Seiche Waves, Inland Lake Tsunamis, and Sudden Harbor Water Recessions¶

A seiche (pronounced saysh) is a standing wave that oscillates back and forth inside an enclosed or partially enclosed body of water such as a Great Lake, alpine reservoir, fjord, bay, or harbor. Unlike normal wind waves that break every 5 to 15 seconds and only disturb the surface, a seiche or inland lake tsunami sets the entire water volume of a basin sloshing from shore to shore like water in a tilted bathtub. Driven by sudden barometric pressure jumps, squall lines, derecho winds, seismic earthquakes, or subaerial rockslides crashing into deep lakes and fjords, these surges can drop harbor water levels by 2 to 5 meters (6.5 to 16.5 feet) in minutes, exposing muddy lakebeds and stranding boats before returning as a fast-moving wall of turbulent water.

Even more destructive are landslide-generated impulse waves (megatsunamis) inside narrow alpine lakes, dam reservoirs, and glacial fjords, where millions of cubic meters of rock or glacier ice collapse into confined water and push runup waves 10 to 500+ meters (33 to 1,640+ feet) up the opposite valley walls within 60 to 180 seconds. According to the United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), the United States Geological Survey (USGS), and the World Meteorological Organization (WMO), victims die in lake tsunamis and seiches primarily because they assume tsunami physics only exist in the open ocean, or because they walk out onto newly exposed lakebeds and breakwaters when the water suddenly drains away.

지금 하세요¶

1. Evacuate breakwaters, piers, river mouths, and beaches the instant water rises or falls abnormally. If you see lake or harbor water drain away rapidly, see a sudden swirling whirlpool current at a harbor entrance or bridge channel, or notice water creeping up over dry beach sand when no storm is overhead, abandon the shoreline immediately. Move perpendicular to the shore toward high ground at least 15 to 30 meters (50 to 100 feet) above the water or into the third floor or higher of a reinforced concrete building.
2. Sprint straight up the valley wall if you hear a thunderous rockslide or glacier calving boom in a fjord or mountain lake. In narrow alpine lakes, dam reservoirs, and steep fjords (such as in Norway, Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, New Zealand, or the European Alps), a rockslide or ice avalanche hitting the water creates an impulse tsunami that crosses the basin at 100 to 250 kilometers per hour (60 to 155 miles per hour). You will have only 1 to 4 minutes before the wave hits the opposite shore. Drop all camping gear, kayaks, and fishing tackle, and scramble straight up the steepest hillside behind you for at least 30 to 60 vertical meters (100 to 200 feet).
3. Never return to the beach, dock, or marina after the first wave recedes. Because a seiche is a resonant standing wave that bounces back and forth between opposite shores of an enclosed lake or harbor, the water will continue oscillating for 4 to 24+ hours. Due to constructive interference with secondary wind surges or reflected basin waves, the third, fourth, or fifth seiche oscillation arriving hours after the first wave is frequently taller and faster than the initial surge. Stay on high ground until your national weather agency (such as the US National Weather Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, or MeteoSwiss) cancels the Lakeshore Flood Warning or Tsunami Advisory.
4. Abandon your boat in the marina if a surge is imminent; take your vessel to deep water (>30 to 50 meters / 100 to 165 feet) ONLY if already underway offshore. Never run down onto floating marina docks during a seiche, meteotsunami, or harbor resonance event to tie extra lines or rescue your boat. Harbor channels act as hydraulic funnels where water velocity reaches 15 to 30 kilometers per hour (8 to 16 knots), snapping steel pilings, ripping floating docks off their guides, and crushing anyone caught between hulls. If you are already boating on open water when a warning sounds or a cliff collapses, steer immediately away from the shore and out of narrow channels into deep open water at least 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) deep, pointing your bow directly into the incoming long-period wave.
5. Stay completely off stone jetties, pierheads, and concrete lakefront walls FOR 6 HOURS AFTER a fast-moving squall line or derecho crosses a large lake. On the North American Great Lakes (Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario), Lake Geneva, Lake Garda, and Lake Baikal, the deadliest seiches and meteotsunamis strike 1 to 4 hours after the thunderstorm has passed, when the sun comes back out and swimmers or anglers walk back onto the pier.
6. Call emergency services from high ground if anyone is swept into the water, and never jump in after them. Seiche return currents (backwash) drag victims over submerged riprap boulders and out into deep cold water at speeds impossible for any human swimmer to fight. Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see all 긴급 전화번호), throw a tethered flotation device or rescue ring from dry high ground, and keep visual track of the victim for coast guard or fire-rescue boats.

Seiche, meteotsunami, and lake impulse wave survival decision tree¶

Use this field decision flowchart to distinguish between an atmospheric seiche, a squall-line meteotsunami, a seismic lake tsunami, and a catastrophic alpine rockslide impulse wave.

flowchart TD
    Start["Abnormal Water Behavior on a Lake, Fjord, Reservoir, or Harbor:<br/>Sudden Water Recession, Roaring Current, or Cliff Collapse"] --> TriggerCheck{"What warning sign or trigger<br/>did you just observe?"}

    TriggerCheck -->|"1. Thunderous Rockslide / Landslide / Glacier Calving<br/>OR Strong Earthquake Shaking Near a Lake or Fjord"| ImpulseWave["CATASTROPHIC IMPULSE WAVE / SEISMIC LAKE TSUNAMI<br/>(Arrival Time: 30 Seconds to 5 Minutes):<br/>1. DROP ALL GEAR: Do not pack tents, kayaks, or bags<br/>2. SPRINT STRAIGHT UPHILL perpendicular to shoreline<br/>3. Climb at least 30 to 60+ vertical meters (100 to 200+ ft)<br/>4. If in a boat offshore: Full throttle to deep center of basin<br/>   and point bow straight into the incoming wave"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"2. Water Suddenly Drains Out of Harbor / Beach<br/>Exposing Mudflats, Rocks, or Stranding Boats"| TroughArrival["WAVE TROUGH ARRIVAL (Seiche or Meteotsunami):<br/>1. NEVER walk onto exposed lakebed or breakwater<br/>2. Shout warnings to everyone on piers and beaches<br/>3. Run inland 300 to 500 m and climb 10 to 15 m (33 to 50 ft)<br/>4. Expect a 1 to 4 meter (3 to 13 ft) surging wall of water<br/>   within 1 to 10 minutes"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"3. Fast Thunderstorm / Derecho Crossed the Lake<br/>30 Mins to 4 Hours Ago (Sky Now Clear)"| PostStormSeiche["POST-STORM METEOTSUNAMI / REFLECTED SEICHE:<br/>1. Stay completely OFF concrete piers, breakwaters, & river mouths<br/>2. Keep children and pets back from the water's edge<br/>3. Watch for sudden 5-to-20-minute water level swings<br/>4. Do not re-enter marinas until oscillations stop (4 to 12+ hrs)"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"4. Moored inside a Marina / Harbor Channel<br/>When Violent Currents & Water Swings Begin"| MarinaAction{"Are you currently on land<br/>or already aboard the vessel?"}

    MarinaAction -->|"On Land / On the Dock"| LeaveBoat["ABANDON THE BOAT IMMEDIATELY:<br/>1. Run off floating docks onto solid high ground NOW<br/>2. Never try to adjust mooring lines during a harbor surge<br/>3. Watch for snapping lines (whiplash hazard) and crushed docks"]

    MarinaAction -->|"Aboard Vessel in Open Water"| DeepWater["HEAD TO DEEP OPEN WATER (>30 to 50 m / 100 to 165 ft):<br/>1. Do NOT attempt to enter a narrow harbor mouth or canal<br/>2. Steer into open deep water away from shoals and cliffs<br/>3. Monitor VHF Marine Channel 16 until all-clear"]

5가지 폐쇄형 유역 및 연안 해일 위험 비교¶

호수, 저수지, 피요르드, 만 주변에 거주하거나 휴가를 보내는 사람들은 5가지 유형의 갑작스러운 수위 재해에 직면합니다. 다섯 가지 모두 부두와 선착장에서 사람들을 익사시킬 수 있지만 추진력, 파도 주기 및 필요한 대피 높이가 상당히 다릅니다.

The physics of a Seiche and Merian's Formula: Why enclosed lakes slosh like a bathtub¶

Understanding how a seiche forms explains why water can vanish from one city's waterfront while simultaneously flooding a city at the opposite end of the same lake:

1. Wind Set-Up, Barometric Tilting, and the Sudden Release¶

When fierce sustained winds from a winter storm, cold front, or derecho blow along the length of an elongated lake (such as southwest-to-northeast winds blowing down the 388-kilometer [241-mile] length of Lake Erie toward Buffalo, New York), surface friction drags billions of cubic meters of water toward the downwind shore. At the same time, high barometric pressure at the back of the storm pushes down on the upwind end of the lake while low barometric pressure at the front of the storm pulls water upward at the downwind end (every \(1\text{ hectopascal/millibar}\) difference in air pressure changes water height by \(1\text{ centimeter}\)). - During extreme Lake Erie wind set-ups, the water level at Toledo, Ohio (the western end) has dropped by \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) below normal, exposing kilometers of dry mudflats and shutting down nuclear and coal power plant cooling-water intakes, while simultaneously rising \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) above normal at Buffalo, New York (the eastern end), creating a total end-to-end water tilt of \(4.5+\text{ meters}\) (\(15+\text{ feet}\)). - The Slosh Back: The moment the wind dies down or shifts direction, gravity pulls that elevated mountain of water backward down the slope of the lake. Because of hydrodynamic momentum, the water does not simply flatten out at normal level: it overshoots equilibrium, flooding the western end while draining the eastern end, and then bounces back and forth across the basin for days.

2. Merian's Formula: Predicting How Fast a Lake Oscillates¶

Every enclosed lake, reservoir, and harbor has a fixed natural resonant period (\(T\), the time it takes for one complete back-and-forth slosh cycle) governed by Merian's Formula for a single-node (uninodal) standing wave:

Where: - \(L\) = Length of the lake or harbor basin along the axis of oscillation (in meters) - \(g\) = Acceleration of gravity (\(9.81\text{ m/s}^2\)) - \(h\) = Average depth of the water body (in meters)

Because a seiche is a shallow-water wave (meaning its wavelength is much longer than the depth of the lake), its speed (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)) depends strictly on water depth: - Deep, short alpine lakes or harbors oscillate very fast: Lake Geneva (\(73\text{ km}\) long, \(154\text{ m}\) average depth) has a primary uninodal seiche period of 73 minutes; Lake Tahoe (\(35\text{ km}\) long, \(305\text{ m}\) average depth) sloshes back and forth in just 18 to 21 minutes; a \(1\text{-kilometer}\)-long marina basin (\(10\text{ m}\) deep) sloshes every 3 to 6 minutes. - Long, shallow lakes oscillate slowly like massive tides: Lake Erie (\(388\text{ km}\) long, but only \(19\text{ m}\) [62 feet] average depth) has a natural uninodal seiche period of 14 hours.

3. The "Nodal Line" vs. "Antinode" Trap¶

In a standing seiche wave, the exact middle of the lake acts as a stationary pivot point called the node (or nodal line), while the opposite shorelines act as antinodes: - At the Shoreline Antinodes (Ends of the Lake): Vertical water height swings up and down to the maximum extreme (\(2\text{ to }5\text{ meters}\)), flooding beaches and docks, while horizontal currents are minimal at the peak and trough. - At the Mid-Lake Nodal Line (and Narrow Straits like the Straits of Mackinac, Messina, or Euripus): Vertical water level barely changes at all, but the entire volume of the lake must rush horizontally back and forth across the node, generating violent, reversing underwater and surface currents that snap submerged pipelines, drag divers, and spin freighters out of control.

Meteotsunamis and Proudman Resonance: How a 3-meter wave strikes under sunny skies¶

On June 26, 1954, a fast-moving line of summer thunderstorms crossed southern Lake Michigan from northwest to southeast. Nearly two hours after the storm passed, when the sky over Chicago, Illinois was completely sunny and thousands of people were fishing and sunbathing along the concrete piers at Montrose Harbor and North Avenue Beach, a sudden \(3\text{-meter}\) (\(10\text{-foot}\)) wall of water slammed into the Chicago lakefront, sweeping dozens of people into the lake and drowning 8 people.

This disaster was a meteotsunami triggered by Proudman Resonance: 1. (Gulf of Mexico) - For example, in southern Lake Michigan where the water depth (\(h\)) is roughly \(55\text{ to }65\text{ meters}\) (\(180\text{ to }215\text{ feet}\)), the natural shallow-water wave speed is \(c = \sqrt{9.81 \times 60} \approx 24.2\text{ m/s}\), which equals \(87\text{ km/h}\) (\(54\text{ mph}\)). Whenever a summer derecho or squall line crosses southern Lake Michigan at roughly \(85\text{ to }95\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ to }60\text{ mph}\)), Proudman Resonance locks in and builds a destructive meteotsunami. 2. The Edge Reflection and Shoaling Amplifier: In the 1954 Chicago tragedy, the storm moved away from Chicago toward Michigan City, Indiana. The meteotsunami hit the curved southeastern shore of Lake Michigan first, bounced off the Indiana shoreline like a billiard ball hitting a cushion, and traveled backward across the lake to strike Chicago two hours later under clear skies, shoaling up the shallow underwater shelf right onto the piers.

Landslide and glacier-calving impulse waves: The 500-meter fjord and reservoir megatsunami¶

While ocean seismic tsunamis and lake seiches typically reach \(1\text{ to }10\text{ meters}\) (\(3\text{ to }33\text{ feet}\)), subaerial landslide impulse waves inside narrow fjords, mountain lakes, and dam reservoirs produce the highest wave runups ever recorded in human history: - Lituya Bay, Alaska (July 9, 1958): An earthquake loosened \(30\text{ million cubic meters}\) (\(40\text{ million cubic yards}\)) of rock high above Gilbert Inlet; the rockslide plunged into the fjord and pushed an impulse wave \(524\text{ meters}\) (\(1,720\text{ feet}\)) vertically up the opposite mountain ridge, higher than the Empire State Building. - Vajont Dam Reservoir, Italy (October 9, 1963): A \(260\text{-million-cubic-meter}\) landslide slid off Monte Toc into the narrow reservoir lake behind Vajont Dam, displacing the water into a \(250\text{-meter}\) (\(820\text{-foot}\)) wave that overtopped the concrete dam intact and wiped out the valley town of Longarone below, killing nearly 2,000 people in under 7 minutes. - Tafjord (1934, \(62\text{ m}\) wave, 40 dead) and Loen / Lovatnet Lake, Norway (1905 and 1936, \(40\text{ to }74\text{ m}\) waves, 135 dead): Rockslides falling off steep Norwegian fjord and lake cliffs generated waves that obliterated lakeside villages within 2 minutes. - Lake Geneva, Switzerland/France (563 AD Tauredunum Tsunami): A mountain collapse at the Rhône River delta triggered an underwater turbidite slump that sent an \(8\text{ to }13\text{ meter}\) (\(26\text{ to }43\text{ foot}\)) tsunami down the length of Lake Geneva, overtopping the city walls of Geneva 70 minutes later.

4 Mandatory Survival Rules for Campers, Kayakers, and Boaters in Fjords and Alpine Lakes¶

1. Never pitch a tent on a low gravel beach, alluvial fan, or shoreline spit inside a steep fjord or glacial lake. In glaciated valleys (Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, Greenland, Chile/Patagonia, New Zealand), melting permafrost and retreating glaciers leave unstable mountain slopes and hanging ice cliffs (seracs) poised directly above deep water. Always camp on high bedrock benches at least 20 to 30 vertical meters (65 to 100 feet) above the waterline.
2. Keep at least 400 to 800 meters (0.25 to 0.5 miles) away from the face of any tidewater or lake-terminating glacier. When a massive slab of glacier ice calves off into the water, or worse, when an underwater ice foot (submarine calving) detaches from the glacier bed and shoots upward to the surface like a giant cork, it generates a violent steep-faced impulse wave that capsizes kayaks and tour boats in seconds.
3. If you are kayaking or landing on a fjord beach when a rockslide or calving boom echoes across the water:
4. If you are on or within 20 meters of shore: Abandon your kayak on the beach immediately (do not spend 15 seconds tying it up or pulling it above the tide line) and sprint straight up the steep hillside as high as you can climb in the 60 to 120 seconds before impact.
5. If you are paddling in open water more than 100 meters offshore: Turn your bow 90 degrees perpendicular to the oncoming wave crest (pointing straight into the wave), brace low with your paddle ready for a high brace or Eskimo roll, and paddle away from shallow shoals or cliff walls where the wave will break and reflect.

Harbor resonance and marina surge survival for boaters and dock workers¶

When a distant offshore earthquake tsunami (see our tsunamis guide), a continental-shelf meteotsunami, or long-period ocean swell enters a coastal harbor or lake marina, harbor resonance (Helmholtz resonance) turns a seemingly minor water fluctuation into a violent hydraulic shredder inside the basin.

Why Marinas Are the Most Dangerous Place During a Seiche or Tsunami Advisory¶

1. Hydraulic Bottleneck Acceleration: When the water level inside a \(1\text{-square-kilometer}\) harbor drops or rises by \(1.5\text{ meters}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) in just 5 minutes, millions of tons of water are forced through a narrow \(50\text{-meter}\)-wide jetty entrance. Water speeds at the harbor mouth and around bridge pilings accelerate to 15 to 35 kilometers per hour (8 to 19 knots), creating standing hydraulic jumps, whirlpools (eddies), and scouring trenches that rip navigation buoys and channel markers out by their concrete anchors.
2. Floating Dock Guide-Pile Topping and Grounding:
3. During the rapid drawdown trough, harbor water drains so low that boats with deep keels (\(1.5\text{ to }3\text{ meters}\)) slam down onto the hard harbor bottom, roll over onto their sides, and flood cleanly over their gunwales when the next wave crest roars back in 3 minutes later.
4. During the rapid surge peak, floating docks can float right off the tops of their vertical steel or wood guide pilings, breaking loose with 50 boats still tied to them and smashing across the harbor like a runaway barge.
5. Lethal Mooring Line Snapback: When a 10-ton boat tied with taut nylon dock lines is suddenly lifted 3 meters or dropped into a trough by a 12-knot harbor current, either the cleat rips out of the fiberglass deck or the nylon line stretches to its breaking point and snaps, whipping back across the dock at over 300 kilometers per hour (185 miles per hour), fast enough to amputate limbs or kill a bystander instantly.

Step-by-Step Boat and Marina Protocol¶

• If you are at home or in the parking lot when a Tsunami Advisory, Meteotsunami Warning, or Severe Seiche Warning is issued: Do NOT drive down to the marina to check on your boat. No boat or insurance deductible is worth being trapped on a collapsing floating dock when the harbor drains and refills.
• If you are already on the dock when water begins surging or draining: Drop everything and walk immediately off the gangway onto solid high ground behind the seawall.
• If you have 2+ hours of advance warning before a distant wave or forecast storm seiche AND authorities permit vessel evacuation:
• Either haul the boat out of the water onto a trailer on high ground, OR pilot the vessel out of the harbor before currents start and hold station in deep open water greater than 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) deep (for major ocean tsunamis, Coast Guard guidance specifies greater than 55 to 180 meters [30 to 100 fathoms]).
• If leaving a boat moored in a slip before evacuating on foot: double up spring lines and bow/stern lines with maximum slack and chafe guards to allow for a 2-to-3-meter vertical rise and fall (applicable only on fixed piers where slack prevents hanging the boat by its cleats during a low trough).

Regional high-risk zones and local names to recognize worldwide¶

Many regions use local warning terms for seiches and meteotsunamis:

자주 묻는 질문¶

레이크 타호(Lake Tahoe), 레이크 제네바(Lake Geneva) 또는 오대호(Great Lakes)와 같은 내륙 담수호에서 실제 쓰나미가 발생할 수 있습니까?¶

그렇습니다. 내륙 호수에서는 바다 쓰나미와 동일하게 작용하는 두 가지 유형의 실제 쓰나미가 발생합니다. 첫째, 기상학적 쓰나미(메테오쓰나미)는 빠르게 움직이는 돌풍선이나 데레초가 호수의 얕은 물 파도의 정확한 속도로 이동할 때 북미 오대호에서 자주 발생하며, 폭풍이 지나간 후 ​​몇 시간 후에 1-3미터 이상의 파도를 형성합니다. 둘째, 지각 및 산사태 호수 쓰나미는 지진으로 인해 호수 바닥 단층이 파열되거나 거대한 암석 사태가 물 속으로 붕괴되어 몇 분 안에 최대 10-100m 이상의 치명적인 파도를 생성할 때마다 타호 호수, 제네바 호수, 루체른 호수, 노르웨이 또는 알래스카 피요르드와 같은 깊은 단층 경계 또는 고산 호수에서 발생합니다.

세이체와 쓰나미의 차이점은 무엇입니까?¶

쓰나미는 갑작스러운 국지적 물 이동(예: 지진 단층 파열, 수중 산사태 또는 대기압 점프)으로 인해 바깥쪽으로 방사되고 공해를 가로질러 해안선을 강타하는 진행성 파도 열차입니다. 세이시(Seiche)는 전체 밀폐 또는 반밀폐 유역(호수, 저수지, 피요르드 또는 항구)이 욕조에서 물이 출렁이는 것처럼 자연 공명 주파수로 앞뒤로 진동하는 정상파입니다. 중요한 것은 쓰나미, 메테오쓰나미 또는 강풍이 종종 밀폐된 호수나 항구를 여러 시간에 걸친 공명 세이체 진동으로 설정하는 초기 유발 요인으로 작용한다는 것입니다.

왜 우리 호수나 항구의 물이 갑자기 2미터(6.5피트)나 떨어져 진흙탕 바닥을 드러냈을까요?¶

호수 해변, 강 하구 또는 항구를 따라 수위가 갑자기 급격하게 떨어지는 것은 생명을 위협하는 두 가지 이유 중 하나로 인해 발생합니다. 지속되는 폭풍우 또는 기압 차이로 인해 유역의 물이 반대쪽 해안선으로 밀려났거나(바람 설정), 또는 유성 쓰나미, 세이체 또는 산사태 쓰나미의 주요 기압골이 해안에 막 도달했습니다. 두 경우 모두, 중력은 필연적으로 밀려난 물의 산을 해안선 쪽으로 격렬하게 끌어당기며, 종종 빠르게 움직이는 난류 구멍으로 1-15분 이내에 도착합니다. 노출된 호수바닥이나 항구 바닥 위로 절대로 걸어나가지 마십시오. 즉시 높은 곳으로 대피하세요.

세이체 호수나 메테오쓰나미의 세 번째 또는 네 번째 파도가 첫 번째 파도보다 더 큰 이유는 무엇입니까?¶

단일 부서지는 바람 파도와 달리 세이체 또는 메테오쓰나미는 둘러싸인 호수나 V자형 만의 견고한 해안선에 반사되어 몇 시간 동안 유역을 가로질러 앞뒤로 튕겨 나옵니다. 호수를 가로질러 다시 이동하는 반사파가 두 번째 들어오는 파도 열차, 2차 스콜 라인 서지 또는 좁아지는 항만 깔때기(구조적 파동 간섭 및 항만 공명)와 충돌하여 합쳐지면 결합된 파고가 극적으로 증폭됩니다. 공식 수위 측정기가 진동이 가라앉았음을 확인할 때까지 첫 번째 파도가 발생한 후 몇 시간 동안 항상 해변, 부두 및 선착장에서 떨어져 계십시오.

확인된 소스¶

• 국립해양대기청(NOAA, 미국) 국립해양청 및 오대호 환경연구소(GLERL): 세이시란 무엇입니까? 메테오츠나미란 무엇입니까? 오대호 수위 진동, Proudman 공명 물리학 및 실시간 메테오츠나미 감지.
• 미국 지질 조사국(USGS): 피요르드, 호수 및 저수지의 산사태로 인한 충격파 및 해저 메가쓰나미(Lituya Bay 1958, Taan Fiord 2015 및 Barry Arm 위험 평가).
• 국립 기상청(NWS/NOAA, 미국): 호숫가 홍수 경고 기준, 쓰나미/세이시 주의보 중 안전한 보트 타기, 1954년 6월 26일 시카고 미시간 호수 메테오츠나미 재건.
• 세계기상기구(WMO) 및 정부간 해양학 위원회(IOC/UNESCO): 메테오츠나미스, 항만 공명(Rissaga, Abiki, Šćiga) 및 비지진 해안/호수 해수면 위험에 대한 글로벌 가이드.
• 연방 환경청(스위스 FOEN) 및 노르웨이 수자원 에너지국(NVE): 알파인 호수 쓰나미스(제네바 호수 563 AD, 루체른 호수) 및 노르웨이 피요르드 낙석 조기 경고 프로토콜(Åknes / Geirangerfjord).

관련 가이드¶

• 쓰나미: 자연 경고 신호 및 고지 대피
• 폭풍 해일, 왕조, 해안 침수
• Derechos, 직선풍, 마이크로버스트 생존
• 산사태, 산사태, 토석류
• 익사 구조 및 수중 응급처치