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Ukuntywiliselwa emthini kakuhle (SIS) kunye nomgubo onzulu wokusinda kwikhephu

Emergency numbers differ by country. Eli phepha lisebenzisa u-911, inani laseMelika naseKhanada. Amanye amazwe amaninzi asebenzisa i-112, 999, okanye elinye inani. Fumana inombolo yelizwe lakho.

A umthi wequla (okanye Snow Immersion Suffocation/SIS hazard) yindawo efihlakeleyo, engadityaniswanga yekhephu ekhululekileyo, amasebe ajingayo aphantsi, kunye nomoya ojikeleze isiqu somthi we-conifer emva kokuwa kwekhephu elikhulu. Xa umntu otyibilika etyibilikeni okanye ekhephubhodini ebamba ungqameko olukufutshane nomthi oluhlaza aze awele kuqala kulo mngxuma ufihliweyo, ikhethini ejikelezileyo yomgubo wekhephu owomileyo iwela ngaphakathi njengentlabathi ekhawulezayo ngelixa i-skis okanye i-snowboard yabo iwela kumasebe angasentla, iwabambele ezantsi kubumnyama obupheleleyo. Ngokutsho kweNorthwest Avalanche Centre (NWAC) kunye neNational Ski Areas Association (NSAA) eUnited States naseKhanada, i-non-avalanche Snow Immersion Suffocation ibangela malunga ne-*20 ukuya kuma-25 ekhulwini kuyo yonke imidlalo yasebusika efayo ** ngexesha lonyaka obunzima, kwaye kwiimvavanyo zokusinda, ** i-90 pesenti yamavolontiya ngaphandle kokuma ngaphandle kwemithi.

Esi sikhokelo sihamba abatyibilizi, abahamba ngekhephu, abahamba ngekhephu, kunye nabakhweli be-backcountry ngento omawuyenze kwimizuzwana emi-5 yokuqala ukuba uthe wawela emthini kakuhle okanye ipokotho enzulu yomgubo, kutheni ukungqusha kubangela ukuxinana kwekhephu kwangoko kunye nokufuthanisela, indlela amaqabane kufuneka itonele ngokuthe tye ukusuka kwicala elisezantsi kunokunyathela phezu komngxuma womthi, kunye nendlela yokuthintela umgubo womthi.

Yenza oku ngoku

  1. Ukuba uwe ngasequleni emthini: ziyeke iipali zakho uze ubambe isiqu somthi okanye amasebe ngoko nangoko. Ungaze ugcine izandla zakho zingaphakathi kwimitya yeskipali xa ukhwele kufutshane nemithi. Njengoko usiwa, yolula izandla zakho zozibini ukuba uwole isiqu somthi esiqinileyo okanye amasebe aphezulu ashinyeneyo ukunqanda intloko nesifuba sakho ukuba singawi singene singene kwisithuba esingezantsi.
  2. Ukuba uwela phantsi ekhephuni: SUKUKUbhutyuza, ukukhaba, okanye ukushukuma imilenze yakho. Kwikhephu elijiyileyo, elingadityaniswanga elingumgubo, uzama nzima kanye njengesixhobo sokungcangcazela sesamente: konke ukukhaba kuwisa amakhulu eekhilogram zekhephu kumasebe angasentla lize lilibophe liqine esifubeni nasebusweni, likushonise nzulu. Yimise imilenze yakho ngoko nangoko.
  3. Yenza ipokotho yomoya ephefumlayo phambi komlomo wakho nasempumlweni kuqala. Phambi kokuba ikhephu lizinzise, ​​nqumla umphambili okanye ikomityi izandla zakho phambi kobuso bakho ukuze utyhale isithuba esincinane esiziisentimitha ezili-10 ukuya kwezili-15 (iisentimitha ezi-4 ukuya kwezisi-6) emlonyeni nasempumlweni, kwaye unyothule isilevu sakho okanye utsale intamo yakho ezulazula okanye utsale umgubo wentamo yakho ukusuka ekuweleni ukuya phezulu.
  4. Zola, phefumla kancinane, kwaye uvuthele impempe yakho (ukuba ikufuphi nomlomo wakho). Uvalo olugqithileyo komoya ludla ngokukhawuleza ipokotho yakho yeoksijini encinci kwaye inyibilikise ikhephu ebusweni bakho ngokuphefumla okushushu, eliphinda libe ngumkhenkce ongangeni moya ("maski womkhenkce"). Ukuba unokufikelela kwisiqu somthi ngesandla esinye, bambelela kuso ukuze ungatyibiliki nzulu, kwaye ulinde iqabane lakho.
  5. Ukuba uliqabane ngaphandle: UNGAZE unyathele kungqameko lomngxuma okanye utsale ixhoba ngokuthe ngqo ngeebhutsi/ukutyibilika. Ukunyathela phezu kwencam yomthi kakuhle kudilika itoni yekhephu ngqo phezu kwentloko yomhlobo wakho, kwaye ukunyukela phezulu kwizikhinqi ezidityanisiweyo okanye ibhodi yekhephu kukhokelela kuphela intloko yabo nzulu emhadini.
  6. klzzwxh:0011 * Mema abakhweli abakufutshane uba bancede, fowunela indawo yokuphumla ** I-Ski Patrol inombolo yongxamiseko ** (okanye ufowunele inombolo yakho kaxakeka yendawo: 911 eUnited States naseKhanada, 112 ngaphesheya kwe-European Union, 999 e-United Kingdom; bona yethu amanani kaxakeka uluhlu), khangela intloko yexhoba phantsi kweebhutsi, kunye netonela ngaphakathi ukusuka kwicala/ekuhlani ukucima indlela yomoya ejikeleze ubuso babo phambi kokukhulula izibophelelo zabo.

Danger

I-"Inverted Quicksand" yeFiziksi yoMthi: Kutheni umntu owomeleleyo, obaleka etyibilizini weembaleki okanye ekhephubhodini engenakusuka nje anyuke emthini eyedwa? Ngenxa yemigibe emithathu edityanisiweyo yomzimba: 1) Umxhuzulane ogqwethiweyo kunye nezixhobo ezinzima: Xa usiya kuqala ngeskis okanye ibhodi yekhephu encanyatheliswe ezinyaweni zakho, iibhutsi zakho kunye nezibophelelo zibambisa kwispruce esishinyeneyo okanye kwisihlahla somsipha ngaphezulu ngelixa intloko yakho ijinga kwi-1.5 ukuya kwi-3 yeemitha (5 ukuya kwi-10 iinyawo; ezantsi malunga nesiqu; 2) Ukuthengwa okuqinileyo kweZero: Ngokungafaniyo ne-avalanche apho ikhephu libeka ngokuqinileyo njengekhonkrithi, umthi kakuhle ikhephu alidityaniswanga ngokupheleleyo, "iswekile" engenasiphelo okanye umgubo, ukutyhala ngezandla zakho kubetha nje umoya ongenanto kunye ne-fluff; kunye 3) Isiphumo sefanitshala: Yonke intshukumo ishukumisa umphezulu wekhenopi ehlala iluhlaza egcwele likhephu, ilahla ikhephu elingakumbi ezantsi ngefaneli kumqolo wakho kwaye icinezela iimbambo zakho ukuze imiphunga yakho ingakwazi ukwanda (mechanical asphyxia). Ukukhwela iqabane lakho kwindawo yokubona sesona sixhobo sakho sikhulu sokusinda.

Ukusinda kwangoko kunye nokuhamba kwesigqibo sokuhlangula iqabane

Nokuba ungumkhweli esiwa emthini okanye iqabane elisanda kubona umhlobo wakho enyamalala phantsi kwamasebe, landela olu landelelwano ngoko nangoko.

flowchart TD
    A["Umkhweli Uwela kufutshane nomthi weConifer okanye ipokotho yomgubo onzulu"] --> B{"Yeyiphi indima okuyo ngoku?"}
    B -->|"Ndim uMkhweli Ndiwelela Emthini Estu"| C["Lahla iipali zeSki ngokukhawuleza kwaye ubambe iTrunk yoMthi okanye amaSebe anzima"]
    C --> D["Misa Konke Ukubhula Umlenze kunye nokuKhaba ukuze uthintele ukuwa kweFunnel yekhephu"]
    D --> E["Izandla zeKomityi okanye uMphambili phezu koMlomo kunye neempumlo ukukrola iPokotho yokuphefumla"]
    E --> F["Bambelela KwiTrunk Ukuba Uyafikeleleka, Phefumla Kancinane, kwaye Ulinde Ukugrunjwa kweqabane"]
    B -->|"NdinguMlingane Phandle Obone uMkhweli Enyamalala"| G["Gcina uLungiso oluQinisekileyo oluBonakalayo kuMthi kanye (Phawula ngeSkis esithe tye okanye iPali eNgaphandle komphetho)"]
    G --> H["Fowunela iResort yokuPatrola iNombolo kaNgxamisekileyo / 911/112 kunye neYell kubakhweli abakufuphi"]
    H --> I["UNGANYATHELI kuMlebe oPhezulu weHole kwaye UNGAQHUBEKI kwi-Skis yexhoba okanye kwi-Snowboard."]
    I --> J["Phanda ngobunono Ngesandla ecaleni kweTrunk ukuze ufumane intloko yexhoba kunye nobunzulu besifuba"]
    J --> K["Itonela ngaPhakathi ngokuthe tye ukusuka kwiCala lokuDola ngokuthe ngqo kuBuso bexhoba"]
    K --> L["Sula ikhephu emlonyeni kunye neempumlo kuqala, emva koko ukhulule izibophelelo kunye nokukhupha"]

Umthi wenza njani kakuhle kwaye kutheni i-conifers ibonakala ikhuselekile ukusuka phezulu

Uninzi lwabatyibilizi kunye ne-snowboarders bacinga ukuba kukho i-2 yeemitha (i-6.5 yeemitha) zekhephu elitsha kwindawo evulekileyo yokutyibilika, ikhephu lihlala lithe tyaba ukuya kutsho kwisiqu sawo wonke umthi wepayini, wefir, wespruce okanye we-hemlock. Enyanisweni, amasebe ahlala eluhlaza ajingayo asebenza njengesambrela** enkulu:

  1. Isambrela yesebe: Njengoko iimitha zekhephu ziwa ebusika, amasebe asezantsi abanzi, ahla-ehlayo omthi wefir, wespruce, we-hemlock kunye nomsedare abamba ikhephu eliwayo kwaye alithintele ukuba lifike emhlabeni ojikeleze isiseko sesiqu.
  2. Indawo efihlakeleyo ye-2-to-3-meter (6-to-10-foot) engenanto: Ngqo ngaphantsi kwamasebe asezantsi kuhlala umngxuma onzulu, obambeneyo womoya, amasebe afileyo abhijeneyo, kunye neentsiba ezikhululekileyo, ezingadityaniswanga zekhephu elomileyo ezinabela yonke indlela ukuya kutsho kubumdaka behlathi okanye amatye, naxa ikhephu elijikelezileyo liziimitha ezi-3 ubunzulu (10 yeemitha).
  3. Imbono ekhohlisayo: Ukusukela kwiimitha ezi-5 (iinyawo ezili-16) ukunyuka, iincam ezigqunywe likhephu zamasebe omthi zidibana kakuhle kwithambeka eligudileyo elingumgubo. Umkhweli okrola ijiko kufutshane kakhulu kwisiketi sesebe sangaphandle ("ukuskipa umthi") uqhekeza uqweqwe olucekethekileyo lweengcebiso zesebe aze awe ngqo kwishafti efihlakeleyo kuqala.
Factor Factor Ukuntywiliselwa kwiqula loMthi (umngxuma weConifer) Ukuntywiliselwa okunzulu komgubo (Ithambeka elivulekileyo / ibhedi yomlambo) Ukungcwatywa kweAvalanche yeSlab
Apho yenzeka khona Ngaphantsi kwemithi ehlala eluhlaza enamasebe aphantsi (subalpine fir, spruce, mountain hemlock, umsedare) yomibini imida kwindawo yokutyibilika ekhephini nakwilizwe elingasemva Vula izitya ezinzulu zomgubo, amazantsi omlambo othe tyaba, iindlela ezinqumlayo, okanye imijelo ephetshethwa ngumoya emva kwe-50+ cm (20+) yokuwa kwekhephu elinoxinano oluphantsi. Amathambeka athe nca ngaphezu kwama-25 ukuya kwi-30 degrees xa ikhephu elihlangeneyo liqhekeka
Ukungaguquguquki kwekhephu Ayidityaniswanga, ekhululekileyo, umgubo ongenasiphelo oxutywe namasebe omthi aqinileyo aqhawulayo Umgubo othambileyo, onzulu ogqume intloko xa umkhweli esiwa ngaphambili okanye ngasemva kwaye engakwazi ukutyhala phezulu Umisa ilitye eliqinileyo njengekonkrithi ngephanyazo inkunkuma etyibilikayo iye yema
Indawo eqhelekileyo yomzimba I-90%+ ijijelwe (entloko / phezulu ezantsi) ngokutyibilika okanye ibhodi yekhephu edityaniswe kumasebe angentla Ubuso-phantsi okanye ukuguqulwa kunye neenyawo ezigxininiswe yibhodi enzima okanye i-skis esingakhululwanga Naluphi na uqhelaniso; idla ngokuthwala amakhulu eemitha ezantsi
Oyena nobangela wokufa Ukuphefumla (ukufuthaniselwa) ngaphakathi kwimizuzu eyi-15 ukuya kwengama-30 ukusuka kwikhephu elipakisha indlela yomoya okanye ukunyanzeliswa kwesifuba (kunye nomqolo wesibeleko/ukwenzakala kwentloko ngokuchasene nesiqu) Ukuphefumla ngenxa yokuphefumla umgubo okanye ukungakwazi ukuqengqeleka iinyawo zibotshelelwe kwibhodi yekhephu/iskis Ukuphefumla (75%) kunye nomonzakalo oqatha (25%)
Ngaba unokugrumba ukusuka ngqo phezulu? HAYI, ukunyathela phezu komngxuma kudilika iindonga zekhowuni ezikhululekileyo ebusweni bexhoba. Cacisa ngononophelo entloko ngaphandle kokuguqa emqolo wexhoba Yes

Inyathelo ngenyathelo lomgaqo wokusinda ukuba uthe wawela emthini equleni

Ukuba uyaphulukana nolawulo okanye ubambe ungqameko kwaye uzive uphosa intloko kuqala phantsi kwamasebe omthi we-conifer, izenzo zakho kwisekondi yokuqala ** emi-3 ukuya kwemi-5** phambi kokuba ikhephu lizinze zigqibe ngokuphila kwakho.

Inyathelo 1: Lwela ukuhlala umile okanye ubambe isilayidi sakho esiqwini

  • Ungaze unxibe iintambo zokutyibilika esihlahleni emithini: Ukuba izandla zakho zibotshelelwe ngaphakathi kwimitya yeepali xa usiwela emthini, iipali zibamba emasebeni kwaye zicinezele iingalo zakho ngasemva phezu kwentloko yakho ukuze ungabi nakufikela ebusweni bakho ukuze kuphele ikhephu. Xa utyibiliza i-glades okanye i-off-piste powder, hlala ubambe i-pole grips ** ngaphandle ** ukubeka izandla zakho kwi-loops yesandla.
  • Hamba isiqu okanye amasebe angaphakathi ashinyeneyo: Njengoko untlitheka kumasebe angaphandle, jija ngeengalo zombini kwisiqu somthi esiqinileyo somthi okanye amalungu angaphakathi ashinyeneyo kwaye usongele iingalo okanye imilenze yakho kuwo njengekoala ekhwelayo. Nokuba i-skis yakho iwela ngaphantsi kwakho, ukugcina intloko kunye namagxa akho ebotshelelwe phezu kwesebe elingentla komngxuma kusindisa ubomi bakho.
  • Zama ukuqengqeleka emqolo okanye ecaleni (i-tuck and roll): Ukuba ugalela phezu kweehandle zakho kumgubo ovulekileyo onzulu kude nomthi, nyusa isilevu sakho kwaye uqengqeleke kwicala okanye ngasemva ukuze ubuso bakho bujonge esibhakabhakeni kunokuba bujonge phantsi.

Inyathelo 2: Yeka konke ukukhaba kwaye wenze indawo yakho yokuphefumla

Ukuba sele ujike ngaphakathi emthini kakuhle kwaye ikhephu liyaphuphuma ngeenxa zonke kuwe:

  1. Yiba ngumkhenkce imilenze yakho ngoko nangoko: Yonke ithuku lomntu iyakukhalela ukuba ukhabe imilenze yakho kwaye uzame ukuqubha unyukele phezulu. Yixhathise loo mnqweno ngokupheleleyo. Kuba umtyibilizi wakho okanye ibhodi yokutyibilika yekhephu ili-150 ukuya kwi-185 yeesentimitha ubude kwaye itshixelwe ngaphakathi kumasebe aqinileyo ngaphezu kwakho, ukukhaba imilenze yakho akukwazi kukuse phezulu, ishukumisa ikhephu yomthi kuphela kwaye ipakishe amakhulu eekhilogram zekhephu elixengaxengayo ngokuqinileyo ezantsi entloko nasembanjeni.
  2. Tshixa ingalo ebusweni bakho ("I-Boxer Guard"): Zisa isandla esinye okanye zozibini ngoko nangoko ebusweni bakho. Tshayela umngxuma onomngxuma ojikeleze umlomo wakho kunye neempumlo, kwaye ubambe umphambili wakho okanye izandla ezinkonkxiweyo kangangeesentimitha ezimbalwa phambi komlomo wakho ukuze ikhephu libe yindawo yokumisa ingalo yakho endaweni yokucinezela imilebe yakho kunye neempumlo.
  3. Tshela naliphi na ikhephu emlonyeni wakho phambi kokuba uphefumle: Ukuba ikhephu lingene emlonyeni wakho ngexesha lokuwa, litshice okanye ulitshayele ngomnwe weglavu phambi kokuthatha umoya onzulu ukuze ungarhaleli umgubo kuqhoqhoqho.
  4. Yandisa isifuba sakho njengoko ikhephu lizinzisa: Thatha umoya onzulu kwaye ubambe iingqiniba zakho ngaphandle kancinci kwimizuzwana eyi-10 ngelixa ikhephu elixengaxengayo lihlala lijikeleze umzimba wakho; oku kushiya umsantsa obalulekileyo oziisentimitha ezi-2 (i-intshi e-1) ejikeleze i-ribcage yakho ukuze ukwazi ukuphefumla ngaphakathi nangaphandle xa ikhephu liyekile ukuhamba.

Inyathelo lesi-3: Ungakhe uzikhuphe ngokwakho ukuba uwedwa ngokupheleleyo?

Kuvavanyo olubalulekileyo oluqhutywe ngumphandi wequla lomthi uPaul Baugher (Northwest Avalanche Centre), ama-90 epesenti yezifundo zovavanyo ezifakwe kumaqula emithi yokwenene azikwazanga kuziphumela ngokwazo. Kwipesenti ze-10 ezikwaziyo ukuzihlangula, okanye ukuba waphule umthetho we-#1 we-powder skiing kwaye wakhwela emithini yodwa, nantsi indlela yodwa esebenzayo:

  • Hamba kuphela ngeentshukumo ezicothayo, zangabom, zeemilimitha: Ungaze uxhuzule okanye ubhuqe.
  • Gcina isandla esinye sibambelele kwisiqu somthi owomeleleyo okanye ingcambu eshinyeneyo/isebe: Sebenzisa isiqu somthi ngokwaso njengeleli yakho ekuphela kwayo eyomeleleyo.
  • ** UNGAZAMI ukutyhala eludongeni lwekhephu oluxengaxengayo **: Endaweni yokuzama ukunyuka ikhephu, jonga ukuba unokucotha uye kufika emlenzeni wakho ukuze ukhuphe iqhekeza lakho lesithende okanye ukhulule imitya ye-snowboard ye-ankle **, kuphela ukuba umzimba wakho ongasentla sele udityaniswe ngokukhuselekileyo ngokuchasene nesiqu somthi ngoko ke ukukhulula imilenze yakho ezantsi ayizukubangela ukuba iinyawo zakho zibe nzulu (3). umphini.
  • Jonga ukuba ungajijimeza na ngakumbi PHANTSI okanye AMACACA ecaleni kwesiqu esingenanto: Kumathambeka angumnqantsa, icala lokuhla lomthi lihlala linodonga olucekethekileyo lwamasebe kunye nekhephu kunecala lokunyuka. Ngamanye amaxesha umkhweli obambekayo unokuzitsalela kwixolo elingenanto lesiqu aze atyhale emacaleni ephumela ngaphandle kombhinqo osezantsi wamasebe kunokuba anyuke.

Warning

Inceda njani i-Avalung okanye i-Airbnb/Air-Pocket Backpack kwi-Tree Wells: Ukuba ukhwele umgubo onzulu kwi-Pacific Northwest, British Columbia, Japan (Hokkaido/Honshu), iRockies, okanye iiAlps, cinga ukunxiba i-air-redistribution breathing vest/pack (efana ne-AvaLung element, i-avalung element okanye i-avalave element** i-avalave ebaluleke kakhulu)** malunga namaqula omthi: ngelixa umlomo we-AvaLung wolula ngokuthe ngqo ukusinda komthi ukusuka kwimizuzu eli-15 ukuya ngaphezulu kwemizuzu engama-60 ngokutsala umoya kwipakethe yekhephu ekhululekileyo ngasemva komqolo wakho kwaye ukhuphele kude icarbon dioxide yakho (\(\text{CO}_2\)) kude nobuso bakho, lumkela iingxowa zomoya ezinkulu ezivuthekayo ngaphakathi kweplanga eliqinileyo. Ukuba netyhubhu yokuphefumla yohlobo lwe-AvaLung ekrwelwe ngqo kumtya wejacket yakho ikuvumela ukuba ulume emlonyeni ngaphandle kwezandla phambi kokuba ungene emithini.

Ukuhlangula iqabane: indlela yokwemba umntu emthini ngaphandle kokumbulala

Ngaphezu kwama-80 ekhulwini amaxhoba emithi afa ngenxa nje yokuba amaqabane abo aqhubeka etyibilika ezantsi ukuya kutsho ezantsi kwi-chairlift, elinde imizuzu eyi-15 emgceni wokuphakamisa ezibuza * "Uphi uDave?"*, emva koko wakhwela i-chairlift umva ukuze aqale ukukhangela, ngelo xesha imizuzu engama-30 yayidlulile kwaye ixhoba lalisele lifuthaniselwe.

Xa ukhwela ngaphakathi kunxibelelwano olubonakalayo kunye nelizwi leqabane lakho kwaye ubabone bewela emthini kakuhle (okanye ubone inqaku elinye lokutyibilika, isiseko sebhodi ekhephu, okanye iglavu ephuma phantsi komthi we-conifer), une ngaphantsi kwemizuzu eyi-15 yokufumana umoya ebusweni babo.

CRITICAL PARTNER EXCAVATION RULES FOR A TREE WELL:
1. NEVER step onto the top rim of the snow cone around the tree (collapses snow onto the victim's face).
2. NEVER grab the victim's boots, skis, or snowboard and yank upward (drives their head deeper and breaks legs/spine).
3. ALWAYS approach from the DOWNHILL or SIDE of the tree and tunnel INWARD HORIZONTALLY straight to the victim's head.

Inyathelo ngenyathelo iqabane lokwemba iprotocol

  1. **Makisha umthi kwaye ubize i-backup ngokukhawuleza **:
    • Tyala i-skis okanye iipali zakho zime nkqo kwikhephu elivulekileyo iimitha ezi-3 (iinyawo ezili-10) ekukhuphukeni komthi ukuze usondele kwi-Ski Patrol okanye abanye abakhweli banokubona umthi ngqo ngoko nangoko (kwihlathi elishinyeneyo le-500 yemithi yofire efanayo, ukususa amehlo akho emthini imizuzwana elishumi kunokukwenza ulahlekelwe yindawo).
    • Khala kakhulu "NCEDA. SKIER EMTHINI APHA." ukuhlaba umkhosi abakhweli abadlulayo ekubalekeni.
    • Yiba nomntu wesibini (okanye usebenzise isithethi sakho xa ushukuma) fowunela indawo ekuchithelwa kuyo iiholide Ski Patrol Emergency Direct Line (yiyifake kwifowuni yakho phambi kokuba ukhwele; iprintwe kuyo yonke imephu yomzila wephepha kunye nenqaba yokunyusa) okanye ucofe u-911/112/999 enegama lomzila elichanekileyo kunye nenombolo yokunyusa inqaba.
  2. Zinzisa iinyawo zexhoba ukuze zingatyibiliki nzulu:
    • Ukuba uyakwazi ukubona iibhutsi zexhoba, ukutyibilika kwekhephu, okanye ibhodi yekhephu ebhijeneyo kumasebe angasentla, ungawatsali phezulu, kwaye ungawaqhawuli amaqhina abophekileyo okwangoku ukuba ezo zityibilizi zithe tyibilili kuphela kwento ebambe umzimba wayo ekuwiseni enye imitha ezantsi ezantsi emhadini.
    • Endaweni yoko, ukuba kukho umhlanguli wesibini, babambe ngobunono okanye babethe ibhutsi yexhoba/umlenze ungashukumi ukuze ixhoba lingatyibiliki nzulu ngelixa usiya entloko.
  3. Hlanganisa ifosholo ye-avalanche kunye netonela ngaphakathi ukusuka kwi-DOWNHILL SIDE:
    • Jonga i-engile yemilenze yexhoba ukuqikelela ngqo apho intloko kunye nesifuba sazo zihleli khona ngokuchasene nesiqu somthi (ngokuqhelekileyo i-1 ukuya kwi-1.5 yeemitha / 3 ukuya kwi-5 iinyawo ngaphantsi kweebhutsi zabo).
    • Jikela ngase icala lokuhla (okanye iplanki esezantsi) yomthi kakuhle, uhlale ngokupheleleyo kumlebe ongasentla wekhephu.
    • Sebenzisa i-aluminiyam eqengqelekayo i-avalanche snow (okanye izandla zakho/ibhodi yekhephu ukuba awunamhlakulo)* ukusika umnyango othe tyaba othe tye ngqo ngaphakathi kumasebe asezantsi kunye nodonga lwekhephu** kumgangatho wentloko yexhoba, uhlakulele ikhephu ezantsi ukusuka emthini ukuze lingakwazi ukutyibilika libuyele ngaphakathi.
  4. Coca indlela yomoya ejikeleze umlomo nasempumlweni KUQALA:
    • Ngoku xa isandla sakho seglavu sichukumisa isigcina-ntloko sexhoba, ibhatyi, okanye igxalaba, yeka ukusebenzisa incakuba yentsimbi kufutshane nentloko yalo ukuze ungabethi ebusweni babo.
    • Tshayela ikhephu emlonyeni wabo, impumlo, kunye nesifuba ngezandla zakho, udilize nayiphi na i-snow-packed neck gaiter okanye isikhafu, kwaye ukhuphe nayiphi na iplagi yekhephu emlonyeni wabo.
    • Jonga ngoko nangoko ukuba banolwazi kwaye bayaphefumla:
      • Ukuba bayayazi kwaye bayaphefumla: Gcina indlela yabo yomoya ivuleke kakhulu, baqinisekise, wandise umsele othe tye ojikeleze umzimba wabo ukuze isifuba sabo sande ngokukhululekileyo, kwaye kuphela kungoko bakhulule izibophelelo zabo zokutyibiliza okanye imitya yebhodi ekhephu ngaphezulu ukuze ukwazi ukuzityibilikisa ngobunono ngaphandle kwetonela lakho elisecaleni.
      • Ukuba abaphenduli kwaye abaphefumli (okanye baphefumle kuphela): Bakhuphele kwiqonga elinesitampu esicaba ngokukhawuleza ngelixa ukhusela intamo yabo, vula indlela yomoya, unike **5 impefumlo yokuqala yokuhlangula ** (kuba umthi kakuhle ukubanjwa kwentliziyo kubangelwa **hypoxia / asphyxiation **, ukuhlangula ukuphefumla okudityaniswe nokunyanzeliswa kwesifuba; kubalulekile ukuba awukwazi ukunika umoya wokuphefumla ngokuqhubekayo izandla kuphela CPR kwi-100 ukuya kwi-120 compressions ngomzuzu ngokukhawuleza) kwaye uqhubeke de i-Ski Patrol ifike ne-oksijini kunye ne-AED.

Indlela yokuthintela umthi kakuhle kunye neentlekele ezinzulu zokucwiliswa kwekhephu

Wonke umthi omnye wokufa kakuhle uyathintelwa ngokulandela imithetho emihlanu engaxoxiswanayo yosuku evunywe yiNational Ski Areas Association (deepsnowsafety.org) kunye neMountainSafety.info:

  • 1. Gcina iqabane lakho likwimbonakalo ethe ngqo ngamaxesha onke (Hayi nje "ukudibana ezantsi kwilifti"): Ukukhwela "kunye nabahlobo" akulunganga kakuhle ukuba nahlukane encotsheni yokubaleka kwaye nidibane kwisitulo se-chairlift kwimizuzu elishumi kamva. Emithini okanye ngeentsuku ezinzulu zomgubo, khwela kwi-iindawo ezimfutshane ze-leapfrog ugcine iqabane lakho lingaphakathi kumgca othe ngqo wokubonwayo (okanye ukufowuna rhoqo kwelizwi kunye nokuphendula rhoqo ngemizuzwana eli-15) de nobabini niphume emithini.
  • 2. Susa izandla zakho kwimitya yokutyibiliza esihlahleni phambi kokuba ungene kuyo nayiphi na i-glade okanye i-off-piste run: Iintambo zepali zijika iipali zakho zibe ziiankile eziqhoboshela iingalo zakho ngaphezulu kwentloko yakho emthini kwaye zishenxise oobhontsi/amagxa kumasebe. Vumela iipali zakho zihambe ngephanyazo xa ulahlekelwa yibhalansi.
  • 3. Nxiba impempe ekhwazayo engaphantsi kweertyisi echetywe kanye ecaleni kwesilevu sakho: Theyipha okanye unamathisele impempe yeplastiki engaphantsi kwe-120-decibel yeertyisi (efana neFox 40) kutsalo lweziphu yebhatyi okanye kwibhaka yomtya we-sternum oziisentimitha ezili-10 (ii-intshi ezi-4) ukusuka emlonyeni wakho ukuba ungafikelela kuzo zombini iingalo zakho ngesifuba.
  • 4. Phatha i-avalanche transceiver (ibhakana), umhlakulo wesinyithi ogotywayo, kunye neprobe, nkqu IMIDA YOKUPHAKATHI ngeentsuku zomgubo onzulu: Uninzi lwabatyibilizi bashiya ibhakana yabo ye-avalanche kunye nefosholo emotweni xa betyibiliza ngaphakathi kwimida yeholide. Ngalo naluphi na usuku kunye neesentimitha ezingama-30+ (i-intshi ezili-12+) zekhephu elitsha okanye xa utyibiliza i-resort tree glades, nxiba i-3-antenna digital avalanche transceiver esebenzayo (457 kHz)* kwimo ye-THUMELA kwaye uphathe ipakethi ngefosholo yentsimbi. Iqabane eline-transceiver kunye nefosholo lingakhomba kwaye ligrumbe umkhweli ongcwatywe ngokupheleleyo phantsi komthi 3 imizuzu endaweni yokuchitha imizuzu engama-20 eqikelela ukuba uwele phantsi komthi.
  • 5. Nika imithi ye-conifer indawo ebanzi, ungaze ujike ujike phantsi komgca wokuthontsiza wesebe: Hlala phandle kwiindledlana ezivulekileyo ezimhlophe phakathi kwemithi kunokuwola izikhondo, lawula isantya sakho ukuze ukwazi ukumisa phambi kokubetha imiqobo, kwaye ujonge "usana" oluhlala luhlala luhlala luphuma ekhephuni, umphezulu omncinci oluhlaza onomphezulu womthi oyi-20 imitha-6 eneneni. isigebenga esifihlwe kakuhle phantsi komphezulu wekhephu. Malunga neemeko ezingxamisekileyo zeentaba zasebusika, funda yethu ukutyibilika, ukukhwela ikhephu, kunye neengozi zokuthambeka, ii-avalanches, kwaye intlango ye-hypothermia kunye nokubanda izikhokelo.

Thatha ikhosi

Ukuthatha i-avalanche yokuhlangula kunye nentlango yoncedo lokuqala, kunye nekhosi eqinisekisiweyo ye-CPR evela kwi-Red Cross, i-St John Ambulance, okanye umbutho wakho we-ski patrol kazwelonke, inika wena kunye namaqabane akho akhwele imemori ye-muscle ukumba ngokukhawuleza kwaye uvuselele umkhweli onqabileyo kwimizuzu eyi-10 ebalulekileyo.

Imibuzo edla ngokubuzwa

Are snowboarders or skiers more at risk of dying in a tree well?

Both skiers and snowboarders die in tree wells every winter, accounting for roughly two-thirds skiers and one-third snowboarders in North American accident databases (matching overall resort ridership ratios). However, each faces a unique mechanical trap: a **skier's** long individual skis and poles cross and tangle like pick-up sticks in the overhead tree branches (and DIN bindings rarely release during a slow, twisting headfirst tumble into soft snow), whereas a **snowboarder** has both feet permanently strapped to a single wide plank that acts like a giant snow-anchor, making it impossible to move one leg independently or roll over if they land face-down in deep open powder.

Why can I not just set my ski bindings to a lower DIN setting so my skis pop off automatically if I fall into a tree well?

Standard alpine ski bindings are engineered to release under high-speed torsional (twisting) or forward-bending forces against a hard surface to prevent tibial leg fractures. When you fall slowly headfirst into a soft, bottomless pillow of dry tree-well snow, there is no hard impact force against the ski boot toe or heel piece to trip the binding spring, and lowering your DIN setting below your recommended chart value causes dangerous pre-release on steep terrain (which can throw you straight *into* a tree). Instead, if you ride deep powder with a partner, practice reaching down to press your heel-piece lever with your hand or having your partner release your bindings only *after* they have secured your head and torso from sliding deeper.

Does an Apple Watch, iPhone Crash Detection, or GPS app alert Ski Patrol if I fall into a tree well?

Usually, **no**, do not count on automated smartphone crash detection to save you in a tree well. Smartphone and smartwatch Crash/Fall Detection algorithms look for a sudden, high-G impact deceleration spike (such as hitting icy hardpack or a car collision). Sliding into soft, unconsolidated powder snow inside a tree well produces a relatively soft deceleration curve that rarely triggers automatic SOS, and once you are buried upside down under 2 meters of snow with your arms pinned, you cannot reach into your pocket to unlock a touchscreen, and cellular signals are heavily attenuated by wet snow. Only a human partner watching your back (paired with a 457 kHz avalanche transceiver) provides reliable detection.

How long can a person survive buried upside down in a tree well?

Survival time in a tree well is extremely short, very similar to or even faster than a slab avalanche burial. Without an air pocket or breathing device, acute asphyxiation and unconsciousness typically occur within **5 to 15 minutes**, and irreversible hypoxic brain injury or cardiac arrest follows within **15 to 35 minutes** (compounded by inverted blood pooling in the head and rapid cooling). However, if the rider manages to keep an open air pocket around their face and snow does not compress their chest, survivors have occasionally been rescued alive after 1 to 2 hours, which is why rescuers must always dig urgently and initiate full CPR and hypothermia resuscitation upon extraction.

Can you suffocate in deep powder snow out in the open away from any trees?

Yes. Roughly 30 percent of **Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS)** fatalities occur in open deep powder completely away from trees, such as when a skier or snowboarder falls headfirst into a deep powder drift, creek bed, or flat gully after a major storm (60+ centimeters / 2+ feet of fresh snow). When your feet are anchored above you by skis or a snowboard and your head is buried 60 centimeters under loose, low-density snow, every push with your hands sinks straight to the bottom without lifting your head an inch. If you fall in deep open powder, keep your arms wide ("snow-angel" distribution) or cross your ski poles into an **X** under your chest so you have a wide platform to push against to lift your face above the surface.

Why must rescuers give rescue breaths (not just chest compressions) when performing CPR on a tree well victim?

When an adult collapses suddenly on a city sidewalk from a heart attack, their blood and lungs are still full of oxygen for the first several minutes, so Hands-Only CPR works well initially. By contrast, a person pulled unconscious from a tree well or avalanche is in **asphyxial cardiac arrest**, their heart stopped specifically because their blood ran completely out of oxygen. International wilderness and avalanche resuscitation guidelines (ICAR / Red Cross / AHA) emphasize that as soon as you pull a non-breathing snow-immersion victim free and clear snow out of their mouth, you should immediately deliver **rescue breaths alongside chest compressions (30:2 ratio, starting with 5 initial ventilations)** to get fresh oxygen back into their lungs and bloodstream. If you are untrained or unable to give breaths, perform continuous chest compressions without delay.

Imithombo ijongiwe

  • I-Northwest Avalanche Centre (NWAC, eUnited States) kunye noPaul Baugher (uMlawuli we-Crystal Mountain Ski Patrol): *I-Tree Well and Deep Snow Safety (deepsnowsafety.org) *, i-Empirical Tree Well Immersion Survival Research kunye ne-Partner Excavation Protocols.
  • Umbutho weSizwe weMimandla ye-Ski (i-NSAA, eUnited States) kunye ne-Canada West Ski Areas Association (CWSAA, eKhanada): Ukhuseleko oluNzulu lwekhephu kunye neziKhokelo zoThintelo lwe-Snow Immersion Suffocation (SIS).
  • IKomishoni yamazwe ngamazwe yohlangulo lwe-Alpine (ICAR / CISA-IKAR, International / Switzerland) kunye noMbutho wezoNyango waseWilderness (WMS, eUnited States): Izikhokelo zokuSebenza kweKlinikhi yoThintelo kunye noLawulo lwe-Avalanche kunye ne-Non-Avalanche Snow Ukungcwatywa kwamaxhoba.
  • I-Avalanche Canada kunye ne-Canadian Ski Patrol (eCanada): Imithombo yoMthi, i-Deep Powder Immersion, kunye neMigangatho yokuvuselela i-Asphyxial yokuBusa.
  • I-European Resuscitation Council (ERC, i-European Union) kunye ne-American Heart Association (AHA, eUnited States): Iimeko eziKhethekileyo zokuvuselela, i-Accidental Hypothermia kunye ne-Asphyxial Arrest Ventilation Protocols.

Izikhokelo ezinxulumeneyo