Seiche Waves, Inland Lake Tsunamis, and Sudden Harbor Water Recessions¶

A seiche (pronounced saysh) is a standing wave that oscillates back and forth inside an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water such as a Great Lake, alpine reservoir, fjord, bay, or harbor. Unlike normal wind waves that break every 5 to 15 seconds and only disturb the surface, a seiche or inland lake tsunami sets the entire water volume of a basin sloshing from shore to shore like water in a tilted bathtub. Driven by sudden barometric pressure jumps, squall lines, derecho winds, seismic earthquakes, or subaerial rockslides crashing into deep lakes and fjords, these surges can drop harbor water levels by 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16.5 feet) in minutes, exposing muddy lakebeds and stranding boats before returning as a fast-moving wall of turbulent water.

Even more destructive are landslide-generated impulse waves (megatsunamis) inside narrow alpine lakes, dam reservoirs, and glacial fjords, where millions of cubic meters of rock or glacier ice collapse into confined water and push runup waves 10 to 500+ meters (33 to 1,640+ feet) up the opposite valley walls within 60 to 180 seconds. According to the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), victims die in lake tsunamis and seiches primarily because they assume tsunami physics only exist in the open ocean, or because they walk out onto newly exposed lakebeds and breakwaters when the water suddenly drains away.

Buni hozir qiling¶

1. Evacuate breakwaters, piers, river mouths, and beaches the instant water rises or falls abnormally. If you see lake or harbor water drain away rapidly, see a sudden swirling whirlpool current at a harbor entrance or bridge channel, or notice water creeping up over dry beach sand when no storm is overhead, abandon the shoreline immediately. Move perpendicular to the shore toward high ground at least 15 to 30 meters (50 to 100 feet) above the water or into the third floor or higher of a reinforced concrete building.
2. Sprint straight up the valley wall if you hear a thunderous rockslide or glacier calving boom in a fjord or mountain lake. In narrow alpine lakes, dam reservoirs, and steep fjords (such as in Norway, Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, New Zealand, or the European Alps), a rockslide or ice avalanche hitting the water creates an impulse tsunami that crosses the basin at 100 to 250 kilometers per hour (60 to 155 miles per hour). You will have only 1 to 4 minutes before the wave hits the opposite shore. Drop all camping gear, kayaks, and fishing tackle, and scramble straight up the steepest hillside behind you for at least 30 to 60 vertical meters (100 to 200 feet).
3. Never return to the beach, dock, or marina after the first wave recedes. Because a seiche is a resonant standing wave that bounces back and forth between opposite shores of an enclosed lake or harbor, the water will continue oscillating for 4 to 24+ hours. Due to constructive interference with secondary wind surges or reflected basin waves, the third, fourth, or fifth seiche oscillation arriving hours after the first wave is frequently taller and faster than the initial surge. Stay on high ground until your national weather agency (such as the US National Weather Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, or MeteoSwiss) cancels the Lakeshore Flood Warning or Tsunami Advisory.
4. Abandon your boat in the marina if a surge is imminent; take your vessel to deep water (>30 to 50 meters / 100 to 165 feet) ONLY if already underway offshore. Never run down onto floating marina docks during a seiche, meteotsunami, or harbor resonance event to tie extra lines or rescue your boat. Harbor channels act as hydraulic funnels where water velocity reaches 15 to 30 kilometers per hour (8 to 16 knots), snapping steel pilings, ripping floating docks off their guides, and crushing anyone caught between hulls. If you are already boating on open water when a warning sounds or a cliff collapses, steer immediately away from the shore and out of narrow channels into deep open water at least 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) deep, pointing your bow directly into the incoming long-period wave.
5. Stay completely off stone jetties, pierheads, and concrete lakefront walls FOR 6 HOURS AFTER a fast-moving squall line or derecho crosses a large lake. On the North American Great Lakes (Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario), Lake Geneva, Lake Garda, and Lake Baikal, the deadliest seiches and meteotsunamis strike 1 to 4 hours after the thunderstorm has passed, when the sun comes back out and swimmers or anglers walk back onto the pier.
6. Call emergency services from high ground if anyone is swept into the water, and never jump in after them. Seiche return currents (backwash) drag victims over submerged riprap boulders and out into deep cold water at speeds impossible for any human swimmer to fight. Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see all favqulodda raqamlar), throw a tethered flotation device or rescue ring from dry high ground, and keep visual track of the victim for coast guard or fire-rescue boats.

Seiche, meteotsunami, and lake impulse wave survival decision tree¶

Use this field decision flowchart to distinguish between an atmospheric seiche, a squall-line meteotsunami, a seismic lake tsunami, and a catastrophic alpine rockslide impulse wave.

flowchart TD
    Start["Abnormal Water Behavior on a Lake, Fjord, Reservoir, or Harbor:<br/>Sudden Water Recession, Roaring Current, or Cliff Collapse"] --> TriggerCheck{"What warning sign or trigger<br/>did you just observe?"}

    TriggerCheck -->|"1. Thunderous Rockslide / Landslide / Glacier Calving<br/>OR Strong Earthquake Shaking Near a Lake or Fjord"| ImpulseWave["CATASTROPHIC IMPULSE WAVE / SEISMIC LAKE TSUNAMI<br/>(Arrival Time: 30 Seconds to 5 Minutes):<br/>1. DROP ALL GEAR: Do not pack tents, kayaks, or bags<br/>2. SPRINT STRAIGHT UPHILL perpendicular to shoreline<br/>3. Climb at least 30 to 60+ vertical meters (100 to 200+ ft)<br/>4. If in a boat offshore: Full throttle to deep center of basin<br/>   and point bow straight into the incoming wave"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"2. Water Suddenly Drains Out of Harbor / Beach<br/>Exposing Mudflats, Rocks, or Stranding Boats"| TroughArrival["WAVE TROUGH ARRIVAL (Seiche or Meteotsunami):<br/>1. NEVER walk onto exposed lakebed or breakwater<br/>2. Shout warnings to everyone on piers and beaches<br/>3. Run inland 300 to 500 m and climb 10 to 15 m (33 to 50 ft)<br/>4. Expect a 1 to 4 meter (3 to 13 ft) surging wall of water<br/>   within 1 to 10 minutes"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"3. Fast Thunderstorm / Derecho Crossed the Lake<br/>30 Mins to 4 Hours Ago (Sky Now Clear)"| PostStormSeiche["POST-STORM METEOTSUNAMI / REFLECTED SEICHE:<br/>1. Stay completely OFF concrete piers, breakwaters, & river mouths<br/>2. Keep children and pets back from the water's edge<br/>3. Watch for sudden 5-to-20-minute water level swings<br/>4. Do not re-enter marinas until oscillations stop (4 to 12+ hrs)"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"4. Moored inside a Marina / Harbor Channel<br/>When Violent Currents & Water Swings Begin"| MarinaAction{"Are you currently on land<br/>or already aboard the vessel?"}

    MarinaAction -->|"On Land / On the Dock"| LeaveBoat["ABANDON THE BOAT IMMEDIATELY:<br/>1. Run off floating docks onto solid high ground NOW<br/>2. Never try to adjust mooring lines during a harbor surge<br/>3. Watch for snapping lines (whiplash hazard) and crushed docks"]

    MarinaAction -->|"Aboard Vessel in Open Water"| DeepWater["HEAD TO DEEP OPEN WATER (>30 to 50 m / 100 to 165 ft):<br/>1. Do NOT attempt to enter a narrow harbor mouth or canal<br/>2. Steer into open deep water away from shoals and cliffs<br/>3. Monitor VHF Marine Channel 16 until all-clear"]

Comparing the 5 enclosed-basin and coastal surge hazards¶

People living or vacationing along lakes, reservoirs, fjords, and bays encounter five distinct types of sudden water-level disasters. While all five can drown people on piers and smash marinas, their driving forces, wave periods, and required evacuation heights differ substantially.

The physics of a Seiche and Merian's Formula: Why enclosed lakes slosh like a bathtub¶

Understanding how a seiche forms explains why water can vanish from one city's waterfront while simultaneously flooding a city at the opposite end of the same lake:

1. Wind Set-Up, Barometric Tilting, and the Sudden Release¶

When fierce sustained winds from a winter storm, cold front, or derecho blow along the length of an elongated lake (such as southwest-to-northeast winds blowing down the 388-kilometer [241-mile] length of Lake Erie toward Buffalo, New York), surface friction drags billions of cubic meters of water toward the downwind shore. At the same time, high barometric pressure at the back of the storm pushes down on the upwind end of the lake while low barometric pressure at the front of the storm pulls water upward at the downwind end (every \(1\text{ hectopascal/millibar}\) difference in air pressure changes water height by \(1\text{ centimeter}\)). - During extreme Lake Erie wind set-ups, the water level at Toledo, Ohio (the western end) has dropped by \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) below normal, exposing kilometers of dry mudflats and shutting down nuclear and coal power plant cooling-water intakes, while simultaneously rising \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) above normal at Buffalo, New York (the eastern end), creating a total end-to-end water tilt of \(4.5+\text{ meters}\) (\(15+\text{ feet}\)). - The Slosh Back: The moment the wind dies down or shifts direction, gravity pulls that elevated mountain of water backward down the slope of the lake. Because of hydrodynamic momentum, the water does not simply flatten out at normal level: it overshoots equilibrium, flooding the western end while draining the eastern end, and then bounces back and forth across the basin for days.

2. Merian's Formula: Predicting How Fast a Lake Oscillates¶

Every enclosed lake, reservoir, and harbor has a fixed natural resonant period (\(T\), the time it takes for one complete back-and-forth slosh cycle) governed by Merian's Formula for a single-node (uninodal) standing wave:

Where: - \(L\) = Length of the lake or harbor basin along the axis of oscillation (in meters) - \(g\) = Acceleration of gravity (\(9.81\text{ m/s}^2\)) - \(h\) = Average depth of the water body (in meters)

Because a seiche is a shallow-water wave (meaning its wavelength is much longer than the depth of the lake), its speed (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)) depends strictly on water depth: - Deep, short alpine lakes or harbors oscillate very fast: Lake Geneva (\(73\text{ km}\) long, \(154\text{ m}\) average depth) has a primary uninodal seiche period of 73 minutes; Lake Tahoe (\(35\text{ km}\) long, \(305\text{ m}\) average depth) sloshes back and forth in just 18 to 21 minutes; a \(1\text{-kilometer}\)-long marina basin (\(10\text{ m}\) deep) sloshes every 3 to 6 minutes. - Long, shallow lakes oscillate slowly like massive tides: Lake Erie (\(388\text{ km}\) long, but only \(19\text{ m}\) [62 feet] average depth) has a natural uninodal seiche period of 14 hours.

3. The "Nodal Line" vs. "Antinode" Trap¶

In a standing seiche wave, the exact middle of the lake acts as a stationary pivot point called the node (or nodal line), while the opposite shorelines act as antinodes: - At the Shoreline Antinodes (Ends of the Lake): Vertical water height swings up and down to the maximum extreme (\(2\text{ to }5\text{ meters}\)), flooding beaches and docks, while horizontal currents are minimal at the peak and trough. - At the Mid-Lake Nodal Line (and Narrow Straits like the Straits of Mackinac, Messina, or Euripus): Vertical water level barely changes at all, but the entire volume of the lake must rush horizontally back and forth across the node, generating violent, reversing underwater and surface currents that snap submerged pipelines, drag divers, and spin freighters out of control.

Meteotsunamis and Proudman Resonance: How a 3-meter wave strikes under sunny skies¶

On June 26, 1954, a fast-moving line of summer thunderstorms crossed southern Lake Michigan from northwest to southeast. Nearly two hours after the storm passed, when the sky over Chicago, Illinois was completely sunny and thousands of people were fishing and sunbathing along the concrete piers at Montrose Harbor and North Avenue Beach, a sudden \(3\text{-meter}\) (\(10\text{-foot}\)) wall of water slammed into the Chicago lakefront, sweeping dozens of people into the lake and drowning 8 people.

This disaster was a meteotsunami triggered by Proudman Resonance: 1. (Gulf of Mexico) - For example, in southern Lake Michigan where the water depth (\(h\)) is roughly \(55\text{ to }65\text{ meters}\) (\(180\text{ to }215\text{ feet}\)), the natural shallow-water wave speed is \(c = \sqrt{9.81 \times 60} \approx 24.2\text{ m/s}\), which equals \(87\text{ km/h}\) (\(54\text{ mph}\)). Whenever a summer derecho or squall line crosses southern Lake Michigan at roughly \(85\text{ to }95\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ to }60\text{ mph}\)), Proudman Resonance locks in and builds a destructive meteotsunami. 2. The Edge Reflection and Shoaling Amplifier: In the 1954 Chicago tragedy, the storm moved away from Chicago toward Michigan City, Indiana. The meteotsunami hit the curved southeastern shore of Lake Michigan first, bounced off the Indiana shoreline like a billiard ball hitting a cushion, and traveled backward across the lake to strike Chicago two hours later under clear skies, shoaling up the shallow underwater shelf right onto the piers.

Landslide and glacier-calving impulse waves: The 500-meter fjord and reservoir megatsunami¶

While ocean seismic tsunamis and lake seiches typically reach \(1\text{ to }10\text{ meters}\) (\(3\text{ to }33\text{ feet}\)), subaerial landslide impulse waves inside narrow fjords, mountain lakes, and dam reservoirs produce the highest wave runups ever recorded in human history: - Lituya Bay, Alaska (July 9, 1958): An earthquake loosened \(30\text{ million cubic meters}\) (\(40\text{ million cubic yards}\)) of rock high above Gilbert Inlet; the rockslide plunged into the fjord and pushed an impulse wave \(524\text{ meters}\) (\(1,720\text{ feet}\)) vertically up the opposite mountain ridge, higher than the Empire State Building. - Vajont Dam Reservoir, Italy (October 9, 1963): A \(260\text{-million-cubic-meter}\) landslide slid off Monte Toc into the narrow reservoir lake behind Vajont Dam, displacing the water into a \(250\text{-meter}\) (\(820\text{-foot}\)) wave that overtopped the concrete dam intact and wiped out the valley town of Longarone below, killing nearly 2,000 people in under 7 minutes. - Tafjord (1934, \(62\text{ m}\) wave, 40 dead) and Loen / Lovatnet Lake, Norway (1905 and 1936, \(40\text{ to }74\text{ m}\) waves, 135 dead): Rockslides falling off steep Norwegian fjord and lake cliffs generated waves that obliterated lakeside villages within 2 minutes. - Lake Geneva, Switzerland/France (563 AD Tauredunum Tsunami): A mountain collapse at the Rhône River delta triggered an underwater turbidite slump that sent an \(8\text{ to }13\text{ meter}\) (\(26\text{ to }43\text{ foot}\)) tsunami down the length of Lake Geneva, overtopping the city walls of Geneva 70 minutes later.

4 Mandatory Survival Rules for Campers, Kayakers, and Boaters in Fjords and Alpine Lakes¶

1. Never pitch a tent on a low gravel beach, alluvial fan, or shoreline spit inside a steep fjord or glacial lake. In glaciated valleys (Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, Greenland, Chile/Patagonia, New Zealand), melting permafrost and retreating glaciers leave unstable mountain slopes and hanging ice cliffs (seracs) poised directly above deep water. Always camp on high bedrock benches at least 20 to 30 vertical meters (65 to 100 feet) above the waterline.
2. Keep at least 400 to 800 meters (0.25 to 0.5 miles) away from the face of any tidewater or lake-terminating glacier. When a massive slab of glacier ice calves off into the water, or worse, when an underwater ice foot (submarine calving) detaches from the glacier bed and shoots upward to the surface like a giant cork, it generates a violent steep-faced impulse wave that capsizes kayaks and tour boats in seconds.
3. If you are kayaking or landing on a fjord beach when a rockslide or calving boom echoes across the water:
4. If you are on or within 20 meters of shore: Abandon your kayak on the beach immediately (do not spend 15 seconds tying it up or pulling it above the tide line) and sprint straight up the steep hillside as high as you can climb in the 60 to 120 seconds before impact.
5. If you are paddling in open water more than 100 meters offshore: Turn your bow 90 degrees perpendicular to the oncoming wave crest (pointing straight into the wave), brace low with your paddle ready for a high brace or Eskimo roll, and paddle away from shallow shoals or cliff walls where the wave will break and reflect.

Harbor resonance and marina surge survival for boaters and dock workers¶

When a distant offshore earthquake tsunami (see our tsunamis guide), a continental-shelf meteotsunami, or long-period ocean swell enters a coastal harbor or lake marina, harbor resonance (Helmholtz resonance) turns a seemingly minor water fluctuation into a violent hydraulic shredder inside the basin.

Why Marinas Are the Most Dangerous Place During a Seiche or Tsunami Advisory¶

1. Hydraulic Bottleneck Acceleration: When the water level inside a \(1\text{-square-kilometer}\) harbor drops or rises by \(1.5\text{ meters}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) in just 5 minutes, millions of tons of water are forced through a narrow \(50\text{-meter}\)-wide jetty entrance. Water speeds at the harbor mouth and around bridge pilings accelerate to 15 to 35 kilometers per hour (8 to 19 knots), creating standing hydraulic jumps, whirlpools (eddies), and scouring trenches that rip navigation buoys and channel markers out by their concrete anchors.
2. Floating Dock Guide-Pile Topping and Grounding:
3. During the rapid drawdown trough, harbor water drains so low that boats with deep keels (\(1.5\text{ to }3\text{ meters}\)) slam down onto the hard harbor bottom, roll over onto their sides, and flood cleanly over their gunwales when the next wave crest roars back in 3 minutes later.
4. Tez ko‘tarilish cho‘qqisida suzuvchi doklar **to‘g‘ridan-to‘g‘ri vertikal po‘lat yoki yog‘och yo‘naltiruvchi qoziqlarning tepasidan ** suzib, ularga bog‘langan 50 ta qayiq bilan bo‘shashib, port bo‘ylab qochqin barja kabi urib tushishi mumkin.
5. Lethal Mooring Line Snapback: 10 tonna og‘irlikdagi qayiq neylon dok liniyalari bilan bog‘langan holda to‘satdan 3 metrga ko‘tarilganda yoki 12 tugunli port oqimi ta’sirida truba ichiga tushib ketganda, yo shisha tolali palubadan yirtilib ketadi yoki neylon chiziq sinish nuqtasiga cho‘zilib, orqa tomonga buriladi. Soatiga 300 kilometr (soatiga 185 milya)**, oyoq-qo'llarini amputatsiya qilish yoki bir zumda kuzatuvchini o'ldirish uchun etarli tezlik.

Step-by-Step Boat and Marina Protocol¶

• Agar siz uyda yoki avtoturargohda boʻlsangiz, tsunami haqida ogohlantirish, meteotsunami haqida ogohlantirish yoki ogʻir seyche ogohlantirishi eʼlon qilinganda: qayiqingizni tekshirish uchun marinaga tushmang. Hech qanday qayiq yoki sugʻurta toʻlovi bandargoh drenajlanganda va suv toʻldirilsa, qulab tushayotgan suzuvchi dokda qolib ketishga arzimaydi.
• If you are already on the dock when water begins surging or draining: Drop everything and walk immediately off the gangway onto solid high ground behind the seawall.
• If you have 2+ hours of advance warning before a distant wave or forecast storm seiche AND authorities permit vessel evacuation:
• Either haul the boat out of the water onto a trailer on high ground, OR pilot the vessel out of the harbor before currents start and hold station in deep open water greater than 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) deep (for major ocean tsunamis, Coast Guard guidance specifies greater than 55 to 180 meters [30 to 100 fathoms]).
• If leaving a boat moored in a slip before evacuating on foot: double up spring lines and bow/stern lines with maximum slack and chafe guards to allow for a 2-to-3-meter vertical rise and fall (applicable only on fixed piers where slack prevents hanging the boat by its cleats during a low trough).

Regional high-risk zones and local names to recognize worldwide¶

Many regions use local warning terms for seiches and meteotsunamis:

Tez-tez beriladigan savollar¶

Can a real tsunami happen in an inland freshwater lake like Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva, or the Great Lakes?¶

Yes, inland lakes experience two distinct types of genuine tsunamis that behave identically to ocean tsunamis. First, meteorological tsunamis (meteotsunamis) occur frequently on the North American Great Lakes when fast-moving squall lines or derechos travel at the exact speed of the lake's shallow-water wave, building 1 to 3+ meter (3 to 10+ foot) surging waves that strike hours after the storm passes. Second, tectonic and landslide lake tsunamis occur in deep fault-bounded or alpine lakes such as Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva, Lake Lucerne, and Norwegian or Alaskan fjords whenever an earthquake ruptures a lake-floor fault or a massive rockslide collapses into the water, generating deadly waves up to 10 to 100+ meters high in minutes.

What is the difference between a seiche and a tsunami?¶

A tsunami is a progressive wave train that radiates outward from a sudden localized displacement of water (such as an earthquake fault rupture, underwater landslide, or atmospheric pressure jump) and travels across open water to strike a shoreline. A seiche is a standing wave in which the entire enclosed or semi-enclosed basin (a lake, reservoir, fjord, or harbor) oscillates back and forth at its natural resonant frequency like water sloshing in a bathtub. Importantly, a tsunami, meteotsunami, or strong wind storm often acts as the initial trigger that sets an enclosed lake or harbor into a multi-hour resonant seiche oscillation.

Why did the water in our lake or harbor suddenly drop by 2 meters (6.5 feet) and expose the muddy bottom?¶

A sudden, rapid drop in water level along a lake beach, river mouth, or harbor occurs for one of two life-threatening reasons: either sustained storm winds or barometric pressure differences have pushed the basin's water toward the opposite shoreline (wind set-up), or the leading trough of a meteotsunami, seiche, or landslide tsunami has just arrived at your shore. In either case, gravity will inevitably pull that displaced mountain of water violently back toward your shoreline, often arriving within 1 to 15 minutes as a fast-moving turbulent bore. Never walk out onto an exposed lakebed or harbor floor; evacuate immediately to high ground.

Why are the third or fourth waves of a lake seiche or meteotsunami often larger than the first wave?¶

Unlike a single breaking wind wave, a seiche or meteotsunami reflects off the solid shorelines of an enclosed lake or V-shaped bay and bounces back and forth across the basin for hours. When a reflected wave traveling back across the lake collides and merges with a second incoming wave train, a secondary squall-line surge, or a narrowing harbor funnel (constructive wave interference and harbor resonance), the combined wave height amplifies dramatically. Always stay off beaches, piers, and marinas for several hours after the first surge until official water-level gauges confirm the oscillations have subsided.

Manbalar tekshirildi¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, United States) National Ocean Service and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL): What Is a Seiche? What Is a Meteotsunami? Great Lakes Water Level Oscillations, Proudman Resonance Physics, and Real-Time Meteotsunami Detection.
• Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari Geologiya xizmati (USGS): Fyordlar, ko'llar va suv omborlarida ko'chki natijasida hosil bo'lgan impuls to'lqinlari va suv osti megatsunamilari (Lituya ko'rfazi 1958, Taan Fiord 2015 va Barri Arm xavfini baholash).
• Milliy ob-havo xizmati (NWS / NOAA, Amerika Qo'shma Shtatlari): Ko'l qirg'og'ida suv toshqini haqida ogohlantirish mezonlari, Tsunami/Seiche tavsiyalari paytida xavfsiz qayiqda sayohat qilish va 1954 yil 26 iyunda Chikagodagi Michigan Meteotsunami ko'lini qayta qurish.
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC / UNESCO): Global Guide to Meteotsunamis, Harbor Resonance (Rissaga, Abiki, Šćiga), and Non-Seismic Coastal/Lacustrine Sea Level Hazards.
• Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN, Switzerland) and Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE): Alpine Lake Tsunamis (Lake Geneva 563 AD, Lake Lucerne) and Norwegian Fjord Rockslide Early Warning Protocols (Åknes / Geirangerfjord).

Tegishli qo'llanmalar¶

• Tsunami: tabiiy ogohlantirish belgilari va baland erlarni evakuatsiya qilish
• Bo'ron ko'tarilishi, qirol suv toshqini va qirg'oq bo'yidagi suv toshqini
• Derechos, straight-line winds, and microburst survival
• Ko'chkilar, sel va vayronalar oqimi
• Cho'kishni qutqarish va suvga birinchi yordam