Seiche-bølger, tsunamier i innsjøen og plutselige vannresesjoner i havnen¶

En seiche (uttales saysh) er en stående bølge som svinger frem og tilbake inne i en lukket eller delvis lukket vannmasse som en stor innsjø, alpinreservoar, fjord, bukt eller havn. I motsetning til vanlige vindbølger som bryter hvert 5. til 15. sekund og bare forstyrrer overflaten, setter en seiche eller innsjøtsunami at hele vannvolumet i et basseng skvulper fra land til land som vann i et skråstilt badekar. Drevet av plutselige barometriske trykkhopp, stormlinjer, derecho-vinder, seismiske jordskjelv eller underjordiske steinskred som krasjer inn i dype innsjøer og fjorder, kan disse bølgene senke havnevannstanden med 2 til 5 meter (6,5 til 16,5 fot) i løpet av minutter, og avsløre dem raskt som en mudret strand. turbulent vann.

Enda mer ødeleggende er skredgenererte impulsbølger (megatsunamis) inne i trange alpine innsjøer, damreservoarer og brefjorder, der millioner av kubikkmeter stein eller isbreer kollapser til innestengt vann og presser oppløpsbølger **10 til 500+ meter oppover dalen (340+1,60 meter) 60 til 180 sekunder. I følge United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), United States Geological Survey (USGS) og World Meteorological Organization (WMO), dør ofre i tsunamier og seiches i innsjøene, først og fremst fordi de antar at tsunamifysikk bare eksisterer i det åpne hav, eller fordi de går ut i bunnen av vann og brøyter seg bort i nyutlagt vann.

Gjør dette nå¶

1. Evakuer bølgebrytere, brygger, elvemunninger og strender, umiddelbart stiger eller faller vannet unormalt. Hvis du ser at innsjø- eller havnevann renner raskt bort, kan du se en plutselig virvlende virvelstrøm ved en havneinnløp eller en brokanal, eller legge merke til at vannet kryper opp over tørr strandsand når ingen storm er over kysten, må du umiddelbart forlate sjøen. Flytt vinkelrett på kysten mot høy mark minst 15 til 30 meter (50 til 100 fot) over vannet eller inn i tredje etasje eller høyere i en armert betongbygning.
2. Sprint rett opp dalveggen hvis du hører et tordenskred eller brekalvingsbom i en fjord eller fjellsjø. I trange alpine innsjøer, damreservoarer og bratte fjorder (som i Norge, Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, New Zealand eller de europeiske alpene), skaper et steinskred eller en støtende is som krysser avalene . bassenget ved 100 til 250 kilometer i timen (60 til 155 miles per time). Du vil ha bare 1 til 4 minutter før bølgen treffer motsatt kysten. Slipp alt campingutstyr, kajakker og fiskeutstyr, og kjør rett opp den bratteste åssiden bak deg i minst 30 til 60 høydemeter (100 til 200 fot).
3. Gå aldri tilbake til stranden, kaien eller marinaen etter at den første bølgen har trukket seg tilbake. Fordi en seiche er en stående resonansbølge som spretter frem og tilbake mellom motsatte bredder av en lukket innsjø eller havn, vil vannet fortsette å oscillere i 4 til 24+ timer. På grunn av konstruktiv interferens med sekundære vindstøt eller reflekterte bassengbølger, er den tredje, fjerde eller femte seiche-oscillasjonen som ankommer timer etter den første bølgen ofte høyere og raskere enn den første bølgen. Hold deg på høy bakke til ditt nasjonale værbyrå (som US National Weather Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada eller MeteoSwiss) kansellerer flomvarselet ved innsjøen eller tsunamirådgivningen.
4. ** Forlat båten i marinaen hvis en bølge er nært forestående; ta fartøyet ditt til dypt vann (>30 til 50 meter / 100 til 165 fot) BARE hvis det allerede er underveis offshore.** Kjør aldri ned på flytende marinadokker under en seiche-, meteotsunami- eller havneresonanshendelse for å knytte ekstra linjer eller redde båten. Havnekanaler fungerer som hydrauliske trakter der vannhastigheten når 15 til 30 kilometer i timen (8 til 16 knop), knekker stålpeler, river flytebryggene av føringene og knuser alle som er fanget mellom skrog. Hvis du allerede er på båt på åpent vann når en advarsel høres eller en klippe kollapser, styr umiddelbart vekk fra kysten og ut av trange kanaler til dypt åpent vann på minst 30 til 50 meter (100 til 165 fot) dypt, og pek baugen direkte inn i den innkommende langperiodebølgen.
5. Hold deg helt unna steinbrygger, brygger og betongvegger ved innsjøen I 6 TIMER ETTER ETTER at en raskt bevegende stormlinje eller derecho krysser en stor innsjø. På de nordamerikanske store innsjøene (Michigansjøen, Eriesjøen, Lake Superior, Huronsjøen, Ontariosjøen), Genèvesjøen, Gardasjøen og Baikalsjøen ** streiker deadliest 4 timer til 4 timer og meteeliest. etter at tordenværet har passert**, når solen kommer frem igjen og svømmere eller sportsfiskere går tilbake på brygga.
6. Ring nødetatene fra høyt terreng hvis noen blir feid i vannet, og hopp aldri inn etter dem. Seiche-returstrømmer (tilbakeskylling) drar ofrene over nedsenkede riprap-blokker og ut i dypt kaldt vann i hastigheter som er umulig for noen menneskelig svømmer å kjempe. Ring ditt lokale nødnummer (911 i USA og Canada, 112 i hele EU, 999 i Storbritannia, eller se alle nødnummer), kast en tjoret flyteanordning eller redningsring fra tørr høy mark, og hold visuell oversikt over offeret for kystvakt eller brann-redningsbåter.

Seiche, meteotsunami, og innsjø impulsbølge overlevelse beslutningstre¶

Bruk dette feltbeslutningsflytskjemaet for å skille mellom en atmosfærisk seiche, en squall-line meteotsunami, en seismisk innsjøtsunami og en katastrofal alpin steinskredimpulsbølge.

flowchart TD
    Start["Unormal vannadferd på en innsjø, fjord, reservoar eller havn:<br/>Plutselig vannresesjon, brølende strøm eller klippekollaps"] --> TriggerCheck{"Hvilket advarselstegn eller trigger<br/>har du nettopp observert?"}

    TriggerCheck -->|"1. Tordent steinskred / jordskred / kalving av isbre<br/>ELLER kraftige jordskjelv som rister nær en innsjø eller fjord"| ImpulseWave["KATASTROFISK IMPULSBØLGE / SEISMISK TSUNAMISJØ<br/>(Ankomsttid: 30 sekunder til 5 minutter):<br/>1. SLAPP ALT GIR: Ikke pakk telt, kajakker eller bagger<br/>2. SPRINT RETT OPPÅKKE vinkelrett på strandlinjen<br/>3. Klatre minst 30 til 60+ vertikale meter (100 til 200+ fot)<br/>4. Hvis du er i en båt offshore: Full gass til dypt senter av bassenget<br/> og pek baugen rett inn i den innkommende bølgen"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"2. Vann renner plutselig ut av havnen/stranden<br/>Utsetter gjørre, steiner eller strandende båter"| TroughArrival["ANKOMST MED BØLGETUR (Seiche eller Meteotsunami):<br/>1. Gå ALDRI på utsatt innsjø eller molo<br/>2. Rop advarsler til alle på brygger og strender<br/>3. Løp innover 300 til 500 m og klatre 10 til 15 m (33 til 50 fot)<br/>4. Forvent en bølgende vegg med vann på 1 til 4 meter (3 til 13 fot)<br/> innen 1 til 10 minutter"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"3. Rask tordenvær / Derecho krysset innsjøen<br/>30 minutter til 4 timer siden (Sky Now Clear)"| PostStormSeiche["POST-STORM METEOTSUNAMI / REFLECTED SEICHE:<br/>1. Hold deg helt unna betongbrygger, moloer og elvemunninger<br/>2. Hold barn og kjæledyr unna vannkanten<br/>3. Se etter plutselige svingninger i vannstanden på 5 til 20 minutter<br/>4. Ikke gå inn i marinaer igjen før svingningene stopper (4 til 12+ timer)"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"4. Fortøyd inne i en marina/havnekanal<br/>Når voldsomme strømmer og vannsvingninger begynner"| MarinaAction{"Er du på land for øyeblikket<br/>eller allerede ombord på fartøyet?"}

    MarinaAction -->|"På land / på kaien"| LeaveBoat["FORLAD BÅTEN UMIDDELBART:<br/>1. Kjør av flytebrygger og ut på solid høy mark NÅ<br/>2. Prøv aldri å justere fortøyningsliner under en havnebølge<br/>3. Se etter knekking av linjer (piskesmældsfare) og knuste dokker"]

    MarinaAction -->|"Ombord på fartøyet i åpent vann"| DeepWater["GÅ TIL DYPÅPENT VANN (>30 til 50 m / 100 til 165 fot):<br/>1. IKKE prøv å gå inn i en smal havnemunning eller kanal<br/>2. Styr inn på åpent dypt vann vekk fra stimer og klipper<br/>3. Overvåk VHF Marine Channel 16 til det er helt klart"]

Sammenligning av de 5 lukkede bassengene og kystbølgefarene¶

Folk som bor eller ferierer langs innsjøer, reservoarer, fjorder og bukter, møter fem forskjellige typer plutselige vannnivåkatastrofer. Mens alle fem kan drukne mennesker på brygger og knuse marinaer, varierer deres drivkrefter, bølgeperioder og nødvendige evakueringshøyder betydelig.

The physics of a Seiche and Merian's Formula: Why enclosed lakes slosh like a bathtub¶

Understanding how a seiche forms explains why water can vanish from one city's waterfront while simultaneously flooding a city at the opposite end of the same lake:

1. Wind Set-Up, Barometric Tilting, and the Sudden Release¶

When fierce sustained winds from a winter storm, cold front, or derecho blow along the length of an elongated lake (such as southwest-to-northeast winds blowing down the 388-kilometer [241-mile] length of Lake Erie toward Buffalo, New York), surface friction drags billions of cubic meters of water toward the downwind shore. At the same time, high barometric pressure at the back of the storm pushes down on the upwind end of the lake while low barometric pressure at the front of the storm pulls water upward at the downwind end (every \(1\text{ hectopascal/millibar}\) difference in air pressure changes water height by \(1\text{ centimeter}\)). - During extreme Lake Erie wind set-ups, the water level at Toledo, Ohio (the western end) has dropped by \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) below normal, exposing kilometers of dry mudflats and shutting down nuclear and coal power plant cooling-water intakes, while simultaneously rising \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) above normal at Buffalo, New York (the eastern end), creating a total end-to-end water tilt of \(4.5+\text{ meters}\) (\(15+\text{ feet}\)). - The Slosh Back: The moment the wind dies down or shifts direction, gravity pulls that elevated mountain of water backward down the slope of the lake. Because of hydrodynamic momentum, the water does not simply flatten out at normal level: it overshoots equilibrium, flooding the western end while draining the eastern end, and then bounces back and forth across the basin for days.

2. Merian's Formula: Predicting How Fast a Lake Oscillates¶

Every enclosed lake, reservoir, and harbor has a fixed natural resonant period (\(T\), the time it takes for one complete back-and-forth slosh cycle) governed by Merian's Formula for a single-node (uninodal) standing wave:

Hvor: - \(L\) = Length of the lake or harbor basin along the axis of oscillation (in meters) - \(g\) = Acceleration of gravity (\(9.81\text{ m/s}^2\)) - \(h\) = Average depth of the water body (in meters)

Because a seiche is a shallow-water wave (meaning its wavelength is much longer than the depth of the lake), its speed (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)) depends strictly on water depth: - Deep, short alpine lakes or harbors oscillate very fast: Lake Geneva (\(73\text{ km}\) long, \(154\text{ m}\) average depth) has a primary uninodal seiche period of 73 minutes; Lake Tahoe (\(35\text{ km}\) long, \(305\text{ m}\) average depth) sloshes back and forth in just 18 to 21 minutes; a \(1\text{-kilometer}\)-long marina basin (\(10\text{ m}\) deep) sloshes every 3 to 6 minutes. - Long, shallow lakes oscillate slowly like massive tides: Lake Erie (\(388\text{ km}\) long, but only \(19\text{ m}\) [62 feet] average depth) has a natural uninodal seiche period of 14 hours.

3. The "Nodal Line" vs. "Antinode" Trap¶

In a standing seiche wave, the exact middle of the lake acts as a stationary pivot point called the node (or nodal line), while the opposite shorelines act as antinodes: - At the Shoreline Antinodes (Ends of the Lake): Vertical water height swings up and down to the maximum extreme (\(2\text{ to }5\text{ meters}\)), flooding beaches and docks, while horizontal currents are minimal at the peak and trough. - At the Mid-Lake Nodal Line (and Narrow Straits like the Straits of Mackinac, Messina, or Euripus): Vertical water level barely changes at all, but the entire volume of the lake must rush horizontally back and forth across the node, generating violent, reversing underwater and surface currents that snap submerged pipelines, drag divers, and spin freighters out of control.

Meteotsunamis and Proudman Resonance: How a 3-meter wave strikes under sunny skies¶

On June 26, 1954, a fast-moving line of summer thunderstorms crossed southern Lake Michigan from northwest to southeast. Nearly two hours after the storm passed, when the sky over Chicago, Illinois was completely sunny and thousands of people were fishing and sunbathing along the concrete piers at Montrose Harbor and North Avenue Beach, a sudden \(3\text{-meter}\) (\(10\text{-foot}\)) wall of water slammed into the Chicago lakefront, sweeping dozens of people into the lake and drowning 8 people.

This disaster was a meteotsunami triggered by Proudman Resonance: 1. (Gulf of Mexico) - For example, in southern Lake Michigan where the water depth (\(h\)) is roughly \(55\text{ to }65\text{ meters}\) (\(180\text{ to }215\text{ feet}\)), the natural shallow-water wave speed is \(c = \sqrt{9.81 \times 60} \approx 24.2\text{ m/s}\), which equals \(87\text{ km/h}\) (\(54\text{ mph}\)). Whenever a summer derecho or squall line crosses southern Lake Michigan at roughly \(85\text{ to }95\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ to }60\text{ mph}\)), Proudman Resonance locks in and builds a destructive meteotsunami. 2. The Edge Reflection and Shoaling Amplifier: In the 1954 Chicago tragedy, the storm moved away from Chicago toward Michigan City, Indiana. The meteotsunami hit the curved southeastern shore of Lake Michigan first, bounced off the Indiana shoreline like a billiard ball hitting a cushion, and traveled backward across the lake to strike Chicago two hours later under clear skies, shoaling up the shallow underwater shelf right onto the piers.

Landslide and glacier-calving impulse waves: The 500-meter fjord and reservoir megatsunami¶

While ocean seismic tsunamis and lake seiches typically reach \(1\text{ to }10\text{ meters}\) (\(3\text{ to }33\text{ feet}\)), subaerial landslide impulse waves inside narrow fjords, mountain lakes, and dam reservoirs produce the highest wave runups ever recorded in human history: - Lituya Bay, Alaska (July 9, 1958): An earthquake loosened \(30\text{ million cubic meters}\) (\(40\text{ million cubic yards}\)) of rock high above Gilbert Inlet; the rockslide plunged into the fjord and pushed an impulse wave \(524\text{ meters}\) (\(1,720\text{ feet}\)) vertically up the opposite mountain ridge, higher than the Empire State Building. - Vajont Dam Reservoir, Italy (October 9, 1963): A \(260\text{-million-cubic-meter}\) landslide slid off Monte Toc into the narrow reservoir lake behind Vajont Dam, displacing the water into a \(250\text{-meter}\) (\(820\text{-foot}\)) wave that overtopped the concrete dam intact and wiped out the valley town of Longarone below, killing nearly 2,000 people in under 7 minutes. - Tafjord (1934, \(62\text{ m}\) wave, 40 dead) and Loen / Lovatnet Lake, Norway (1905 and 1936, \(40\text{ to }74\text{ m}\) waves, 135 dead): Rockslides falling off steep Norwegian fjord and lake cliffs generated waves that obliterated lakeside villages within 2 minutes. - Lake Geneva, Switzerland/France (563 AD Tauredunum Tsunami): A mountain collapse at the Rhône River delta triggered an underwater turbidite slump that sent an \(8\text{ to }13\text{ meter}\) (\(26\text{ to }43\text{ foot}\)) tsunami down the length of Lake Geneva, overtopping the city walls of Geneva 70 minutes later.

4 Mandatory Survival Rules for Campers, Kayakers, and Boaters in Fjords and Alpine Lakes¶

1. Never pitch a tent on a low gravel beach, alluvial fan, or shoreline spit inside a steep fjord or glacial lake. In glaciated valleys (Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, Greenland, Chile/Patagonia, New Zealand), melting permafrost and retreating glaciers leave unstable mountain slopes and hanging ice cliffs (seracs) poised directly above deep water. Always camp on high bedrock benches at least 20 to 30 vertical meters (65 to 100 feet) above the waterline.
2. Keep at least 400 to 800 meters (0.25 to 0.5 miles) away from the face of any tidewater or lake-terminating glacier. When a massive slab of glacier ice calves off into the water, or worse, when an underwater ice foot (submarine calving) detaches from the glacier bed and shoots upward to the surface like a giant cork, it generates a violent steep-faced impulse wave that capsizes kayaks and tour boats in seconds.
3. If you are kayaking or landing on a fjord beach when a rockslide or calving boom echoes across the water:
4. If you are on or within 20 meters of shore: Abandon your kayak on the beach immediately (do not spend 15 seconds tying it up or pulling it above the tide line) and sprint straight up the steep hillside as high as you can climb in the 60 to 120 seconds before impact.
5. If you are paddling in open water more than 100 meters offshore: Turn your bow 90 degrees perpendicular to the oncoming wave crest (pointing straight into the wave), brace low with your paddle ready for a high brace or Eskimo roll, and paddle away from shallow shoals or cliff walls where the wave will break and reflect.

Havneresonans og marina-overlevelse for båtfolk og havnearbeidere¶

When a distant offshore earthquake tsunami (see our tsunamis guide), a continental-shelf meteotsunami, or long-period ocean swell enters a coastal harbor or lake marina, harbor resonance (Helmholtz resonance) turns a seemingly minor water fluctuation into a violent hydraulic shredder inside the basin.

Why Marinas Are the Most Dangerous Place During a Seiche or Tsunami Advisory¶

1. Hydraulic Bottleneck Acceleration: When the water level inside a \(1\text{-square-kilometer}\) harbor drops or rises by \(1.5\text{ meters}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) in just 5 minutes, millions of tons of water are forced through a narrow \(50\text{-meter}\)-wide jetty entrance. Water speeds at the harbor mouth and around bridge pilings accelerate to 15 to 35 kilometers per hour (8 to 19 knots), creating standing hydraulic jumps, whirlpools (eddies), and scouring trenches that rip navigation buoys and channel markers out by their concrete anchors.
2. Floating Dock Guide-Pile Topping and Grounding:
3. During the rapid drawdown trough, harbor water drains so low that boats with deep keels (\(1.5\text{ to }3\text{ meters}\)) slam down onto the hard harbor bottom, roll over onto their sides, and flood cleanly over their gunwales when the next wave crest roars back in 3 minutes later.
4. During the rapid surge peak, floating docks can float right off the tops of their vertical steel or wood guide pilings, breaking loose with 50 boats still tied to them and smashing across the harbor like a runaway barge.
5. Lethal Mooring Line Snapback: When a 10-ton boat tied with taut nylon dock lines is suddenly lifted 3 meters or dropped into a trough by a 12-knot harbor current, either the cleat rips out of the fiberglass deck or the nylon line stretches to its breaking point and snaps, whipping back across the dock at over 300 kilometers per hour (185 miles per hour), fast enough to amputate limbs or kill a bystander instantly.

Step-by-Step Boat and Marina Protocol¶

• If you are at home or in the parking lot when a Tsunami Advisory, Meteotsunami Warning, or Severe Seiche Warning is issued: Do NOT drive down to the marina to check on your boat. No boat or insurance deductible is worth being trapped on a collapsing floating dock when the harbor drains and refills.
• If you are already on the dock when water begins surging or draining: Drop everything and walk immediately off the gangway onto solid high ground behind the seawall.
• If you have 2+ hours of advance warning before a distant wave or forecast storm seiche AND authorities permit vessel evacuation:
• Either haul the boat out of the water onto a trailer on high ground, OR pilot the vessel out of the harbor before currents start and hold station in deep open water greater than 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) deep (for major ocean tsunamis, Coast Guard guidance specifies greater than 55 to 180 meters [30 to 100 fathoms]).
• If leaving a boat moored in a slip before evacuating on foot: double up spring lines and bow/stern lines with maximum slack and chafe guards to allow for a 2-to-3-meter vertical rise and fall (applicable only on fixed piers where slack prevents hanging the boat by its cleats during a low trough).

Regional high-risk zones and local names to recognize worldwide¶

Many regions use local warning terms for seiches and meteotsunamis:

Ofte stilte spørsmål¶

Can a real tsunami happen in an inland freshwater lake like Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva, or the Great Lakes?¶

Yes, inland lakes experience two distinct types of genuine tsunamis that behave identically to ocean tsunamis. First, meteorological tsunamis (meteotsunamis) occur frequently on the North American Great Lakes when fast-moving squall lines or derechos travel at the exact speed of the lake's shallow-water wave, building 1 to 3+ meter (3 to 10+ foot) surging waves that strike hours after the storm passes. Second, tectonic and landslide lake tsunamis occur in deep fault-bounded or alpine lakes such as Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva, Lake Lucerne, and Norwegian or Alaskan fjords whenever an earthquake ruptures a lake-floor fault or a massive rockslide collapses into the water, generating deadly waves up to 10 to 100+ meters high in minutes.

What is the difference between a seiche and a tsunami?¶

A tsunami is a progressive wave train that radiates outward from a sudden localized displacement of water (such as an earthquake fault rupture, underwater landslide, or atmospheric pressure jump) and travels across open water to strike a shoreline. A seiche is a standing wave in which the entire enclosed or semi-enclosed basin (a lake, reservoir, fjord, or harbor) oscillates back and forth at its natural resonant frequency like water sloshing in a bathtub. Importantly, a tsunami, meteotsunami, or strong wind storm often acts as the initial trigger that sets an enclosed lake or harbor into a multi-hour resonant seiche oscillation.

Why did the water in our lake or harbor suddenly drop by 2 meters (6.5 feet) and expose the muddy bottom?¶

A sudden, rapid drop in water level along a lake beach, river mouth, or harbor occurs for one of two life-threatening reasons: either sustained storm winds or barometric pressure differences have pushed the basin's water toward the opposite shoreline (wind set-up), or the leading trough of a meteotsunami, seiche, or landslide tsunami has just arrived at your shore. In either case, gravity will inevitably pull that displaced mountain of water violently back toward your shoreline, often arriving within 1 to 15 minutes as a fast-moving turbulent bore. Never walk out onto an exposed lakebed or harbor floor; evacuate immediately to high ground.

Why are the third or fourth waves of a lake seiche or meteotsunami often larger than the first wave?¶

Unlike a single breaking wind wave, a seiche or meteotsunami reflects off the solid shorelines of an enclosed lake or V-shaped bay and bounces back and forth across the basin for hours. When a reflected wave traveling back across the lake collides and merges with a second incoming wave train, a secondary squall-line surge, or a narrowing harbor funnel (constructive wave interference and harbor resonance), the combined wave height amplifies dramatically. Always stay off beaches, piers, and marinas for several hours after the first surge until official water-level gauges confirm the oscillations have subsided.

Kilder sjekket¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, United States) National Ocean Service and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL): What Is a Seiche? What Is a Meteotsunami? Great Lakes Water Level Oscillations, Proudman Resonance Physics, and Real-Time Meteotsunami Detection.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS): Landslide-Generated Impulse Waves and Subaerial Megatsunamis in Fjords, Lakes, and Reservoirs (Lituya Bay 1958, Taan Fiord 2015, and Barry Arm Hazard Assessments).
• National Weather Service (NWS / NOAA, United States): Lakeshore Flood Warning Criteria, Safe Boating During Tsunami/Seiche Advisories, and Reconstruction of the June 26, 1954 Chicago Lake Michigan Meteotsunami.
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC / UNESCO): Global Guide to Meteotsunamis, Harbor Resonance (Rissaga, Abiki, Šćiga), and Non-Seismic Coastal/Lacustrine Sea Level Hazards.
• Federal Office for the Environment (FOEN, Switzerland) and Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE): Alpine Lake Tsunamis (Lake Geneva 563 AD, Lake Lucerne) and Norwegian Fjord Rockslide Early Warning Protocols (Åknes / Geirangerfjord).

Relaterte guider¶

• Tsunamis: natural warning signs and high-ground evacuation
• Stormflo, kongetidevann og kystoversvømmelse
• Derechos, straight-line winds, and microburst survival
• Landslides, mudslides, and debris flows
• Drukningsredning og vann førstehjelp