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Ngaahi Peau ʻo Seiche, Ngaahi Peaukula ʻi he Leiki ʻI Lotó, mo e Ngaahi Hifo Fakafokifā ʻo e Vai ʻi he Taulangá

Emergency numbers differ by country. ʻOku fakaʻaongaʻi ʻe he peesi ko ʻení ʻa e 911, ko e fika ia ki he ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo Kānata. ‘Oku ngāue‘aki ‘e he ngaahi fonua lahi kehe ‘a e 112, 999, pe ko ha toe fika kehe. Kumi e fika ki ho fonua ..

Ko e seiche (puʻaki ko e saysh) ko ha peau tuʻu ʻoku ne ʻalu holo ʻi loto ʻi ha vai ʻoku ʻātakaiʻi pe ʻātakaiʻi ʻi ha konga ʻo hangē ko ha Lepa Lahi, vaitupu ʻo e ʻalpine, fjord, bay, pe taulanga. ‘Oku ‘ikai ke hangē ko e ngaahi peau matangi anga-mahení ‘oku nau motuhi ‘i he sekoni ‘e 5 ki he 15 kotoa pē pea ‘oku nau fakahoha‘asi pē ‘a e fukahi tahí, ‘oku fokotu‘u ‘e ha seiche pe peukula ‘o e vaitupu ‘i loto fonua ‘a e lahi kotoa ‘o e vai ‘o ha pesini ‘oku sloshing mei he matātahi ki he matātahi ‘o hangē ha vai ‘i ha kaukau‘anga ‘oku fakapikopiko. 'Oku faka'ai'ai 'e he puna fakafokifā 'a e barometric 'o e 'ea, ngaahi laine 'o e matangi, derecho matangi, mofuike fakamofuike, pe ngaahi maka 'oku tō 'i he ngaahi vaitupu loloto mo e ngaahi fjords, 'e lava ke holo hifo 'e he ngaahi ngaluo ko 'eni 'a e tu'unga 'o e vai 'o e taulanga 'aki 'a e **2 ki he 5 mita (6.5 ki he 16.5 fute, **o explandings) ‘o foki mai ko ha ‘ā ‘oku nga‘unu vave ‘o e vai moveuveú.

Na'a mo e faka'auha lahi ange 'a e ngaahi peau fakatupu 'e he holo 'o e kelekele (megatsunamis) 'i loto 'i he ngaahi vaitupu 'o e 'alpine fāsi'i, ngaahi vaitupu 'o e vaitupu, mo e ngaahi fjords 'aisi, 'a ia 'oku holo ai 'a e ngaahi mita kiupiki 'e laui miliona 'o e maka pe 'aisi 'o e 'aisi ki he vai 'oku fakangatangata pea teke 'a e ngaahi peau runup **10 ki he 50+30) fehangahangai mo e ngaahi ‘ā ‘o e tele‘á ‘i loto ‘i he sekoni ‘e 60 ki he 180. Fakatatau ki he Pule'anga Fakafonua 'o e 'Oseni mo e 'Atakai 'o e 'Iunaiteti Siteiti (NOAA), 'a e Savea Fakasiokalafi 'a e 'Iunaiteti Siteiti (USGS), mo e Kautaha Faka'ea 'a Mamani (WMO), 'oku mate 'a e kau ma'ukovia 'i he peaukula 'o e vaitupu mo e seiches tefito koe'uhi he 'oku nau fakakaukau 'oku 'i ai pe 'a e fisiki 'o e peaukula 'i he 'oseni 'ata'ataa mo e taimi 'oku nau lue ai fo'ou 'a e wakwater breto on . fakafokifā pē ‘oku tafe atu.

Fakakaukauʻi ʻa e Fakaʻauha Fakafokifā Kotoa pē ʻo e Vai ʻi he Leiki, Fjord, pe Taulangá ko ha Sunami Vave

Kapau ‘e holo fakafokifā ‘a e levolo ‘o e vai ‘i ha matātahi ‘o e vaitupu, ngutu vaitafe, taulanga, taulanga, pe fjord, ‘o tafe ki tu‘a, ‘o fakahaa‘i ‘a e ngaahi maka pe ika ‘oku ngoto, pe fakatupu ‘a e ngaahi vaka kuo tau‘anga ke nau pa ki lalo, kuo toki a‘u mai ha seiche trough pe landslide tsunami trough. Ko e tumutumu peau fe'unga 'oku 'osi lele atu ia ki ho'o 'uta pea 'e taa'i ia 'i he sekoni 'e 30 ki he miniti 'e 15, 'oku fa'a 'ikai ha matangi fakalotofonua pe 'uha 'i he lalo langi lanu pulu mahino. 'Oua 'aupito na'a ke lue atu ki tu'a ki he ngaahi 'ata'ata 'oku 'asi mai, ngaahi 'one'one, pe ngaahi 'aofi sima ke 'ave ha ngaahi 'ata pe sivi'i 'a e ngaahi vaka 'oku 'i he 'uta. Lele vave ki 'uta mo 'alu hake ki he 'ikai si'i hifo 'i he 15 ki he 30 mita (50 ki he 100 fute) 'i 'olunga 'i he levolo angamaheni 'o e vai mo e 50+6t 'a e mita ki mui laine 'uta.

Fai ʻeni he taimí ni .

  1. Evacuate breakwaters, taulanga, ngutu vaitafe, mo e ngaahi matātahi 'a e vai vave 'oku 'alu hake pe tō abnormally. Kapau 'oku ke sio ki he vaitupu pe taulanga 'oku tafe vave 'a e vai, vakai ki ha fakafokifā swirl whirlpool lolotonga 'i ha hū'anga 'o e taulanga pe 'a e halanga 'o e halafakakavakava, pe fakatokanga'i 'a e vai beachstor totolo hake 'i 'olunga 'i he d, pe fakatokanga'i 'a e vai beachstor 'oku totolo hake 'i 'olunga 'i he d, ‘uta ‘i he taimi pē ko iá. Hiki fakahangatonu ki he matātahí ki ha kelekele māʻolunga ʻoku ʻikai siʻi hifo ʻi he mita ʻe 15 ki he 30 (fute ʻe 50 ki he 100) ʻi ʻolunga ʻi he vaí pe ki he fungavaka tolu pe māʻolunga ange ʻi ha fale sima fakamālohia.
  2. Sprint hangatonu hake 'i he 'ā 'o e tele'a kapau 'oku ke fanongo ki ha manamana 'o e maka pe ava 'o e 'aisi 'i ha fjord pe vaitupu mo'unga. 'I he ngaahi vaitupu 'o e 'alpine fāsi'i, ngaahi vaitupu 'o e vaitupu, mo e ngaahi fjords 'oku 'alu hake (hangē ko ia 'i Noaue, 'Alasika, Kolomupia Pilitānia, Patagonia 'a e maka 'o e 'Iulope hi Nu'u Sila, pe ko e ‘oku fakatupu ‘e he vai ha peaukula ‘oku ne kolosi ‘i he pesini ‘i he kilomita ‘e 100 ki he 250 ki he houa (maile ‘e 60 ki he 155 ki he houa). Te ke ma'u miniti pe 'e 1 ki he 4 kimu'a pea toki taa'i 'e he peau 'a e 'uta fehangahangai. Tuku hifo kotoa e ngaahi meʻa kemi, ngaahi vakapuna, mo e ngaahi meʻa toutai, pea lele hangatonu hake ʻi he tafaʻaki moʻunga māʻolunga taha ʻi ho tuʻá ʻo ʻikai siʻi hifo ʻi he mita tuʻu ʻe 30 ki he 60 (fute ʻe 100 ki he 200).
  3. 'Oua 'aupito na'a ke toe foki ki he matatahi, taulanga, pe taulanga hili 'a e holomui 'a e 'uluaki peau. Koe'uhi ko e seiche ko ha peau tu'u resonant 'oku ne puna holo 'i he vaha'a 'o e ngaahi matātahi fehangahangai 'o ha vaitupu pe taulanga 'oku 'ātakai'i, 'e hokohoko atu 'a e oscillating 'a e vai 'i he 4 ki he 24+ houa. Koe'uhi ko e fakalavea fakatupulaki mo e ngaahi peau 'o e matangi hono ua pe ngaahi peau 'o e pesini 'oku faka'ata, 'oku fa'a ma'olunga ange mo vave ange 'a e seiche oscillation hono tolu, fa, pe nima 'oku a'u mai hili ha ngaahi houa mei he 'uluaki peau 'i he 'uluaki peau. Nofo pe ‘i he feitu’u ma’olunga kae ‘oua kuo kaniseli ‘e ho’o kautaha ‘ea fakafonua (hange ko e Potungaue ‘Ea Fakafonua ‘a ‘Amelika, ‘Atakai mo e Feliuliuaki ‘o e ‘Ea ‘i Kanata, pe MeteoSwiss) ‘a e Fakatokanga ki he Tafea ‘i he ‘Otu Leiki pe Fale’i ki he Sunami.
  4. Li'aki ho'o vaka 'i he taulanga kapau 'oku vave mai ha 'uha; 'ave ho'o vaka ki he vai loloto (>30 ki he 50 mita / 100 ki he 165 fute) PE kapau 'oku 'osi lele 'i 'uta. 'Oua 'aupito na'a ke lele hifo ki he ngaahi taulanga 'o e taulanga 'oku 'alu holo lolotonga ha seiche, meteotsunami, pe me'a 'oku hoko 'i he taulanga ke nono'o ha ngaahi laine lahi ange pe fakahaofi ho'o vaka. Ko e ngaahi halanga taulanga ‘oku nau ngāue ko e ngaahi funnel hydraulic ‘a ia ‘oku a‘u ai ‘a e vave ‘o e vaí ki he kilomita ‘e 15 ki he 30 ‘i he houa (noti ‘e 8 ki he 16), ‘o nau motuhi ‘a e ngaahi pou ukameá, hae‘i ‘a e ngaahi taulanga ‘oku ‘alu holo mei honau ngaahi fakahinohinó, pea mo laiki ha taha pē ‘oku ma‘u ‘i he vaha‘a ‘o e ngaahi vakapuná. Kapau 'oku ke 'osi vakapuna 'i he vai 'ata'ataa 'i he taimi 'oku ongo mai ai ha fakatokanga pe 'oku holo ha 'otu mo'unga, faka'uli vave mei he matātahi pea 'alu ki tu'a mei he ngaahi halanga fāsi'i ki he vai 'ata'ataa loloto 'oku 'ikai si'i hifo he 30 ki he 50 mita (fute 'e 100 ki he 165) hono loloto, 'o tuhu hangatonu ho'o kaufana ki he inpericom long-ve.
  5. Nofo kakato mei he ngaahi taulanga maka, ngaahi 'ulu taulanga, mo e ngaahi 'ā sima 'i he tafa'aki 'o e vaitupu 'I HE HOUA 'E 6 HILI ha laine 'o e 'ea 'oku nga'unu vave pe derecho 'oku kolosi 'i ha vaitupu lahi. 'I he ngaahi Vai Lahi 'o 'Amelika Tokelau (Leiki Michigan, Leiki de Erie, Leiki Superior, Leiki Huron, Leiki Geneva Lake, Leiki 'Oniteliō), 'oku taa'i 'e he seiches mo e meteotsunamis hili ha houa 'e 1 ki he 4 mei he 'osi 'a e manamana, 'i he taimi 'oku toe 'asi mai ai 'a e la'a pea toe lue atu 'a e kau kaukau tahi pe kau toutai ki he taulanga.
  6. Ui ki he ngaahi sevesi fakavavevave mei he kelekele ma'olunga kapau 'oku tafi'i ha taha ki he vai, pea 'oua 'aupito na'a ke puna ki loto hili kinautolu. Ko e ngaahi 'ea fakafoki 'o e Seiche (backwash) 'oku ne toho 'a e kau ma'ukovia 'i he ngaahi maka riprap 'oku ngoto pea ki tu'a ki he vai momoko loloto 'i he vave 'oku 'ikai lava ke tau'i 'e ha taha kaukau tahi tangata. Ta ki hoʻo fika fakavavevave fakalotofonuá (911 ʻi he ʻIunaiteti Siteití mo Kānata, 112 ʻi he kotoa ʻo e ʻIunioni ʻIulopé, 999 ʻi he Puleʻanga Fakatahatahá, pe vakai ki he kotoa ngaahi fika fakavavevave), lī ha me‘angāue fakapuna ‘oku ha‘i pe mama fakahaofi mei he kelekele mā‘olunga mōmoá, pea tauhi ha faka‘ilonga faka‘ata ‘o e tokotaha ‘oku faingata‘a‘iá ki he kau le‘o ‘o e matāfangá pe ngaahi vaka fakahaofi mo‘ui mei he afí.

Seiche, meteotsunami, mo e 'akau tu'utu'uni mo'ui 'a e peau 'o e ue'i 'o e vaitupu

Faka'aonga'i 'a e flowchart ko 'eni 'o e tu'utu'uni 'o e mala'e ke fakafaikehekehe'i 'a e seiche 'o e 'ea, ha meteotsunami 'o e laine 'o e matangi, ha peaukula 'o e vaitupu mofuike, mo ha peau 'o e 'oho 'o e maka 'o e 'alpine fakatu'utamaki.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ko e 'Ulungaanga 'o e Vai 'oku 'ikai angamaheni 'i ha Lepa, Fjord, Reservoir, pe Taulanga:<br/>Tolo Fakafokifā 'a e Vai, 'Ulu 'o e 'Alu, pe Holo 'a e Cliff"] --> TriggerCheck{"Ko e hā e fakaʻilonga fakatokanga pe trigger<br/>naʻá ke toki fakatokangaʻí?"}

    TriggerCheck -->|"1. Manamana Maka / Hili / Glacier Calving<br/>PE Mofuike Malohi Ofi ki ha Lepa pe Fjord"| ImpulseWave["CATASTROPHIC IMPULSE WAVE / SEISMIC LAKE TSUNAMI<br/>(Arrival Time: 30 Seconds to 5 Minutes):<br/>1. DROP ALL GEAR: Do not pack tents, kayaks, or bags<br/>2. SPRINT STRAIGHT UPHILL perpendicular to shoreline<br/>3. Climb at least 30 to 60+ vertical meters (100 to 200+ ft)<br/>4. If in a boat offshore: Full throttle to deep center of basin<br/>   and point bow straight into the incoming wave"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"2. Water Suddenly Drains Out of Harbor / Beach<br/>Exposing Mudflats, Rocks, or Stranding Boats"| TroughArrival["WAVE TROUGH ARRIVAL (Seiche or Meteotsunami):<br/>1. NEVER walk onto exposed lakebed or breakwater<br/>2. Shout warnings to everyone on piers and beaches<br/>3. Run inland 300 to 500 m and climb 10 to 15 m (33 to 50 ft)<br/>4. Expect a 1 to 4 meter (3 to 13 ft) surging wall of water<br/>   within 1 to 10 minutes"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"3. Fast Thunderstorm / Derecho Crossed the Lake<br/>30 Mins to 4 Hours Ago (Sky Now Clear)"| PostStormSeiche["POST-STORM METEOTSUNAMI / REFLECTED SEICHE:<br/>1. Stay completely OFF concrete piers, breakwaters, & river mouths<br/>2. Keep children and pets back from the water's edge<br/>3. Watch for sudden 5-to-20-minute water level swings<br/>4. Do not re-enter marinas until oscillations stop (4 to 12+ hrs)"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"4. Moored inside a Marina / Harbor Channel<br/>When Violent Currents & Water Swings Begin"| MarinaAction{"Are you currently on land<br/>or already aboard the vessel?"}

    MarinaAction -->|"On Land / On the Dock"| LeaveBoat["ABANDON THE BOAT IMMEDIATELY:<br/>1. Run off floating docks onto solid high ground NOW<br/>2. Never try to adjust mooring lines during a harbor surge<br/>3. Watch for snapping lines (whiplash hazard) and crushed docks"]

    MarinaAction -->|"Aboard Vessel in Open Water"| DeepWater["HEAD TO DEEP OPEN WATER (>30 to 50 m / 100 to 165 ft):<br/>1. Do NOT attempt to enter a narrow harbor mouth or canal<br/>2. Steer into open deep water away from shoals and cliffs<br/>3. Monitor VHF Marine Channel 16 until all-clear"]

Comparing the 5 enclosed-basin and coastal surge hazards

People living or vacationing along lakes, reservoirs, fjords, and bays encounter five distinct types of sudden water-level disasters. While all five can drown people on piers and smash marinas, their driving forces, wave periods, and required evacuation heights differ substantially.

Surge Phenomenon Primary Physical Trigger Typical Wave Height & Period Where It Strikes Most Often Key Distinguishing Behavior
1. Seiche (Standing Basin Oscillation) Sustained strong gale winds piling water at one end of an enclosed lake (wind set-up), sudden atmospheric pressure jumps, or distant seismic waves setting a basin into resonance. \(0.5\text{ to }5\text{ meters}\) (\(1.5\text{ to }16.5\text{ feet}\)) vertical swing; period ranges from 10 minutes (small harbors/lakes) to 9 to 14 hours (Lake Erie). Great Lakes (especially Lake Erie, Lake Michigan, Lake Superior), Lake Geneva (Le Léman), Lake Garda, Lake Baikal, Baltic Sea, Adriatic Sea, Nagasaki Bay (Abiki). Entire lake sloshes back and forth like a pendulum across one or more nodes (pivot lines of zero vertical change); oscillates repeatedly for 6 to 48 hours.
2. Meteotsunami (Meteorological Tsunami / Proudman Resonance Wave) Fast-moving squall line, derecho, atmospheric gravity wave, or sharp pressure jump (\(3\text{ to }10\text{ hPa}\) in minutes) traveling at the exact same speed as the shallow-water wave (\(c = \sqrt{gh}\)). \(1\text{ to }6\text{ meters}\) (\(3\text{ to }20\text{ feet}\)) surge height; wave period 2 to 60 minutes. (Gulf of Mexico) Strikes as a sudden tsunami-like bore, often 1 to 3 hours after the storm passes after reflecting off the opposite shoreline under sunny skies.
3. Landslide / Glacier Impulse Wave (Subaerial Lake or Fjord Megatsunami) Massive rockslide, mountain flank collapse, moraine failure, or glacier calving crashing directly into a confined fjord, alpine lake, or dam reservoir. \(5\text{ to }524\text{ meters}\) (\(16\text{ to }1,720\text{ feet}\)) extreme local runup; period 30 seconds to 5 minutes. Norwegian fjords (Tafjord, Loen, Geiranger), Alaska (Lituya Bay, Taan Fiord, Barry Arm), British Columbia, Swiss/Italian Alps (Vajont Reservoir), Andes, New Zealand. Fastest and tallest wave on Earth locally; strikes opposite shore in under 1 to 4 minutes with towering destructive runup that strips forests to bare bedrock.
4. Sunami 'o e Leiki Mofuike (Hala 'i Lalo Vai pe Slump Sublacustrine) Mofuike 'oku ne movete ha hala 'i lalo 'i ha funga 'o e vaitupu, PE lulululu 'o e mofuike 'oku ne fakatupu ha holo 'a e delta 'o e sediment 'i lalo tahi (sublacustrine landslide). \(2\tohi{ ki he }15\tohi{ mita}\) (\(6.5\tohi{ ki he }50\tohi{fute}\)) ma'olunga 'o e lele; vaha'ataimi miniti 'e 2 ki he 20. Leiki Tahoe (CA/NV), Leiki Sene (meʻa naʻe hoko ʻi he 563 AD), Leiki Luseni, Leiki ʻIsiki-Kuli, Leiki Tanganyika / Leiki Malaui, Tahi Mate, Leiki Puget. Ta ‘i loto ‘i he miniti ‘e 2 ki he 10 mei he ongo’i ‘o ha mofuike pe fanongo ki ha longoa’a ‘i lalo tahi; ‘oku ‘ikai fiema‘u ha matātahi ‘oseni.
5. Fakalahi 'o e Taulanga Resonance (Helmholtz / Fakalahi 'o e Kuata-Peau) Ko e 'oseni 'o e 'oseni 'i he matātahi 'o e taimi loloa, micro-sunami mama'o, pe peau 'o e 'ea 'a ia ko hono vaha'ataimi 'oku fe'unga mo e tu'o lahi 'o e resonant 'o e 'akositiki fakanatula 'o ha bay pe marina 'oku semi-'atakai'i. Amplifies ha ta'efakatu'utamaki \(0.15\tohi{m}\) (\(6\tohi{'i}\)) peau 'o e 'otu motu 'e he \(5\tohi{x ki he }20\tohi{x}\) ki ha **\(1.5\tohi{ ki he }3\tohi{ sur m}\) (\(5\tohi{ kotoa pe**\)5ft ki he }1 Miniti ʻe 30. Ko e ngaahi feitu‘u ‘oku fōtunga V ‘oku ‘ātakai‘i ‘i ha konga, ngaahi taulanga ‘oku ‘i ai ‘a e ngaahi hina, mo e ngaahi taulanga vaka kuo keli ‘i māmani lahi (Hauai‘i, Kalefōnia, Metiteleniané, Siapani, ‘Aositelēlia). Ko e matātahi ‘ata‘atā ‘i tu‘a ‘i he taulangá ‘oku hā ngali nonga ‘aupito, lolotonga ia ‘i loto ‘i he pesini ‘o e taulangá ‘oku ‘alu hake mo hifo fakamālohi ‘a e vaí ‘o hae‘i ‘a e ngaahi taulangá.

Ko e fisiki ʻo ha Fomula ʻa Seiche mo Merian: Ko e hā ʻoku slosh ai ʻa e ngaahi vaitupu ʻoku ʻātakaiʻí ʻo hangē ha kaukauʻangá .

Ko e mahino‘i ‘a e founga ‘oku fa‘u ai ha seiche ‘okú ne fakamatala‘i ‘a e ‘uhinga ‘e lava ke mole atu ai ‘a e vaí mei he tafa‘aki vai ‘o ha kolo ‘e taha lolotonga ia ‘oku tāfea ‘i he taimi tatau ha kolo ‘i he ngata‘anga fehangahangai ‘o e vaitupu tatau:

1. Fokotu'u 'o e Matangi, Barometric Tilting, mo e Tukuange Fakafokifā .

‘I he taimi ‘oku puhi mai ai ‘a e ngaahi matangi fefeka ‘oku tu‘uloa mei ha afā ‘i he fa‘ahita‘u momokó, mu‘a momoko, pe derecho ‘i he lōloa ‘o ha vaitupu lōloa (hangē ko e ngaahi matangi mei he tonga-hihifo ki he tokelau-hahaké ‘oku nau puhi‘i hifo ‘a e kilomita ‘e 388 [maile ‘e 241] ‘a e lōloa ‘o e Leiki ‘Elié ki Buffaters drags of cubiter frictions), Niu ‘Ioké), ‘otu matangi hifo. 'I he taimi tatau, 'oku teke hifo 'e he 'ea ma'olunga 'i he tu'a 'o e matangi 'i he ngata'anga 'o e matangi 'o e vaitupu ka ko e 'ea ma'ulalo 'i mu'a 'i he matangi 'oku ne toho 'a e vai ki 'olunga 'i he ngata'anga 'o e matangi ki lalo (ko e \(1\text{ hectopascal/millibar}i\) kehekehe kotoa pe 'i he 'ea 'o e 'ea 'oku liliu hetext by\({1}). - Lolotonga e ngaahi matangi lahi 'o e Leiki 'Eli, kuo holo hifo 'a e tu'unga 'o e vai 'i **Toledo, Ohio** ('a e ngata'anga fakahihifo) 'e he **\)2.1\tohi{ ki he }2.4\tohi{ mita}$ (\(7\tohi{ ki he }8\tohi{fute}\)) 'i lalo 'i he angamaheni 'o e malohi f la . 'o e 'akau fakamokomoko-vai 'o e 'akau, lolotonga ia 'oku hiki hake 'i he taimi tatau \(2.1\text{ ki he }2.4\text{ mita}\) (\(7\text{ ki he }8\text{fute}\)) 'i 'olunga 'i he angamaheni 'i he Pafalo, Niu 'Ioke ('a e ngata'anga fakahahake 'o e vai 'o e+t-3). (\(15+\tohi{fute}\)). - Ko e Slosh Back: Ko e momeniti pe 'oku mate hifo ai 'a e matangi pe hiki 'a e fakahinohino, 'oku toho 'e he kalavite 'a e mo'unga vai ma'olunga ko ia ki mui 'i he 'otu 'o e vaitupu. Koe'uhi ko e ivi 'o e hydrodynamic, 'oku 'ikai ke flatten noa pe 'a e vai 'i he tu'unga angamaheni: 'oku ne overshoots 'a e equilibrium, 'o tafea 'a e ngata'anga fakahihifo lolotonga hono fakatafe 'a e ngata'anga fakahahake, pea toki bounces ki mui mo e 'i he tafa'aki 'o e pesini 'i ha ngaahi 'aho.

2. Fomula ʻa Melian: Ko hono tomuʻa tala ʻa e Vave ʻo e Oscillates ʻa ha Leiki

Ko e vaitupu kotoa pe 'oku 'aofi, tanaki'anga vai, mo e taulanga 'oku 'i ai ha vaha'a taimi resonant fakanatula tu'u ma'u (\(T\), 'a e taimi 'oku fie ma'u ki he siakale slosh kakato 'e taha 'i mui-mo-mu'a) 'oku pule'i 'e he Fomula 'a Merian ki ha peau tu'u 'o e node 'e taha (uninodal):

$ $ T = frac {2L} { sqrt { g cdot h}} $ $

ʻi fē: - \(L\) = Loloa 'o e vaitupu pe pesini 'o e taulanga 'i he tafa'aki 'o e axis 'o e oscillation ('i he mita) - \(g\) = Fakavavevave 'o e kalavite (\(9.81\tohi{m/s}^2\)) - \(h\) = 'Avalisi 'o e loloto 'o e sino 'o e vai ('i he mita)

Koe'uhi ko e seiche ko e peau vai-ma'ulalo ('uhinga 'oku loloa ange 'aupito hono loloa 'o e peau 'i he loloto 'o e vaitupu), ko hono vave (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)) 'oku makatu'unga pau 'i he loloto 'o e vai: - Loloto, nounou 'a e ngaahi vaitupu 'o e 'alpine pe ngaahi taulanga oscillate vave 'aupito: Leiki Sene (\(73\tohi{ km}\) loloa, \(154\tohi{m}\) 'avalisi 'o e loloto) 'oku 'i ai ha vaha'a taimi seiche uninodal tefito 'o e miniti 'e 73; Leiki Tahoe (\(35\tohi{ km}\) loloa, \(305\tohi{ m}\) 'avalisi 'o e loloto) sloshes ki mui mo e 'i he miniti pe 'e 18 ki he 21; ko ha \(1\tohi{-kilomita}\)-loloa 'o e pesini taulanga (\(10\tohi{ m}\) loloto) sloshes 'i he miniti 'e 6 ki he 6 kotoa pe. - Ngaahi vaitupu loloa, 'oku 'ikai loloto 'oku nau 'alu holo 'o hange ko e ngaahi peau lahi: Leiki 'Eli (\(388\text{ km}\) loloa, ka ko e \(19\text{ m}\) [fute 'e 62] 'avalisi 'o e loloto) 'oku 'i ai ha vaha'a taimi seiche uninodal fakanatula 'o e houa 'e 14.

3. Ko e "Laine Nodal" vs.

'I ha peau seiche tu'u, 'oku ngaue 'a e lotolotonga tonu 'o e vaitupu ko ha pivot point tu'u 'oku ui ko e node (pe laine nodal), lolotonga ia 'oku ngaue 'a e ngaahi 'otu motu fehangahangai ko e antinodes: - I he ngaahi Antinodes o e Otu Motu (Ngaahi Ngataanga o e Leiki): Ko e maolunga o e vai fakahangatonu oku ne ta'alo hake mo hifo ki he tu'unga lahi taha (\(2\text{ ki he }5\text{ mita}\)), 'oku tafea 'a e ngaahi matātahi mo e ngaahi taulanga, lolotonga ia 'oku si'isi'i 'a e ngaahi 'ea fakahosite 'i he tumutumu mo e trough. - 'I he Laine Nodal 'o e Vai Lotolotonga (mo e ngaahi Vai Fakapuliki hange ko e Vai 'o Mackinac, Messina, pe Euripus): 'Oku 'ikai ke fu'u liliu 'a e tu'unga 'o e vai tu'u 'i he me'a kotoa pe, ka kuo pau ke lele fakahosite 'a e voliume kotoa 'o e vaitupu ki mui mo e 'i he tafa'aki 'o e node, 'o fakatupu 'a e curwaternage fakamālohi, s reverpmerd ngaahi paipa, toho ‘a e kau luelue, mo e vilo ‘a e ngaahi vaka uta koloa ‘o ‘ikai lava ke mapule‘i.

Meteotsunami mo e Proudman Resonance: Ko e founga ʻoku taaʻi ai ʻe ha peau mita ʻe 3 ʻi he lalo langi laʻaá

ʻI he ʻaho 26 ʻo Sune 1954, naʻe kolosi ai ha laine ʻo e manamana ʻo e faʻahitaʻu māfaná ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e Leiki Misikení mei he tokelau hihifó ki he tonga hahaké. Meimei hili ha houa ʻe ua mei he ʻosi ʻa e afā, ʻi he taimi naʻe laʻā kakato ai ʻa e langi ʻi ʻolunga ʻi Sikākou, ʻIlinoisi pea naʻe toutai mo laʻā ʻa e kakai ʻe lauiafe ʻi he ngaahi taulanga sima ʻi he Taulanga Montrose mo e Matātahi ʻo e North Avenue, naʻe fakafokifā pē ʻa e **\(3\text{-meter}te){\)10 Chicago lakefront, tafi'i 'a e kakai 'e laui hongofulu ki he vaitupu pea melemo toko 8.

Ko e fakatamaki ko 'eni ko e meteosunami na'e fakatupu 'e he Resonance 'o e Proudman: 1. Fakafehoanaki vave (Proudman Resonance, 1929): Ko e laine 'o e 'ea, derecho, pe peau kalavite 'o e 'ea 'oku lele 'i ha vaitupu pe ko e 'atakai 'o e konitinēniti 'oku 'ikai loloto (hange ko e Kōlifu 'o Mekisikou pe ko e Tahi Balearic), ko hono barometric gust fakafokifā ki he puna \(5. }10\tohi{ senitimita}\) (\(2\tohi{ ki he }4\tohi{ 'inisi}\)) 'a e loto-mafasia ki he funga vai. ‘I he anga-mahení, ‘oku fononga ‘a e ki‘i peau ko ení ‘i ha vave kehe mei he matangí pea ‘oku movete ia. Ka neongo ia, kapau 'oku tatau 'a e vave 'o e matangi ki mu'a (\(U\)) mo e vave fakanatula 'o e peau 'o e vai 'oku 'ikai loloto 'o e funga 'o e vaitupu (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)), 'oku nofo 'a e matangi 'o loka'i hangatonu 'i 'olunga 'i he peau 'o e vai 'oku nga'unu, hokohoko atu hono pamu 'o e wa kinetic 'i he \({5. }150\tohi{ kilomita}\) (\(30\tohi{ ki he }90\tohi{ maile}\)) 'o e vai 'ata'ataa mo hono fakalahi 'o e ma'olunga 'o e peau 'aki 'a e \(5\tohi{ ki he }15\tohi{ taimi}\). (Gulf of Mexico) - Hange ko 'eni, 'i he fakatonga 'o e Leiki Misikeni 'a ia ko e loloto 'o e vai (\(h\)) 'oku fakafuofua ki he \(55\tohi{ ki he }65\tohi{ mita}\) (\(180\tohi{ ki he }215\tohi{ fute}\)), ko e vave fakanatula 'o e peau 'o e vai 'oku 'ikai loloto ko e \(c = \sq1xrt{9 24.2\tohi{m/s}\), 'a ia 'oku tatau mo e \(87\tohi{km/h}\) (\(54\tohi{mph}\)). Ko e taimi pē ʻoku kolosi ai ha laine derecho pe squall ʻo e faʻahitaʻu māfaná ʻi he fakatonga ʻo e Leiki Misikení ʻi ha fakafuofua ki he \(85\tohi{ ki he }95\tohi{ km/h}\) (\(50\tohi{ ki he }60\tohi{ mph}\)), ʻoku lokaʻi ʻe he Proudman Resonance ʻo langa hake ha meteotsunami fakaʻauha. 2. Ko e Fakakaukau 'o e Tafa'aki mo e Shoaling Amplifier: 'I he me'a fakamamahi 'i Sikākou 'i he 1954, na'e hiki 'a e matangi mei Sikākou 'o fakahangatonu ki he Kolo Misikeni, 'Initiana. Naʻe ʻuluaki taaʻi ʻe he meteotsunami ʻa e matāfanga fakatonga-hahake pikopiko ʻo e Leiki Misikení, puna mei he matāfanga ʻo ʻInitiana ʻo hangē ha foʻi pulu piliati ʻoku taaʻi ha ʻaiʻangakai ʻo e manú, pea fononga ki mui ʻi he tafaʻaki ʻe taha ʻo e leiki ke taaʻi ʻa Sikaiko ʻi ha houa ʻe ua mei ai ʻi he lalo langi maʻá, ʻo ne shoaling hake ʻa e fata ʻi lalo tahi ʻoku ʻikai fuʻu lolotó ʻo tonu ki he taulanga ʻi lalo tahí.

Ko e Tu'utu'uni Houa 'e 6 Hili 'a e Taulanga 'o Derecho 'i he Ngaahi Vai Lalahi mo e Ngaahi Vai Lahi 'i 'Otu Motu

Ko e taimi kotoa pe 'oku kolosi ai ha Fakatokanga Manamana Lahi, Fakatokanga Makehe ki he Tahi, pe derecho mo e matangi 'oku laka hake 'i he \(80\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ mph}\)) 'i ha taha 'o e ngaahi Vai Lahi pe ko ha fu'u vaitupu 'i 'uta, ke 'oua na'a lue 'i tu'a 'ikai si'i hifo he houa 'e 6 hili 'a e tu'u 'a e 'uha pea 'oku ma'a 'a e langi. Vakai’i ‘a e ngaahi me’afua ‘o e levolo ‘o e vai ‘a e NOAA Great Lakes Laboratory (GLERL) pe ko e Potungaue ‘Ea Fakafonua Ngaahi Fakatokanga ki he Tafea ‘i he Matātahi kimu’a pea ke toki fakaofiofi atu ki he matātahi.

Ngaahi peau fakatupu 'o e holo 'o e kelekele mo e 'aisi: Ko e fjord mita 'e 500 mo e megatsunami 'o e tanaki'anga vai

Lolotonga e ngaahi peaukula mofuike 'o e 'oseni mo e ngaahi vaitupu 'oku angamaheni 'aki 'a e a'u ki he \(1\text{ ki he }10\text{ lekooti}\) (\(3\text{ ki he }33\text{fute}\)), ngaahi peau 'o e 'ea 'oku 'i lalo 'i lalo 'i loto 'i he ngaahi fjords fakangatangata, ngaahi vaitupu 'o e mo'unga, mo e da ‘i he hisitōlia ‘o e tangatá: - Lituya Bay, Alaska (July 9, 1958): An earthquake loosened \(30\text{ million cubic meters}\) (\(40\text{ million cubic yards}\)) of rock high above Gilbert Inlet; the rockslide plunged into the fjord and pushed an impulse wave \(524\text{ meters}\) (\(1,720\text{ feet}\)) vertically up the opposite mountain ridge, higher than the Empire State Building. - Tauhi'anga Vai 'o e Vajont, 'Itali (9 'Okatopa, 1963): Na'e tō ha holo 'o e kelekele \(260\text{-miliona-kiupiki-mita}\) mei Monte Toc ki he vaitupu 'o e vaitupu 'i mui 'i he Vai 'o e Vajont, 'o ne hiki 'a e vai ki ha xt{\(250\)}te (\(820\text{-foot}\)) peau naʻá ne ʻohofi ʻa e vaitupu simá ʻo ʻikai ha meʻa ʻe hoko pea holoki ʻa e kolo ʻi he teleʻa ko Longarone ʻi laló, ʻo mate ai ha kakai ʻe meimei 2,000 ʻi ha miniti ʻe 7 siʻi hifo. - Tafjord (1934, \(62\text{ m}\) wave, 40 dead) and Loen / Lovatnet Lake, Norway (1905 and 1936, \(40\text{ to }74\text{ m}\) waves, 135 dead): Rockslides falling off steep Norwegian fjord and lake cliffs generated waves that obliterated lakeside villages within 2 minutes. - Leiki Sene, Suisalani/Falanisē (563 AD Peaukula Taurenum): Naʻe fakatupu ʻe ha holo ʻa e moʻungá ʻi he delta ʻo e Vaitafe Rhône ha holo ʻa e turbidite ʻi lalo tahí ʻa ia naʻá ne ʻave ha **\(8\text{ ki he }13\text{ mita}\) ($26\text}th3 ki lalo Ko e Leiki Seneé, ‘o ne ‘alu hake ‘i he ngaahi ‘ā ‘o e kolo ko Seneé hili ha miniti ‘e 70 mei ai.

4 Mandatory Survival Rules for Campers, Kayakers, and Boaters in Fjords and Alpine Lakes

  1. Never pitch a tent on a low gravel beach, alluvial fan, or shoreline spit inside a steep fjord or glacial lake. In glaciated valleys (Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, Greenland, Chile/Patagonia, New Zealand), melting permafrost and retreating glaciers leave unstable mountain slopes and hanging ice cliffs (seracs) poised directly above deep water. Always camp on high bedrock benches at least 20 to 30 vertical meters (65 to 100 feet) above the waterline.
  2. Keep at least 400 to 800 meters (0.25 to 0.5 miles) away from the face of any tidewater or lake-terminating glacier. When a massive slab of glacier ice calves off into the water, or worse, when an underwater ice foot (submarine calving) detaches from the glacier bed and shoots upward to the surface like a giant cork, it generates a violent steep-faced impulse wave that capsizes kayaks and tour boats in seconds.
  3. If you are kayaking or landing on a fjord beach when a rockslide or calving boom echoes across the water:
  4. If you are on or within 20 meters of shore: Abandon your kayak on the beach immediately (do not spend 15 seconds tying it up or pulling it above the tide line) and sprint straight up the steep hillside as high as you can climb in the 60 to 120 seconds before impact.
  5. If you are paddling in open water more than 100 meters offshore: Turn your bow 90 degrees perpendicular to the oncoming wave crest (pointing straight into the wave), brace low with your paddle ready for a high brace or Eskimo roll, and paddle away from shallow shoals or cliff walls where the wave will break and reflect.

Harbor resonance and marina surge survival for boaters and dock workers

When a distant offshore earthquake tsunami (see our tsunamis guide), a continental-shelf meteotsunami, or long-period ocean swell enters a coastal harbor or lake marina, harbor resonance (Helmholtz resonance) turns a seemingly minor water fluctuation into a violent hydraulic shredder inside the basin.

Why Marinas Are the Most Dangerous Place During a Seiche or Tsunami Advisory

  1. Hydraulic Bottleneck Acceleration: When the water level inside a \(1\text{-square-kilometer}\) harbor drops or rises by \(1.5\text{ meters}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) in just 5 minutes, millions of tons of water are forced through a narrow \(50\text{-meter}\)-wide jetty entrance. Water speeds at the harbor mouth and around bridge pilings accelerate to 15 to 35 kilometers per hour (8 to 19 knots), creating standing hydraulic jumps, whirlpools (eddies), and scouring trenches that rip navigation buoys and channel markers out by their concrete anchors.
  2. Floating Dock Guide-Pile Topping and Grounding:
  3. During the rapid drawdown trough, harbor water drains so low that boats with deep keels (\(1.5\text{ to }3\text{ meters}\)) slam down onto the hard harbor bottom, roll over onto their sides, and flood cleanly over their gunwales when the next wave crest roars back in 3 minutes later.
  4. During the rapid surge peak, floating docks can float right off the tops of their vertical steel or wood guide pilings, breaking loose with 50 boats still tied to them and smashing across the harbor like a runaway barge.
  5. Lethal Mooring Line Snapback: When a 10-ton boat tied with taut nylon dock lines is suddenly lifted 3 meters or dropped into a trough by a 12-knot harbor current, either the cleat rips out of the fiberglass deck or the nylon line stretches to its breaking point and snaps, whipping back across the dock at over 300 kilometers per hour (185 miles per hour), fast enough to amputate limbs or kill a bystander instantly.

Step-by-Step Boat and Marina Protocol

  • If you are at home or in the parking lot when a Tsunami Advisory, Meteotsunami Warning, or Severe Seiche Warning is issued: Do NOT drive down to the marina to check on your boat. No boat or insurance deductible is worth being trapped on a collapsing floating dock when the harbor drains and refills.
  • If you are already on the dock when water begins surging or draining: Drop everything and walk immediately off the gangway onto solid high ground behind the seawall.
  • If you have 2+ hours of advance warning before a distant wave or forecast storm seiche AND authorities permit vessel evacuation:
  • Either haul the boat out of the water onto a trailer on high ground, OR pilot the vessel out of the harbor before currents start and hold station in deep open water greater than 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) deep (for major ocean tsunamis, Coast Guard guidance specifies greater than 55 to 180 meters [30 to 100 fathoms]).
  • If leaving a boat moored in a slip before evacuating on foot: double up spring lines and bow/stern lines with maximum slack and chafe guards to allow for a 2-to-3-meter vertical rise and fall (applicable only on fixed piers where slack prevents hanging the boat by its cleats during a low trough).

Regional high-risk zones and local names to recognize worldwide

Many regions use local warning terms for seiches and meteotsunamis:

Region / Water Body Local Name Key Characteristics
North American Great Lakes Seiche / Meteotsunami Lake Erie sees \(2\text{ to }4.5\text{ m}\) wind tilts between Toledo and Buffalo. Lake Michigan and Lake Superior experience summer derecho meteotsunamis (\(1\text{ to }3\text{ m}\)) that sweep piers.
(Gulf of Mexico) Meteotsunami / Squall Surge (Gulf of Mexico)
Balearic Islands, Spain Rissaga Atmospheric gravity waves trigger Proudman Resonance in Ciutadella Harbor (Menorca), causing \(1.5\text{ to }4+\text{ m}\) (\(5\text{ to }13+\text{ ft}\)) swings every 10 minutes.
Adriatic Sea (Croatia) Šćiga Funnel-shaped karst bays amplify atmospheric waves into \(2\text{ to }6\text{ m}\) (\(6.5\text{ to }20\text{ ft}\)) surges.
Japan (Nagasaki Bay) Abiki East China Sea pressure jumps resonate in Nagasaki Bay, creating \(2\text{ to }4.8\text{ m}\) (\(6.5\text{ to }16\text{ ft}\)) harbor surges.
UK & Mediterranean Milghavoc / Marrubbio Fast storms create sudden \(1\text{ to }2\text{ m}\) harbor surges in the English Channel (milghavoc) and Sicily/Malta (marrubbio).

Ngaahi fehu'i 'oku toutou 'eke .

‘E lava ke hoko ha peaukula mo‘oni ‘i ha vaitupu vai ma‘a ‘i ‘uta hangē ko Leiki Tahoé, Leiki Seneé, pe ko e Ngaahi Leiki Lahí?

‘Io, ‘oku a‘usia ‘e he ngaahi vaitupu ‘i ‘utá ‘a e fa‘ahinga kehekehe ‘e ua ‘o e peaukula mo‘oní ‘a ia ‘oku nau tō‘onga tatau mo e ngaahi peaukula ‘o e ‘oseni. 'Uluakí, 'oku fa'a hoko 'a e ngaahi peaukula faka'ea (meteotsunamis) 'i he ngaahi vaitupu lalahi 'o 'Amelika Tokelau 'i he taimi 'oku fononga vave ai 'a e ngaahi laine 'o e squall pe derechos 'i he vave totonu 'o e peau 'o e vaitupu 'oku 'ikai loloto, langa 'a e 1 ki he 3+ mita (3 ki he 10+ fute) strike pass hours 'a e ngaahi peau surging. Uá, 'oku hoko 'a e ngaahi peaukula 'o e vaitupu tectonic mo e holo 'i he ngaahi vaitupu loloto 'oku fakangatangata 'a e hala pe 'o e 'alpine hange ko e Leiki Tahoe, Leiki Sene, Leiki Lucerne, mo e ngaahi fjords 'o Noaue pe 'Alasika 'i ha taimi pe 'oku ruptures ai 'e ha mofuike ha hala 'o e vaitupu 'o e funga 'o e vaitupu ki he wa de collap rocksli . 10 ki he 100+ mita ma'olunga 'i he miniti.

Ko e ha e faikehekehe 'o e seiche mo e peaukula?

Ko e peaukula ko ha lēlue peau fakalakalaka ia ʻoku ʻalu atu ki tuʻa mei ha hiki fakafokifā ʻo e vaí (hangē ko ha movete ʻa e hala ʻo e mofuiké, holo ʻa e kelekelé ʻi lalo tahí, pe puna ʻi he ʻea ʻo e ʻeá) pea fononga ʻi he vai ʻataʻatā ke taaʻi ha laine ʻo e matāfangá. Ko e seiche ko ha peau tu'u 'a ia 'oku oscillates 'a e pesini kotoa 'oku 'atakai'i pe semi-'atakai'i (ko ha vaitupu, vaitupu, fjord, pe taulanga) ki mui mo e 'i hono tu'o lahi resonant fakanatula hange ko e vai sloshing 'i ha kaukau. Ko e meʻa mahuʻingá, ʻoku faʻa ngāue ha peaukula, meteotsunami, pe matangi mālohi ko e ʻuluaki fakatupu ʻokú ne fokotuʻu ha vaitupu pe taulanga ʻoku ʻātakaiʻi ki ha oscillation seiche resonant houa lahi.

Ko e hā naʻe fakafokifā ai ʻa e holo hifo ʻa e vai ʻi homau lepá pe taulangá ʻo mita ʻe 2 (fute ʻe 6.5) pea ʻasi mai ʻa e lalo pelepelá?

Ko ha holo fakafokifā, vave ‘a e tu‘unga ‘o e vaí ‘i ha matātahi ‘o e vaitupú, ngutu ‘o e vaitafé, pe taulangá ‘oku hoko ia ‘i he taha ‘o e ongo ‘uhinga fakatu‘utāmaki ki he mo‘uí: pe ko e ngaahi matangi ‘o e afā ‘oku hokohoko atu pe ko e ngaahi kehekehe ‘o e mālohi ‘o e barometric kuo nau teke‘i ‘a e vai ‘o e peisiní ki he tafa‘aki ‘o e matātahi fehangahangaí (senamiiche trougha, pe ko e le . kuo toki a'u mai 'a e peaukula ki homou 'uta. ‘I he ongo tu‘ungá fakatou‘osi, ‘e toho fakamālohi‘i ‘e he kalāvité ‘a e mo‘unga vai kuo hiki ko iá ki mui ki ho matātahí, ‘o fa‘a a‘u mai ‘i loto ‘i he miniti ‘e 1 ki he 15 ko ha fo‘i ‘aofi moveuveu ‘oku nga‘unu vave. ‘Oua ‘aupito na‘á ke lue atu ki tu‘a ki ha funga vaitupu pe fungavaka ‘oku ‘asi; fetukutuku leva ki he feituʻu māʻolungá.

Ko e hā ʻoku faʻa lahi ange ai ʻa e peau hono tolu pe fā ʻo ha vaitupu seiche pe meteotsunami ʻi he ʻuluaki peau?

‘I he ‘ikai hangē ko ha peau matangi ‘e taha ‘oku motuhiá, ‘oku ‘ata mai ha seiche pe meteotsunami mei he ngaahi matātahi fefeka ‘o ha vaitupu ‘oku ‘ātakai‘i pe ko ha ‘ā ‘oku fōtunga V pea ‘oku ne puna holo ‘i he tafa‘aki ‘o e peisiní ‘i ha ngaahi houa lahi. 'I he taimi 'oku fepaki ai ha peau faka'ata 'oku fononga ki mui 'i he tafa'aki 'o e vaitupu pea merges mo ha lēlue peau 'oku ha'u hono ua, ha squall-laine 'o e 'uha, pe ko ha funnel taulanga 'oku fakapuliki (fakafepaki'i 'o e peau langa mo e resonance 'o e taulanga), 'oku amplifies 'a e ma'olunga 'o e peau fakataha'i 'i he founga fakaofo. Nofo ma'u pe 'i he ngaahi matātahi, ngaahi taulanga, mo e ngaahi taulanga 'i ha ngaahi houa lahi hili 'a e 'uluaki 'oho kae 'oua kuo fakapapau'i 'e he ngaahi me'afua faka'ofisiale 'o e levolo 'o e vai kuo holo hifo 'a e ngaahi oscillations.

Kuo vakaiʻi ʻa e ngaahi maʻuʻanga fakamatalá

  • Pule'anga Fakafonua ki he 'Oseni mo e 'Atakai (NOAA, 'Iunaiteti Siteiti) Potungaue Fakafonua ki he 'Oseni mo e Fale Fakatotolo Faka'atakai 'o e Ngaahi Vai Lahi (GLERL): Ko e ha 'a e Seiche? Ko e Hā ‘a e Meteotisunami? Ko e Ngaahi Ngaue 'a e Levolo 'o e Vai 'o e Ngaahi Vai Lahi, Fisiki 'o e Proudman Resonance, mo e Fakatotolo'i 'o e Meteotsunami Taimi Mo'oni.
  • Savea Fakasiokalafi 'a e 'Iunaiteti Siteiti (USGS): Ngaahi Peau Fakatupu 'e he Tafea 'o e Kelekele mo e Ngaahi Megatsunami 'i lalo 'i he Ngaahi Vai 'i he Ngaahi Vai, Ngaahi Vai, mo e Ngaahi Vai (Lituya Bay 1958, Taan Fiord 2015, mo e Ngaahi Sivi Fakatu'utamaki 'o Barry Arm).
  • Potungaue 'Ea Fakafonua (NWS / NOAA, 'Amelika): Ngaahi Tu'unga Fakatokanga ki he Tafea 'i he 'Otu Leiki, Ngaahi Fakahinohino ki he Folau Malu Lolotonga 'a e Peaukula/Seiche, mo e Toe Langa 'o e Maukula 'o e Leiki Misikeni 'i Sikaiko 'i he 'aho 26 'o Sune, 1954.
  • Kautaha Fakamatala 'a Mamani (WMO) mo e Komisoni Fakavaha'apule'anga ki he 'Oseni (IOC / UNESCO): Fakahinohino Fakamamani Lahi ki he Ngaahi Fakatu'utamaki 'o e 'Ea, Le'o 'o e Taulanga (Rissaga, Abiki, Šćiga), mo e Ngaahi Fakatu'utamaki 'o e Levolo 'o e Tahi 'oku 'ikai ke fakamofuike.
  • Ofisi Fakafederal ki he 'Atakai (FOEN, Suisalani) mo e Potungaue Ma'u'anga Vai mo e Malohi 'a Noaue (NVE): Ngaahi Peaukula 'o e Leiki 'o e 'Alapi (Leiki Sene 563 AD, Leiki Luseni) mo e Ngaahi Polokalama Fakatokanga Tomu'a ki he Maka 'o e Fjord 'o Noaue (Geirafjor)

Ngaahi fakahinohino fekau'aki