokukhawuleza kwaye ukhwele i-3 ukuya kwi-5 m (10 ukuya ku-16 ft) unyuke ukuya emoyeni 2. UNGAZE ugobe okanye ungene kumqolomba onomngxuma okanye wekhephu ukuze ukhuphe ixhoba elingekho zingqondweni ngaphandle kwe-SCBA 3. Xa usemoyeni omtsha, qalisa ukuphefumla ukuhlangula okanye iCPR ukuba ixhoba litsalwe ngentambo kwi-edge."]

    HazardType -->|"4. I-SUBGLACIAL OUTBURST (JOKULHLAUP): I-Sulfur Inukisa kuMlambo i-Glacier, i-Trimoor, ukuNtshula kwamanzi amdaka."| Jokulhlaup["UKUKHUTSHWA KWE-JOKULHLAUP FLOODPLAIN: 1. Phuma kuyo yonke imiqolomba yomkhenkce, amathafa angaphandle (sandur), kunye neebhulorho zomlambo ngokukhawuleza 2. Qhuba okanye ukhwele kwilitye eliqinileyo elingqamene nentlambo."]

Ifiziksi kunye nejoloji yokuqhuma kwe-hydrothermal¶

Iindwendwe ezininzi kwiipaki ze-geothermal zicinga ukuba ukuqhuma kwentaba-mlilo kwenzeka kuphela xa i-magma etyhidiweyo iphakama phezulu. Ngokwenyani, uqhushumbo lwe-hydrothermal (phreatic) lwenzeka rhoqo kakhulu kunogqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo kwaye lufuna ukungabikho kwemvukelo entsha. Imizekelo yangoku edumileyo iquka ukudubula kwe-hydrothermal kaJulayi ka-2024 yeBiscuit Basin e-Yellowstone National Park, ugqabhuko-dubulo lweGeyser yePorkchop ngo-1989, kunye nemingxuma emikhulu yangaphambili efana neMary Bay kunye neTurbid Lake.

1. Indlela yokupheka yoxinzelelo lwangaphantsi komhlaba (Ukwandiswa kweFlash-to-Steam)¶

Ngaphantsi kwesitya segiza, amanzi aphantsi komhlaba ajikeleza kwi-rhyolite eqhekekileyo okanye ilitye le-basalt elitshiswa ngumthombo wobushushu obunzulu. Ngenxa yokuba amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba abanjwe phantsi koxinzelelo olunzima ** hydrostatic pressure ** (ubunzima boluhlu lwamanzi ngaphezu kwayo) kunye ** noxinzelelo lwe-lithostatic ** (kuba i-silica mineral precipitation itywina iintanda zamatye njengesamente), amanzi angaphantsi komhlaba ahlala emanzi kumaqondo okushisa aphezulu ** 175 ukuya kuma-250 degrees Celsius (347 ukuya kwi-482 degrees Fahrenheit ngaphezu kwendawo yokubilisa)* - Isiqalo soxinzelelo: Ukuba kuthe kwabakho inyikima yendawo encinci, ukwehla ngesiquphe kumphakamo wechibi, ukuvaleka kwangaphakathi kwimibhobho yegiza, okanye iintanda ze-hydrofracturing ezivale ilitye elitywiniweyo lesilica, uxinzelelo kwidama eliphantsi komhlaba elishushu kakhulu liyehla ngoko nangoko. - Ukwandiswa komthamo we-1,600-ukuya-1: Amanzi elulwelo ashushu kakhulu adanyazela kumphunga ngeemilliseconds. Ngenxa yokuba umphunga kuxinzelelo lwe-atmospheric luthatha malunga ne-1,600 amaxesha omthamo wamanzi alulwelo, umphunga odanyazayo uyanda kunye nobundlobongela beziqhushumbisi eziphezulu, ukucola ilitye elingaphezulu le-sinter rock cap kunye nokujulwa kwamanzi abilayo, udaka oluneasidi, kunye ne-500-kilogram (1,100-pound) amatye ukuya kwi-600000 yeemitha ukuya kwi-30000 yeemitha ukuya kwi-30000 yeemitha umoya* kwizantya ze-50 ukuya kwi-150 yeemitha ngesekhondi (110 ukuya kwi-335 yeemayile ngeyure).

2. Usinda njani kugqabhuko-dubulo olusebenzayo lwe-hydrothermal kwindawo ekufutshane¶

1. Qaphela i-10-ukuya-60-izandulela zemizuzwana: Kanye phambi kokuqhushumba kwe-hydrothermal, umthombo oqhelekileyo oblowu okanye oluhlaza oluhlaza unokuqengqeleka ngequbulisonodaka olumnyama okanye olungwevu, idome enkulu yamanzi kumgama oziimitha ezi-2 ukuya kwezi-5 (iinyawo eziyi-6.5 ukuya kwi-16.5) ukuphakama kunokudumba ngaphezulu kwebhodi ebukhali okanye ivalwe ngeenyawo.
2. Phuma ecaleni kwendlela yebhodi; UNGAZE utsibe usuka kuhola weenyawo uye kuqweqwe lobushushu obujikelezileyo: Uloyiko lubangela ukuba abantu ababaleka ugqabhuko-dubulo batsibe besuka emacaleni endledlana yeplanga, begqobhoza ngokuthe ngqo kuqweqwe olucekethekileyo lwe-sinter crust ukuya kumaqula akufuphi ne-93-degree-Celsius (200-degree-Fahrenheit). Hlala kwiiplanga zokhuni okanye indlela yegrabile esekwe.
3. Bukela isibhakabhaka kwaye uphephe amatye anqabileyo: Amatye amakhulu akhutshwayo kwi-engile ye-45-ukuya-80-degree athatha 4 ukuya kwisekondi ezili-12 ukufikelela kwincopho ye-arc yawo kwaye abuyele emhlabeni. Ngokungafaniyo nokuqhuma kwamaza, amatye awelayo anokulandelwa ngokubonakalayo; gcina amehlo akho ejonge phezulu njengoko ubuya umva ukuze ukwazi ukunyathela ngasekhohlo okanye ekunene uphume kwindlela yelitye, kwaye ubambe ubhaka phezu kwekhranium yakho ukufunxa igrabile encinci kunye nodaka olubilayo.

Ukuthelekiswa kweengozi ze-geothermal kunye ne-glaciovolcanic¶

Ukusinda kwimpumelelo ye-thermal crust kunye nokunyanga ukutshisa okukhulu kwe-geothermal¶

E-Yellowstone, e-Rotorua, nase-Iceland, iindwendwe ezininzi zibulawa okanye zikhubazwe ngokusisigxina ** ukunyathela okanye ukuwela kwimithombo ebilayo ** ngaphezu kwazo zonke ezinye iingozi ze-volcanic ezidibeneyo.

1. Kutheni umhlaba we-geothermal ungumgibe ofihliweyo¶

Njengoko amanzi ashushu kakhulu enyuka ukusuka kwiifractures ezinzulu, anyibilikisa i-silica (\(\text{SiO}_2\)) okanye i-calcium carbonate ($\text{CaCO}_3 \() ngaphandle kwelitye le-volcanic. Xa loo manzi efikelela kwidama elipholileyo, iiminerali ziphuma zijikeleze ungqameko lwemithombo, zisakha iileji ezicekethekileyo ezilaminethiweyo ze **siliceous sinter (geyserite)** okanye **travertine** ezikhula ngaphandle phezu komphezulu wamanzi abilayo njengomkhenkce obhityileyo weshelufa echibini. Kwangaxeshanye, ukunyuka komphunga oneasidi (\)\text{H}_2\text{S}$ oxidizing into \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4\)) ikhupha iliwa eliqinileyo elijikelezileyo libe ludongwe oluthambileyo, olutyibilikayo lwe-kaolinite. Isiqwenga somhlaba esikhangeleka njengelitye elimhlophe elomileyo sinokuba yi-1-centimeter-thick (0.4-inch-thick-thick) iqokobhe leminerali ngaphezulu kwe-95-degree-Celsius (203-degree-Fahrenheit) cauldron.

2. Inyathelo-by-nyathelo prehospital ukutshisa ixhoba abilayo spring ixhoba¶

Ukuba umntwana okanye umntu omdala uwela kwi-thermal crust okanye kwi-spring eshushu: 1. Ukuphuma kunyawo oluluqilima kuphela: Ungaze usuke kwibhodi yokuhambahamba uye kungqameko oluethe-ethe loqweqwe oluthe kratya ukuze ubambe ixhoba, okanye ishelufu iya kuwa phantsi kwenu nobabini. Lala tyaba kwidekhi yeplanga, wandise ipali yokuhamba, i-tripod, ibhatyi, okanye ibhanti, uze utsalele ixhoba phezu kwamaplanga. 2. Pholisa indawo etshileyo ngokukhawuleza ngamanzi acocekileyo, angatshisiyo (Yekisa inkqubo yokutshisa): - Amanzi abilayo e-geothermal avaleleke kwiikawusi zoboya, iibhutsi zokuhamba, kunye neejini ziyaqhubeka nokupheka izicubu ezinzulu zedermal ukuya kuthi ga kwimizuzu emi-3 emva kokuba ixhoba likhutshiwe echibini. - Kwangoko ugalele amanzi acocekileyo abandayo kwiibhotile zamanzi, iipakethi zehydration, okanye umjelo wamanzi angenawo ubushushu phezu kweendawo ezitshileyo. Ungaze usebenzise amanzi afakwe kwidama elikufutshane le-geothermal okanye umlambo ofudumeleyo, anokuba shushu, abe asidi, okanye angcoliseke. - Sika iintambo zebhutsi kunye nempahla yangaphandle enganyibilikiyo kunye nezikere zomonzakalo okanye i-pocketknife, ** kodwa UNGAZE ukrazule okanye ukhuphe iimpahla ezenziweyo okanye iikawusi ezinyibilikisiweyo kwaye zadityaniswa kulusu olunamadyungudyungu , njengoko uzitsalela ngaphandle kuluhlu lwe-epidermis kunye nedermis kude. 3. Ibhalansi yokutshisa ukupholisa ngokuchasene ne-systemic hypothermia: - Ukuba ukutshisa kugubungela ** ngaphantsi kweepesenti ze-15 ze-Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) ** (ezifana nonyawo olunye okanye umlenze ongaphantsi obethelwe ngenqindi kwi-crust), pholisa ilungu ngokuqhubekayo ngamanzi acocekileyo apholileyo ** i-15 kwimizuzu ye-20 ** ukumisa ukuqhubela phambili kokuvuvukala kunye nokunciphisa naluphi na udaka olushushu olushushu. - Ukuba ixhoba liye lantywiliselwa ngokupheleleyo ngumzimba ogcweleyo (>20 ukuya kwi-30 yeepesenti ze-TBSA), umqobo wolusu wabo uyatshatyalaliswa kwaye baya kuphulukana nobushushu bomzimba obungundoqo kwaye baye kwi-hypovolemic shock shock. Gcoba udaka olubilayo kwaye upholise ulusu ngokufutshane malunga nemizuzu eyi-1 ukuya kwemi-2**, uze ulisonge ixhoba ngokukhululekileyo kwi-** ecocekileyo, eyomileyo yamaphepha angenazintsholongwane, isithuba sengubo yeMylar ecocekileyo phezu komaleko welaphu elomileyo, okanye ikhitshi ecocekileyo yekhitshi ebambelelayo ibekwe longitudinally** (ungaze isongelwe ngokuqinileyo malunga nelungu elifana ne-tourniquet enkulu, kunye nemizuzu etshiswayo). 4. Gcina isigulana sithe qwa, sishushu, sithe tyaba, kwaye ubize i-helicopter ekhawulezileyo ye-medevac: Musa ukunika ulwelo ngomlomo ukuba isigulana sine>20 yepesenti yokutsha kwe-TBSA, iyagabha, okanye iya kufuna intubation ye-endotracheal kaxakeka ekufikeni esibhedlele. Ulawulo oluneenkcukacha zokutsha, bona ukutshisa kakhulu kunye nokugungxulwa kweekhemikhali.

Ukubaleka ihydrogen sulfide (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) kunye necarbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)) imigibe yerhasi¶

Iivent geothermal zikhupha ngokuqhubekayo umphunga oxutywe ne carbon dioxide (\(\text{CO}_2\)), hydrogen sulfide (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)), kunye ne sulfur dioxide (\(\text{SO}_2\)). - Kutheni iindawo ezisezantsi zibe ngamagumbi erhasi ebulalayo: Kubushushu obuqhelekileyo kunye noxinzelelo, \(\text{CO}_2\) inomxhuzulane okhethekileyo we 1.52 kunye ne \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) inomthamo othile 1.19 xa kuthelekiswa nomoya oqhelekileyo (1.00). Ngenjikalanga enomoya, isaqhwithi siyaxuba size sinyibilike ezi gesi ngokungenabungozi. Ngentsasa ** ezolileyo, ezibandayo, ngexesha lokuguquka kobushushu bomoya, okanye ngaphakathi kwekhephu lokudakumba, emqolombeni, okanye kwintlambo**, iigesi ezinzima ziyatshona kwaye zenze ichibi elingabonakaliyo, elimileyo lerhasi ebulalayo 0.5 ukuya kwi-2 yeemitha (1.6 ukuya kwi-6.5 iinyawo) ubunzulu emhlabeni. - I-Olfactory Paralysis Trap yeHydrogen Sulfide: Kwiindawo ezincinci (\(0.01\text{ ukuya }5\text{ppm}\)), \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) inuka kakhulu njengamaqanda abolileyo. Nangona kunjalo, kugxininiso lwe- 100 ukuya kwi-150 ppm, \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ngokwekhemikhali ikhubaza umthambo wokunusa womntu phakathi kwemizuzu emi-2 ukuya kwe-15. Umhambi ohamba epokothweni yegesi exineneyo ngequbuliso ucinga ukuba umoya uphelile ngenxa yokuba ivumba leqanda elibolileyo liyanyamalala; amanyathelo amabini kamva, ku-500 ukuya ku-1,000 ppm*, ukuphefumla okukodwa kwe-\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ibophelela kwi-mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase kwisiqu sobuchopho, okubangela ukuba umntu angabikho zingqondweni ngoko nangoko ("indlu yokuxhela") kunye nokubanjwa kokuphefumula. - Umgaqo wokuhlangula: Ukuba ubona umntu ohambahambayo, umsebenzi, okanye isilwanyana esanyisayo esikhulu silele singekho zingqondweni kumngxunya otshisiweyo we-geothermal, umjelo wekhephu, okanye umngxuma wendalo wokuhlambela wespring-spring, USUKUHLA uye kuxinezeleko ujonge ukubetha kwentliziyo. Bamba umoya wakho, hlala kungqameko oluphezulu oluvuthuzayo, kwaye uzame kuphela ukunqakraza, ukujikeleza ngepali okanye ukugruzuka ixesha elide. uhlale ngokupheleleyo kumlambo omtsha womoya; ngenye indlela fowunela iinkonzo ezingxamisekileyo zohlangulo lweSelf-Contained Breathing Apparatus (SCBA). Funda wethu icyanide, ihydrogen sulfide, kunye nerhasi yeshishini lokuphefumla isikhokelo soncedo lokuqala.

Ukusinda kwisikhukula somkhenkce (jokulhlaup)¶

Isuka kwigama lesi-Icelandic elithi "i-glacier leap," i-jokulhlaup* sisikhukula esiyintlekele esikhutshwe ngaphantsi komkhenkce okanye umkhenkce. Ngelixa ezinye i-jokulhlaups zikhupha amachibi asemkhenkceni ngokuhamba kweentsuku, ezona ziganeko ziyingozi kakhulu zenzeke kwimivalo yomkhenkce enentaba-mlilo (efana ne-Vatnajokull* kunye ne-Myrdalsjokull / Katla* e-Iceland, Mount Rainier ne Redoubt / Spurr e-United States, okanye i-glaciated glaciated Alaskaostrat glaciated Alaska) iicalderas okanye ugqabhuko-dubulo lwentaba-mlilo olungaphantsi komkhenkce lunyibilikise izigidi ze-cubic metres zamanzi ngaphantsi kwamakhulu eemitha zomkhenkce.

1. Indlela i-jokulhlaup eyakha ngayo kwaye iphule¶

Njengoko ubushushu be-geothermal bunyibilika umzantsi womkhenkce kwiinyanga okanye iiyure, ichibi elinomkhenkce liqokelelana ngaphakathi kwelitye elidakumbileyo okanye i-cauldron yomkhenkce. Xa ubunzulu kunye noxinzelelo lwe-hydrostatic lwaloo manzi avalelekileyo lufikelela kuqikelelo ama-90 epesenti yobukhulu bedama lomkhenkce elingaphaya (kuba umkhenkce unoxinano lwe-\(0.917 grams ngecubic centimeter nganye\) xa kuthelekiswa namanzi elulwelo eyi-\(1.00 yeegram ngecubic centimeter\)), idama lomkhenkce lidada ngokuthe ngqo ukuya phezulu, okanye kumkhenkce oshushu ukuya phezulu. Umlambo wamanzi omkhenkce, uthuthu lwentaba-mlilo, amatye, kunye neetoni ezili-1,000 zomkhenkce womkhenkce ugqabhuka kwimpumlo yomkhenkce ukunqumla ithafa elithe tyaba lomlambo (sandur). Ngexesha logqabhuko-dubulo lwe-Gjallp e-Iceland ngo-1996, i-Skeidararhlaup jokulhlaup yafikelela kwincopho yokukhutshwa kwe- 50,000 cubic metres ngesekhondi (1.76 million cubic feet ngomzuzwana), ngokufutshane yaba ngumlambo wesibini ngobukhulu eMhlabeni kunye nokutshayela iibhulorho zentsimbi.

2. Imithetho yokusinda ngokukhawuleza kwiintlambo ze-glacial outwash kunye nemiqolomba yomkhenkce¶

1. Mamela umqondiso #1 wokuqala wesilumkiso womhlaba, ivumba lequbuliso lamaqanda abolileyo (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) ecaleni komlambo womkhenkce: Amachibi angaphantsi komkhenkce azaliswe yihydrogen sulfide enyityilisiweyo. Iiyure phambi kokuba kugqabhuke iliza elikhulu ukusuka kwindawo yomkhenkce, amanzi aphantsi komkhenkce acinezelekileyo aqalisa ukuvuzela kumjelo womlambo, ekhupha ivumba elirhabaxa isalfure okanye ivumba leqanda elibolileyo ecaleni kweendonga zomlambo kunye neebhulorho. Ukuba uva ivumba lesulfure kufuphi nomkhenkce okanye umlambo onomkhenkce, phuma kuloo ntlambo ngokukhawuleza.
2. Ungaze ungene kumqolomba womkhenkce ongaphantsi komkhenkce ngexesha lemvula eshushu, ukunyibilika kwentwasahlobo, okanye ukunyibilika kwenyikima: Abakhenkethi abandwendwela imiqolomba yendalo yomkhenkce oluhlaza kwisiseko somkhenkce banokuvalelwa kwimizuzu ukuba imijelo yamanzi engaphantsi komkhenkce ibuyile okanye idilike uphahla lomkhenkce.
3. Ungaze ume kwibhulorho phezu kwethafa elinomkhenkce ukuze ubukele isikhukula: I-jokulhlaup ayiziphathi njengamanzi acwengileyo; yi-hyperconcentrated slurry ethwele 10-to-30-meter-wide (33-to-100-foot-wide-wide) icebergs ihamba nge-15 ukuya kwi-30 yeekhilomitha ngeyure (9 ukuya kwi-19 yeemayile ngeyure). Ezi ntaba zomkhenkce zigqobhoza kwiipali zebhulorho kwaye zifumbe ngokuchasene nedekhi yebhulorho de yonke ibhulorho yohola wendlela ikrazulwe. Qhuba ngokupheleleyo kwithafa elithe tyaba lokuhlambela ngaphandle (sandur) kwiinduli eziqinileyo zamatye phambi kokumisa.

Iinombolo zengingqi zikaxakeka kunye neeprothokholi ze-arhente¶

• EUnited States: Fowunela 911 ngoko nangoko (okanye iflegi phantsi iNational Park Service Law Enforcement Ranger ukuba ukhuselo lweselula luvalwe ngeendonga zecanyon; vula i-SOS satellite messenger ukuba ikwilizwe elingasemva). Beka esweni USGS Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO), Cascade Volcano Observatory (CVO), kunye neAlaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) (volcanoes.usgs.gov) kwizilumkiso ze-hydrothermal kunye ne-glaciovolcanic.
• ** I-Iceland: ** Shayela ** 112 ** ukuhlangula ngokukhawuleza kunye ne-*Icelandic Association for Search and Rescue (ICE-SAR / Landsbjorg) **. Beka iliso kwi- I-Icelandic Meteorological Office (IMO / Vedurstofa Islands, vedur.is) kunye ISebe loKhuseleko loLuntu kunye noLawulo oluNgxamisekileyo (Almannavarnir / safetravel.is), etyhala izilumkiso ezinyanzelekileyo zokuphuma kwe-SMS kwifowuni nganye engaphakathi kwejokulhlaup okanye ummandla wengozi yentaba-mlilo (njengeMyrdalssandur, Skeidararsandur, okanye Grindavik).
• I-New Zealand: Fowunela 111 yePolisa, uMlilo kunye neNgxamiseko yeNZ, kunye neAmbulensi. Ukubeka iliso GeoNet (geonet.org.nz) kunye ISebe loLondolozo (i-DOC) leNqanaba lokuLumkisa ngeVolcanic kunye neengozi ze-hydrothermal ngaphaya kwe-Taupo Volcanic Zone, i-Rotorua, i-Tongariro, kunye ne-Ruapehu (apho ubunjineli IMITHETHO ye-acoustic lahar / inkqubo yokuqhuma isilumkiso ibangela amasango okuthintela okuzenzekelayo kunye ne-siren).
• ** I-European Union, i-Italiya, kunye neKamchatka / i-Asia-Pacific: ** Fowuna ** 112 ** kulo lonke elaseYurophu. E-Itali (Campi Flegrei / Solfatara phreatic and \(\text{CO}_2\) fumarole fields), landela Protezione Civile kunye INGV imimandla yokungabandakanywa. EJapan (apho uqhushumbo lomphunga wentaba-mlilo kunye ne-\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) iipokotho zerhasi eMount Ontake, Kusatsu-Shirane, naseHakone Owakudani ziingozi ezinkulu), biza 119 kwaye ulandele iJapan Meteorological Agency (JMA) izilumkiso zentaba-mlilo.

Imibuzo ebuzwa qho¶

Ngaba ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-hydrothermal e-Yellowstone okanye e-Rotorua luthetha ukuba ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-supervolcano luyaqala?¶

Hayi. Ngokutsho kwe-United States Geological Survey (USGS) kunye ne-GNS Science New Zealand, ugqabhuko-dubulo lwe-hydrothermal ziziganeko zemibhobho yamanzi ezingenzulwanga ezenzeka kumphezulu weemitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezingama-200 (iinyawo ezingama-33 ukuya kwezingama-650) zoqweqwe apho amanzi aphantsi komhlaba alulwelo angena emphunga. Azibandakanyi ukunyuka kwe-magma kwaye azikho izandulela kugqabhuko-dubulo olukhulu lwentaba-mlilo; eneneni, ugqabhuko-dubulo oluncinci lwe-hydrothermal lwenzeka kwenye indawo e-Yellowstone phantse unyaka nonyaka, kwaye iicraters ezinkulu zivuthuza rhoqo kumashumi ambalwa eminyaka ukuya kwiinkulungwane njengoko i-mineral silica ivala itshaneli zegiza engaphantsi komhlaba.

Kutheni ungakhe ukhuphe iimpahla ezinyibilikayo zokukhwela intaba ukuba umntu uwela kwimithombo yamanzi ebilayo?¶

Xa umhambi onxibe inayiloni, ipolyester, okanye impahla yepolypropylene iwela ku-93-degree-Celsius (200-degree-Fahrenheit) kumanzi aphantsi komhlaba, iqondo lobushushu elibilayo libangela ukutyeba okugcweleyo ngoko nangoko kwe-epidermal detachment ngelixa kuthambisa ilaphu lokwenziwa kwidermis enamadyungudyungu. Ukukrazula ibhulukhwe encamatheleyo okanye iikawusi ezikwi-boardwalk kukrazula amashiti edermis ephilayo, kubangela ukopha okukhulu, kuveze imithambo-luvo ekrwada emoyeni, kwaye konyusa kakhulu usulelo kunye nokulahleka kolwelo. Endaweni yoko, pholisa ukutshisa ngokukhawuleza kwimpahla ngamanzi abandayo acocekileyo, unqumle ilaphu elijiyileyo elijikeleze imiphetho, kwaye uvumele oogqirha botyando batshise izinto ezibambeneyo phantsi kwe-anesthesia enyumba.

Ingaba umthombo obilayo oshushu unokuba neasidi kakhulu okanye ialkaline eyomeleleyo?¶

Amanzi aphantsi komhlaba awela kwiindidi ezimbini zeekhemikhali ezahlukeneyo ezitshabalalisa izicubu zomntu ngokukhawuleza kunamanzi acocekileyo abilayo. Imithombo ye-Acid-sulfate (ixhaphakile kwiimbiza zodaka kunye neenduli ze-fumarole kunye ne-$ p \ umbhalo {H} 1.2 \ umbhalo { ukuya kwi-} 3.0 $) ifom xa inyuka igesi ye-hydrogen sulfide inyibilika emanzini angenawo i-oksijini kwaye i-oxidized yi-*Sulfolobus* ibhaktheriya kwi-chemical sulfuric concentrated to concentrated acids sulfuric acids scalp. Imithombo ye-alkaline-chloride (amaninzi amagiza aluhlaza acwengileyo ane $p\text{H} 8.5\text{ ukuya kwi}9.5$) azizityebi kwisilica enyityilisiweyo kunye nesodium carbonate; i-alkalinity ephezulu i-saponifies (ichitha) i-lipids enamafutha kwi-membrane yeseli yomntu, ivumela ukushisa kwe-thermal ukuba kungene nzulu kwii-tissue ezingaphantsi.

Ngaba ndingaphila ukuba ngengozi ndidlule kuqweqwe lwe-sinter olubhityileyo ukuya edolweni lam?¶

Ewe, ukwenzakala okungaphaya komlenze osezantsi kusoloko kusinda ukuba uthe wawa phantsi ngokukhawuleza ukuze usasaze ubunzima bakho, ukhase ubuyele kwi-boardwalk, ugungxule umlenze ngamanzi acocekileyo abandayo kangangemizuzu eli-15 ukuya kwengama-20, kwaye uthuthelwe kwiziko lokutshisa. Ukubhubha kwabantu kwiingozi zasentlakohlaza kunxulunyaniswa ngamandla nepesenti yeTotal Body Surface Area (TBSA) etshileyo: iqakala ukuya edolweni kudla ngokuchaphazela i-7 ukuya kwi-15 yepesenti ye-TBSA, ngelixa ukutyibilika kuqala kwintwasahlobo ebilayo emacaleni kubangela ama-80 ukuya kwi-100 leepesenti i-TBSA etshisa iqondo lesithathu ngokukhawuleza.

Yintoni ingozi ye-amoeba etya ingqondo kwimithombo yendalo eshushu eshushu?¶

Imithombo yamanzi ashushu phakathi kwama-25 kunye nama-46 ngokukaCelsius (ama-77 kunye ne-115 ngokukaFahrenheit) ngokwendalo kukho i-*Naegleria fowleri*, i-thermophilic free-living amoeba ehlala kwintlenga esezantsi. Ukusela amanzi akubangeli usulelo, kwaye ukucwina ukusuka entanyeni ukuhla kukhuselekile; Ingozi ibakho xa amanzi ashushu emthonjeni enyanzelwa ukuba anyuke ngeempumlo ngexesha lokuntywila, ukudumba intloko yakho, okanye ukutshiza. Iamoeba ihamba inyusa imijelo yemithambo-luvo yokunuka isiya ebuchotsheni, ibangela iPrimary Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), enezinga lokufa elingaphezu kwama-97 ekhulwini. Hlala ugcina intloko yakho phezu kwamanzi okanye unxibe ikliphu yempumlo eqinileyo kwimithombo eshushu yendalo. Ukuthatha ikhosi yoncedo lokuqala kwi-Red Cross, iSt John Ambulance, okanye umboneleli wendawo ufundisa ukutshiswa kobomi kunye nokunakekelwa kwemeko engxamisekileyo.