I-Kerosene Heater-Ups, i-Fuel Spills, kunye noKhuseleko lweSifudumezi saNgaphakathi¶

Portable space heaters, including wick-type kerosene heaters, ventless propane radiant/catalytic heaters, and 1,500-watt plug-in electric heaters, are involved in a disproportionate share of winter home fires and indoor carbon monoxide poisonings worldwide. According to the National Fire Protection Association (NFPA) and the United States Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), although portable space heaters account for a fraction of home heating equipment, they are responsible for roughly 80 percent of all fatal home heating fires, along with hundreds of annual deaths from asphyxiation and fuel contamination explosions.

What makes portable fuel-burning and electric space heaters uniquely unforgiving is how quickly a tiny mistake turns into a life-threatening emergency. Pouring even a single cup of automotive gasoline into a kerosene heater tank (often because fuel was stored in the wrong color plastic can) lowers the fuel's flash point from a safe 38 degrees Celsius (100 degrees Fahrenheit) down to minus 40 degrees Celsius (minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit), turning the kerosene heater into a runaway liquid-fuel bomb that erupts in a 2-meter (6.5-foot) pillar of flame the moment the wick warms up. Worse still, when a kerosene heater flares up with yellow flames and thick black soot indoors, homeowners instinctively try to pick up the burning heater and carry it outside, sloshing 4 to 7 liters (1 to 2 gallons) of flaming liquid fuel over their chest, legs, and hallway carpet. Knowing how to trip the manual shutoff lever on a flaring heater without lifting it, smother a liquid fuel fire with a Class B dry chemical extinguisher, ventilate a room for an unvented fuel heater, and stop an electric heater from melting a wall outlet prevents catastrophic burns and carbon monoxide poisoning.

Yenza oku ngoku¶

1. Press the manual emergency shutoff lever or button immediately (if safe to reach without touching flames). Every UL-listed portable kerosene heater has a spring-loaded Manual Shutoff Lever or Button on the front of the unit that drops the cylindrical fiberglass wick down into the extinguisher sleeve. If flames are still confined inside the upper wire guard cage, use a broom handle or gloved hand from the side to trip the shutoff button (or turn the wick knob counter-clockwise to OFF). For a propane heater, twist the cylinder supply valve clockwise to OFF.
2. If flames rise above the top grill cage or kerosene is burning on the floor, DO NOT approach the knob: evacuate or use a Class B/ABC extinguisher from 2.5 meters (8 feet) back. If the heater has suffered a runaway flare-up (often caused by gasoline contamination or flooded sump fuel) where orange flames are shooting out the top of the heater cabinet, turning the wick down will NOT extinguish the fire because fuel vapor is burning across the entire top of the fuel tank. Stand 2.5 to 3 meters (8 to 10 feet) back with an exit behind you and sweep a Class ABC or Class B dry chemical extinguisher across the base of the flames, or evacuate the room immediately, close the door behind you, and call your local amanani kaxakeka (Ama-911 eUnited States naseKhanada, ali-112 kulo lonke iManyano yaseYurophu, angama-999 eUnited Kingdom).
3. Never refuel a kerosene heater indoors or while the heater is still hot or warm. Always carry a kerosene heater outdoors after it has been turned off and cooled completely for at least 15 to 20 minutes before unscrewing the fuel cap. Pouring kerosene into a warm heater indoors releases flammable vapor that ignites on the hot burner chimney.
4. Crack open a window at least 2.5 centimeters (1 inch) whenever running any unvented kerosene or indoor propane heater. Because portable kerosene and ventless propane heaters have no chimney pipe, 100 percent of their exhaust gases (carbon monoxide, nitrogen dioxide, sulfur dioxide, and water vapor) dump directly into the air you breathe while consuming room oxygen. Never run an unvented fuel heater in a tightly closed bedroom or while sleeping, and keep a working battery-powered carbon monoxide (CO) alarm on the same level.
5. For a sparking or smoking electric space heater: switch OFF the branch circuit breaker at the main panel before touching a melted wall plug. Portable 1,500-watt electric heaters draw a continuous 12.5 amps (in 120V countries), which routinely overheats loose wall receptacles and extension cords past 200 degrees Celsius (400 degrees Fahrenheit). If you smell a "fishy" or burnt-plastic electrical odor or see smoke/sparks at the wall outlet, flip the circuit breaker OFF at your main electrical panel before unplugging the heater.
6. Xa iparafini ichithele ngaphakathi endlwini: cima yonke imithombo yokuvutha, khupha umoya, kwaye ufunxe ngenkunkuma yekati okanye isoda yokubhaka. Ukuba i-kerosene ichithele emgangathweni ngaphandle kokulayita, zicime zonke izifudumezi kunye nezibane zokuqhuba, vula iifestile, ufunxe ulwelo nge**inkunkuma yekati yodongwe, isanti, okanye isikhongozeli seplastiki sokubhaka kwisoda ekhutshiweyo okanye isikhongozeli seplastiki. kwaye uhlambe umgangatho ngamanzi ashushu, isepha yolwelo yokucoca isitya, kunye neviniga emhlophe ukuze unciphise ivumba le-hydrocarbon.

Umthi wesigqibo sempendulo yongxamiseko yesifudumezi-ndawo¶

Sebenzisa lo mthi wesigqibo sobuchule ukuphendula ngokukhuselekileyo kwisifudumezi separafini, ukuvuza kwesifudumezi sepropane okanye i-alam ye-CO, umlilo wentambo yesifudumezi sombane, okanye ukuchitheka kweparafini yangaphakathi.

flowchart TD
    Start["ISifudumezi Esiphathekayo seSithuba sikaNgxamiseko Ngaphakathi"] --> HeaterType{"1. Loluphi uhlobo lwesifudumezi esibandakanyekayo?"}

    HeaterType -->|"A. Isifudumezisi seKerosene:<br/>Amadangatye omthubi aphezulu, umsizi omnyama,<br/>okanye isitshisi esivuthayo sangaphandle"| KeroCheck{"Ngaba amadangatye avalelwe ngaphakathi<br/>kwikheji yocingo OKANYE ukudubula<br/>ngaphandle kwekhabhathi?"}
    HeaterType -->|"B. I-Propane Indoor Heater:<br/>Irhasi efuthayo, ivumba leqanda elibolileyo,<br/>okanye i-alam ye-CO / intloko ebuhlungu"| PropaneBranch["Propane Leak / CO Protocol:<br/>1. Jija ivalve yesilinda ngokwewotshi ukuya KUVALIWE (ukuba akukho dangatye)<br/>2. SUKUZIFILIPHA iiswitshi zokukhanya ukuba irhasi inuka ngamandla<br/>3. Phuma emoyeni omtsha kwaye ufowunele 911/112/999"]
    HeaterType -->|"C. Isifudumezisi seNdawo soMbane:<br/>Intambo entlantsi, ivumba lentlanzi,<br/>isixhobo esinyibilikayo, okanye iplagi ekhanyayo"| ElectricBranch["iProtocol yeSifudumezi soMbane soMbane:<br/>1. Flip room breaker CIMA kwiPaneli yoMbane ePhambili<br/>2. Ungaze utsale iplagi evuthayo/enyibilikayo ngesandla esingenanto<br/>3. Sebenzisa isicima sodidi C / ABC ukuba kukho amadangatye"]
    HeaterType -->|"D. Isibaso seKerosene esingatshiyo<br/>Echithwe EMgangathweni okanye kwiKhaphethi"| SpillBranch["Umgaqo weNkqubo yokuChila iFuel eBanda:<br/>1. Cima onke amadangatye/izifudumezi & uvule iifestile<br/>2. Funxa ngenkunkuma yekati yodongwe okanye isoda yokubhaka<br/>3. Khuhla ngesepha yesitya kunye neviniga; amadlavu ebhegi ngaphandle"]

    KeroCheck -->|"Ivalelwe ngaphakathi kwekheji yesitshisi"| KeroShut["Uhambo lweNcwadana yokuCima isiXhobo esinePali/iglovu"]
    KeroCheck -->|"Amadangatye adubula ngaphezulu kwekhabhathi<br/>(Ungcoliseko lwepetroli / sump enezikhukula)"| RunawayKero["UMLILO WEZIBUSI OZIBALEKAYO:<br/>Iqhoshana lomenzi AYISAYI kuwucima umlilo. ungaze usebenzise amanzi"]

    RunawayKero --> ExtinguishOrFlee{"Ngaba ungabetha isiseko somlilo nge<br/>Isicima-mlilo seKlasi B/ABC ukusuka<br/>2.5m (8 ft) ngokuphuma okucacileyo?"}
    ExtinguishOrFlee -->|"Ewe: Ukuqala kancinci kancinci"| HitABC["Tshayela iKlasi ye-ABC Eyomileyo kwiSiseko;<br/>Phuma Kwangoko Emva koko"]
    ExtinguishOrFlee -->|"Hayi: Umsi omkhulu okanye umlilo ovuthayo"| EvacuateNow["Khuphela Wonke Umntu Ngaphandle Kwangoko;<br/>Vala ucango lweGumbi emva kwakho ukuze ulambe iOxygen;<br/>Fowunela 911 / 112 / 999"]

Ukuthelekiswa kweengozi eziphathwayo zesifudumezi: i-kerosene vs. propane vs. umbane¶

Lonke uhlobo lwesifudumezi segumbi eliphathwayo luthwala iseti eyahlukileyo yomlilo, ugqabhuko-dubulo, kunye nemingcipheko yerhasi eyityhefu. Phonononga le theyibhile yothelekiso lobugcisa ukuze uqonde ezona ndlela zokusilela kweyunithi ekhayeni lakho.

Ukuntywila nzulu 1: Kutheni izifudumezi zeparafini zivutha kwaye ziqhuma (IGasoline Misfueling Hazard)¶

Isifudumezi separafini esigcinwe ngokufanelekileyo esivutha ngokuchanekileyo 1-K i-kerosene ecacileyo ayiyitshisi i-kerosene elulwelo kumsonto; endaweni yoko, i-capillary action itsala i-kerosene elulwelo inyuse intambo ye-fiberglass ephothiweyo, apho ubushushu obusuka kwitshimini yesitshisi sesinyithi esinemingxuma buthi bube ngumphunga umphezulu we-millimeter yeparafini ukuze iringi elawulwayo eblue-and-orenji yomphunga itshise ngokucocekileyo ngaphakathi kwitshimini.

1. I-physics ebulalayo yokungcoliswa kwepetroli (Nokuba yi-5% yepetroli ibangela umlilo obalekayo)¶

Elona xesha likaxakeka leheater eliphathwayo elikhawulezayo eliphandwe yi-CPSC kunye neemashali zomlilo ngu ungcoliseko lwepetroli ngengozi yesibaso separafini:

• Umahluko wencam ye-Flash: Esulungekileyo 1-K i-kerosene inobuncinane indawo yokubaneka kwe-38 ukuya kuma-65 degrees celcius (100 ukuya kwi-149 degrees Fahrenheit). Oko kuthetha ukuba kubushushu begumbi eliqhelekileyo (\(20 ^\circ\text{C} / 68^\circ\text{F}\)), i-kerosene yolwelo ehleli kwitanki engezantsi yesifudumezi sakho ayikhuphi imiphunga evuthayo; ukuba ulahle imatshisi ekhanyisiweyo kwi-emele ye-kerosene yobushushu begumbi elibandayo, umdlalo uya kuphuma.
• Ipetroli yemoto (ipetroli) kunye nerhasi emhlophe / isibaso senkampu yaseColeman (i-naphtha) ineqondo lokudanya elimalunga ne-40 degrees Celsius (minus 40 degrees Fahrenheit). Ipetroli iyabila kwaye ikhuphe umphunga ogqabhukileyo nakwimozulu eqhaqhazelis’ amazinyo.
• Kwenzeka ntoni xa bexuba: Ukuba umninimzi usebenzisa i-petroli endala ** ebomvu yepetroli** esenayo isiqingatha sekomityi yepetroli eshiyekileyo yomatshini wokucheba ingca emazantsi ukuze athenge iparafini, okanye ngempazamo umpompa ipetroli engenanto kwisikhululo senkonzo endaweni yeparafini, loo nto incinci yepetroli eyi-5 ukuya kwi-10 yeepesenti yepetroli ye-5 yelitha yelitha yehlisa ijagi yeparafini** phantsi ukuya kwiqondo lobushushu begumbi.
• Ulandelelwano olubalekayo:
• Ulayita isifudumezi separafini. Kwimizuzu emi-5 ukuya kwi-15 yokuqala, ivutha ngokuqhelekileyo.
• Njengoko ubushushu obubengezelayo obusuka kwisitshisi bufudumeza itanki yesigcina-mafutha sesinyithi ngaphantsi ukuya kuma 30 degrees celcius (86 degrees Fahrenheit), iqhezu eliguquguqukayo lepetroli elingaphakathi kwetanki liqala ukubilisa ngamandla.
• Umphunga wepetroli oxinizelelweyo unyanzelela ukuba unyuke ujikeleze ngaphandle komkhono wentambo kwaye uphume ngegeyiji yamafutha kunye nesivalo sokuzalisa, uvutha kuluhlu olukhulu olugqumayo lwedangatye elityheli eligquma isifudumezisi siphela.
• Kutheni iqhosha lokuvala lisilela ngexesha lokugqabhuka kwepetroli: Ukulahla iwikhi yefiberglass kunye nelever yokuvala akwenzi nto ukumisa umlilo ongcoliswe yipetroli, kuba umphunga wepetroli ocinezelekileyo uyabila uphuma kumthungo wetanki ngokwawo. Impendulo yakho ekhuselekileyo kuphela kukukhutshwa ngokukhawuleza (okanye ukuyibetha ukusuka kwiimitha ezi-3 / iinyawo ezili-10 kude ngesicimi-mlilo seKlasi ye-ABC eyomileyo ngelixa uphuma ngomnyango) kwaye ufowunela 911 / 112 / 999.

2. Kutheni ukuhambisa okanye ukubethelwa kwesifudumezi separafini esivuthayo kubangela ukugqabhuka¶

Nokuba nge-1-K esulungekileyo i-kerosene, ukuba uyangqubeka, uyatyibilika, okanye uzame ukuthwala isifudumezi separafini ngelixa sisitsha, i-kerosene engamanzi kwindawo esezantsi ihla inyuka ibheke phezulu kwaye ikhukula i-sump yesitshisi ijikeleze isiseko sentambo. Ngequbuliso, endaweni yokutshisa kuphela kumda ongaphezulu we-fiberglass wick, ichibi leparafini elulwelo lwasimahla libamba umlilo lijikeleze isiseko sesitshisi, lithumela amadangatye amade, atyheli atyheli kunye neeribhoni zomsizi omnyama ogreyidi ukuya eluphahleni.

• Ukuba isifudumezi sakho separafini sivutha ngamadangatye atyheli okanye umsizi omnyama ophuma kwitshimini yesitshisi engalungiswanga kakuhle okanye intambo yombane ekhukulayo:
• Sukubamba okanye uphakamise umzimba weheater.
• Sebenzisa intonga yomtshayelo okanye isandla seglavu ukusuka ecaleni ukuze ucinezele iIsixhobo sokuvala uMqulu ukuze umsonto uwele kumkhono.
• Ukuba ichibi elincinci le-kerosene engaphezulu liyaqhubeka lijikeleza kwisiseko sesitshisi emva kokuwa kwe-wick, yiyeke izitshise ngaphakathi kwikhabhinethi yentsimbi (ehlala ithatha i-2 ukuya kwimizuzu emi-5) ngelixa imile nge-**Isicimi sekhemikhali se-ABC eyomileyo ** esijolise kwiyunithi, OKANYE sitshitshise ukuvuleka okuphezulu kwekheji yocingo ngobunono nge-Fireneveret *i-Fireneveret *i-Fireneveret *i-Fireneveret *i-Firenevert itawuli emanzi).
• Vula iifestile ukucima umsizi omnyama kunye nekhabhon monoxide xa wonke amadangatye ecimile.

3. Imithetho yemibala yokugcina amafutha kunye ne "Tar-Clogged Wick" ingozi yomsi¶

Ukuthintela uqhushumbo olungafanelekanga kunye nomsi onetyhefu wesulfure/carbon monoxide:

• Landela iikhowudi zemibala yesikhongozeli samafutha ezingqongqo:
• Isikhongozeli esiBULUU: Sigcinelwe ngokungqongqo 1-K I-Kerosene ecocekileyo.
• Isikhongozeli esiBOMVU: Ipetroli (Petrol) KUPHELA.
• Isikhongozeli ESITHULU: Isibaso sedizili KUPHELA. -(Qaphela: EUnited Kingdom nakwiindawo zaseYurophu apho i-oyile yokufudumeza esembindini ibizwa ngokuba yi "28-second-kerosene / C2 parafini," izifudumezi eziphathwayo zangaphakathi zifuna i-C1 grade grade parafini / low-sulphur indoor fuel heater [BS 2869 Class C1], ayisoze yanzima kwibhoyila yangaphandle okanye i-oyile yebhoyila yangaphandle okanye edayiwe ngamafutha ezolimo.
• Kutheni iparafini endala okanye edaywe nge-2-K ityhefa umoya wangaphakathi: I-kerosene egcinwe ngaphezu kweenyanga ezi-3 ukuya kwezi-6 i-oxidize kwaye yenze iintsini ezincangathi, ngelixa ixabiso eliphantsi 2-K (edywe-bomvu) i-kerosene iqulethe ka-5 sulphur ngaphezu kwe-1-K ecacileyo yeparafini. Ukutshisa i-2-K i-kerosene okanye i-fuel endala ivala i-wick ye-fiberglass kunye ne-carbon tar eqinile emnyama, ebangela ukuba ilangatye litshise ngokukrakra kwaye likhuphe ukuxubha sulfur dioxide ($SO_2 \() kunye ne-carbon monoxide (\)CO $) ngelixa ingumkhenkce umatshini we-wick yesinyithi ukuze ** ayikwazi ukuhla xa ucinezela iqhosha lokuvala likaxakeka **.

Ukuntywila nzulu 2: Izifudumezi zepropane zangaphakathi (I-Ventless catalytic/radiant vs. izifudumezi ezibulalayo zangaphandle)¶

Ngexesha lokucima kombane ebusika kunye nokuqhawuka kweziko, amawakawaka abantu afumana ityhefu eyingozi yekhabhon monoxide okanye aqalise umlilo wamagumbi ngokuzisa izixhobo zepropane ngaphakathi.

Zeziphi izifudumezi zepropane ezinokuthi (kwaye azinakusetyenziswa) ngaphakathi kwekhaya¶

1. UNGAZE usebenzise izifudumezi zepropane ngaphandle kuphela ngaphakathi:
2. Ipropane "torpedo" / izifudumezi zomoya ezinyanzelweyo, izifudumezi zepatio zekhowa-phezulu, izifudumezi zejongilanga ezikhazimlayo kwitank-top (loo bolt ngqo phezulu kwe-9-kilogram / 20-pound yebarbecue grill cylinder ngaphandle kombhobho wokulawula kunye ne-ODS), ipropane, inkampu yesitovu isitovu imveliso ye-barbescobecue* ubuninzi bekhabhon monoxide kunye nokunqongophala kweoksijini yokucima ukuvalwa. Ukuziqhubela ngaphakathi kwindlu, intente, okanye igaraji evaliweyo kunokubangela ityhefu ebulalayo yeCO ngaphakathi 15 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-30.
3. Izifudumezi zepropane eziphathwayo eziphathwayo ngaphakathi (umzekelo, ANSI Z21.11.2 / UL-ezidweliswe catalytic okanye blue-flame/infrared plaque heaters ezifana no Mr. Heater Buddy series):
4. Izifudumezi zepropane eziphathwayo eziqinisekisiweyo zangaphakathi zibandakanya izixhobo ezibini ezinyanzelekileyo zokhuseleko lobomi:
   • I-Oxygen Depletion Sensor (ODS) pilot assembly: I-pilot pilot burner echanekileyo ilinganiswe ukuze ukuba i-oksijeni yegumbi yehla isuka kwinto eqhelekileyo ** i-20.9 yepesenti yehla ukuya malunga ne-18.0 yeepesenti ** (kudala ngaphambi kokuba kubekho ukufutha komntu), idangatye lomqhubi liphakamisa i-thermocouple tip, lipholise i-valve ye-0, ipholise i-valve ye-0, ipholise i-valve ye-0, ipholise i-valve ye-0. CELA**.
   • Isixhobo sokutshintsha i-omnidirectional tip-over: Sika ukuhamba kwerhasi ngoko nangoko ukuba isifudumezi singqushiwe okanye sithambekile.
5. Imithetho ebalulekileyo yokhuseleko nakwizifudumezi zepropane ze-"Indoor-Safe":
   • Isafuna ukungena komoya: Kwanesifudumezi esinomlinganiselo wangaphakathi okanye isifudumezi seceramic-plaque propane sifuna ubuncinci i-60 ukuya kwi-120 yeesentimitha zesikweri (i-9 ukuya kwi-18 yee-intshi zesikweri) yefestile evulekileyo yokungena komoya ukuzalisa ioksijini kunye nomphunga wamanzi kunye nokulandela iCO.
   • Ungaze uze ne-9-kilogram (20-ponti) yepropane tank yebarbecue ngaphakathi kwendlu yakho: Ngaphantsi kwe NFPA 58 (Liquefied Petroleum Gas Code), iisilinda ezinkulu kunokulahlwayo nge-0.45-kilogram (1-ponti) DOT 39 iisilinda mazihlale ngaphandle. Ukuba uqhagamshela isifudumezi esiphathwayo sangaphakathi kwitanki yeekhilogram ezi-9 (iiponti ezingama-20), shiya itanki ngaphandle kwendlu, hambisa umbhobho ozinikeleyo olawulwayo woxinzelelo oluphezulu ngebhodi yefestile enenotshi, kwaye ufakele isihluzo sefuel ukuba siyafuneka ukuze iiplastiki zerabha ezine-oyile zingasingcolisi isitshisi sekeramic.
   • Kutheni ukuvuza kwepropane kuncanca umgangatho: Ngokungafaniyo negesi yendalo (imethane, elula kunomoya kwaye idada ukuya kuthi ga kwisilingi), igesi yepropane inzima ngokuphindwe kayi-1.5 kunomoya. Ukuba i-propane cylinder fitting ivuza ngaphakathi, igesi yepropane engabonakaliyo ** itshona emgangathweni kunye namachibi njengamanzi ** kwiindawo eziphantsi, i-crawlspaces, kunye namagumbi angaphantsi ide ifike kwi-spark compressor spark okanye i-pilot yesithando somlilo kwaye iqhume.

Ukuntywila nzulu 3: Iimeko zikaxakeka zesifudumezi-ndawo sombane (Iindawo ezinyibilikayo, iintambo zokwandisa, kunye nempahla eyomisa imililo)¶

Ngelixa izifudumezi zendawo yombane eziphathwayo (izifudumezi zeradiyetha ezizaliswe ngeoyile, izifudumezi ze-ceramic fan, kunye nezifudumezi ze-quartz ze-infrared) zivelisa i-zero carbon monoxide, zingoyena nobangela wokufa kwegumbi lokulala kunye negumbi lokuhlala** kuba abaninimzi bayijongela phantsi imithetho emibini yombane kunye ne-thermal:

1. Kutheni isifudumezi sombane se-1,500-watt sinyibilikisa iindawo eziphuma eludongeni kunye neentambo zokwandisa¶

ENyakatho Melika (i-120-volt AC), phantse yonke indawo yokufudumeza yombane ephathwayo ilinganiswe ku ** 1,500 watts **, edonsa ngokuqhubekayo ** 12.5 amps ** yombane wangoku ngeeyure ekupheleni (kwi-230-volt UK / EU systems, i-2,000-to-3,000-3,000-watts i-3,000-watt heater: ngokuqhubekayo idonsa i-3.

• I-Extension Cord kunye ne-Power Strip Fire: Iintambo zokwandiswa kwesibane sendlu eqhelekileyo (i-16-gauge okanye i-18-gauge wire) kunye nemitya yombane yokukhusela i-multi-outlet surge ireyithwe ngemithwalo ephakathi okanye i-electronic-wattage low-wattage, ** hayi** i-12.5-amp eqhubekayo yomthwalo oshushu. Xa uplaga isithuba se-1,500-watt isifudumezi kwintambo yolwandiso okanye intambo yombane, iingcingo zobhedu kunye neziqhoboshi zobhedu ngaphakathi kwi-strip overheat past 200 ukuya kuma-300 degrees Celsius (400 ukuya kuma-575 degrees Fahrenheit) ngaphandle kokukhubekisa i-15-amp okanye 20-amp yakho i-amp breaker ikhefu lesekethe* ukukala). Kwiyure enye, umtya wamandla weplastiki uyanyibilika ube yichibi leplastiki yePVC evuthayo kwikhaphethi yakho.
• I-Wall Wall Receptacle ("Uqhagamshelo Olukhanyayo") Umlilo: Nokuba iplagi iqhagamshelwe ngqo kwindawo yokuphuma eludongeni, ukuba indawo yokuphuma eludongeni ineminyaka engama-20 ubudala kwaye iincakuba zayo zonxibelelwano zobhedu zangaphakathi ziphulukene noxinzelelo lwasentwasahlobo, unxibelelwano oluxekekileyo ludala uthotho oluxhathisayo oluphezulu ekunene kwiiplagi zeplagi.
• Ukukhangela ukhuseleko rhoqo: Ngalo lonke ixesha uqhuba isifudumezi-ndawo sombane kangangemizuzu engama-30, chukumisa umzimba weplagi yeplastiki kwindawo ephuma eludongeni ngomva weminwe yakho (ucinga ukuba akukho msi okanye iintlantsi). Iplagi esempilweni ivakala idikidiki. **Ukuba iplagi okanye iplate yodonga yobuso ivakala ishushu xa ibamba, inuka njengentlanzi ekrwada okanye iplastiki etshisiweyo, okanye ibonisa amabala amdaka ngebala kwindawo yokubeka **, cima isifudumezi kwangoko, sicime isiqhekeza, kwaye ube nomntu osebenza ngombane oza kubuyisela isitya esigugileyo phambi kokuba usebenzise eso sitshixo kwakhona.

2. "I-3-Foot (1-Meter) Halo Rule" kwaye ungaze womise iimpahla kwi-heater¶

Ngaphezu kwe-*siqingatha sayo yonke imililo yesifudumezi esibulalayo ** eyenzekayo xa isifudumezi esikhazimlayo okanye sokufudumeza sitshisa izinto ezinokutsha ezibekwe kufutshane kakhulu negrille:

1. Nyanzelisa i-1-meter engqongqo yokhuseleko engenanto yonke indlela ejikeleze ngaphambili, emacaleni, ngasemva, nangaphezulu kwayo nayiphi na i-parafini, ipropane, okanye isifudumezi sombane.
2. **Ungaze ugqume iiglavu ezimanzi, iikawusi, iidyasi, okanye iitawuli phezu kwesixhobo sokufudumeza sombane okanye esizaliswe yioli ukuze uzomise **, kwaye ungaze ubeke isifudumezi sendawo emazantsi ebhedi apho umntu oleleyo anokukhaba ingubo phezu kwesifudumezi ngobusuku.

Indlela yokucoca i-kerosene yangaphakathi okanye ukufudumeza ukuchithwa kweoli (Kwaye uphelise ivumba)¶

Ukuphalaza nesiqingatha sekomityi yeparafini okanye i-oyile yokufudumeza kumgangatho wegumbi, kwiveranda yamaplanga, okanye kwikhaphethi kudala ingozi yokutyibilika/yomphunga kunye nevumba elibi lehydrocarbon elingena kwenza ikhaya lingaphili iiveki xa licinywa ngamanzi alula (ukuvuza kwetanki enkulu, bona Ukuvuza kwetanki yeoli kunye nesikhokelo sokuchitheka kweoyile yokufudumeza):

1. Susa yonke imithombo yokulayita uze ufake umoya: Vala zonke izifudumezi zasemkhathini, izibane zokulinga igesi, neefeni zegumbi, kwaye uvule iifestile zangaphandle.
2. Cima kwaye ufunxe ngeminerali eyomileyo okanye umgubo wealkaline (UNGAmanzi kuqala):
3. Gquma ulwelo lwe-kerosene lingqindilili nge-inkunkuma yekati yodongwe olungavumbanga (udongwe lwe-bentonite), isoda yokubhaka (i-sodium bicarbonate), isistatshi sombona, okanye i-sawdust/i-oyile-granules ezomileyo.
4. Vumela i-absorbent ihlale 30 ukuya kwimizuzu engama-60 ukucima i-kerosene ngaphandle kwemingxunya engaphezulu, emva koko uyitshayela ngepuphu yothuli eqinileyo kwaye utywine inkunkuma efakwe i-kerosene ngaphakathi kwengxowa yeplastiki enzima okanye isinyithi inokubekwa ngaphandle (ungaze ushiye amadlavu eparafini okanye inkunkuma yekati ngaphakathi kwenkunkuma yangaphakathi).
5. Yaphula ifilimu yeoli eseleyo ngeDegreaser + White Vinegar yokuhlamba:
6. Ngenxa yokuba i-kerosene i-non-polar petroleum hydrocarbon, amanzi alula avele abe phezulu phezu kwawo. Khuhla imigangatho eqinileyo nge amanzi ashushu axutywe nesicoci sokuhlamba izitya solwelo (esifana noKusa) okanye isicoci esilula esiluhlaza / isitrasi, esifaka iimolekyuli zepetroleum.
7. Landela ngokurhabula amalungu alinganayo amanzi ashushu kunye neviniga emhlophe ediyiweyo (okanye ufefe ngesoda yokubhaka eyomileyo okanye i-soda yokubhaka eyomileyo okanye ibala lekofu eyomileyo** phezu kwendawo efumileyo yekhaphethi ngobusuku phambi kokuba utshayela xa yomile kwaye ingenawo umphunga) ukuthomalalisa ivumba le-kerosene.
8. Izihlamba njani iimpahla ezitshizwe ngeparafini ngokukhuselekileyo:
9. Ungaze ufake impahla efakwe kwi-kerosene engamanzi okanye ngepetroli ngqo kumatshini wokuhlamba okanye isomisi seempahla ezishushu (umsi unokuvutha ngaphakathi kwegubu lokomisa).
10. Okokuqala, xhoma ingubo ** ngaphandle kumoya omtsha kunye nokukhanya kwelanga kwiiyure ezingama-24** ukuze ii-hydrocarbons eziguquguqukayo zibe ngumphunga, zihlambe ngesandla ngaphandle kwi-emele ngamanzi ashushu, isepha yesitya solwelo, kunye nekomityi enye yesoda yokubhaka okanye i-ammonia yasekhaya (ungaze udibanise i-ammonia nebleach), hlambulula kakuhle, kunye ne-*** ivumba lomgca* lishiyeke lide liphume ngaphandle.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa¶

Kutheni le nto isifudumezi sam separafini siqalise ngokukhawuleza ukurhabula umle omnyama kunye namadangatye atyheli aphezulu?¶

Isifudumezi separafini sivutha amadangatye atyheli kunye nomsizi omnyama ngenxa yesinye sezizathu ezine: itshimini yesitshisi sesinyithi ayihlalanga tyaba kwaye ikumgangatho kwigalari ye-wick emva kokukhanyisa, isifudumezi sabethwa okanye sashukunyiswa xa silayita (okubangela ukuba i-kerosene yolwelo ityibilike kwaye ikhukulise isiseko sesitshisi), igumbi liye laphelelwa yioksijini (ebangela ukuba umlilo ugqunywe yikhabhoni okanye ilahle umlilo), Ipetroli, iparafini endala ene-oxidized, okanye amanzi. Ungaze uthabathe isifudumezi esivuthayo; hamba i-lever yokuvala ngesandla ngokukhawuleza kwaye uvule igumbi.

Ndingazi njani ukuba isibaso sam separafini sosulelwe ngempazamo ngepetroli?¶

I-1-K esulungekileyo i-kerosene ineparafini enuka kamnandi, ivumba elinamafutha kunye nombala ocacileyo wamanzi-omhlophe (ngaphandle kokuba idayiwe ebomvu ngeenjongo zerhafu ye-2-K engekho endleleni), kanti ipetroli inevumba lokunyibilikisa elibukhali, elingaqondakaliyo elimnandi kwaye lihlala lityheli okanye itinti epinki. Ukuba unokuthandabuza nokuba isibaso sinokuqulatha i-kerosene ecocekileyo okanye umxube wepetroli, ungaze uwuvavanye ngaphakathi kwisifudumezi; galela itispuni elincinane kwindlela yokungena ekhonkrithi engaphandle kakuhle kude netoti: umphunga wepetroli udanyaza ngoko nangoko kumgama xa usondela ngesikhanyiso eside segrill, kanti i-kerosene ecocekileyo eyi-1-K kwikhonkrithi ebandayo ayiyi kudanyaza kumdlalo obanjwe ngaphezulu kolwelo. Ngalo lonke ixesha ulahla amafutha arhanelwayo kwindawo kamasipala yenkunkuma eyingozi.

Ngaba kukhuselekile ukulala ubusuku bonke nge-kerosene okanye isifudumezi sepropane sangaphakathi esisebenza kwigumbi lokulala?¶

Hayi, iimashali zomlilo, i-US Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), kunye neNational Fire Protection Association (NFPA) icebisa ngamandla ukucima yonke i-kerosene ephathekayo, ipropane, kunye nezifudumezi zendawo ezingajongwanga ngaphambi kokulala. Ngelixa ulele, awukwazi ukuqaphela ukuvutha kwe-wick ekhulayo, ingubo ekhatywayo kwi-grill ye-heater yombane, okanye iimpawu zokuqala zetyhefu ye-carbon monoxide ukuba ifestile ikhenkceza ivaliwe okanye i-Oxygen Depletion Sensor ayiphumelelanga; soloko ulifudumeza igumbi lokulala ngaphambi kokuba ulale, cima isifudumezi esiphathwayo phambi kokuba ulale, kwaye endaweni yoko usebenzise iingubo ezongezelelweyo.

Kutheni ndingenako ukuplaga isifudumezisi sesithuba sombane esiyi-1,500-watt kumtya wamandla womkhuseli wotyando onzima?¶

Izikhuseli zombane ezisemgangathweni zasekhaya kunye nemichilo yamandla ephuma kwizinto ezininzi ziyilelwe imithwalo yethutyana yekhompyuter kunye nomabonwakude, hayi i-12.5-amp eqhubekayo, i-1,500-watt yobushushu bomthwalo ohamba iiyure ngexesha. Umsinga ophezulu oqhubekayo utshisa iibhasi zebhasi zangaphakathi, iswitshi ye-circuit breaker, kunye ne-metal oxide varistors (MOVs) ngaphakathi kwentambo yamandla edlulileyo i-200 degrees Celsius (400 degrees Fahrenheit), ukunyibilika kwezindlu zeplastiki kunye nokuvutha kwekhaphethi ngaphandle kokudlula kwi-15-amp threshold ye-breaker house; soloko uplaga isifudumezi-ndawo sombane ngokuthe ngqo kwisitya esingena eludongeni kungekho nto iyenye iplageyo kweso sitshisi siphindwe kabini.

Imithombo ijongiwe¶

• IKomishoni yoKhuseleko lweMveliso yoMthengi eUnited States (CPSC, eUnited States): Isilumkiso soKhuseleko lweSifudumezi esiPhathwayo (uxwebhu lwe-CPSC #463), Izilumkiso zokuPhuma kweGas ye-Kerosene yokuFudumeza ngokuFanelekileyo, kunye neMigangatho yeSifudumezi seSifudumezi se-Oxygen ye-Oxygen (ODS) ye-Ventless.
• Umbutho woKhuseleko loMlilo weSizwe (i-NFPA, eUnited States): iNgxelo yoMlilo woKutshisa iKhaya, i-NFPA ye-31 (eMgangatho woFakelo lweSixhobo sokuBusa i-Oli), kunye ne-NFPA 58 (iKhowudi yeGesi yeGesi eLiquefied) ilawula kwimida yobungakanani be-cylinder yangaphakathi.
• Ulawulo loMlilo lwaseUnited States (i-USFA / FEMA, eUnited States): UKhuseleko lweSifudumezi seNdawo esiphathwayo (UMthetho we-3-Unyawo / i-1-Meter kunye noQhagamshelwano oluNgqongileyo lweNdawo yokuphuma).
• Amaziko oLawulo lweSifo kunye noThintelo (CDC, eUnited States): Ukuthintela iPoisoning yeCarbon Monoxide kwi-Space Heaters engafakwanga, iiPatio Heaters, kunye neCamp Stoves.
• ISigqeba sezeMpilo noKhuseleko (i-HSE) kunye noKhuseleko loMbane kuQala (eUnited Kingdom): IziXhobo zokuFundisa eziphathwayo kwiKhaya: IParafini (i-C1 Kerosene), izifudumezi zeKhabhinethi zegesi ze-LPG eziBottled, kunye ne-Electric Fan/Radiator Plug Overheating.
• IiLabhoratri ze-Underwriters (UL, United States / International): UL 647 (eMigangatho yeZifudumezi zeGumbi zeKerosene-Fired Room ezingafakwanga) kunye ne UL 1278 (eMovable and Wall- or Ceiling-Hung Electric Room Heaters).

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo¶

• Akukho bushushu ebusika: ukufudumala kwangaphakathi okukhuselekileyo kunye nokukhuselwa kombhobho
• Oil tank leak, heating oil spill, and fume remediation
• Iialamu zekharbon monoxide kunye nokuphuma
• Imililo yombane kunye neendawo ezivuzayo
• Ukhuseleko lomlilo wendlu kunye nokufuduka
• Uluhlu lweenombolo zexesha likaxakeka