Ko te Needlestick ohorere, te whara o te Syringe i Maka, me te Prophylaxis i muri i te Maranga¶

Ko te mamae i te weronga pokanoa mai i te ngira hypodermic whakamahia, te toka, te taputapu rongoa koi ranei, he ohotata morearea koiora ka pa te mataku ki te mate toto. Ka puta enei whara i roto i nga waahi rereke e rua: te tiaki hauora mahi, te whakamaaramatanga horoi ranei (nga nēhi, paramedic, phlebotomist, kaimahi niho, kaitiaki whare, me nga kaikawe para para totoka i werohia i te wa e hapai ana i nga koi, i nga peeke paru ranei) me ** nga rakau hopu syringe kua rukea e te hapori** (nga tamariki e okioki ana, e kohi ana ranei i te papa taahi, i te rūma noho, i te tahatika ranei ka werohia i te wa e toro atu ana ki roto i te ipu para a te iwi, i te nohoanga whare tapere ranei).

Ko nga mate tuku toto tuatahi e toru o te maaharahara hauora i muri mai i te ngira percutaneous ko Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV), Hepatitis B Virus (HBV), me Hepatitis C Virus (HCV), i te taha o tetanus (Clostridium tetani) mai i nga ngira o waho kua poke i te oneone. Ko te mate urutaru haumanu mai i te World Health Organization (WHO) me te Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States) e whakarato ana i nga pono tino nui e rua: tuatahi, ko te tupono tonu o te mate HIV mai i te ngira kua makahia e te hapori e kitea ana ki te hau o waho me te mahana he tino iti (i nga wa o mua tata ki te kore i roto i nga rangahau tirotiro kua whakaputaina), i te mea he nui ake te ora o te Hepatitis B; tuarua, Ko nga wawaotanga hauora tino nui, ina koa ko te HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (nPEP) i timata i roto i te 72 haora (me te mea pai i roto i te 2 ki te 24 haora) me te Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG) me te kano kano kano, ka taea te aukati i te hurihanga o te sero i te wa ka tukuna wawetia.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

Mena i werohia koe, i to tamaiti ranei i te ngira kua whakamahia, i makahia ranei, i te syringe, i tetahi taputapu koi ranei i naianei, mahia enei hikoinga e ono tonu:

1. ** Horoia tonu te waahi werohanga ki te hopi me te wai rere mo te 5 ki te 10 meneti**: Purihia te maihao, ringa, waewae ranei kua werohia ki raro i te rere o te wai matao, wera wera ranei, ka horoi ata ki te hopi wai ngawari. Tukua kia whakaheke toto noa te patunga i raro i te wai rere.
2. KAUA rawa e kotohe, te miraka, te ngotea, te ruia kaha, ka ringihia ranei te waiu, te mirimiri waipiro ranei ki te patunga i werohia: Kaua e whakawiri, ka kotia ranei te kiko huri noa i te werohanga o te ngira hei "miraka" toto, kaua e tuku to waha ki runga i te patunga ki te ngotea, kaua hoki e ringihia te whakakini o te whare, te hauwai, te waipiro korekore ranei ki roto i te werohanga. Ko nga rangahau a CDC me UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) ka whakapumau ko te kumete, te horoi ranei ka pakaru nga pakitara kapi, ka puta te mumura moroiti o te rohe, me te kumea hohonu atu nga matūriki huaketo ki roto i te toto, kaua ki te pana ki waho.
3. ** Horoihia nga kanohi, ihu, waha ranei ki te wai ma, ki te tote ranei mo te 15 meneti mena ka pakaru mai te wai mai i te syringe**: Mena ka pupuhi te wai mai i te oko syringe ki roto i ou kanohi, ihu ihu, waha ranei i te wa o te raru, horoia nga kanohi ki te wai rere tonu, 0.9% tote ranei mo te 15 meneti, ka horoi i to waha me te kore e horomia.
4. Waihohia te syringe kua makahia kia kaua e pa, nekehia ranei ma te kokopi anake ki roto i te pounamu kirihou pakeke (Kaua e whakahoki ano ma te ringaringa): Kaua rawa e whakamahi i ou maihao ki te pana i te potae kirihou ki runga ki te ngira (ko te whakahoki ano te take tuatahi o nga rakau ngira tuarua). Kia mahara he aha te ahua o te syringe (mehemea he kowhao te ngira, he toto makuku hou kei roto i te tari, me te paheketanga o te ngira). Tiakina etahi atu tamariki mai i te ngira, me mahara ko nga ruma ohorere kaore e whakamatautau i nga syringe kua makaia mo nga huaketo na te mea ko te whakamatautau i nga toenga o te taiao kua maroke he kore pono ki te haumanu me te whakaroa i te maimoatanga.
5. Haere ki te Tari Ohotata, Tiaki Urgent ranei (I roto i te 2 haora ki te taea, me te tino i mua i te 72 haora): Kaua e tatari mo nga ra e rua mo te whakatau i nga taakuta whanau. Haere tika ki te Tari Ohotata o te hōhipera kia taea e te taote te arotake i to tupono ka kitea, a, ki te tohuhia, ka tukuna to horopeta tuatahi o te HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) i roto i te matapihi 2-ki-72-haora tino nui**, me te Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG), te kano kano mate Hepatitis B, me te whakatairanga tetanus.
6. Mena i puta te rakau i te mahi, whakamohio atu ki to kaitirotiro me te Hauora Mahi kia whakamatauhia te tuuroro taketake: I roto i te hohipera, i te whare haumanu, i te waahi mahi ranei i te waahi e mohiotia ana te mate turoro, me whakaatu wawe i te aitua kia tere te tuawha-whakatupuranga HIV antigen/antibody, Hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), me te Hepatitis C RNA/antibody tests i te nuinga o te wa ka taea e koe te tango mai i nga whakamatautau toto mai i te manawanui ki te tango mai i nga whakamatautau toto. 28 nga ra o te rongoa PEP i roto i nga haora e rua.

Te Whakataunga Needlestick me te Whakatau Whakataunga Whaimuri (PEP).¶

Whakamahia tenei rakau whakamatautau haumanu ki te neke mai i te tiaki patunga tere ki te aukati hauora ohorere me te whakamatautau toto.

flowchart TD
    Prick["Ko te Niira ohorere, ko te werohanga o te syringe ranei kua whakakorehia"] --> WashNow["1. Awhina Tuatahi: Horoi Ataahua ki te Hopi me te wai rere mo te 5 ki te 10 meneti; Tukua kia Toto Toto"]
    WashNow --> NoSqueeze["2. KAUA E Miti, Miraka, Miro, Momo, Whakauhia ranei te Haawai/Peroxide ki te Pae Tuhi."]
    NoSqueeze --> SettingCheck{"3. I hea te turanga ngira?"}
    SettingCheck -->|"A. Tiaki Hauora / Wāhi Mahi (Tangata Puna e mohiotia ana, e mohio ana ranei)"| OccReport["Me whakamohio atu ki te Kaitirotiro / Mahi Hauora Inamata; Whakaritea te Whakamatau HIV Tere, HBV me te HCV o te Turoro Puna"]
    SettingCheck -->|"B. Hapori / Pakanga-a-iwi / Parapara (Kaore i Mohiotia)"| NoteNeedle["KAUA E Whakahoutia te Neira ma te ringa; Kia mahara mena he Hollow-Bore, he Toto Hou Ka kitea ranei; Pūrongo Wāhi mō te Tiki Haumaru"]
    OccReport --> GoER["4. Haere tonu ki te Tari Ohotata o te Hohipera (Ko te mea pai i roto i te 2 haora, i raro i te 72 haora)"]
    NoteNeedle --> GoER
    GoER --> PathogenTriage{"5. Te Tari Ohotata Wha-Pathogen Prophylaxis & Baseline Lab Protocol"}
    PathogenTriage -->|"Patogen 1: HIV"| HIVStep["Tuhia te Raina Rapid HIV Ag/Ab; Tīmatahia te 28-Ra 3-Taukino Antiretroviral PEP Mena ka tohua i roto i nga haora 72"]
    PathogenTriage -->|"Pathogen 2: Hepatitis B (HBV)"| HBVStep["Tirohia te mana o te Parurenga Anti-HBs; Hoatu he raupapa kano kano HBIG + HBV i roto i nga haora 24 ki te kore ka werohia"]
    PathogenTriage -->|"Pathogen 3: Hepatitis C (HCV)"| HCVStep["Tuhia te Raina Paerewa Anti-HCV & ALT; Apiti 4-ki-6-wiki HCV RNA PCR Whakamātautau (Ka taea te whakaora mena ka kitea)"]
    PathogenTriage -->|"Pathogen 4: Tetanus"| TetStep["Whakahaerehia te Tdap / Td Booster ki te >5 Tau Mai i te Pota Whakamutunga (Me te TIG mena kaore i werohia)"]

Te mohio ki to tupono hauora: HIV, Hepatitis B, me te Hepatitis C ka whakatauritea¶

Ka kite te matua i tetahi tamaiti e werohia ana e te syringe i roto i te papa, he kaimahi ranei e mau ana i roto i te peeke paru, he maha nga wa ka mataku ratou ki te kii he tino mate. Ko te mea pono, he maha nga raraunga haumanu mai i te CDC, WHO, me te UKHSA e whakaatu ana he rerekee te rerekee o nga wheori whakaheke toto i to ratau kaha ki te ora i waho o te tinana o te tangata me te tuku ma te werohanga ngira kotahi.

Five factors that determine whether a needlestick is High-Risk vs. Low-Risk¶

When you arrive at the Emergency Department, the attending physician or infectious disease specialist will evaluate five mechanical details of the injury to help you decide whether a 28-day course of HIV PEP is recommended:

1. Hollow-Bore Injection Needle vs. Solid Sharp:
2. A hollow-bore hypodermic syringe needle (used to draw blood or inject intravenous drugs) contains an internal hollow lumen that can hold microscopic droplets of liquid blood shielded from the air.
3. A solid needle (such as a suture needle, sewing pin, tattoo needle, or small spring-loaded fingerstick diabetes lancet) carries a vastly lower volume of blood and poses a much lower transmission risk.
4. Freshness and Visibility of Blood on the Device:
5. Did the needlestick happen within seconds or minutes of the needle being pulled out of a person's vein (for example, in a hospital room or right after watching someone inject in a restroom)?
6. Or was the syringe lying old, weathered, rusted, and completely dry in the grass or sand of a public park? Dry, weathered needles exposed to outdoor elements for days carry negligible viable HIV, though Hepatitis B and tetanus prophylaxis are still strictly required.
7. Depth of Penetration and Plunger Movement:
8. A superficial scratch across the top layer of skin or through a thick rubber shoe sole that barely drew a pinpoint of blood carries far less risk than a deep intramuscular puncture where the syringe plunger was actively depressed during the stick.
9. Glove or Shoe Barrier:
10. When a needle passes through a latex/nitrile medical glove or the rubber/canvas sole of a sneaker before pricking the skin, the solid material mechanically wipes 50 to 86 percent of blood residue off the outside of the needle shaft.
11. Known vs. Unknown Source Status:
12. If the source person is known and has an undetectable HIV viral load on antiretroviral therapy, or tests negative on a rapid fourth-generation HIV test at the hospital, PEP can be safely stopped.

What happens at the Emergency Department: The Hour-by-Hour Clinical Protocol¶

Knowing what tests and treatments to expect, and what to ask for if you visit a busy urgent care clinic, makes sure no protective step is missed during your emergency visit.

Step 1: Immediate Triage (Tell the front desk "Needlestick Exposure: Time Sensitive for PEP")¶

When checking in at a hospital Emergency Department, do not simply say "I stepped on something sharp." State clearly to the triage nurse: "I suffered an accidental needlestick from a used syringe [X] minutes ago and need time-sensitive evaluation for HIV and Hepatitis B Post-Exposure Prophylaxis." In hospital triage protocols, potential HIV PEP patients are prioritized so the first starter dose of antiretroviral medication can be given in the waiting or exam room within 60 minutes.

Step 2: Baseline Blood Draw (Day 0 Testing)¶

Before or immediately upon taking your first PEP dose, the medical team will draw Baseline (Day 0) blood labs. Why test on Day 0 when a needle prick from an hour ago cannot possibly show up in your blood yet?

• Baseline testing establishes for medical and workers' compensation records that you were negative for HIV, Hepatitis B, and Hepatitis C at the moment of the injury.
• It also checks your Hepatitis B Surface Antibody (anti-HBs) titer (to prove whether your childhood vaccines still protect you) and checks your baseline kidney function (creatinine/eGFR) and liver enzymes (ALT/AST) so the doctor can safely prescribe the 28-day PEP regimen.

Step 3: Administering the 3 Prophylactic Treatments at the Visit¶

1. Hepatitis B Protection (Vaccine and/or HBIG):
2. If you were previously vaccinated and have documented immunity (anti-HBs at or above 10 mIU/mL): No Hepatitis B treatment is needed.
3. If you are unvaccinated, incompletely vaccinated, or unsure of your status: The doctor will administer the first dose of the Hepatitis B vaccine immediately into your deltoid muscle (followed by doses at 1 and 6 months) and, for high-risk needles, an injection of Hepatitis B Immune Globulin (HBIG), which provides instant passive antibodies to neutralize the virus immediately while your body builds its own vaccine response.
4. HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (28-Day Oral Regimen):
5. Under current CDC, WHO, and British HIV Association (BHIVA) guidelines, the preferred HIV nPEP regimen for adults and adolescents is a well-tolerated three-drug oral antiretroviral combination taken once or twice daily for 28 full days: typically Tenofovir disoproxil fumarate / Emtricitabine (TDF/FTC, or TAF/FTC) combined with an integrase strand transfer inhibitor such as Dolutegravir (DTG) or Raltegravir (RAL) (or a single-tablet regimen like Biktarvy in many emergency departments).
6. Make sure you leave the Emergency Department with a "Starter Pack" in hand: Hospital pharmacies usually dispense a 3-to-7-day starter pack of PEP pills directly to your hand before you walk out the door so you do not lose 24 hours waiting for a neighborhood retail pharmacy to order the medication on a weekend.
7. Tetanus Prophylaxis:
8. Because discarded needles on streets, parks, or trash bins are contaminated with dirt, you will receive a Tdap or Td tetanus booster if it has been more than 5 years since your last tetanus shot.

Managing 28-day HIV PEP medication and accessing financial assistance¶

Mo nga turoro i tohuhia te akoranga antiretroviral 28-ra, ko te piri tonu te tohu nui mo te angitu o te maimoatanga. Ko te ngaro o nga pota karapīpiti i roto i nga wiki e rua ka taea te tukuruatanga viral i mua i te mate o nga pūtau o te rohe kua pangia.

Me pehea te hapai i nga paanga taha PEP noa me te kore e mutu o pire¶

Ko nga tikanga PEP integrase-inhibitor hou (pēnei i te TDF/FTC me te dolutegravir me te raltegravir) he tino ngawari ake i nga tikanga protease-inhibitor tawhito o te 1990s, neke atu i te 90 paiheneti o nga turoro e whakaoti ana i nga ra 28 katoa karekau he aukati. Heoi, ka puta nga paanga o te taha ngawari i roto i nga ra tuatahi e 4 ki te 7:

1. Nausea ngawari, Putea Puku ranei: Tangohia to papa PEP ia ra me te kai ngawari, te paramanawa ranei kaua i runga i te kopu kore, ka tono atu ki te taote tari whawhati tata mo te whakahaunga poto mo te rongoa mate nausea-a-waha (penei i te ondansetron) hei pupuri i te kainga mena ka tupono noa. Ki te ruaki koe i roto i te 1 haora i muri i te horomia o to pire PEP, me tango tonu tetahi atu horopeta; ki te ruaki koe neke atu i te 1 haora i muri i to horomia, kua horo kee te rongoa a kaore koe e hiahia ki te tango ano.
2. Tauhononga Kohukohu (Antacids, Calcium, Iron, me te Magnesium): Whakauruhia nga aukati penei i te dolutegravir me te raltegravir ka herea matū ki nga cation whakarewa polyvalent (konupora, konupora, konumohe, me te rino) i roto i to kohanga, e aukati ana i te rongoa HIV kia kore e uru ki roto i to toto. Kaua rawa e horomia to pire PEP i te wa ano e rite ana ki te konupūmā warowaihā (Tums/Rolaids), konupora/konumohe antacids, tāpiringa rino, multivitamins ranei. Tangohia to papa PEP i te iti rawa ** 2 haora i mua i te 6 haora ranei i muri ** tetahi antacid, rino, kohuke kohuke ranei.
3. He aha te mahi mena ka ngaro koe i te horopeta: Mena ka wareware koe ki to pire o ia ra, tangohia i te wa e mahara ana koe mena kua tata te wa mo to horopeta kua whakaritea e whai ake nei; kaua rawa e tango i te horopeta rua i te wa kotahi hei utu mo te pire kua ngaro.

Me pehea te utu mo nga toenga 21 ki te 25 ra o nga pire PEP¶

Mena ka hoatu e te rūma whawhati tata ki a koe he kete 3-ki-5-ra, kaua e tatari ki te Ra 5 ki te whakaki i te toenga o to whakahaunga 28-ra, na te mea me 24 haora i etahi wa ki te ota i nga rongoa rongoa rongoa motuhake:

• Whimahi Mahi, Nga Needlesticks Hauora ranei: Ka hipokina te 100 paiheneti ki te kore utu i waho o te pute e **Ka utua e nga Kaimahi ** me te kaupapa a to kaituku mahi i raro i te ture a te kawanatanga (OSHA 29 CFR 1910.1030 i te US, nga ture HSE i te UK).
• Ko nga Needlesticks Hapori i te United Kingdom, Canada, EU, me Ahitereiria: Ka tukuna mo te kore utu (mo te utu-utu whakahaunga paerewa) tika na roto i nga Tari Ohotata NHS me nga whare haumanu Hauora / GUM (UK), nga hohipera hauora a-iwi (Canada), nga whare rongoa a-iwi ranei.
• Ko nga Turoro Karekau he Inihua, Tino Kaute ranei i te United States: Kaari kape Kaihanga Kaihanga (Gilead Advancing Access me ViiV Connect), nga kaupapa PEP ohorere a Ryan White / ADAP, me nga whare haumanu hauora a te taone nui e whakarato ana i nga akoranga PEP ohorere mo nga ra 28 mo te kore utu mo nga patunga ngira hapori kore inihua.

He aratohu motuhake mo nga matua ina werohia te tamaiti e te syringe kua makahia¶

He mea whakamataku mo tetahi matua ki te mohio he kohungahunga, he tamaiti kura ranei e mau ana i te syringe i roto i te papa tapere, i nga ngahere, i te wharepaku ranei. E taunaki ana nga tohunga mo te mate hopuhopu mo nga tamariki i enei waahanga motuhake mo te tamaiti:

1. Kia noho marino kia korero pono to tamaiti ki a koe mo te wahi i pa ai te ngira ki a ia: Ki te mataku te matua, ka hamama ranei ki te tamaiti i kohia e ia he ngira i roto i te papa, ka mataku tonu nga tamariki nohinohi kei raru ratou me te whakakahore kei te werohia te kiri e te ngira. A parau ma te reo mahanahana, ma te hau, e te tamahanahana: *"Aita roa oe i te fifi, e mea maitai roa ta oe parauraa mai ia ’u.
2. Tirohia nga maihao, nga nikau, nga kapu o nga waewae, me nga take o te hu i raro i te marama kanapa: Titiro ki nga ringa me nga waewae o te tamaiti mo tetahi ira iti whero, he karawarawa ranei. Hurihia hoki nga hu o te tamaiti ki raro, ka tirotirohia nga kapu rapa kia kore e mau tonu te pito o te ngira pakaru ki roto i te takahanga.
3. Painga Hepatitis B mo nga tamariki: Na te mea kua uru te kano kano kano mate Hepatitis B ki nga kohungahunga katoa mai i te tau 1990 i te nuinga o nga whenua, kei te nuinga o nga tamariki kua werohia he paturopi whakamarumaru kaha mo te ora katoa ki te mate Hepatitis B, koinei te huaketo tino kaha ki te taiao i runga i nga ngira kua makahia. Mena kua tohua to tamaiti ki te PEP HIV mo nga tamariki, ka taea e nga whare rongoa o te hohipera te whakarato i nga whakatārewatanga wai i runga i te taumaha, i nga papa marara, i nga hanga ngaungau ranei mo nga tamariki nohinohi kaore e taea te horomia nga pire pakeke.

Te whai i te raarangi whakamatautau toto me te whakaoti i to akoranga PEP 28 ra¶

I muri i to wehenga atu i te ruma ohorere, ka whakawhirinaki to whakamarumaru hauora ki runga i nga mea e rua: ka oti nga ra 28 katoa o to rongoa PEP me te kore e pekehia nga pota (mehemea kua tohua te HIV PEP) me te whakaoti i o whakamatautau toto whai muri kua whakaritea ki te whiwhi i to 100 paiheneti whakamutunga "Maama katoa."

Ko te Rarangi Waa Whakamatau Paerewa Pou-Needlestick Lab¶

Ko nga whakatupato hei mahi i roto i te 6-ki-12-wiki te matapihi whai muri¶

I a koe e tatari ana mo te 12-wiki o te whakawāteatanga o te taiwhanga, ka tohutohu nga tohunga mo nga mate hopuhopu kia wha nga whakatupatotanga ngawari (ahakoa he iti rawa to tupono ki te mate):

• Kaua e koha toto, plasma, whekau, kiko, uri ranei kia whakamohiohia ra ano e o whakamatautau whai muri he kino koe.
• Whakamahia te whakamarumaru arai (puera) i te wa e moe ai me o hoa hoa tae noa ki te otinga o to 12 wiki.
• Kaua e tohatoha he heu, he paraihe niho, he tapahi maikuku, he ngira ranei ki nga mema o te whare.
• Ripoatahia he kirika "rite ki te rewharewha", te pupuhi o nga ngira lymph, te korokoro, te ponana ranei: Ki te puta he kirikaa kore e whakamaramatia, he ponana tinana, he korokoro ranei i waenga i te Wiki 2 me te Wiki 8 i muri i te rakau ngira, waea atu ki to whare haumanu whai muri mo te whakamatautau tere mo te HIV RNA me te HCV RNA.

Me pehea te wetewete, te maka ranei i te syringe i kitea i roto i te papa, i te waahi mahi ranei¶

Mena ka kitea e koe he syringe kua makahia i runga i te papa takaro, i te takutai, i te huarahi hikoi, i te wharepaku ranei, i muri ranei i te werohanga o te tangata, he mea tino nui te aukati i te tangata tuarua kia kore e piri.

Ko te Kawa Haumaru 4-Step Syringe Containment Protocol¶

1. Ko te Kowhiringa Pai i roto i nga Paaka Katoa/Tiriti (Kaua e Pa atu: Tiaki me te Waea 311 / Kore ohorere): Mena karekau he taputapu whakamarumaru karekau he tangata e tata ana ki te takahi i runga, tohua tetahi pakeke kia tu 2 mita (6.5 putu) te tawhiti ki te pupuri i nga tamariki me nga kuri ki muri, ka waea atu ki to kaunihera hauora kore ohorere me te rohe o Kanata (**3) UK/Ahitereiria) he kaitiaki papa waka ranei ki te mahi i te hopu koi koi.
2. Mena Me Whakanukuhia e Koe te Syringe Hei Tiaki Tamariki:
3. Kaua rawa e pa ki te pito o te ngira, kaua hoki e ngana ki te whakahoki i te potae ki runga i te ngira.
4. Kawea mai he puera kirihou pakari, atete ki te wero me te taupoki ki runga i te mata o runga, penei i te pounamu horoi horoi wai kau, he pounamu waiu kirihou matotoru ranei, he pounamu wai HDPE/hou houra ranei (kaore rawa e whakamahi i te ipu karaihe, ka pakaru, ka hanga maramara karaehe me te koiora, kaua rawa e whakamahi i te ipu wai maru, i te ipu konumohe ranei).
5. Whakanohoia te ipu kirihou tuwhera maapapa ki te whenua i te taha matau o te syringe (kaua rawa e mau te ipu ki to ringa maui ka panaia he ngira ki roto ki to ringa matau, ka werohia ranei e koe to ringa maui mena ka ngaro koe i te tuwhera).
6. Whakamahia ** kutikuti, kukuti kihini, tweezers, kia rua ranei nga wahi maro o te kaata / peera peera** (ka mau i nga karapu mahi hiako matotoru me nga karapu rapa rapa mehemea e waatea ana) ki te tiki i te syringe ki runga i te plunger kirihou/whakamutunga oko me te pito o te ngira koi e tohu atu ana i to tinana.
7. Makahia te syringe tohu-naira-tuatahi ki roto i te pounamu kirihou pakari e takoto ana i runga i te whenua, wiriwirihia te potae ki runga kia mau, hiritia te potae ki te riipene riipene taumaha, tuhia "KAUA KAUPAPA: BIOHAZARD SHARPS" ki te tohu tino maia i runga i te pounamu, ka haria atu ki te whare rongoa kiotaka taka-waho, ruuma morearea, ruuma ohorere ranei.

Pātai auau¶

Me pehi ahau i taku maihao kia nui ake te toto, ka ringihia ranei he waiu ki runga i muri i te rakau ngira?¶

No, you should never squeeze, pinch, milk, or scrub a needlestick puncture wound, and never apply harsh chemicals like household bleach, hydrogen peroxide, or undiluted rubbing alcohol. Medical studies by the CDC and WHO show that squeezing or scrubbing crushes delicate microscopic blood vessels and triggers acute local inflammation, which actually draws viral particles deeper into the bloodstream instead of pushing them out. Instead, hold the puncture site under gentle running tap water, wash mildly with soap for 5 to 10 minutes, and let any natural bleeding flow freely on its own.

Me kawe e au te syringe kua makahia ki te ruma ohorere o te hohipera kia taea e nga taakuta te whakamatautau mo te HIV?¶

Kao, ko nga aratohu haumanu mai i te CDC, WHO, me nga hapori rongoa ohorere e tino tohutohu ana kia kaua e mauria mai he syringe hapori ki roto i te tari whawhati tata mo te whakamatautau viral. Ko te whakamatautau i te toenga maroke, i te moroiti ranei i roto i te syringe taiao karekau e whakaponohia (he nui te reeti teka-kino), ka pau nga haora tino nui i te wa e tatari ana mo nga whakamatautau taiwhanga kore-paerewa, ka puta he morearea nui ki te piri ki te nēhi, ki te taote, ki a koe ranei i te wa e kawe ana. Engari, tangohia he whakaahua o te ngira mai i te tawhiti haumaru, me maumahara ranei he ngira werohanga poka-waho me te kitea he toto maku hou kei roto.

He pehea te nui o te mate o taku tamaiti ki te mate HIV i muri i te takahanga, i te pa ranei ki te ngira kua makahia i te papa, i te takutai ranei?¶

Ahakoa ko te werohanga syringe kua makahia e hiahia ana ki te arotake i nga ruma ohorere, ka taea e nga matua te whakamarie nui i roto i nga raraunga putaiao: Ko te HIV he huaketo tino pakarukaru ka mate tere ina pa ana ki te hau o waho, te whakamaroke me te ra. I roto i nga tekau tau o te tirotiro hauora a te iwi whanui a te CDC, Public Health Agency of Canada, me UKHSA i muri i nga mano o nga tamariki i werohia e nga ngira kua makaia i roto i nga papa, papa takaro, me nga takutai moana, ko te reiti o te tuku HIV i whakapumauhia mai i te ngira kua makahia e te hapori o waho he tata kore. Ko nga kaupapa hauora tuatahi i te haerenga ohorere ko te manatoko i te whakamarutanga o to tamaiti ki te mate Hepatitis B me Tetanus, me te whakatau me te taote tamariki mena ka tika ranei te PEP aukati.

Kia pehea te roa i muri i te rakau ngira me timata ahau ki te HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP)?¶

Me timata koe i te HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) i roto i te 72 haora (3 ra) i muri i te tuunga ngira, me te mea pai i roto i te 2 ki te 24 haora tuatahi. Ko nga rongoā PEP antiretroviral e mahi ana ma te aukati i te huaketo mai i te tukurua i te waahi werohanga o te rohe i mua i te taenga atu ki o kopuku lymph; ia haora i mua atu ka horomia e koe te pire tuatahi ka nui ake te whaihuatanga o te whakamarumaru, me te timata i te PEP i muri i nga haora 72 he iti noa iho te painga.

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• Te Pokapū mo te Mana Hauora me te Aukati i te mate (CDC) me te Ratonga Hauora a te Katoa o Amerika (United States): *Whakahouhia nga Aratohu Ratonga Hauora Katoa a te US mo te Whakahaere i nga Whakaaturanga Mahi ki te HIV me nga Tohutohu mo te Whakaoranga i muri i te Whakaaturanga, Nga Aratohu PEP (nPEP) Nonoccupational, me te Aukati i te Mate Mate Hunga B me te C.
• World Health Organization (WHO): He Aratohu Whakakotahi mo te HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis (PEP) me WHO Tikanga Pai mo te Werohanga me te Kete Utauta Tikanga e Pa ana.
• UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and British HIV Association (BHIVA, United Kingdom): UK Guidelines for the Use of HIV Post-Exposure Prophylaxis and Management of Needlestick and Sharps Injuries in Community and Healthcare Settings.
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA) and NIOSH (United States): Bloodborne Pathogens Standard (29 CFR 1910.1030) and Stop Sticks Campaign.
• Canadian Paediatric Society (CPS, Canada) and Royal Children's Hospital Melbourne (Australia): Clinical Practice Guidelines: Management of Community Needlestick Injuries in Children.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Ko nga tapahi, nga whiu, me te tiaki i nga patunga wero
• Te whakaheke toto me te tono tourniquet
• Ngau kararehe me te rabies awhina tuatahi
• Opioid overdose and naloxone administration
• Workplace injuries and industrial trauma
• Whaiaronga nama ohorere