Ko te wera o te paraharaha kore piri (polymer fume fever) me te paoa rino ohorere¶

Ko te waiho ohorere i te paraharaha kore rakau i runga i te mura ahi, te kohua i te kohua kia maroke rawa, te whakamahana i te paraharaha rino kua tau ki roto i te oumu ka whakakiia te kainga ki te auahi kino, whakapataritari i te iti iho i te 3 meneti. I te wa e tahu ana i te kai, i te hinu tunu ranei, ka hanga he huu waro me te kohu acrolein e whakapataritari ana i nga kanohi me te korokoro, ka wera rawa te polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) paninga kore (e mohiotia ana e nga ingoa waitohu penei i Teflon, SilverStone, Fluon ranei) kei runga ake **260 ki te 350 nekehanga Celsius (6200 ki te 6200 Fahren Celsius) (pyrolysis). Ko tenei pakaruhanga matū e kore e kitea ka tukuna he ranunga matatini o nga hau fluorinated me nga matūriki polymer ultrafine tika ki to hau o roto.

I roto i te tangata, ko te ngongo i te kohu kohu mai i te paraharaha PTFE kua wera rawa atu ka puta he mate whakapeka, he rewharewha e kiia nei ko te polymer fume fever (ko te ingoa o mua ko "Teflon rewharewha"), e tohuhia ana e te wiri ohorere, te kirikaa, te kopu o te uma, me te maremare ka puta mai i te 4 ki te 8 haora i muri i te rongo. Heoi, ki te mea he manu mokai (parakeets, cockatiels, kaka, canaries, finches, heihei i roto i te whare) ahakoa kei roto i te kainga, he auahi o te PTFE pyrolysis he tere, wahangu, 100 paiheneti ohotata manu mate ka mate i roto i nga meneti, ahakoa i roto i nga ruma kaore e hongi te tangata i te whare.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Kia u to manawa, whakawetohia te tahu ahi, oumu ranei, ka huri i te powhiri powhiriwhiri o te awhe ki te HIGH (mehemea ka rere ki waho): Me kuhu ki roto i te kihini me te pupuri i to manawa, whakawetohia te puku tahu ki te OFF, ka whakakahia to awhi i runga ake ** mena ka mohio koe ka rere ki waho ma te hiko hiko** (ko te recirculating angiangi e kore e hopu te rewharewha o te rewharewha o te ngaruiti. ka pupuhi noa i a ratou huri noa i te ruma).
2. KAUA rawa e ringihia te wai matao ki runga i te paraharaha wera-wera: Ringihia te wai ki runga i te 350-tohu-Celsius (662-tohu-Fahrenheit) konumohe maroke, he kowiri tira, he rino rino ranei ka pahū tonu te pahūtanga e pupuhi ana te wai kohua me te kohu paitini ki to mata, ka pakaru, ka pakaru ranei te karaehe.
3. Whakahekea nga manu mokai katoa ki te hau hou o waho i roto i te 60 hēkona: Mena kei a koe etahi manu mokai, kaua e tatari kia puta te hau o te whare. Hopukia te manu (te whare herehere katoa ranei) ka neke atu ki waho o te whare (ki te motoka i whakamahana i mua i te whakamahana, ki te whare ranei o te hoa tata) tonu. Ahakoa 2 meneti o te rongo ki te auahi PTFE e kore e kitea ka mate nga manu i mua i te kitenga o te tangata i te hongi.
4. Mauhia te paraharaha ki waho ma te whakamahi i nga mite umu maroke matotoru ANAKE mena karekau he mura ahi e marama ana to huarahi: Mena kei te kai paipa noa te paraharaha, kei te mura ranei karekau he mura ahi, mauhia te kakau ki te mitte oumu maroke, taumaha, hiako hiako ranei, pupurihia te paraharaha ki raro i te taumata hope mai i to kanohi, ka tuu ki waho ki runga raima, pereki, paru ranei ki waho kia mutu. Mēnā he wera rawa kia pā haumaru, waiho i runga i te mura ahi kua whakawetohia ka kati i te tatau kīhini i muri i a koe.
5. ** Waihangahia te hau whakawhiti tere ka waiho i te kainga mo te 30 ki te 60 meneti**: Whakatuwheratia nga matapihi me nga tatau o waho ki tera taha o te kihini me te whare, tuu he powhiriwhiri pouaka ki roto i te matapihi kīhini tohu ki waho ki te kumea te hau poke ki waho o te whare, ka haria nga mema katoa o te whanau, nga kohungahunga, me nga mokai ki waho ki te hau hou kia tino marama te haunga.
6. Waea atu ki te Mana Paihana, ki nga ratonga whawhati tata ranei ki te mate te tangata i te poha o te manawa, te wheehe, te whakaroa ranei i te makariri me te kirika: I te United States, waea atu ki te Poison Control i 1-800-222-1222. Mena ka mate te tangata he huango, COPD, he mate ngakau ranei ka puta he wheehe, he maremare tonu, he iti ranei te taumata o te hāora, ki te raru ranei tetahi ki te manawa, waea atu ki to nama whawhati tata (911 i te US me Kanata, 112 i te EU, 999 i te UK; tirohia. tau ohorere).

flowchart TD
    A["Pane maroke kua wera rawa i runga i te umu, i te umu ranei"] --> B["Puritia te Manawa, Whakawetohia te Tahu/Umu, Kaua rawa e Ringihia te wai ki runga i te paraharaha wera"]
    B --> C{"He Manu Mokai Kei Te Whare?"}
    C -- "Ae" --> D["HIKI: Kawea nga Manu ki waho ki te hau hou i roto i te 60 Hekona (Hui Ohotata Whakamate)"]
    C -- "Kao" --> E["Whakatuwheratia nga Matapihi ki nga taha anga o te Rūma me te Poaka Pouaka Tohu ki waho"]
    D --> E
    E --> F{"He aha te momo paraharaha i wera rawa?"}
    F -- "PTFE / Teflon Nonstick Pan (>260°C / 500°F)" --> G["Nekehia te Pan ki waho me te Mitt maroke ki te Haumaru; Hurihia te rūma mo te 60 meneti hei karo i te mate werawera polymer"]
    F -- "Te rino, te waro maitai, te paraharaha uku ranei" --> H["Whakahau Acrolein Hinu Paoa; Tukua kia whakamatao te paraharaha ki runga umu mo te 60 meneti i mua i te pa"]
    G --> I["Aroturuki i te Tangata mo te Rewharewha rite ki te Rewharewha/Kirika 4 ki te 8 haora i muri mai & Retihia te paraharaha PTFE kua pakaru."]
    H --> J["Horoihia te pungarehu waro me te wa ano i te rino maka kia makariri"]

Wāhanga 1: He aha te mea ka wera te paraharaha PTFE (Teflon)?¶

I te wa e tunu ana me te pata, te hinu, te wai, te kai ranei i roto i te paraharaha, ka noho te mahana o te mata i waenga i te 100 me te 200 nga nekehanga Celsius (212 me te 392 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit), kei raro rawa i te paepae ka pakaru nga paninga fluoropolymer. Heoi, ka waihohia he paraharaha konumohe korere he putea mama kia whakamahana i runga i te hau teitei, i te kaitahu hiko ranei, ka piki ake te mahana o te mata ki mua 260 nga nekehanga Celsius (500 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit) i raro i te 2 meneti, a ka neke ake i te 370 ki te 450 nga nekehanga Celsius (700 ki te 842 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit) i roto i te 4 ki te 5 meneti.

Nga paepae pāmahana me nga waahanga pyrolysis matū¶

Ko nga puna huna o te parai PTFE kei waho o te parai parai¶

He maha nga whare e pa ana ki te whakamaaramatanga o te weriweri polymer, te mate ohorere ranei o nga manu mokai me te kore e pa ki te parai parai na te mea ka whakamahia te PTFE me nga fluoropolymers e pa ana hei whakangungu rakau kore-nui i roto i te maha o nga taputapu whare noa:

• Umu horoi-whaiaro me nga huānga tunu oumu hou: Ko te whakahaere i te wera nui ** te hurihanga horoi-whaiaro** (425 ki te 480 nga nekehanga Celsius / 800 ki te 900 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit) ka whakamahana ranei i te oumu hou mo te wa tuatahi ka taea te pyrolyze i nga paraharaha kua pania e te PTFE, i nga raina o roto, i nga koti hanga ranei.
• Nga parai, oumu tunu, perehi Panini, me te rino waffle: Me waiho he kete parai hau, oumu tunu tunu ranei e rere ana i runga i te parai, whakamahana ranei i runga ake i te 260 nga nekehanga Celsius (500 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit).
• Ko nga whakamahana mokowhiti, he whakamaroke makawe, he rino koiri, he rino kakahu: He maha nga whakamahana mokowhiti, he uhi papa rino, me nga pereti i runga i nga rino mamaoa e whakamahi ana i nga paninga PTFE ka kore te hau i te wa ka mau ki te kanohi ki raro, i te wa ranei o te wera o te wheketere tuatahi.
• **Nga rama wera "whakakikorua" me nga topuku mo te heihei **: Ko nga rama wera infrared paerewa kua hokona kua pania ki te PTFE whakamarumaru hei aukati i te pakaru o te karaehe ka puta te hau fluoropolymer whakamate i te wa ka wera te umanga, ka muru i nga kahui katoa o nga heihei o muri, nga ngarara/manu o roto i roto i te 30 meneti.

Wāhanga 2: Polymer Fume Fever ("Teflon Flu") i roto i te tangata: nga tohu me te maimoatanga¶

Mēnā i hongi koe i te auahi, i te hau kare e kitea i a koe e whakaora ana i te paraharaha kore rakau kua wera rawa mai i te umu, ka tino pai koe mo te 2 ki te 3 haora tuatahi, engari ka pa ohorere i taua ahiahi e te ahua o te mate rewharewha.

Te rārangi wā matarohia me te kōtaha tohu¶

Ko te kirika weriweri polymer he urupare whakapeka nahanaha e whakatiki ana i a ia ano ka puta i te wa e paopao ana nga matūriki fluoropolymer ultrafine (he iti ake i te 0.1 microns) i nga huarahi o te ihu o runga me te whakatakoto hohonu ki roto i te pulmonary alveoli (putea hau o nga pukahukahu), ka puta te pupuhi o te alveolar macrophages i roto i te **me futokine ki roto. nga kaitarai e mau ana ki te konutea waikura):

1. Te Waa Taonga (0 ki te 4 haora i muri i te mararatanga): I muri tonu i te whakangohanga i te kohu, ka kite koe i te maroke ngawari, rangitahi, i te korokoro ranei i te korokoro, i te reka o te konganuku, i te reka matū ranei i roto i te waha, i te riri ngawari ranei o te kanohi.
2. Ko te Acute Oma (4 ki te 8 haora i muri i te mararatanga): Ohorere, i waenganui i te 4 me te 8 haora i muri mai i te mahi kihini (he oho te tangata i te po), ka pa ohorere nga tohu o te punaha:
3. He kirikaa nui: Ko te tikanga 38.0 ki te 39.5 nga nekehanga Celsius (100.4 ki te 103.1 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit).
4. Te wiriwiri nui, te werawera makariri, me te mamae o nga uaua me nga hononga (myalgias me arthralgias).
5. **Te mahunga o mua **, te ngenge, me te nausea i etahi wa.
6. Mare maroke, kore-hua me te ahua o te ki te uma me te ngawari o te manawa ina ka manawa hohonu.
7. Te Wāhanga Whakatau (24 ki te 48 haora i muri i te mararatanga): I nga pakeke hauora karekau he mate pukupuku kei raro, ka mutu noa te kirikaa polymer fume kirika i roto i te 12 ki te 48 haora ina tangohia te tangata mai i te hau poke, karekau he kino o te puku.

flowchart TD
    A["Te Hunga Hunga Tangata Mai i te Paahi PTFE Nonstick kua wera rawa atu"] --> B["Move Immediately to Fresh Outdoor Air & Rinse Eyes/Mouth With Water"]
    B --> C{"Tirohia nga Haki Whero Moorearea Rawa"}
    C -- "Wheezing, Asthma/COPD mura, Stridor, Ngutu Kahurangi, Pan Whakawera ranei> 400°C mo te >10 Mineti" --> D["Haere ki te Tari Ohotata / Waea 911 Inamata (Mata mo te Pneumonitis matū)"]
    C -- "No Immediate Distress; Only Mild Throat Scratchiness" --> E["Call Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 in US) & Monitor at Home in Fresh Air"]
    E --> F{"4 to 8 Hours Later: Fever (38 to 39.5°C), Shaking Chills, Body Aches, & Dry Cough?"}
    F -- "Yes (Classic Polymer Fume Fever)" --> G{"Is Breathing Comfortable at Rest and Pulse Oximeter >= 95%?"}
    G -- "Ae" --> H["Supportive Care: Hydration, Rest, Antipyretic (Acetaminophen/Ibuprofen): Resolves in 24 to 48 Hrs"]
    G -- "No: Worsening Shortness of Breath, Wet Cough, or Fever Lasting > 48 Hrs" --> I["Urgent Hospital Evaluation (Chest X-Ray & Oxygen for Pulmonary Edema)"]

Home care vs when to go to the Emergency Room¶

• What to do at home for mild-to-moderate Polymer Fume Fever:
• Call your regional Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222 in the United States; 111 in the United Kingdom; 1-844-POISON-X in Canada; 13 11 26 in Australia) to log the exposure and receive tailored clinical monitoring advice.
• Rest in a completely ventilated, fume-free environment and drink plenty of water or electrolyte fluids to replace fluids lost from fever and sweating.
• Standard over-the-counter fever reducers (acetaminophen / paracetamol or ibuprofen, taken according to package directions if medically safe for you) help relieve the fever, shaking chills, and headache while the inflammatory cytokine surge subsides. Note that antibiotics do not help polymer fume fever because it is a sterile chemical inflammation, not a bacterial infection.
• When to seek immediate Emergency Department care:
• Do not assume symptoms are benign polymer fume fever if a pan was left burning at extreme temperatures (over 400°C / 750°F) for 10 to 30+ minutes (for example, while someone was asleep or out of the house), as extreme pyrolysis produces perfluoroisobutylene (PFIB) and hydrogen fluoride, which cause chemical pneumonitis and delayed non-cardiogenic pulmonary edema (fluid filling the lungs).
• Go to the nearest Emergency Department immediately if the exposed person has asthma, COPD, heart failure, is pregnant, or is an infant/young child, or if anyone develops:
  1. Shortness of breath at rest, fast breathing, or a pulse oximeter reading below 94 to 95 percent.
  2. Audible wheezing, crackles/bubbling sounds in the chest, or coughing up frothy or pink-tinged sputum.
  3. Severe chest pain, dizziness, or confusion.
  4. Symptoms that worsen after 24 hours or fail to resolve after 48 hours.

Part 3: Pet Bird Toxicity ("Teflon Toxicosis"): Why seconds matter¶

While humans have blind-ended sac-like lungs (alveoli) where only a fraction of air is exchanged with each breath, birds possess the most efficient respiratory system of any vertebrate on Earth: rigid lungs connected to nine thin-walled air sacs that push air unidirectionally through microscopic blood capillaries (parabronchi). This allows birds to extract oxygen at high altitudes, and causes them to absorb airborne toxins at 10 to 20 times the rate of a human.

Why PTFE fumes kill birds in rooms far away from the kitchen¶

When an overheated PTFE pan releases ultrafine fluoropolymer particles and acidic gases, those particles instantly destroy the delicate single-cell capillary membranes inside a bird's lungs, causing the bird's lungs to fill rapidly with blood (acute congestive pulmonary hemorrhage).

• Birds die before humans smell anything: Because PTFE begins releasing ultrafine particles at 260°C (500°F), before visible smoke or a strong burnt smell develops, parrots, cockatiels, parakeets (budgies), and finches kept in a bedroom or upstairs office often drop from their perches before the person in the kitchen realizes the pan is hot.
• Symptoms of PTFE toxicosis in birds:
• Open-beak breathing, gasping, or rhythmic tail-bobbing with every breath.
• Holding wings slightly out from the body, extreme weakness, wobbling, or falling to the bottom of the cage.
• Audible clicking, wheezing, or gurgling respiratory sounds; blood or pinkish fluid around the nostrils (nares) or beak; rapid seizures and sudden death.
• Emergency avian rescue steps:
• Remove the bird to fresh outdoor air immediately: Every second inside the house adds to the lethal dose. Carry the bird outside (shielded from wind/cold in a carrier or towel, or inside a pre-warmed vehicle in winter).
• Keep the bird calm, warm, and quiet in a small carrier: Because handling a hypoxic bird increases its oxygen demand and can trigger fatal cardiac arrest, do not restrain or stress the bird.
• Rush immediately to an Emergency Avian Veterinarian: Call ahead on the way so the veterinary team can pre-fill a heated, humidified 100% oxygen chamber (incubator) and prepare emergency diuretics (furosemide), bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory medications. Do not bring the bird back inside your home for at least 6 to 12 hours of aggressive cross-ventilation.

Part 4: Overheated Cast Iron, Carbon Steel, Ceramic, and Stainless Steel Pans¶

What if the pan you accidentally left on the burner was not a PTFE Teflon pan, but a seasoned cast iron skillet, a carbon steel wok, a ceramic-coated pan, or a clad stainless steel pot?

Me pehea te hapai i te paera rino kai paipa, i te kohua Kowiri tira ranei kua maroke¶

1. Kia mohio ki te whakapataritari Acrolein: Ina ka wera te hinu polymerized i runga i te rino, i te paraharaha waro rino ranei ki te paoa ma-hina-hina, ko te matū koi, whakapouri roimata e wero ana i ou kanohi ka maremare tonu koe ko acrolein (propenal), he mea hanga na te whakamaroke waiariki o te glycerol i roto i nga ngako. Ko te Acrolein he mucous membrane kaha me te mate huango (me te wera o nga mea pararopi ka tukuna ano te carbon monoxide), no reira me whakatuwhera tonu koe i nga matapihi, rere i te powhiriwhiri, ka kuhu ki te hau hou kia mahea te auahi.
2. ** Aukati Ngaa Ngawha me nga Pahū Kotara**:
3. He pakarukaru te rino i raro i te ru werawera: Ki te maka e koe he 370-tohu-Celsius (700-tohu-Fahrenheit) rino rino i raro i te korere kihini, ka ringihia ranei he wai ki roto, ka paheke tonu te wahanga whakamatao i te wa e roha tonu ana te rino a tawhio noa, ka ka pakaru te waahana rino taimaha i te haurua me te pupuhi o te pupuhi pupuhi
4. Waiho te paraharaha ki runga i te mura ahi kua whakawetohia mo te 45 ki te 60 meneti kia makariri ki te pa. Mēnā ka nui te paowa o te paraharaha ka puta he whakaoho auahi i roto i te whare katoa, whakamahia kia rua nga karapu hiako hiako maroke matotoru hei kawe ki waho ka tuu ki runga ** raima maroke, pereki, paru ranei** (kaore rawa i runga i te rahoraho rakau, te papa vinyl, te whariki o waho, te tarutaru maku ranei).
5. Te tango i te hongi auahi mai i to kihini i muri i te aitua:
6. Ka puta te paraharaha ki waho, ka whiti te hau mo te 60 meneti, horoia nga whiriwhiringa hinu awheawhe ki te wai hopi wera (ko nga matūriki paitini me te acrolein e piri ana ki nga whiriwhiringa mata hinuhinu), horoia nga kaapata kihini me nga porotiti ki te wai mahana me te hopi rīhi, ka whakakapi i to tātari oumu HVAC mena kei te rere te powhiri hau i te wa o te huihuinga auahi.

Nga paerewa ture-a-rohe, nga waea waea paihana, me nga whakamarumaru kaihoko¶

He rereke nga tohutohu hauora a te iwi, nga waea matū ohorere, me nga paerewa haumaru mo te tunu kai puta noa i nga rohe:

• Te Hononga o Amerika: Mena ka ngotea tetahi tangata i te paraharaha kore e wera rawa ana ka pa ki te korokoro, kirikaa ranei, whakapaa atu ki nga Poison Centers o Amerika i te 1-800-222-1222 mo nga whakamatautau paitini tohunga kore utu. Ko nga taputapu kihini kohakore e puta ai te whakamahana kaore i whakahaua, me whakaatu ki te Komihana mo te Haumaru Hua Kaihoko (CPSC) i te saferproducts.gov. I nga waahi mahi, ko te Whakahaere Haumaru me te Hauora Mahi (OSHA) me te NIOSH e pupuri ana i nga rohe whakamohiotanga e whakaaetia ana mo nga hua whakakino waiariki fluoropolymer, penei i te carbonyl fluoride me te hydrogen fluoride.
• United Kingdom: I roto i te United Kingdom, ka rurukuhia te arataki mo te whakauru matū me te kohu o te whare na roto i te National Poisons Information Service (NPIS), ka taea e te marea ma te NHS 111. Ka whakamanahia e te Kaiwhakahaere Hauora me te Haumaru (HSE) nga rohe whakaraeraetanga ki te waahi mahi i raro i nga ture Mana Whakahaere i nga Matū Morearea ki te Hauora (COSHH). Ko nga whakahaere oranga kararehe, tae atu ki te Royal Society for the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals (RSPCA), ka whakahaere i nga kaupapa whakamaarama puta noa i te motu e pa ana ki te whakaraeraetanga o nga manu hoa ki te polytetrafluoroethylene toxicosis o te kainga.
• Uniana Pakeha: I raro i te anga REACH o te Kotahitanga o Europi (Rehita, Aromatawai, Whakamana me te Rahuitanga o nga Matū), ka aromatawaihia e te European Chemicals Agency (ECHA) nga here whanui mo ia me nga matū polyfluoroalkyl (PFAS), tae atu ki nga fluoropolymers e whakamahia ana i roto i te tunu kai o te whare. Ko te German Federal Institute for Risk Assessment (BfR) e whakaputa ana i te arataki hauora e whakatuu ana i nga tikanga tunu kai a-whare, me te whakatupato i nga paraharaha ka wera ake i te 360 ​​nga nekehanga Celsius (680 nga nekehanga Fahrenheit) ka tuku i nga aerosol pirau paitini. Mo nga ohorere matū tangata, ka taea e nga kainoho EU te uru atu ki nga waea whawhati tata paihana o te motu (pēnei i Giftnotruf Berlin i Tiamana, i te whatunga Center Antipoison ranei i Parani).
• Kanata: Ka whakaputahia e Health Canada nga panui haumaru hua mo nga kaihoko e tohutohu ana kia kaua e whakamahana i mua i te whakamahana i nga paraharaha kore rakau maroke, me te whai ki te Ture Haumaru Hua Kaihoko Canada (CCPSA). Ko nga Kanata e pa ana ki te whakamahutanga ka taea te toro atu ki nga tohunga paitini a-rohe ma te whatunga Poison Centres Canada ma te waea atu ki a 1-844-POISON-X (1-844-764-7669).
• Ahitereiria: Ko te Australian Poisons Information Centre e whakarato ana i nga tohutohu whawhati tata mo te motu mo te 24 haora i te 13 11 26. Ko nga whakamaharatanga haumaru hua mo nga taputapu kihini e whakawerahia ana e te Australian Competition and Consumer Commission (ACCC) i raro i te Australian Consumer Law. Ka whakarato a RSPCA Ahitereiria i nga arataki kararehe whawhati tata ki te whakatupato i nga rangatira mokai kia kaua e mahi i nga huringa oumu horoi-whaiaro, i nga paraharaha kore rakau maroke ranei i roto i nga whare noho manu hoa.

Pātai auau¶

First aid certification and burn trauma response¶

Overheating incidents involving cookware frequently result in severe thermal injuries, including second-degree steam burns from wet towels, contact burns from handles exceeding 300 degrees Celsius (572 degrees Fahrenheit), or chemical respiratory distress. If someone sustains a thermal burn, cooling the affected area under cool running potable water for at least 20 minutes takes immediate priority, avoiding ice or oily ointments. Inhaling hot fumes or toxic pyrolysis products can cause delayed chemical pneumonitis requiring rapid medical intervention. Completing an accredited first aid, CPR, and basic life support course through the Red Cross, St John Ambulance, or a national emergency training provider equips you to manage acute burns and respiratory crises effectively.

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, United States): Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards and Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Decomposition Products of Fluorocarbon Polymers (Polymer Fume Fever).
• America's Poison Centers and National Capital Poison Center (United States): Teflon / Nonstick Pan Overheating, Polymer Fume Fever Clinical Timeline, and Ingestion of Nonstick Coating Flakes.
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, United States): Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls and Thermal Pyrolysis Products of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
• Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV) and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA, United States / International): Household Inhalant Toxins in Companion Birds: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Toxicosis and Emergency Avian Triage.
• UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and National Poisons Information Service (NPIS, United Kingdom): Toxicological Overview of Fluoropolymer Pyrolysis Fumes and Acrolein Smoke Inhalation.
• Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR / Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany): Questions and Answers on Cookware with Nonstick PTFE Coatings and Overheating Thresholds.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Nga ahi kihini
• Whakaongo auahi te awhina tuatahi
• Mokai tawahi i nga wa ohorere
• Poisoning