Nga Ngaru Seiche, Nga Ngaru o te Roto ki uta, me nga Ngaru Wai ohorere¶

Ko te seiche (ko saysh) he ngaru tu e oho ana ki roto, ki roto i tetahi puna wai kua kapi, kua koopuitia ranei, penei i te Roto Nui, te puna maunga, te fjord, te kokoru, te whanga ranei. Kaore i rite ki nga ngaru hau ka pakaru ia 5 ki te 15 hēkona, ka whakararuraru noa i te mata, na te seiche, te ngaru roto roto ranei ka whakatau i te nui o te wai katoa o te peeke ka marere mai i uta ki uta ano he wai i roto i te kaukau. I te peia e te peke pehanga barometric ohorere, nga raina awhiowhio, nga hau derecho, nga rū whenua, me nga toka i raro i te rangi ka taka ki roto i nga roto hohonu me nga awaawa, ka heke te wai o te whanga ma te 2 ki te 5 mita (6.5 ki te 16.5 putu) i roto i nga meneti, ka kitea nga punawai paru i mua i te hokinga mai o te wai karekau i mua i te hokinga mai o te wai o te moana.

Ko te mea kino ake ko nga ngaru hihiko (megatsunamis) i roto i nga roto whaiti alpine, nga puna papuni, me nga awaawa hukapapa, kei reira nga miriona mita pūtoru o te toka, te hukapapa hukapapa ranei ka taka ki roto i te wai kati, ka pana nga ngaru oke **10 ki te 500+ mita (33 ki te 1,640+ mita) kei roto i te riu o runga ake i te riu. 180 hēkona. E ai ki te United States National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), te United States Geological Survey (USGS), me te World Meteorological Organization (WMO), ka mate te hunga mate i roto i nga ngaru roto me te seiches na te mea e kii ana ratou kei te noho noa te ahupūngao tainiwhaniwha i te moana tuwhera, na te mea ranei ka haere ki waho ki nga roto hou me nga pakaruhanga wai ka rere ohorere te wai.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Evacuate breakwaters, piers, river mouths, and beaches the instant water rises or falls abnormally. If you see lake or harbor water drain away rapidly, see a sudden swirling whirlpool current at a harbor entrance or bridge channel, or notice water creeping up over dry beach sand when no storm is overhead, abandon the shoreline immediately. Move perpendicular to the shore toward high ground at least 15 to 30 meters (50 to 100 feet) above the water or into the third floor or higher of a reinforced concrete building.
2. Sprint straight up the valley wall if you hear a thunderous rockslide or glacier calving boom in a fjord or mountain lake. In narrow alpine lakes, dam reservoirs, and steep fjords (such as in Norway, Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, New Zealand, or the European Alps), a rockslide or ice avalanche hitting the water creates an impulse tsunami that crosses the basin at 100 to 250 kilometers per hour (60 to 155 miles per hour). You will have only 1 to 4 minutes before the wave hits the opposite shore. Drop all camping gear, kayaks, and fishing tackle, and scramble straight up the steepest hillside behind you for at least 30 to 60 vertical meters (100 to 200 feet).
3. Never return to the beach, dock, or marina after the first wave recedes. Because a seiche is a resonant standing wave that bounces back and forth between opposite shores of an enclosed lake or harbor, the water will continue oscillating for 4 to 24+ hours. Due to constructive interference with secondary wind surges or reflected basin waves, the third, fourth, or fifth seiche oscillation arriving hours after the first wave is frequently taller and faster than the initial surge. Stay on high ground until your national weather agency (such as the US National Weather Service, Environment and Climate Change Canada, or MeteoSwiss) cancels the Lakeshore Flood Warning or Tsunami Advisory.
4. Abandon your boat in the marina if a surge is imminent; take your vessel to deep water (>30 to 50 meters / 100 to 165 feet) ONLY if already underway offshore. Never run down onto floating marina docks during a seiche, meteotsunami, or harbor resonance event to tie extra lines or rescue your boat. Harbor channels act as hydraulic funnels where water velocity reaches 15 to 30 kilometers per hour (8 to 16 knots), snapping steel pilings, ripping floating docks off their guides, and crushing anyone caught between hulls. If you are already boating on open water when a warning sounds or a cliff collapses, steer immediately away from the shore and out of narrow channels into deep open water at least 30 to 50 meters (100 to 165 feet) deep, pointing your bow directly into the incoming long-period wave.
5. Stay completely off stone jetties, pierheads, and concrete lakefront walls FOR 6 HOURS AFTER a fast-moving squall line or derecho crosses a large lake. On the North American Great Lakes (Lake Michigan, Lake Erie, Lake Superior, Lake Huron, Lake Ontario), Lake Geneva, Lake Garda, and Lake Baikal, the deadliest seiches and meteotsunamis strike 1 to 4 hours after the thunderstorm has passed, when the sun comes back out and swimmers or anglers walk back onto the pier.
6. Call emergency services from high ground if anyone is swept into the water, and never jump in after them. Seiche return currents (backwash) drag victims over submerged riprap boulders and out into deep cold water at speeds impossible for any human swimmer to fight. Call your local emergency number (911 in the United States and Canada, 112 across the European Union, 999 in the United Kingdom, or see all tau ohorere), throw a tethered flotation device or rescue ring from dry high ground, and keep visual track of the victim for coast guard or fire-rescue boats.

Seiche, meteotsunami, and lake impulse wave survival decision tree¶

Use this field decision flowchart to distinguish between an atmospheric seiche, a squall-line meteotsunami, a seismic lake tsunami, and a catastrophic alpine rockslide impulse wave.

flowchart TD
    Start["Abnormal Water Behavior on a Lake, Fjord, Reservoir, or Harbor:<br/>Sudden Water Recession, Roaring Current, or Cliff Collapse"] --> TriggerCheck{"What warning sign or trigger<br/>did you just observe?"}

    TriggerCheck -->|"1. Thunderous Rockslide / Landslide / Glacier Calving<br/>OR Strong Earthquake Shaking Near a Lake or Fjord"| ImpulseWave["CATASTROPHIC IMPULSE WAVE / SEISMIC LAKE TSUNAMI<br/>(Arrival Time: 30 Seconds to 5 Minutes):<br/>1. DROP ALL GEAR: Do not pack tents, kayaks, or bags<br/>2. SPRINT STRAIGHT UPHILL perpendicular to shoreline<br/>3. Climb at least 30 to 60+ vertical meters (100 to 200+ ft)<br/>4. If in a boat offshore: Full throttle to deep center of basin<br/>   and point bow straight into the incoming wave"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"2. Water Suddenly Drains Out of Harbor / Beach<br/>Exposing Mudflats, Rocks, or Stranding Boats"| TroughArrival["WAVE TROUGH ARRIVAL (Seiche or Meteotsunami):<br/>1. NEVER walk onto exposed lakebed or breakwater<br/>2. Shout warnings to everyone on piers and beaches<br/>3. Run inland 300 to 500 m and climb 10 to 15 m (33 to 50 ft)<br/>4. Expect a 1 to 4 meter (3 to 13 ft) surging wall of water<br/>   within 1 to 10 minutes"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"3. Fast Thunderstorm / Derecho Crossed the Lake<br/>30 Mins to 4 Hours Ago (Sky Now Clear)"| PostStormSeiche["POST-STORM METEOTSUNAMI / REFLECTED SEICHE:<br/>1. Stay completely OFF concrete piers, breakwaters, & river mouths<br/>2. Keep children and pets back from the water's edge<br/>3. Watch for sudden 5-to-20-minute water level swings<br/>4. Do not re-enter marinas until oscillations stop (4 to 12+ hrs)"]

    TriggerCheck -->|"4. Moored inside a Marina / Harbor Channel<br/>When Violent Currents & Water Swings Begin"| MarinaAction{"Are you currently on land<br/>or already aboard the vessel?"}

    MarinaAction -->|"On Land / On the Dock"| LeaveBoat["WAIHO KAUPAPA I TE POTI:<br/>1. Rere atu i nga tauranga maanu ki runga i te whenua teitei totoka inaianei<br/>2. Kaua rawa e ngana ki te whakatika i nga raina here i te wa e paheke ana te whanga<br/>3. Kia mataara mo nga raina kapohia (te mate whiu) me nga tauranga kua maru"]

    MarinaAction -->|"I runga i te Waka i te wai tuwhera"| DeepWater["MAUNGA KI TE WAI TUwhera HOHOHO (>30 ki te 50 m / 100 ki te 165 ft):<br/>1. KAUA e ngana ki te kuhu ki te wahapu whaiti, te awaawa ranei<br/>2. Me urungi ki roto i nga wai hohonu tuwhera atu i nga toka me nga pari<br/>3. Aroturuki VHF Marine Channel 16 kia marama katoa"]

Te whakatairite i nga mea e 5 i roto i te peeke me te ngaru takutai¶

Ko nga tangata e noho ana, e hararei ana ranei i te taha o nga roto, nga awaawa, nga awaawa, me nga kokoru ka tutaki ki nga momo aitua rereke e rima o nga aitua wai ohorere. Ahakoa ka taea e te tokorima te toremi i nga tangata ki runga i nga tauranga me te pakaru i nga moana, he rereke te kaha o te taraiwa, te wa ngaru, me te teitei o te rerenga e hiahiatia ana.

The physics of a Seiche and Merian's Formula: Why enclosed lakes slosh like a bathtub¶

Understanding how a seiche forms explains why water can vanish from one city's waterfront while simultaneously flooding a city at the opposite end of the same lake:

1. Wind Set-Up, Barometric Tilting, and the Sudden Release¶

When fierce sustained winds from a winter storm, cold front, or derecho blow along the length of an elongated lake (such as southwest-to-northeast winds blowing down the 388-kilometer [241-mile] length of Lake Erie toward Buffalo, New York), surface friction drags billions of cubic meters of water toward the downwind shore. At the same time, high barometric pressure at the back of the storm pushes down on the upwind end of the lake while low barometric pressure at the front of the storm pulls water upward at the downwind end (every \(1\text{ hectopascal/millibar}\) difference in air pressure changes water height by \(1\text{ centimeter}\)). - During extreme Lake Erie wind set-ups, the water level at Toledo, Ohio (the western end) has dropped by \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) below normal, exposing kilometers of dry mudflats and shutting down nuclear and coal power plant cooling-water intakes, while simultaneously rising \(2.1\text{ to }2.4\text{ meters}\) (\(7\text{ to }8\text{ feet}\)) above normal at Buffalo, New York (the eastern end), creating a total end-to-end water tilt of \(4.5+\text{ meters}\) (\(15+\text{ feet}\)). - The Slosh Back: The moment the wind dies down or shifts direction, gravity pulls that elevated mountain of water backward down the slope of the lake. Because of hydrodynamic momentum, the water does not simply flatten out at normal level: it overshoots equilibrium, flooding the western end while draining the eastern end, and then bounces back and forth across the basin for days.

2. Merian's Formula: Predicting How Fast a Lake Oscillates¶

Every enclosed lake, reservoir, and harbor has a fixed natural resonant period (\(T\), the time it takes for one complete back-and-forth slosh cycle) governed by Merian's Formula for a single-node (uninodal) standing wave:

Where: - \(L\) = Length of the lake or harbor basin along the axis of oscillation (in meters) - \(g\) = Whakaterenga o te kaha (\(9.81\text{ m/s}2\)) - \(h\) = Te hohonu toharite o te puna wai (i mita)

No te mea he ngaru-wai-papaku te seiche (te tikanga he roa ake tona roangaru i te hohonutanga o te roto), ko tona tere (\(c = \sqrt{g \cdot h}\)) ka whakawhirinaki ** ki te hohonu o te wai**: - Ko nga roto, nga moana pukoro poto, nga whanga ranei he tere tere: Ko te roto o Geneva (\(73\text{ km}\) te roa, \(154\text{m}\) te hohonutanga toharite) kei te roa te roa o te waa kore-inodal he 73 meneti; Lake Tahoe (\(35\text{ km}\) long, \(305\text{m}\) average depth) ka hoki whakamuri, ka hoki mai i roto noa 18 ki te 21 meneti; he \(1\text{-kilomita}\)-roa te wai moana (\(10\text{ m}\) hohonu) ka marere ia 3 ki te 6 meneti. - Ko nga roto roa, papaku ka oho puhoi ano he tai nui: Lake Erie (\(388\text{ km}\) te roa, engari \(19\text{m}\) [62 feet] noa te hohonutanga) he roa noa iho te roa o te waa o te waa 14 haora.

3. Ko te "Nodal Line" vs. "Antinode" Trap¶

I roto i te ngaru seiche e tu ana, ko te waenganui tika o te roto ka mahi hei tohu kaurori e kiia nei ko te node (raina nodal ranei), ko nga tahataha o tera taha hei antinodes: - I te Shoreline Antinodes (Nga pito o te Roto): Ka piu te teitei o te wai poutū ki runga, ki raro ki te tino teitei (\(2\text{ to }5\text{ mita}\)), waipuke takutai me tauranga, i te mea he iti nga au whakapae i te tihi me te awaawa. - I te Raina Nodal Mid-Lake (me Narrow Straits like the Straits of Mackinac, Messina, or Euripus): Ko te taumata o te wai poutū kare noa e rereke, engari ko te rōrahi katoa o te roto me tere whakapae whakamuri whakamuri puta noa i te kōpuku, ka whakaputa i te tutu, ka huri i raro i te wai me te au o te mata e kapo ana i nga paipa kua ruku ki waho, ka huri i nga waka rererangi.

Meteotsunamis me Proudman Resonance: Me pehea te ngaru 3 mita te paheketanga i raro i te rangi paki¶

I te Pipiri 26, 1954, he raina tere o nga whatitiri o te raumati i whakawhiti atu ki te tonga o Lake Michigan mai i te hauauru ki te tonga-rawhiti. Tata e rua haora i muri mai i te paahitanga o te tupuhi, i te ata o te rangi i runga i Chicago, Illinois me te mano o nga tangata e hī ika ana, e kaukau ana i te ra i te taha o nga pou raima i Montrose Harbour me North Avenue Beach, ohorere ana \(3\text{-meter}\) (\(10\text{-foot}\)) te pakitara o te wai ka tuki atu ki nga tahataha o te moana o Chicago, ** tangata**.

Ko tenei aitua he meteotsunami na Proudman Resonance: 1. (Gulf of Mexico) - Hei tauira, i te taha tonga o te roto o Michigan kei reira te hohonutanga o te wai (\(h\)) he ahua \(55\text{ ki }65\text{ mita}\) (\(180\text{ to }215\text{ feet}\)), ko te tere ngaru-wai papaku he \(c = \sqrt{9.81 \times 60} \approx 24.2s\s\)text. \(87\text{ km/h}\) (\(54\text{ mph}\)). I nga wa katoa ka whiti te raina o te raumati me te awha i te taha tonga o te roto o Michigan i te \(85\text{ ki }95\text{ km/h}\) (\(50\text{ to }60\text{mph}\)), ka raka a Proudman Resonance ki roto ka hangaia he meteotsunami kino. 2. Ko te Whakaata Whakaata me te Whakanuia Hoa: I te aitua o Chicago i te tau 1954, i neke atu te awha i Chicago ki Michigan City, Indiana. I pa te meteotsunami ki te taha tonga-tonga-tonga o te roto o Michigan i te tuatahi, ** ka peke atu i te takutai o Indiana ano he poi piriona e patu ana i te urunga**, ka haere whakamuri puta noa i te roto ki te patu i a Chicago i nga haora e rua i muri mai i raro i te rangi marama, ka piki te papa papau o raro ki runga tonu i nga tauranga.

Te horonga whenua me te ngaru o te hukapapa: Ko te 500 mita fjord me te puna wai megatsunami¶

Ahakoa ka eke ki te \(1\text{ ki te }10\text{ mita}\) (\(3\text{ to }33\text{ feet}\)), nga ngaru o te horo i raro i te whenua kei roto i nga awaawa whaiti, nga roto maunga, me nga puna wai e whakaputa ana i nga ngaru teitei rawa atu kua tuhia i roto i te hitori o te tangata: - Lituya Bay, Alaska (Hōngongoi 9, 1958): Na te ru i wetekina te \(30\text{ million cubic metera}\) (\(40\text{ million cubic yards}\)) o te toka teitei i runga ake o Gilbert Inlet; ka kuhu te toka ki roto i te fjord ka panaia he ngaru hikaka \(524\text{ mita}\) (\(1,720\text{ feet}\)) poutū ki runga i te hiwi o tera taha o te maunga, teitei ake i te Whare Empire State. - Vajont Dam Reservoir, Italy (Oketopa 9, 1963): He \(260\text{-million-cubic-meter}\) te horo whenua i heke atu i Monte Toc ki roto i te roto puna wai whaiti i muri o Vajont Dam, ka nekehia te wai ki roto i te \(250\text{-mita}\) te ngaru i runga ake i te $820}\text) i muru te taone riu o Longarone i raro, i mate tata ki te 2,000 tangata i raro i te 7 meneti. - Tafjord (1934, \(62\text{m}\) wave, 40 dead) and Loen / Lovatnet Lake, Norway (1905 and 1936, \(40\text{ to }74\text{m}\) waves, 135 dead): Rockslides falls off steep Norwegian fjord and lake cliffs oblited villages oblid villages. - Lake Geneva, Switzerland/France (563 AD Tauredunum Tsunami): Na te hinganga o te maunga i te awaawa o Rhône River i paheke ai te paheketanga o raro i te wai, ka heke te \(8\text{ ki }13\text{ mita}\) (\(26\text{ to }43\text{ foot}\)) tsunami, i runga i te roa o te Roto Geneva i muri mai i te pa o Geneva*

4 Ture Whakaoranga mo nga Kaihopu, Kaihoe, me nga Kaihoe Poti i Fjords me Alpine Lakes¶

1. Kaua rawa e whakatu teneti ki runga i te takutai kirikiri iti, ki te tahataha, ki te takutai ranei e tuwha ana ki roto i te awaawa teitei, i te roto hukapapa ranei. I nga awaawa hukapapa (Alaska, British Columbia, Norway, Greenland, Chile/Patagonia, Niu Tireni), ka rewa te hukapapa me te whakamuri o nga hukapapa ka waiho nga titahatanga o nga maunga me te hukapapa e iri tika ana (* he hukapapa e iri ana ki runga ake. Me noho tonu ki runga i nga taumanu papa teitei i te iti rawa 20 ki te 30 mita poutū (65 ki te 100 putu) i runga ake i te raina wai.
2. Kia mau ki te 400 ki te 800 mita (0.25 ki te 0.5 maero) te tawhiti atu i te mata o te wai tai, te awaawa ranei e whakamutu ana i te roto. Ka tohe ana tetahi papa hukapapa nui ki roto i te wai, he kino ake ranei, ka mawehe atu tetahi waewae huka i raro i te moana (te wai o te moana) ka puta mai i te papa kopaka ki runga ki te mata, ka pupuhi atu ki te mata te ngaru hikaka o te kanohi ka huri i nga waaawa me nga poti haerenga i roto i nga hēkona.
3. Mena kei te waka waka koe, kei te u ranei koe ki te takutai fjord ka paoro te toka, te kowhaowhao whanau ranei puta noa i te wai:
4. Mena kei runga koe, kei roto ranei i te 20 mita o te takutai: Waiho tonu to waka waka ki te takutai (kaua e pau te 15 hēkona ki te here ki runga, ki te toia ranei ki runga ake i te raina o te tai) ka oma totika ki runga i te pukepuke pari teitei ka taea e koe te piki i roto i te 60 ki te 120 hēkona i mua i te paanga.
5. Mena kei te hoe koe i roto i te wai tuwhera neke atu i te 100 mita ki uta: Hurihia to kopere 90 nga nekehanga e tika ana ki te tihi o te ngaru e haere mai ana (te tohu totika ki te ngaru), whakamau ki raro me to hoe kia reri mo te awhi teitei, Eskimo roll ranei, ka hoe atu i nga pari papaku me nga pari pari ka pakaru te ngaru ka whakaata.

Te haruru o te whanga me te oranga o te moana mo nga kaieke poti me nga kaimahi tauranga¶

Ina ruru ana i tawhiti (tirohia to tatou aratohu tainiwhaniwha), he meteotsunami, he awha moana roa ranei ka uru ki roto i te whanga takutai moana, i te moana moana ranei, te haruru o te whanga (Helmholtz resonance) ka huri te ahua iti nei te rerekee o te wai ki roto i te kaitapahi waipēhi kino i roto i te peihana.

He aha nga Marina Ko te waahi tino kino i te wa o te Seiche me te Tohutohu Tsunami¶

1. Hydraulic Bottleneck Acceleration: Ina heke te taumata o te wai i roto i te \(1\text{-square-kilometer}\) \(1.5\text{ mita}\) (\(5\text{ feet}\)) i roto noa i te 5 meneti, e hia miriona tone wai ka pehia ki roto i te kuiti \(50\text{-mita}\)-whanui. Ko te tere o te wai i te wahapu o te whanga me nga piriti piriti ka tere ake ki te 15 ki te 35 kiromita ia haora (8 ki te 19 knots), ka puta he peke waipēhi tu, awhiowhio (eddies), me nga awaawa e haehae ana i nga waka whakatere me nga tohu hongere ki waho i o ratou punga raima.
2. Kaarahi Tauranga Maangi-Turanga Puka me te Whakapapa:
3. I roto i te whakarerenga tere o te wai, ka heke te wai o te whanga kia iti rawa te heke o nga poti me nga keera hohonu (\(1.5\text{ to }3\text{ mita}\)) ki raro o te whanga pakeke, ka huri ki runga ki o ratou taha, ka waipuke ki runga i o ratou pu, ka haruru te ngaru o muri mai i te 3 meneti i muri mai.
4. I roto i te pukenga tere tere, ka taea e nga tauranga maanu te rewa ** i runga tonu i te tihi o te tira poutū, te rakau arataki rakau ranei**, ka matara me te 50 nga poti e herea tonu ana ki a ratou ka pakaru i te whanga ano he waapa rere.
5. Whakamuri Whakamuri Raina Whakamatea: Ki te herea te poti 10-toni ki nga raina tauranga nylon ka hikitia kia 3 mita, ka taka ranei ki roto i te waka e te awa whanga 12-knot, ka mawehe atu te kurupae i te papa muka kaata, ka toro atu ranei te raina nylon ki tona waahi pakaru, ka mapu, ka hoki ki roto i te waapu i te 30 kiromita i **) e tika ana ki te tapahi i nga peka, ki te patu ranei i te tangata e tu tonu ana.

Poti-a-Taahiraa me te Kawa Marina¶

• Mena kei te kainga koe, kei te waahi waka waka ranei ka tukuna he Tohutohu Tsunami, Whakatupato Meteotsunami, Whakatupato Severe Seiche ranei: Kaua e peia ki raro ki te moana ki te tirotiro i to poti. Karekau he poti, he tango inihua ranei e tika ana kia mau ki runga i te tauranga maanu e tiango ana ina rere te whanga ka whakakiia ano.
• Mena kei runga kee koe i te tauranga ina timata te wai i te pupuhi, i te heke ranei: Whakatakahia nga mea katoa ka hikoi tonu atu i te huarahi ki runga i te whenua teitei i muri o te taiapa moana.
• Mena kei a koe te 2+ haora o te whakatupato i mua i te ngaru tawhiti, te matapae ranei i te tupuhi, me te whakaae a nga mana whakahaere ki te wehe waka:
• Me toia te poti ki waho o te wai ki runga wakatō i runga i te whenua teitei, RĀNEI te whakatere i te waka ki waho o te whanga i mua i te tiimata o te au me te pupuri i te waahi i te wai hohonu nui atu i te 30 ki te 50 mita (100 ki te 165 putu) te hohonu (mo nga ngaru nui o te moana, ka tohuhia e te Kaitiaki Taiao ** nui ake i te 55 ki te 180 mita]**).
• Mena ka waiho he poti kia mau ki roto i te paheke i mua i te wehe ma te waewae: whakawharuahia nga raina puna me nga raina kopere me nga raina kei raro me te kaitiaki morahi me nga kaarai kia taea ai te 2-ki-3-mita te piki poutū me te taka (e tika ana ki runga i nga pou kua mau e kore e taea te whakairi i te poti ki ona maru i roto i te waawa iti).

Nga rohe morearea nui a rohe me nga ingoa rohe kia mohiohia puta noa i te ao¶

He maha nga rohe e whakamahi ana i nga kupu whakatupato a-rohe mo te seiches me te meteotsunamis:

Pātai auau¶

Ka taea e te tainiwhaniwha te tupu ki roto i te roto wai maori o uta penei i te Roto Tahoe, Roto Geneva, i nga Roto Nui ranei?¶

Āe, e rua ngā momo āniwhaniwha tūturu e pā ana ki ngā roto tuawhenua e ōrite ana te āhua ki ngā āniwhaniwha moana. Tuatahi, he rite tonu te puta o nga tainiwhaniwharangi (meteotsunamis) ki nga Roto Nui o Amerika Te Taitokerau ina haere nga raina awhiowhio me nga derechos tere i runga i te tere o te ngaru wai-papau o te roto, ka hanga 1 ki te 3+ mita (3 ki te 10+ waewae) nga ngaru e pa ana i nga haora i muri i te paahitanga o te awha. Tuarua, ka puta nga tainiwhaniwha roto tectonic me te horo whenua ki nga roto hohonu o te taha-a-papa, i nga roto alpine ranei penei i te Lake Tahoe, Lake Geneva, Lake Lucerne, me nga fjords Norwegian, Alaskan ranei i nga wa ka pakaru te ru i te he o te papa-roto, ka taka mai ranei te toka nui ki roto i te wai, ka whakaputa ngaru whakamate ki te 10+ mita te teitei i roto i nga meneti 1000.

He aha te rereketanga o te seiche me te tai tainiwhaniwha?¶

Ko te tsunami he tereina ngaru ahu whakamua ka puta ki waho mai i te nukutanga ohorere o te wai (pēnei i te pakaru o te ru, te horo i raro i te wai, te peke pehanga hau) ka haere ki runga i te wai tuwhera ki te patu i te takutai. Ko te seiche he ngaru tu tonu e oho ana te katoa o te peeke kua oti te kati (te roto, te puna, te fjord, te whanga ranei) ki te hokinga mai me te rere o te haruru o te taiao ano he wai e pupuhi ana i roto i te kaukau. Ko te mea nui, ko te tainiwhaniwha, ko te meteotsunami, ko te awha hau kaha te mahi tuatahi hei whakaohooho i te roto, i te whanga ranei ki roto i te ohoohooho resonant seiche oscillation maha-haora.

He aha te take i heke ohorere ai te wai i roto i to tatou roto, i te whanga ranei i te 2 mita (6.5 putu) ka kitea te takere o te paru?¶

Ko te hekenga ohorere, te tere o te wai i te taha moana o te roto, te wahapu awa, te whanga ranei ka puta mo tetahi o nga take e rua e whakararu ana i te oranga: na te kaha o te hau tupuhi, na te rerekeetanga o te pehanga barometric ranei i pana te wai o te peeke ki tera taha taha (whakatu i te hau), i te awa matua ranei o te meteotsunami, katahi ano ka tae mai ki te tai tai, te horo whenua ranei. I roto i tetahi take, ka kaha te toia e te kaha o taua maunga wai kua nekehia ki to takutai, ka tae mai i roto i te 1 ki te 15 meneti hei rua porekereke tere. Kaua rawa e hīkoi ki waho i runga i te takotoranga roto, te papa whanga ranei; whakatahi tonu ki te whenua teitei.

He aha te mea he nui ake te ngaru tuatoru, tuawha ranei o te moana seiche me te meteotsunami i te ngaru tuatahi?¶

Kaore i rite ki te ngaru hau pakaru kotahi, ka whakaatahia te seiche me te meteotsunami mai i nga takutai totoka o te roto kapi, te kokoru ahua-V ranei, ka hoki whakamuri, whakamuri puta noa i te peihana mo nga haora. Ina tuki te ngaru whakaata e hoki ana i te roto, ka hanumi ki te tereina ngaru taumai tuarua, te ngaru awhiowhio tuarua, te kohanga whanga whaiti ranei (te wawaotanga ngaru me te haruru o te whanga), ka tino whakanui te teitei o te ngaru. Me noho tonu ki waho o nga takutai, nga tauranga, me nga moana mo etahi haora i muri i te ngakinga tuatahi tae noa ki te whakapumautanga o nga ine taumata wai whai mana kua heke nga ohooho.

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, United States) National Ocean Service and Great Lakes Environmental Research Laboratory (GLERL): He aha te Seiche? He aha te Meteotsunami? Nga Roopu Nui o te Wai Taumata o te Wai, Te Ahupūngao Resonance Proudman, me te Tirohanga Meteotsunami Wa-Tuturu.
• United States Geological Survey (USGS): Nga Ngaru Impulse-Generated Landslide and Subaerial Megatsunamis in Fjords, Lakes, and Reservoirs (Lituya Bay 1958, Taan Fiord 2015, and Barry Arm Hazard Assessments).
• Ratonga Huarere A-Motu (NWS / NOAA, United States): Paaru Whakatupato mo te Waipuke, Te Waa Haumaru i te Waa Ahurangi/Seiche Advisories, me te Whakahoutanga o te Hune 26, 1954 Chicago Lake Michigan Meteotsunami.
• World Meteorological Organization (WMO) and Intergovernmental Oceanographic Commission (IOC / UNESCO): Global Guide to Meteotsunamis, Harbour Resonance (Rissaga, Aliki, Šćiga), and Non-Seismic Coastal/Lacustrine Sea Taumata Momo.
• Te Tari Federal mo te Taiao (FOEN, Switzerland) me Norwegian Water Resources and Energy Directorate (NVE): Alpine Lake Tsunamis (Lake Geneva 563 AD, Lake Lucerne) me Norwegian Fjord Rockslide Nga Kawa Whakatupato Moata (Åknes / Geirangerfjord).

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Nga Aniwhaniwha: nga tohu whakatupato taiao me te rerenga ki runga
• Te awha, te tai kingi, me te waipuke takutai
• Nga derechos, nga hau raina-tika, me te oranga moroiti
• Te horo whenua, te paru, me te rere o te para
• Whakaorangia toremi me te awhina tuatahi ki te wai