Daraxt qudug'iga botirish (SIS) va chuqur chang qor bo'g'ilishida omon qolish¶

Daraxt qudug'i (yoki Qorga bo'g'ilish / SIS xavfi) - kuchli qor yog'ishidan keyin ignabargli daraxt tanasini o'rab turgan bo'shashgan qor, past osilgan novdalar va havodan iborat yashirin, mustahkamlanmagan bo'shliq. Chang'ichi yoki snoubordchi doim yashil daraxtning chetiga tushib, boshi bilan mana shu yashirin chuqurga qulaganida, quruq chang qor pardasi xuddi qum singari ichkariga yiqilib, chang'ilari yoki snoubordlari yuqoridagi shoxlarga kirib, ularni teskari zulmatda ushlab turadi. Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari va Kanadadagi Shimoliy-G'arbiy Ko'chki Markazi (NWAC) va Milliy chang'i zonalari assotsiatsiyasi (NSAA) ma'lumotlariga ko'ra, qor ko'chkisi bo'lmagan bo'g'ilish qishki sport turlari bo'yicha barcha o'limlarning **20-25 foizini tashkil qiladi ** va chuqur chang mavsumida omon qolish tajribalarida 90 foiz daraxtsiz o'zlarini joylashtira olmagan. daraxtning yonida turgan sherik.

Ushbu qo'llanmada chang'ichilar, snoubordchilar, qor botqoqchilar va sayyohlar uchun daraxt qudug'iga yoki chuqur kukun cho'ntagiga tushib qolsangiz, birinchi 5 soniyada nima qilish kerakligi, nima uchun urilish qorning zudlik bilan siqilishi va bo'g'ilib qolishiga olib kelishi, sheriklar daraxt qudug'iga qadam qo'yishdan ko'ra, qanday qilib gorizontal ravishda pastga tushishi kerakligi va chang quduqlarining oldini olish usullari haqida ma'lumot beradi.

Buni hozir qiling¶

1. Agar siz daraxt qudug‘i tomon yiqilasangiz: ustunlaringizni qo‘yib yuboring va daraxt tanasi yoki shoxlarini ushlang. Daraxtlar yaqinida haydashda hech qachon qo‘lingizni chang‘i tayoqchasi bilagiga tutmang. Yiqilganingizda, boshingiz va ko'kragingiz pastdagi bo'shliqqa teskari tushib ketmasligi uchun qattiq yog'och tanasi yoki qalin yuqori shoxlarini quchoqlash uchun ikki qo'lingizni uzating.
2. Agar siz qorga teskari qo‘nsangiz: Oyog‘ingizni urmang, tepmang yoki QILMANG. Bo‘shashgan, birlashtirilmagan chang qorda kurash xuddi mexanik tsement vibratoriga o‘xshaydi: har bir zarba yuzlab kilogramm qorni yuqoridagi novdalardan yiqitadi va ko‘kragingiz va yuzingizga qattiqroq o‘raladi va sizni chuqurroq cho‘ktiradi. Oyoqlaringizni darhol muzlatib qo'ying.
3. Avval og'iz va burun oldida nafas oluvchi havo cho'ntagi yarating. Qor qolishidan oldin, og'iz va burun atrofidagi 10-15 santimetr (4-6 dyuym) bo'shliqni itarish uchun bir bilakni kesib oling yoki qo'llaringizni yuzingiz oldiga qo'ying va iyagingizni burang yoki bo'yinbog'ingizni yuqoriga torting. nafas olish.
4. Tinch turing, sekin nafas oling va hushtak chaling (agar og'zingizga yaqin bo'lsa). Vahima giperventiliyasi kichik kislorod cho'ntagingizni tezda iste'mol qiladi va yuzingiz atrofidagi qorni iliq nafas bilan eritib, havo o'tkazmaydigan muz qatlamiga aylanadi ("muz niqobi"). Agar siz bir qo'lingiz bilan daraxt tanasiga etib borsangiz, chuqurroq sirpanmaslik uchun uni mahkam ushlang va sherigingizni kuting.
5. Agar siz tashqarida sherik bo'lsangiz: HECH QACHON tuynukning chetiga qadam qo'ymang yoki jabrlanuvchini etik/chang'isidan tortib to'g'ri tortmang. Daraxt qudug'ining yuqori chetiga chiqsangiz, bir tonna qor to'g'ridan-to'g'ri do'stingizning boshiga tushadi va chang'i yoki snoubordda yuqoriga tortilganda ularning boshi chuqurga chuqurroq kirib boradi.
6. Ski-patrul xizmatiga yoki favqulodda xizmatlarga zudlik bilan qo‘ng‘iroq qiling va ularning boshi tomon gorizontal yoki pastdan pastga qazing. Yaqin-atrofdagi chavandozlar yordam berish uchun baqiring, kurortga Ski Patrol favqulodda raqamiga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling (yoki mahalliy favqulodda raqamingizga qo‘ng‘iroq qiling: Amerika Qo‘shma Shtatlari va Kanadada 911, Yevropa Ittifoqi bo‘ylab 112, Buyuk Britaniyada 999; bizning manzilimizga qarang. favqulodda raqamlar katalog), jabrlanuvchining boshini etiklar ostidan toping va bog'ichlarini ochishdan oldin yuz atrofidagi havo yo'llarini bo'shatish uchun yondan/pastlikka ichkariga qarab tunnel o'tkazing.

Darhol omon qolish va sherikni qutqarish bo'yicha qarorlar oqimi¶

Daraxt qudug'iga qulagan chavandozmisiz yoki do'stingiz shoxlar ostida g'oyib bo'lganini ko'rgan sherigingizmi, darhol ushbu ketma-ketlikni bajaring.

flowchart TD
    A["Chavandoz ignabargli daraxt yoki chuqur chang cho'ntagi yaqinida tushadi"] --> B{"Siz hozir qaysi roldasiz?"}
    B -->|"Men daraxt qudug'iga qulagan chavandozman"| C["Darhol chang'i ustunlarini tashlab, daraxt tanasi yoki og'ir shoxlarini ushlang"]
    C --> D["Qor hunisi yiqilishiga yo'l qo'ymaslik uchun barcha oyoqlarni urish va tepishni to'xtating"]
    D --> E["Nafas olish cho'ntagini o'yish uchun chashka qo'llari yoki bilakni og'iz va burun ustiga qo'ying"]
    E --> F["Agar erishish mumkin bo'lsa, magistralni ushlab turing, sekin nafas oling va sherikning qazishini kuting"]
    B -->|"Men Chavandozning g'oyib bo'lishini ko'rgan tashqi sherikman"| G["Daraxtda qattiq vizual tuzatishni saqlang (to'g'ridan-to'g'ri chang'i yoki xoda tashqarisidagi ustun bilan belgilang)"]
    G --> H["Resort chang'i patrulining favqulodda raqamiga qo'ng'iroq qiling / 911/112 va yaqin atrofdagi chavandozlar uchun qichqiring"]
    H --> I["Teshikning yuqori labiga bosmang va jabrlanuvchining chang'isi yoki snoubordda TIRMAMANG"]
    I --> J["Jabrlanuvchining boshi va ko'krak qafasining chuqurligini aniqlash uchun qo'lingiz bilan magistral bo'ylab muloyimlik bilan prob qiling"]
    J --> K["Pastki tomondan to'g'ridan-to'g'ri jabrlanuvchining yuziga gorizontal ravishda ichkariga tunnel qiling"]
    K --> L["Avval og'iz va burundan qorni tozalang, so'ngra bog'lamlarni bo'shating va ekstrakti"]

Qanday qilib daraxt qudug'i shakllanadi va nima uchun ignabargli daraxtlar yuqoridan xavfsiz ko'rinadi¶

Ko'pgina chang'ichilar va snoubordchilarning fikriga ko'ra, agar ochiq chang'i poygasida 2 metr (6,5 fut) yangi qor bo'lsa, qor har bir qarag'ay, archa, archa yoki qandil daraxtining tanasiga qadar tekis bo'lib qoladi. Haqiqatda, past osilgan doim yashil novdalar ulkan soyabon kabi harakat qiladi:

1. Shoxli soyabon: Qishda bir necha metr qor yog‘ar ekan, archa, archa, qandolat va sadr daraxtlarining keng, pastga qiyshaygan pastki shoxlari yog‘ayotgan qorni ushlaydi va uning magistral tagida yerga yetib borishiga yo‘l qo‘ymaydi.
2. Yashirin 2-3 metr (6-10 fut) bo'shliq: To'g'ridan-to'g'ri pastki shoxlar ostida chuqur, konussimon havo chuquri, chigallashgan o'lik novdalar va bo'shashgan, siqilmagan quruq qor patlari, yalang'och o'rmon tuproqlari yoki qoyalarigacha cho'zilgan, hatto qor 30 metr chuqurlikda bo'lsa ham.
3. Vizual illyuziya: 5 metr (16 fut) balandlikda daraxt shoxlarining qor bilan qoplangan tashqi uchlari silliq chang yonbag'iriga silliq aralashadi. Chavandoz burilishni tashqi novda etagiga juda yaqin o'yib o'ysa ("daraxtni etaklash") shox uchlarining yupqa po'stlog'ini yorib o'tib, to'g'ridan-to'g'ri yashirin vertikal shaftaga tushadi.

Agar siz daraxt qudug'iga tushib qolsangiz, omon qolish uchun bosqichma-bosqich protokol¶

Agar siz boshqaruvni yo‘qotib qo‘ysangiz yoki chekkadan ushlanib qolsangiz va o‘zingizni ignabargli daraxt shoxlari ostiga qo‘yganingizni his qilsangiz, qor yog‘ishidan oldingi 3-5 soniya ichida qilgan harakatlaringiz omon qolishingizni belgilaydi.

1-qadam: Tik turish uchun kurashing yoki slaydni bagajda ushlab turing¶

• Hech qachon daraxtlarda chang'i tayoqchasi bilakka tasmasini taqmang: Agar daraxt qudug'iga tushganingizda qo'llaringiz xodaga bog'langan bo'lsa, quduqlar shoxlarga yopishib qoladi va qorni tozalash uchun yuzingizga yetib bora olmaysiz. Chang'i to'shagida yoki pistdan tashqarida changda uchayotganda, har doim qo'llaringizni bilak ilmoqlaridan o'tkazmasdan, tirgak tutqichlarini siz ushlab turing.
• Magistral yoki qalin ichki novdalarni quchoqlang: tashqi novdalardan o‘tib ketayotganda ikki qo‘lingiz bilan qattiq yog‘och tanasi yoki qalin ichki oyoq-qo‘llaringiz bilan suzing va koala kabi qo‘llaringiz yoki oyoqlaringizni o‘rab oling. Agar chang'ilaringiz sizdan pastga tushsa ham, boshingiz va elkangizni chuqurning ustidagi shoxga bog'lab turish hayotingizni saqlab qoladi.
• Orqangiz yoki yoningizda dumalab ko‘ring (qarang va dumalab ko‘ring): Agar siz daraxtdan uzoqda rulingizni chuqur ochilgan kukun bilan ag‘darib qo‘ysangiz, iyagingizni buking va yoningizga yoki orqangizga dumalang, shunda yuzingiz pastga qaragandan ko‘ra osmonga qaraydi.

2-qadam: Barcha tepishni to'xtating va nafas olish bo'shlig'ingizni yarating¶

Agar siz allaqachon daraxt qudug'iga teskari bo'lsangiz va atrofingizda qor yog'ayotgan bo'lsa:

1. Oyoqlaringizni darhol muzlatib qo'ying: Har bir inson instinkti oyoqlaringizni tepish va yuqoriga suzishga harakat qilish uchun sizga baqiradi. Bu intilishga to‘liq qarshilik ko‘rsating. Chang‘i yoki snoubordning uzunligi 150-185 santimetr (5-6 fut) bo‘lgani uchun va tepangizdagi qattiq novdalar ichida qulflangan bo‘lgani uchun, oyoqlaringizni tepish sizni yuqoriga ko‘tara olmaydi, u faqat daraxt soyabonini silkitadi va yuzlab kilogramm qor va qorni boshingiz atrofiga mahkam to‘playdi.
2. Qo‘lingizni yuzingizga bog‘lab qo‘ying (“The Boxer Guard”): Bir yoki ikkala qo‘lingizni darhol yuzingizga olib boring. Og'iz va burun atrofidagi bo'shliqni supurib, bilakni yoki chashkali qo'llaringizni og'zingiz oldida bir necha santimetr ushlab turing, shunda qor lablar va burun teshiklariga tekis bosish o'rniga qo'llaringizga to'xtaydi.
3. Nafas olishdan oldin og'zingizdagi qorni tupuring: Agar qor ag'darilganda og'zingizga kirsa, changni nafas yo'lingizga so'rmaslik uchun havoni chuqur nafas olishdan oldin *tupuring yoki qo'lqopli barmoq bilan supurib tashlang.
4. Qor yog‘ishi bilan ko‘kragingizni kengaytiring: Chuqur nafas oling va bo‘shashgan qor gavda atrofiga joylashayotganda dastlabki 10 soniya davomida tirsaklaringizni biroz tashqariga qarab ushlab turing; bu sizning qovurg'angiz atrofida muhim 2 santimetr (1 dyuym) kengayish bo'shlig'ini qoldiradi, shunda siz qor harakatini to'xtatgandan keyin ham nafas olishingiz va nafas olishingiz mumkin.

3-qadam: Agar siz butunlay yolg'iz bo'lsangiz, o'zingizdan qutula olasizmi?¶

Daraxt qudug'i tadqiqotchisi Pol Baugher (Shimoliy-g'arbiy ko'chki markazi) tomonidan o'tkazilgan muhim dala sinovlarida haqiqiy daraxt quduqlariga joylashtirilgan sinov ob'ektlarining 90 foizi mustaqil ravishda chiqa olmadi. O'z-o'zini qutqarishga muvaffaq bo'lgan yoki chang chang'isining №1 qoidasini buzgan bo'lsangiz va yolg'iz daraxtlarga otlangan bo'lsangiz, bu erda ishlaydigan yagona texnika:

• Faqat sekin, qasddan, millimetrli harakatlar bilan harakat qiling: Hech qachon silkitmang yoki urmang.
• Bir qo‘lingizni qattiq daraxt tanasiga yoki qalin ildizga/novdaga mahkam bog‘lab qo‘ying: Daraxt tanasining o‘zidan yagona mustahkam zinapoya sifatida foydalaning.
• Bo‘shashgan qor devoriga surishga urinmang: qor ustiga chiqishga harakat qilishning o‘rniga, toshini bog‘laydigan tovon qismini ochish yoki snoubordning to‘pig‘ini yechish uchun o‘z oyog‘ingiz bo‘ylab sekin cho‘zishingiz mumkinligini bilib oling, faqat agar ustki tanangiz daraxt tanasiga mahkam bog‘langan bo‘lsa, oyoqlaringiz siqilib qolmaydi (3 metr) tubsiz milga chuqurroq.
• Yalang'och magistral bo'ylab PASTGA yoki yon tomonga burilishingiz mumkinligini tekshiring: Tik yonbag'irlarda daraxt qudug'ining past tomonida ko'pincha novdalar devori yupqaroq bo'lib, tepa tomoniga qaraganda qor yog'adi. Ba'zida tuzoqqa tushib qolgan chavandoz magistralning yalang'och po'stlog'iga qarshi tortib, yuqoriga ko'tarilishdan ko'ra, shoxlarning pastki etagidan chetga surishi mumkin.

Hamkorni qutqarish: odamni o'ldirmasdan daraxt quduqdan qanday qazish kerak¶

Over 80 percent of tree well victims die simply because their partners kept skiing all the way down to the bottom of the chairlift, waited 15 minutes at the lift line wondering "Where is Dave?", and then rode the chairlift back up to start looking, by which time 30 minutes had elapsed and the victim had already suffocated.

Agar siz sherigingiz bilan vizual va ovozli aloqada bo'lganingizda va uning daraxt qudug'iga qulaganini ko'rsangiz (yoki ignabargli daraxt tagida bitta chang'i uchi, snoubord tagligi yoki qo'lqopni ko'rsangiz), ularning yuziga havo olish uchun sizda **15 daqiqadan kamroq vaqt bor.

CRITICAL PARTNER EXCAVATION RULES FOR A TREE WELL:
1. NEVER step onto the top rim of the snow cone around the tree (collapses snow onto the victim's face).
2. NEVER grab the victim's boots, skis, or snowboard and yank upward (drives their head deeper and breaks legs/spine).
3. ALWAYS approach from the DOWNHILL or SIDE of the tree and tunnel INWARD HORIZONTALLY straight to the victim's head.

Bosqichma-bosqich hamkor qazish protokoli¶

1. Mark the tree and call for backup immediately:
   • Plant your own skis or poles upright in the open snow 3 meters (10 feet) uphill of the tree so approaching Ski Patrol or other riders can spot the exact tree instantly (in a dense forest of 500 identical fir trees, taking your eyes off the tree for ten seconds can make you lose the spot).
   • Yell loudly "HELP. SKIER IN A TREE WELL HERE." to flag down passing riders on the run.
   • Have a second person (or use your speakerphone while moving) call the resort's Ski Patrol Emergency Direct Line (program it into your phone before riding; it is printed on every paper trail map and lift tower) or dial 911 / 112 / 999 with the exact trail name and lift tower number.
2. Stabilize the victim's feet so they do not slide deeper:
   • If you can see the victim's boots, skis, or snowboard tangled in the upper branches, do not pull them up, and do not unclip their bindings yet if those snagged skis are the only thing holding their body from dropping another meter down into the bottom of the pit.
   • Instead, if a second rescuer is present, have them gently hold or lash the victim's boot/leg steady in place so the victim cannot slip deeper while you tunnel to their head.
3. Assemble your avalanche shovel and tunnel in from the DOWNHILL SIDE:
   • Look at the angle of the victim's legs to estimate exactly where their head and chest are resting against the tree trunk (usually 1 to 1.5 meters / 3 to 5 feet below their boots).
   • Step around to the downhill side (or lower flank) of the tree well, staying completely off the upper snow lip.
   • Use a collapsible aluminum avalanche shovel (or your hands/snowboard if you have no shovel) to cut a horizontal doorway straight inward through the lower branches and snow wall at the level of the victim's head, shoveling the snow downhill away from the tree so it cannot slide back in.
4. Clear the airway around the mouth and nose FIRST:
   • The moment your gloved hand touches the victim's helmet, jacket, or shoulder, stop using the metal shovel blade near their head so you do not strike their face.
   • Sweep the snow away from their mouth, nose, and chest with your hands, pull down any snow-packed neck gaiter or scarf, and scoop any snow plug out of their mouth.
   • Check immediately if they are conscious and breathing:
     • If they are conscious and breathing: Keep their airway wide open, reassure them, widen the horizontal trench around their torso so their chest can expand freely, and only then release their ski bindings or snowboard straps above so you can slide them gently out through your side tunnel.
     • If they are unresponsive and not breathing (or only gasping): Extricate them onto a flat stamped platform immediately while protecting their neck, open the airway, give 5 initial rescue breaths (because tree well cardiac arrest is caused by hypoxia / asphyxiation, rescue breaths paired with chest compressions are critical if you are trained; if you cannot give rescue breaths, start continuous faqat qo'llar uchun CPR at 100 to 120 compressions per minute immediately) and continue until Ski Patrol arrives with oxygen and an AED.

How to prevent tree well and deep snow immersion tragedies¶

Every single tree well fatality is preventable by following five non-negotiable powder-day rules endorsed by the National Ski Areas Association (deepsnowsafety.org) and MountainSafety.info:

• 1. Keep your partner in direct visual sight at all times (Not just "meet at the bottom of the lift"): Riding "with friends" does zero good if you split up at the top of the run and meet at the chairlift ten minutes later. In the trees or on deep powder days, ride in short leapfrog pitches keeping your partner within direct line of sight (or constant voice call-and-response every 15 seconds) until both of you exit the trees.
• 2. Take your hands OUT of ski pole wrist straps before entering any glade or off-piste run: Pole straps turn your ski poles into anchors that pin your arms above your head in a tree well and dislocate thumbs/shoulders on branches. Let your poles go the instant you lose balance.
• 3. Wear a loud pea-less survival whistle clipped right next to your chin: Tape or clip a 120-decibel pea-less plastic whistle (such as a Fox 40) onto your jacket zipper pull or backpack sternum strap just 10 centimeters (4 inches) from your mouth so you can reach it with your teeth even if both arms are pinned against your chest.
• 4. Carry an avalanche transceiver (beacon), collapsible metal shovel, and probe, even IN-BOUNDS on deep powder days: Many skiers leave their avalanche beacon and shovel in the car when skiing inside resort boundaries. On any day with 30+ centimeters (12+ inches) of fresh snow or when skiing resort tree glades, wear an active 3-antenna digital avalanche transceiver (457 kHz) in SEND mode and carry a pack with a metal shovel. A partner with a transceiver and shovel can pinpoint and excavate a completely buried rider under a tree in 3 minutes instead of spending 20 minutes guessing which tree they fell under.
• 5. Give conifer trees a wide berth, never cut turns under the branch drip-line: Stay out in the open white lanes between trees rather than hugging the trunks, control your speed so you can stop before hitting obstacles, and watch out for small 1-meter (3-foot) "baby" evergreen tops sticking out of the snow, that tiny green treetop is actually the crown of a 6-meter (20-foot) tall tree with a giant hidden well underneath the snow surface. For related winter mountain emergencies, read our skiing, snowboarding, and slope accidents, avalanches, va wilderness hypothermia and cold qo'llanmalar.

Tez-tez beriladigan savollar¶

Manbalar tekshirildi¶

• Shimoli-g'arbiy ko'chki markazi (NWAC, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari) va Pol Baugher (Kristal tog' chang'isi patrul direktori): * Daraxt qudug'i va chuqur qor xavfsizligi (deepsnowsafety.org)*, daraxt qudug'iga cho'mishda omon qolish bo'yicha empirik tadqiqotlar va hamkorlar qazish protokollari.
• Milliy chang'i zonalari assotsiatsiyasi (NSAA, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari) va Kanadaning g'arbiy chang'i zonalari uyushmasi (CWSAA, Kanada): chuqur qor xavfsizligi va qorga bo'g'ilish (SIS) oldini olish bo'yicha ko'rsatmalar.
• Alp tog'larida qutqarish bo'yicha xalqaro komissiya (ICAR / CISA-IKAR, Xalqaro / Shveytsariya) va Wilderness Medical Society (WMS, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari): Ko'chki va qor ko'chkisi bo'lmagan qor dafn qurbonlarining oldini olish va boshqarish bo'yicha klinik amaliyot ko'rsatmalari.
• Avalanche Canada va Canadian Ski Patrol (Kanada): Daraxt quduqlari, chuqur kukunga botirish va asfiksiyali dafn reanimatsiyasi standartlari.
• Evropa reanimatsiya kengashi (ERC, Evropa Ittifoqi) va Amerika yurak assotsiatsiyasi (AHA, Qo'shma Shtatlar): reanimatsiyaning maxsus holatlari, tasodifiy gipotermiya va asfiksiyani ushlab turish ventilyatsiya protokollari.

Tegishli qo'llanmalar¶

• Chang'i, snoubord va qiyalikdagi baxtsiz hodisalar
• Ko'chkilar
• Cho'lning hipotermiyasi va sovuqligi
• Faqat qo'llar uchun CPR