Horse Colic: Te Hurorirori, Te Painga, Te titiro ki te taha o te taha, te kore o te oro whekau, me te aha e kore e taea e te hikoi kopikopiko te Whakakapi pokanga.¶

Puta noa i nga momo ako, momo, me nga momo whakahaere i te ao equine, Acute Abdominal Pain ("Colic") te tau-tahi rongoa kaikohuru o nga hoiho a-whare (Equus caballus) i muri i te koroheketanga. Kaore i rite ki nga kau, ki nga kuri ranei, kei te hoiho te ahua o te gastrointestinal tino ngoikore i hangaia mo te kai puhoi haere tonu e huri ai i te hanga hau, te paheketanga o te kai maroke, te neke i roto i te whekau ki roto i te raru whakararu ora: (1) he arai kotahi te uaua o te ngakau (lower esophageal sphincter) i te tomokanga ki tetahi ahua iti 8-to-15-Liter ko te puku e aukati ana i te hoiho kia ruaki, kia pupuhi ranei, te tikanga ka hoki mai te wai me te hau mai i te whekau iti (enterogastric reflux), ka ** pakaru te puku o te hoiho (100% fatal within hours)** ki te kore e tukuna e te taote kararehe he nasogastric (NG) ngongo ki te whakaheke i te pehanga; me (2) he nui, 3.5-meter-long (11.5-foot), 80-to-100-Liter Ko te Koroni Nui e piki ana e maanu noa ana i roto i te puku ka mau ki tona take ANAKE (the right dorsal colon and cecocolic fold), ka taea e te koroni katoa te huri ki runga i te uaua nephrosplenic, twwhiw ranei 180 to 720 degrees i runga i ona ake toto mesenteric (Large Colon Volvulus).

Ko te mea e wehewehe ana i nga hoiho e ora ana i te colic nui mai i nga hoiho ka mate, ka mate ranei, ka mate, ka mate ranei, ko ** te mohiotanga moata mo te wharanga pokanoa i roto i te "Matapihi koura 2-ki-4-Haora"** me te karo e toru nga pakiwaitara whare witi kua tino pumau: (1) te pakiwaitara e haere tonu ana te hoiho ki waho" he hikoi haere noa mo nga haora "he hikoi haere i waho" te hoiho mai i te okeoke me te whara i a ia ano i a koe e tatari ana mo te kaihoroi hoiho me te a 360-degree ko te volvulus ki te ngenge ka tere te wiri endotoxic me te kore e wetewete i te kopirua kua werohia); (2) te pakiwaitara e werohia ana a Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) ki te uaua kaki o te hoiho (IM) he whakatika tere haumaru (intramuscular Banamine he mate mate Clostridium hau gangrene / myonecrosis (30%+ mortality) me te huna i te pikinga o te tere o te ngakau me te mamae o te pokanga kia pango te whekau me te necrotic); me (3) e tatari ana mo te 8 ki te 12 haora i te whare witi "kia kite mena ka mahi te horopeta tuarua o te Banamine" i mua i te hono i te waka waka hoiho. Ki te he Strangulating Large Colon Volvulus or intestinal iti Epiploic Foramen Entrapment o te hoiho, ka ngaro tonu te rere o te toto o te whekau kopikopiko: ka toia ki te hōhipera hāparapara equine i roto i te 2 ki te 4 haora, ka nui ake te ora i te 80% ki te 90%, i te wa e tatari ana **2% ki te 12% ** haora ka ora **2% ki te 12% **. Mena kei te pupuhi to hoiho i tenei wa, waea atu ki to taakuta kararehe, korero ki to rohe tau ohorere ki te whanahia, ka werohia ranei te kaikawe tangata e te hoiho hurihuri, ka arotake i o maatau kaiarahi teina te pupuhi kararehe, te rumen tympany, me te ngongo puku, he ngiha mahorahora te whare witi me te alfalfa maku, a hemlock paihana, hogweed nui, me nga taru taru paitini.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Karanga tere atu ki to taakuta kararehe equine i te tohu tuatahi o te colic, KAUA "tatari mo te haora ki te kite mena ka pahemo" ka KAUA e hoatu he rongoa mamae (Banamine, Bute, ranei Dipyrone) i mua i te korero ki te taote. Korero atu ki te taote te whanonga tika o te hoiho me te 5 Barn Vitals (Heart Rere, Tae Kapia / Capillary Refill Time, 4-Quadrant Gut Sounds, Rectal Temperature, and Digital Pulses).
2. Tangohia KATOA tarutaru, witi, Rakei, me nga moenga kai (papakau/heu) mai i te toa, i te papapa ranei i te wa tonu, me te waiho he wai ma e waatea ana ki te kore te hoiho e tukituki kaha ana. Ma te tuu i te ngutu kai ki runga i te hoiho e takoto ana ki runga kakau witi ka kore e kai i nga moenga i runga ake o te paanga.
3. ** KAUA e takahi ki te iti 3.6 x 3.6 meter (12 x 12 foot) te toa pouaka me te hoiho e topa ana ki raro, e okeoke ana.** A 500-kg (1,100-lb) Ko te hoiho i roto i te korowha tino kaha he matapo ki te aroaro o te tangata, a ka taea e koe te kuru i a koe ki te pakitara turanga (causing fatal human pelvic/chest trauma). Nekehia te hoiho ki roto i tetahi iti, waewae ngohengohe, he papa kua oti te kati, he pene porowhita, he papa tarutaru ranei ki te pai te arahi, ka noho ki te pakihiwi o te hoiho i te waahi tuwhera.
4. Me ata hikoi te hoiho mo te 15 ki te 20 meneti ANAKE mena kei te ngana te hoiho ki te huri kaha, KAUA E haere i te hoiho ngenge, ata noho ki te ngenge. Ki te hiahia te hoiho ki te takoto marie ki runga i tona kopu (sternal recumbency) kaua e werohia, kaua hoki e tukituki ki te pakitara, me noho marire te hoiho. He rereke ki nga korero o mua mo te whare witi, ko te hoiho e okeoke ana i runga i te whenua e kore e * e huri te whekau; engari, kua korikori ke te whekau (kua pupuhi ranei i te hau), a na te mamae nui ka huri te hoiho.
5. ** KAUA E werohia te Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) ki te uaua o te hoiho (IM), me KAUA E WHAI WHAI ki te werohia Banamine ki nga kanohi o te hoiho (only give IV into the jugular vein or orally into the mouth if explicitly instructed by your vet).** Inuroto Banamine ka huri i te uaua pH ka puta te kino o te kiko necrotic e whakahohe ana i te moe *** Clostridium septicum / Clostridium perfringens* spores**, ka puta ko ** Clostridial Myonecrosis ("Malignant Edema / Gas Gangrene")**, he pupuhi kaki nui, ngatata, paitini ka mate tata ki te 1 i roto i te 3 hoiho.
6. Whakaekea to wakataera hoiho (me waea atu ranei ki te kaikawe equine whawhati tata) I NAIANEI tonu i te tatari mo te taenga mai o te taote. Mena kei runga ake te tere o to hoiho ** 60 beats per minute (bpm), he pereki-whero, he papura nga kapia, he wahangu te tangi o te whekau i roto i nga waahanga e 4 katoa, ka hoki mai ano te mamae nui i roto i te 1 ki te 2 haora i muri i te whakamaaramatanga o te kararehe, ka tata ka pa te hoiho i te ** pokanga werohanga (Volvulus ranei Small Intestinal Entrapment) a me haere tonu ki te huarahi ki te hōhipera hāparapara equine.

Rakau whakatau: Barn Triage of Equine Colic: Medical Impaction/Gas vs. Surgical Strangulation (Volvulus) vs. Colitis¶

Whakamahia tenei mahere rerenga whakamatautau kararehe ki te aromatawai i nga tohu haumanu matua e 5 o to hoiho me te whakatau mena kei te pa koe ki te mate pukupuku hauora, he whekau kopikopiko pokanoa, he mate kirikaa hopuhopu ranei.

flowchart TD
    A["Te Hoiho e whakaatu ana i nga tohu o te Colic: te hoe, te titiro ki te taha, te kopikopiko o te ngutu o runga (Flehmen), te takoto ki raro, te huri tutu ranei."] --> B{"Tango Katoa i Nga Whaainga Katoa & Tirohia te 5 Barn Vitals Kia Haumaru (Te Rerenga Manawa, Nga Kapia/CRT, Te Waahi Rectal, 4-Quadrant Gut Sounds, Digital Pulses)"}
    B -->|"TEMPO RECTAL > 38.6 C (101.5 F): He pouri, kua kore te kai, nga tohu kopikopiko ngawari, he kapia pereki-whero, whai muri ko te pai-kau, te mate korere wai ranei"| C["COLITIS ACUTE HAWA / TOXIC (Potomac Horse Fever, Salmonella, Coronavirus, Clostridia, NSAID Right Dorsal Colitis ranei)"]
    B -->|"TE WHAKAMAHI, TE WHAKAMAHI KAUPAPA: Ka whiua te tinana ki te whenua, te puku kua pupuhi, te werawera, Te Rere o te Manawa > 60-80+ bpm, CRT > 2.5-3 hekona, te whero/papura kapia, KAWA WAE."| D["TE WHAKATAUTANGA I TE HUMANGA (Te Koro Nui Volvulus, Te Epiploic Intestinal Iti/Inguinal Entrapment, Intussusception ranei)"]
    B -->|"TE MAHI MAHI KI TE TINO MAHI: Te tiu, te totoro, te takoto marie, Te Rere o te Manawa 36-52 bpm, Nga Kapia Makuku Mawhero (CRT <2s), Te Maamaa (<38.3 C)"| E["TE WHAKAMAHI KAUPAPA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA (Spasmodic/Gas Colic, Pelvic Flexure Impaction, or Sand/Enterolith Obstruction)"]
    C --> F["BIOSECURITY & FLUID EMERGENCY: 1. Wehe i te Hoiho (Waewae + karapu) 2. KAUA E hoatu NSAID i mua i te tirotiro a te Vet i te Hydration 3. Nga wai kaha IV + Polymyxin B / Plasma + Huka Huka i runga i nga 4 Hooves Katoa (Kaua te Laminitis)"]
    D --> G["WHAKATOKANGA KAUPAPA KAUPAPA (Ia 30 meneti te tatau): 1. Kia Haumaru te Kaihautu i te waahi tuwhera 2. Ka utaina te waka tere 3. Ka tukuna e te Vet NG Tube i tenei wa tonu ki te whakaheke i te puku (Kaore i te pakaru o te kopu mate) + IV Wai -> Tapara."]
    E --> H["Whakamātautau Veterinarian On-Farm: 1. Nasogastric (NG) Tube (Tirohia mo > 2 L Reflux & Whakahaere Wai + Electrolytes + Laxative) 2. Rectal Palpation / Portable Ultrasound 3. Single Vet-Directed IV Analgesic/Antispasmodic (Buscopan / Xylazine IV) / Banamine IV"]
    H --> I{"Ka hoki mai te mamae i roto i te 1 ki te 2 haora i muri mai i te maimoatanga a te taote, OR ka piki ake te Reiti Manawa > 60 bpm, RĀNEI kei reira > 4 rita o NG Reflux?"}
    I -->|"ĀE: Te mamae pakaru, te piki haere o te HR, te pai o te NG reflux ranei"| G
    I -->|"KORE: Ka noho pai te hoiho, ka haere hamuti, ka hoki mai te tangi o te puku"| J["Haere tonu ki te nohopuku a te Vet-Guided -> Te whangai-a-te-a-te-a-taarua (Mash Rakei -> Nga ringaringa iti o te tarutaru) Neke atu i te 48-72 haora"]

Wāhanga 1: Whakataurite Haumanu o nga Momo Nui 5 o te Hoiho Colic¶

Tata ki te 80% ki te 85% o nga keehi equine colic e whakatau ana ma te rongoa rongoa i runga i te paamu, engari 15% ki te 20% he nekehanga miihini, he paheketanga, he kowhao hoki (volvulus) e hiahia ana kia kaha te rongoa wai o te hōhipera, te whakahiatotanga ohotata ranei (he pokanga colic).

Wāhanga 2: Te Ruku Hohonu: Me pehea te Tirohanga i te 5 Barn Vitals I mua i te Waeatanga ki to Kairangahau¶

Ina waea atu koe ki to taakuta kararehe kararehe i te 2:00 AM mo te hoiho kopikopiko, ka hoatu enei tau whainga e rima i runga i te waea ka korero tonu mena me tutaki ratou ki a koe i runga i te huarahi e anga atu ana ki te hohipera pokanga, me haere mai ranei ki to whare witi mo te mahi whakaahuru. (Whakaarohia to haumaru whaiaro i nga wa katoa: ki te tohe te hoiho i a ia ano ki te whenua, KAUA e ngana ki te tango i te wera whakaahuru, whakarongo ranei ki te taha.)

+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|       THE 5 EQUINE COLIC BARN VITALS & SURGICAL RED-FLAG THRESHOLDS         |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+
|  1. HEART RATE (Stethoscope Behind Left Elbow OR Facial Artery Under Jaw):  |
|     - Normal Adult Resting HR:     28 to 40 beats per minute (bpm)          |
|     - Mild / Medical Colic:        40 to 52 bpm                             |
|     - Moderate / Borderline:       52 to 60 bpm                             |
|     - SURGICAL RED FLAG:           > 60 bpm (and > 80 bpm = Severe Shock)   |
|                                                                             |
|  2. GUM COLOR (Mucous Membranes) & CAPILLARY REFILL TIME (CRT):             |
|     - Lift upper lip gently; press thumb against gum above upper corner     |
|       incisor for 2 seconds, release, and count seconds for pink to return. |
|     - Normal:   Moist, pale bubble-gum pink; CRT = 1 to 2 seconds.          |
|     - RED FLAG: Dry/tacky (dehydration), Pale/White (internal bleed/shock), |
|                 Brick-Red, Muddy, or Purple/Blue line around teeth          |
|                 ("Endotoxic Halo"); CRT > 2.5 to 4.0+ seconds.              |
|                                                                             |
|  3. FOUR-QUADRANT GUT SOUNDS (Auscultate Both Flanks, Upper & Lower):      |
|     - Listen for 30-60 seconds at: (1) Upper Left, (2) Lower Left,          |
|       (3) Upper Right (Cecum, should have a loud 'toilet-flush' sound      |
|       every 30-60 sec), and (4) Lower Right.                                |
|     - RED FLAG: Complete silence in all 4 quadrants ("Silent Abdomen" =     |
|                 ileus/strangulation) OR high-pitched metallic 'pings'.      |
|                                                                             |
|  4. RECTAL TEMPERATURE (Stand Safely Against Left Hip, Tail Held Aside):    |
|     - Normal Adult Temp:  37.2 C to 38.3 C (99.0 F to 101.0 F)              |
|     - RED FLAG HIGH:      > 38.6 C (101.5 F) -> Suspect Infectious Colitis  |
|                           (Salmonella/PHF), Peritonitis, or Pleuropneumonia |
|     - RED FLAG LOW:       < 36.6 C (98.0 F) with high HR -> Endotoxic Shock |
|                                                                             |
|  5. HOOF TEMPERATURE & DIGITAL PULSES (Back of Fetlock / Pastern):          |
|     - Palpate medial & lateral digital arteries over the sesamoid bones.    |
|     - RED FLAG: Bounding, throbbing digital pulses + hot hooves -> Acute    |
|                 Endotoxic Laminitis ("Founder") triggered by gut toxins.    |
+-----------------------------------------------------------------------------+

Me pehea te kimi i te pao o te Hoiho me te kore he Stethoscope¶

Mena karekau he stethoscope i roto i to kete awhina tuatahi o te whare witi, whakapakia kia rua maihao ki te Facial Artery kei reira ka huri ki te taha o raro o te kauae o raro (mandible), i mua tonu i te uaua paparinga porowhita nui (masseter). Tatauhia nga pao mo 15 hēkona ka whakareatia ki te 4 kia whiwhi beats per minute (bpm).

Wāhanga 3: Te Tika mo te Hīkoi Hoiho, Te Hurihuri, me te He aha te Intramuscular Banamine Kua Rahuitia¶

1. Ma te Hurihuri he Pukuwau Kopikopiko, E hia te nui o to hikoi i te Hoiho Kohi?¶

Ko tetahi o nga ture tawhito me te tino pohehe mo te eke hoiho ko "Kaua rawa e tukua te hoiho kopikopiko kia takoto, kia takahuri ranei, kei wiriwiri tona whekau, haere tonu ahakoa te aha." - Te Tikanga Tikanga Taonga Taonga: Kua whakamatauhia e nga taote equine i nga whare wananga e whakaako ana i nga hohipera he kaore e huri i te koroni noa; engari, ko te pupuhi hau, te rereke ranei o te nekehanga ka huri i te koroni i te tuatahi, a, na te mamae nui o te mesenteric, ka peia te hoiho ki raro ka huri. - I te wa e awhina ana te hikoi (me te wa e mamae ai): - Kia ata haere (15 to 20 minutes at a calm walk) ki te: (a) he hau ngawari te hoiho/te paheketanga o te hau, i reira ka whakaihiihihia te neke o te whekau (peristalsis) me te awhina i te tuku hau; RĀNEI (b) kei te ngana te hoiho ki te turaki i a ia ano ki raro ka tukituki ki roto i te toa, ki nga taiapa ranei, kei reira te hikoi e whakararuraru ana i te hoiho me te aukati i te raru i a ia ano (skull/orbital fractures, ruptured spleen, or casting itself upside-down against a wall). - KAUA e haere i te hoiho ki te ngenge: Ki te mea kua hikoi te hoiho mo te 20 ki te 30 meneti, kua ngenge, me tana hiahia noa ki te taoto marie ki runga i tona uma (sternal recumbency) he papatahi ranei ki tona taha karekau e tukituki, Kati te HAERE ka waiho te hoiho kia takoto ki roto i te papaa haumaru, hohonu te moenga, he papa tarutaru ranei. Ko te hikoi kaha o te hoiho ruha, e kopikopiko ana mo nga haora ka pau te glycogen, ka kino te matewai me te waikawa lactic, ka tere te wiri endotoxic.

2. He aha te Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine) Kaua rawa e werohia ki te uaua (IM)¶

He maha nga kaipupuri hoiho e pupuri ana i te pounamu ka werohia Flunixin Meglumine (Banamine, 50 mg/mL) i roto i te ruuma tack me te whakamatautauria ki te hoatu a 10 mL pupuhi ki te kaki, ki te uaua o muri ranei (IM) i te wa e paheke ana te hoiho. Kaua rawa e mahi i tenei, mo nga take e rua mo te ora, mo te mate ranei: 1. Fatal Clostridial Myonecrosis ("Gas Gangrene" / Malignant Edema): - Ko nga hoiho hauora ka mau ki roto i o ratou uaua koiwi (ka uru mai i te kopu, i te pore kiri ranei, ka takoto kino noa i te wa e pai ana te hāora o te kiko uaua). - Ka werohia Banamine (pH about 8.2 to 8.5 me te propylene glycol me te phenol preservatives) he tino whakapataritari ki nga muka uaua. Ka werohia ki roto ki te kaki, ki te uaua gluteal ranei, ka puta te focal ischemic muscle necrosis ka heke te hāora kiko o te rohe ki te kore. - I roto i te 12 ki te 48 haora, ka tipu nga puaa Clostridium e moe ana ki roto i taua papapa uaua mate, ka tuku i nga alpha- me beta-exotoxins whakamate e whakangohe ai i nga uaua kaki o te hoiho, ka whakakiia te subkutis ki nga mirumiru hau piro (crepitus), ka puta te toxemia pūnahanaha, me te patu i te 25% ki te 35%+ o nga hoiho kua pangia ahakoa te whakakorenga pokanoa o te taha katoa o te kaki. - Ture Ara Haumaru: Mena ka ata tohutohuhia koe e to taakuta kararehe ma te waea ki te whakahaere Banamine (i muri i to korero i nga mea nui e 5), hokona mai ranei kua whakaaetia e te FDA Banamine Paste, toia ake ranei te wai ka werohia Banamine i roto i te syringe KORE he ngira ka pupuhi a-waha ki te kokonga o te waha o te hoiho (absorbs into the bloodstream in 30 to 45 minutes, almost as fast as an IM shot, with ZERO risk of Clostridial gas gangrene or carotid artery injection). Ma te taote kararehe, kaitoi whakangungu ranei e mohio ana ki te whakangao mate aseptic jugular venipuncture me whakahaere. IV Banamine (ka ngaro te uaua jugular me te werohia ki roto i te carotid artery ka mau tonu te mate o te koroua me te mate). 2. Te huna i te Volvulus Haparapara: - Banamine he cyclooxygenase kaha (COX) te aukati e aukati ana i te mamae visceral-a-prostaglandin me te whakapouri i te kirika wawe/tachycardia o te endotoxemia. - Mēnā he pāhorotanga o te hōiho i te rewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewharewha, hoatu Banamine i mua i te taenga mai o te taote ka taea e te hoiho te tu marie me te kai mo te 2 ki te 4 haora i te wa e pangia ana e te korokoro o te whekau te necrosis ischemic e kore e taea te huri i muri o nga tirohanga.

Wāhanga 4: He aha te mahi a te Taonga kararehe i runga i te Pae & Me pehea te kite i te "Whakaora Miracle" (Gastric Rupture)¶

1. Ko te Whakamahinga Colic Veterinary i runga i te Pamu¶

Kia tae mai to rata kararehe, kia rite he peere wai mahana, he toka, he rama pai: 1. Nasogastric (NG) Intubation (Passing the Stomach Tube): He whakamatautau tātaritanga me tetahi maimoatanga ora. Ka tukuna e te rata he ngongo ki runga i te pongaihu ki roto i te puku ka hanga he siphon. - Ko te tikanga, ka hua te kopu o te hoiho < 1 to 2 Liters o wai. - Mena 4 to 15+ Liters he piro, karaka-parauri, kawakore (pH > 6) ka rere te wai ihu-iti (Positive Nasogastric Reflux), kua araia te whekau iti (strangulation ranei anterior enteritis), katahi ano ka tiakina e te taote te kopu kei pakaru. - Mena he kore reflux, ka papua e te taote 4 to 8 Liters o te wai mahana, nga electrolytes taurite, me Magnesium Sulfate (Nga tote Epsom, 0.5 to 1 g/kg) ranei Mineral Oil (2 to 4 Liters) ki roto i te puku ki te whakamakuku i te paanga o te koroni nui. 2. Papa Whakawhiti me te Irarangi Puku Kawe (FLASH Whakamātautau): Ka tautuhi i te paheketanga o te pelvic flexion, te hau-a-hau, te here mesenteric kiki, te korokoro whekau iti ranei kua toha. > 5 cm (2 inches) me nga pakitara edematou matotoru (> 4 mm). 3. Abdominocentesis ("Belly Tap"): Ko te wai o te peritoneal noa he mamao kakau-kowhai (lactate < 2 mmol/L). Serosanguinous (he tae-toto, he parauri kerekere ranei) te wai peritoneal me te lactate teitei (> 4 mmol/L) E whakaatu ana kua werohia tetahi wahanga o te whekau, e whakahau ana kia pokaia tonutia.

2. Ko te Rore tino kino i roto i te rongoa equine: ohorere "te mamae mamae" mai i te pakaru o te kopu me te cecal.¶

Mēnā kua pā te hōiho mamae kino mo ngā hāora me te tere o te manawa 80 to 100 bpm a ** ohorere, i roto i te 5 meneti**, ka mutu te huri haere, ka tu tonu me te mahunga e iri ana ki raro, ka "marie" te ahua: - Kaua e whakaaro kua ora ake te colic. Tirohia tonu te kapia, te patere, me te kiri. - Mena kei te tu te hoiho kaore e korikori, e wiri ana, kua makuku i te werawera matao, me te tere o te ngakau 100 to 120+ bpm, kapia papura/paru paru, me te paheketanga o te pāmahana tapawha (< 36.5 C / 97.7 F), kua pakaru te te puku, te kopa ranei (perforated) roto i te puku. - Ka pakaru te pakitara o te kopu, ka mutu te puhipuhi o nga kaiwhakawhiwhi toronga (ka ngaro te mamae o te puku), ka mutu 15 Liters o te waikawa o te puku me te huakita e waipuke ana i te kohao peritoneal, ka mate te ru i roto i te 1 ki te 3 haora.

(Mo nga mahi ohorere mo nga kararehe me te paamu, tirohia Te pupuhi o nga kararehe: nga otaota remu, te rumen tympany, te ngongo puku, me te whawhati tata., He ngingiha mahorahora te whare witi me te alfalfa paera maku, a Hemlock paihana, he hogweed nui, he taru paitini.)

Nga nama ohorere a rohe me nga tikanga umanga¶

Pātai auau¶

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Te pupuhi o nga kararehe: nga otaota remu, te rumen tympany, te ngongo puku, me te whawhati tata.
• He ngingiha mahorahora o te whare tarutaru, te alfalfa paera maku, me nga paepae tirotiro inemahana
• Hemlock paihana, hogweed nui, me te parsnip mohoao nga tarutaru paitini
• Te rewharewha avian heihei i muri, te pakaru o te whare konihi, me te ahotea o te wera kararehe
• Nga tau ohorere

Nga puna me nga aratohu whai mana¶

• American Association of Equine Practitioners (AAEP): Equine Colic: Te Whakatairanga Haumanu o te Hauora me te Mauiui i roto i te Puku, Te Nasogastric Decompression, me te Tohunga Moata.
• British Equine Veterinary Association (BEVA), British Horse Society (BHS), & Te Whare Wananga o Nottingham: Te REACT Now to Beat Colic Evidence-Based Triage Campaign.
• Kareti o Amerika mo nga rongoa o roto o te kararehe (ACVIM) & ACVS: Ko nga Tauākī Whakaaetanga mo te Volvulus Koroni Nui, Te Whero Intestinal Iti, me te Clostridial Myonecrosis mai i IM Flunixin Meglumine.
• Merck Veterinary Manual: Tirohanga mo te Colic i roto i nga Hoiho: Te Mahinga Pepa, Te Paanga Toka Pelvic, me te Laminitis Endotoxic.