Mosi o o goteditsweng thata wa pane e e sa kgomareleng (letshoroma la mosi wa polymer) le maemo a tshoganyetso a mosi wa tshipi e e tshetsweng¶

Go tlogela ka phoso skillet e e senang sepe e e sa kgomareleng mo setšhising se se mogote, go bedisa pitsa e omile gotlhelele, kgotsa go gotetsa pane ya tshipi e e tswakilweng mo ontong go ka tlatsa legae ka mosi o o bogale, o o tenang mo metsotsong e e kwa tlase ga e le 3. Fa go fisiwa dijo kgotsa oli ya go apaya go dira motlhwa o o bonalang wa khabone le mouwane wa acrolein o o tenang matlho le mometso, go gotetsa thata seaparo se se sa kgomareleng (se se itsegeng thata ka maina a letshwaokgwebo a a tshwanang le Teflon, Csi (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 500 go ya go di le 662) e tsosa go bola ga mogote (go bola ga mogote). Go thubega gono ga dikhemikale go go sa bonaleng go golola motswako o o raraaneng wa digase tse di nang le fluorine le dikarolwana tsa polymer tse di boleta thata tse di tlhamaletseng mo moweng wa gago wa ka fa teng.

Mo bathong, go hema mosi o o tseneletseng go tswa mo paneng ya PTFE e e goteditsweng thata go baka bolwetse jo bo bogale, jo bo tshwanang le jwa mokgotlhwane jo bo bidiwang polymer fume fever (mo hisitoring jo bo bidiwang "Teflon flu"), jo bo tlhaolwang ke go tsidifala ka tshoganyetso, letshoroma, go gagamala ga sehuba, le go gotlhola go go omileng go go tlhagelelang morago ga go tlhagelela diura di le 4 go ya go di le 8. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa o na le dinonyane tsa mo gae (di-parakeet, di-cockatiel, dipapagae, di-canary, di-finch, kgotsa ditsuane tsa mo teng ga ntlo) gongwe le gongwe mo teng ga ntlo, mosi wa PTFE e pyrolysis ke maemo a tshoganyetso a a bolayang a dinonyane ka bonako, a a didimetseng, a a bolayang diperesente di le 100 a a bakang go bolaya ga dinonyane mo phaposing e e kwa tlase moo batho ba sa kgoneng go dupelela selo monko.

Dira se jaanong¶

1. Tshwara mowa, tima setofo sa setofo kgotsa onto, mme o fetole fene ya go ntsha mosi wa range hood go HIGH (fela fa e ntsha mowa kwa ntle): Tsena mo kitšhineng fa o ntse o tshwere mowa, retolola konopo ya setofo go OFF, mme o bule hood ya gago ya range e e kwa godimo **fela fa o itse gore e ntsha mowa ka microwa ditlhotlhi tsa magala ga di kitla di tshwara digase tsa fluoropolymer tse di boleta thata mme di di foke fela go dikologa phaposi).
2. O SE KE wa tshela metsi a tsididi mo paneng e e omileng e e mogote thata: Go tshela metsi mo paneng e e omileng ya aluminiamo e e omileng ya didikirii tsa Celsius di le 350 (662-degree-Fahrenheit), tshipi e e sa rusegeng, kgotsa paneng ya tshipi e e tshetsweng go dira gore go thunye mouwane ka ponyo ya leitlho go thunya metsi a a belang kgotsa ka dikgoka, mme e ka thubaganya seapeelo sa motlakase kgotsa sa induction sa galase-seramiki.
3. Fudusa dinonyane tsotlhe tsa mo gae mo moweng o o phepa wa kwa ntle mo metsotswaneng e le 60: Fa o na le nonyane epe ya mo gae, o se ka wa emela gore ntlo e tswe mowa. Tshwara nonyane (kgotsa lesaka lotlhe) mme o e sutisetse gotlhelele kwa ntle ga ntlo (kgotsa mo koloing e e thuthafaditsweng pele kgotsa ntlo ya moagelani) ka bonako. Le metsotso e le 2 ya go nna mo mosi o o sa bonaleng wa PTFE e bolaya dinonyane pele ga batho ba lemoga monko.
4. Rwara pane e e gogang kwa ntle o dirisa di-mitts tse dikima tse di omileng tsa onto FEELA fa go se na dikgabo tse di bulegileng mme tsela ya gago e tlhapile: Fa pane e goga fela kgotsa e phatsima ntle le dikgabo tse di bulegileng, tshwara setshwaro ka mitt e e omileng, e e bokete ya silicone kgotsa ya letlalo mme o e tshware ka boleele jwa sefatlhego sa gago go tswa mo go wena. konkoreiti, ditena, kgotsa leswe go fetsa go ntsha gase kwa ntle. Fa e le gore e mogote thata go ka e ama ka pabalesego, e tlogele mo setšhising se se timileng mme o tswale lebati la boapeelo ka fa morago ga gago.
5. Tlhama mowa o o tsamayang ka lobelo lo lo kwa godimo mme o tswe mo ntlong metsotso e le 30 go ya go e le 60: Bula difensetere le mabati a a kwa ntle mo matlhakoreng a a fapaaneng a boapeelo le ntlo, baya fene ya lebokoso mo fensetereng ya boapeelo e supa kwa ntle go gogela mowa o o kgotletsweng go tswa mo ntlong, mme o tseye difene tsotlhe tsa kwa ntle monko o o botlhoko o a phepafala gotlhelele.
6. Leletsa Taolo ya Botlhole kgotsa ditirelo tsa tshoganyetso fa mongwe a nna le go tlhaela mowa, go tlhotlhora, kgotsa go tsidifala le go diega go tsidifala le letshoroma: Kwa United States, leletsa Taolo ya Botlhole mo go 1-800-222-1222. Fa mongwe yo o nang le asma, COPD, kgotsa bolwetse jwa pelo a nna le go tlhotlhora, go gotlhola go go sa kgaotseng, kgotsa selekanyo sa okosejene se se kwa tlase, kgotsa fa mongwe a na le bothata jo bogolo jwa go hema, leletsa nomoro ya tshoganyetso ya lefelo la lona (911 kwa US le Canada, 112 kwa EU, 999 kwa UK; bona dinomoro tsa tshoganyetso).

flowchart TD
    A["Pane e e Omileng e e Goteditsweng Thata mo Setofong kgotsa mo Ontong"] --> B["Tshwara Mowa, Tima Burner/Oven, mme o se ka wa Tshela Metsi mo Paneng e e Bolelo"]
    B --> C{"A Go na le Dinonyane Tsa Diruiwa Gongwe le Gongwe mo Ntlong?"}
    C -- "Ee" --> D["GO POTLAKA: Rwala Dinonyane Kwa Ntle mo Moweng o o Phepa mo Metsotswaneng e le 60 (Maemo a Tshoganyetso a a Bolayang a Dinonyane)"]
    C -- "Nnyaa" --> E["Bula Difensetere mo Matlhakoreng a a Fapaaneng a Phaposi le Fene ya Lebokoso la Ntlha"]
    D --> E
    E --> F{"Ke Mofuta ofe wa Pane e e neng e goteditswe go feta selekanyo?"}
    F -- "Pane e e sa Kgomareleng ya PTFE / Teflon (>260°C / 500°F)" --> G["Sutisa Pan Kwa Ntle Ka Mitt e e Omileng fa e Babalesegile; Tswa mo Phaposing Metsotso e le 60 go Tila Letshoroma la Mosi wa Polymer"]
    F -- "Tshipi e e Latlhetsweng, Tshipi ya Khabone, kgotsa Pane ya Seramiki" --> H["Tsenya Mosi wa Oli ya Acrolein; Tlogela Pane e Tsidifale ka Bonya mo Setofong Metsotso e le 60 Pele o Kgoma"]
    G --> I["Tlhokomela Batho go bona Letshoroma le le Tshwanang le Mokgotlhwane/Sedidi Diura di le 4 go ya go di le 8 Moragonyana le go Rola Tiro Pane ya PTFE e e Senyegileng"]
    H --> J["Kgotlha Molora o o Nang le Khabone le go Tlhatswa Tshipi e e Latlhetsweng Gape fa e sena go Tsidifala"]

Karolo 1: Go diragalang fa pane ya PTFE (Teflon) e gotela thata?¶

Ka nako ya go apaya ka tlwaelo ka botoro, oli, metsi, kgotsa dijo mo paneng, dithemphoritšhara tsa boalogodimo di nna fa gare ga didikirii tsa Celsius di le 100 le 200 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 212 le 392), di le kwa tlase thata ga selekanyo se dikhurumetso tsa fluoropolymer di thubegang mo go sone. Le fa go ntse jalo, fa pane e e botlhofo ya aluminiamo e e sa kgomareleng e e lolea e tlogelwa e gotela pele mo setšhutšheng se se kwa godimo sa gase kgotsa sa motlakase, dithemphoritšhara tsa boalogodimo di tlhatlogela kwa godimo go feta 260 didikirii tsa Celsius (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 500) mo metsotsong e e ka fa tlase ga 2, mme di ka feta didikirii tsa Celsius di le 370 go ya go 480s. Fahrenheit) mo metsotsong e le 4 go ya go e le 5.

Ditekanyetso tsa mogote le dikgato tsa pyrolysis ya khemikhale¶

Metswedi e e fitlhegileng ya mosi wa PTFE kwa ntle ga dipane tsa go gadika¶

Malapa a mantsi a itemogela go tsenwa ke mosi wa polymer kgotsa dintsho tsa tshoganyetso tsa dinonyane tsa mo gae di sa kgome pane e e gadikegang ka gonne PTFE le di-fluoropolymer tse di amanang le yone di dirisiwa jaaka dithebe tse di sa kgomareleng tsa mogote o o kwa godimo mo teng ga didirisiwa di le dintsi tse di tlwaelegileng tsa mo gae:

• Dionto tse di iphepafatsang le dielemente tse disha tsa go baka tsa onto: Go dirisa mogote o o kwa godimo modikologo wa go iphepafatsa (didikirii tsa Celsius di le 425 go ya go di le 480 / didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 800 go ya go di le 900) kgotsa go gotetsa onto e ntšha e e dirilweng ka diatla lekgetlo la ntlha go ka dira gore di- dipeo.
• Di-fryer tsa mowa, dionto tsa go gadika, di-press tsa Panini, le ditshipi tsa waffle: Go tlogela seroto sa di-fryer tsa mowa se se senang sepe kgotsa onto ya go gadika di-toaster e dira mo go gadikegeng kgotsa go gotela pele go feta didikirii tsa Celsius di le 260 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 500).
• Dithuthafatsi tsa sebaka, diomisi tsa moriri, ditshipi tsa go tlhotlhora, le ditshipi tsa diaparo: Dithuthafatsi tsa sebaka tse dintsi tsa seramiki, dikhurumetso tsa boto ya go aena, le di-soleplate mo ditshiping tsa mouwane di dirisa dikhurumetso tsa PTFE tse di ntshang gase fa di tlogelwa di butswe di lebile fa fatshe kgotsa ka nako ya go tuka ga feketori kwa tshimologong.
• Mabone a mogote a a "a apesitsweng" a a thibelang go thubega le ditleloubu tsa dikoko: Mabone a a tlwaelegileng a mogote a infrared a a rekisiwang a a apesitsweng ka PTFE e e sireletsang go thibela go thubega ga galase a tla golola gase e e bolayang ya fluoropolymer ka bonako fela fa tleloupu e gotela, kgapetsakgapetsa a phimola metlhape yotlhe ya dikokwana tsa kwa morago ga ntlo.

Karolo 2: Letshoroma la Mosi wa Polymer ("Mokgotlhwane wa Teflon") mo bathong: matshwao le kalafi¶

Fa o ne o hema mosi kana mosi o o sa bonaleng fa o ne o namola pane e e gotetseng thata e e sa kgomareleng mo setofong, o ka nna wa ikutlwa o siame gotlhelele mo diureng tsa ntlha tse 2 go ya go tse 3, mme wa itewa ka tshoganyetso maitseboa ao ke se se utlwalang e kete ke bolwetse jo bo masisi jwa mokgotlhwane.

Molanako wa bogologolo le porofaele ya matshwao¶

Letshoroma la mosi wa polymer ke tsibogo e e bogale, e e itekanyetsang ya go ruruga e e tlhotlhelediwang ke dikarolwana tsa fluoropolymer tse di boleta thata (tse dinnye go feta di-micron di le 0.1) di fapoga ditsela tse di kwa godimo tsa nko mme di tsena kwa teng mo teng ga di-alveoli tsa makgwafo (dikgetsi tsa mowa tsa makgwafo), di dira gore di-alveoli tsa macrophageo di golole (e e tshwanang le letshoroma la mosi wa tshipi mo di-welder tse di tsenngwang mo zinc oxide):

1. Paka e e Fitlhegileng (diura di le 0 go ya go di le 4 morago ga go tlhagelela): Ka bonako fela morago ga go hema mosi, o ka nna wa lemoga fela go oma go go botlhofo, ga nakwana kgotsa go ngapa mo kgokgotsong, tatso e nnye ya tshipi kgotsa ya khemikhale mo molomong, kgotsa go tenega go go botlhofo ga matlho.
2. The Acute Onset (diura di le 4 go ya go di le 8 morago ga go tlhagelela): Ka tshoganyetso, magareng ga diura di le 4 le di le 8 morago ga tiragalo ya mo kitšhineng (gantsi go tsosa motho bosigo), matshwao a thulaganyo a tlhasela ka tshoganyetso:
3. Letshoroma le le kwa godimo: Gantsi Didikirii tsa Celsius di le 38.0 go ya go di le 39.5 (didikirii tsa Fahrenheit di le 100.4 go ya go di le 103.1).
4. Go roroma go go tseneletseng (rigors), go fufula go go tsididi, le go opa ga mesifa le malokololo ka kakaretso (myalgias le arthralgias).
5. Tlhogo e e botlhoko ya kwa pele, letsapa, le go feroga sebete go se kae ka dinako tse dingwe.
6. Go gotlhola go go omileng, go go sa ntsheng dipholo le go utlwa go gagamala ga sehuba kgotsa go tlhaela mowa go se kae fa o hema kwa teng.
7. The Resolution Phase (24 to 48 hours post-exposure): In healthy adults without underlying lung disease, moderate polymer fume fever resolves completely on its own within 12 to 48 hours once the person is removed from the contaminated air, leaving no permanent lung damage.

flowchart TD
    A["Human Inhaled Fumes From Overheated PTFE Nonstick Pan"] --> B["Move Immediately to Fresh Outdoor Air & Rinse Eyes/Mouth With Water"]
    B --> C{"Check Immediate High-Risk Red Flags"}
    C -- "Wheezing, Asthma/COPD Flare, Stridor, Blue Lips, or Pan Heated >400°C for >10 Mins" --> D["Go to Emergency Department / Call 911 Immediately (Screen for Chemical Pneumonitis)"]
    C -- "No Immediate Distress; Only Mild Throat Scratchiness" --> E["Call Poison Control (1-800-222-1222 in US) & Monitor at Home in Fresh Air"]
    E --> F{"4 to 8 Hours Later: Fever (38 to 39.5°C), Shaking Chills, Body Aches, & Dry Cough?"}
    F -- "Yes (Classic Polymer Fume Fever)" --> G{"Is Breathing Comfortable at Rest and Pulse Oximeter >= 95%?"}
    G -- "Ee" --> H["Supportive Care: Hydration, Rest, Antipyretic (Acetaminophen/Ibuprofen): Resolves in 24 to 48 Hrs"]
    G -- "No: Worsening Shortness of Breath, Wet Cough, or Fever Lasting > 48 Hrs" --> I["Urgent Hospital Evaluation (Chest X-Ray & Oxygen for Pulmonary Edema)"]

Home care vs when to go to the Emergency Room¶

• What to do at home for mild-to-moderate Polymer Fume Fever:
• Call your regional Poison Control Center (1-800-222-1222 in the United States; 111 in the United Kingdom; 1-844-POISON-X in Canada; 13 11 26 in Australia) to log the exposure and receive tailored clinical monitoring advice.
• Rest in a completely ventilated, fume-free environment and drink plenty of water or electrolyte fluids to replace fluids lost from fever and sweating.
• Dipilisi tse di tlwaelegileng tsa go fokotsa letshoroma tse di rekwang kwa khaontareng (acetaminophen / paracetamol kgotsa ibuprofen, tse di nowang go ya ka ditaelo tsa sephuthelwana fa e le gore di babalesegile mo go wena go ya ka kalafi) di thusa go imolola letshoroma, go roroma ga sedidi, le go opiwa ke tlhogo fa go tlhatloga ga di-cytokine tse di rurugang go ntse go kokobela. Ela tlhoko gore dibolayamegare ga di thuse letshoroma la mosi wa polymer ka gonne ke thurugo ya khemikhale e e senang megare, e seng tshwaetsego ya dibakateria.
• O batla leng tlhokomelo ya Lefapha la Maemo a Tshoganyetso ka bonako:
• A se tseye gore matshwao ke letshoroma la mosi wa polymer le le seng kotsi fa pane e ne e tlogetswe e tuka mo dithemphoritšhareng tse di feteletseng (go feta 400°C / 750°F) metsotso e le 10 go ya go e le 30+ (sekao, fa mongwe a ne a robetse kgotsa a le kwa ntle ga ntlo), ka gonne pyrolysis e e feteletseng e ntsha perfluoro) fluoride, tse di bakang pneumonitis ya dikhemikhale le go ruruga ga makgwafo go go diegileng go go sa bakeng pelo (seeledi se se tlatsang makgwafo).
• Eya kwa Lefapheng la Maemo a Tshoganyetso le le gaufi ka bonako fa motho yo o tlhagelelang a na le asma, COPD, go sa dire sentle ga pelo, a imile, kgotsa e le lesea/ngwana yo monnye, kgotsa fa mongwe a nna le:
  1. Go tlhaela mowa fa o ikhutsitse, go hema ka bonako, kgotsa palo ya pulse oximeter e e kwa tlase ga diperesente di le 94 go ya go di le 95.
  2. Go utlwala go tlhotlhora, medumo ya go phatloga/go budulela mo sehubeng, kgotsa go gotlhola mathe a a nang le bupi kgotsa a a nang le mmala o o pinki.
  3. Botlhoko jo bo tseneletseng mo sehubeng, go tsewa ke sedidi, kgotsa go tlhakana tlhogo.
  4. Matshwao a a gakala morago ga diura di le 24 kgotsa a palelwa ke go rarabologa morago ga diura di le 48.

Karolo 3: Botlhole jwa Dinonyane tsa mo Gae ("Botlhole jwa Teflon"): Ke ka ntlha yang fa metsotswana e le botlhokwa¶

Fa batho ba na le mafatlha a a sa bonaleng a a tshwanang le dikgetsi (alveoli) mo go ananngwang fela karolwana ya mowa ka mowa mongwe le mongwe, dinonyane di na le thulaganyo ya go hema e e dirang sentle go gaisa ditshedi dipe fela tse di nang le lerapo la mokwatla mo Lefatsheng: mafatlha a a gagametseng a a golagantsweng le dikgetsi tsa mowa tse di nang le mabota a masesane di le robongwe tse di kgoromeletsang mowa o o nang le mabota a masesane. (diparabronkhi). Seno se dira gore dinonyane di kgone go ntsha okosejene kwa bogodimong jo bo kwa godimo, mme se dira gore di monye botlhole jo bo mo moweng ka seelo se se menaganeng ga 10 go ya go 20 sa motho.

Goreng mosi wa PTFE o bolaya dinonyane mo diphaposing tse di kgakala le boapeelo¶

When an overheated PTFE pan releases ultrafine fluoropolymer particles and acidic gases, those particles instantly destroy the delicate single-cell capillary membranes inside a bird's lungs, causing the bird's lungs to fill rapidly with blood (acute congestive pulmonary hemorrhage).

• Birds die before humans smell anything: Because PTFE begins releasing ultrafine particles at 260°C (500°F), before visible smoke or a strong burnt smell develops, parrots, cockatiels, parakeets (budgies), and finches kept in a bedroom or upstairs office often drop from their perches before the person in the kitchen realizes the pan is hot.
• Symptoms of PTFE toxicosis in birds:
• Open-beak breathing, gasping, or rhythmic tail-bobbing with every breath.
• Holding wings slightly out from the body, extreme weakness, wobbling, or falling to the bottom of the cage.
• Audible clicking, wheezing, or gurgling respiratory sounds; blood or pinkish fluid around the nostrils (nares) or beak; rapid seizures and sudden death.
• Emergency avian rescue steps:
• Remove the bird to fresh outdoor air immediately: Every second inside the house adds to the lethal dose. Carry the bird outside (shielded from wind/cold in a carrier or towel, or inside a pre-warmed vehicle in winter).
• Keep the bird calm, warm, and quiet in a small carrier: Because handling a hypoxic bird increases its oxygen demand and can trigger fatal cardiac arrest, do not restrain or stress the bird.
• Rush immediately to an Emergency Avian Veterinarian: Call ahead on the way so the veterinary team can pre-fill a heated, humidified 100% oxygen chamber (incubator) and prepare emergency diuretics (furosemide), bronchodilators, and anti-inflammatory medications. Do not bring the bird back inside your home for at least 6 to 12 hours of aggressive cross-ventilation.

Part 4: Overheated Cast Iron, Carbon Steel, Ceramic, and Stainless Steel Pans¶

Go tweng fa pane e o e tlogetseng ka phoso mo setšhising e ne e se **pane ya PTFE Teflon, mme e le sejana sa tshipi e e tshetsweng, wok ya tshipi ya khabone, pane e e apesitsweng ka seramiki, kgotsa pitsa e e apesitsweng ya tshipi e e sa rusegeng?

How to handle a smoking Cast Iron skillet or boiled-dry Stainless Steel pot safely¶

1. Recognize Acrolein irritation: When the polymerized oil seasoning on a cast iron or carbon steel pan burns off into thick white-gray smoke, the sharp, tear-inducing chemical that stings your eyes and makes you cough immediately is acrolein (propenal), formed by the thermal dehydration of glycerol in fats. Acrolein is a potent mucous membrane and asthma irritant (and burning organic matter also releases carbon monoxide), so you must still open windows, run an exhaust fan, and step into fresh air until the smoke clears.
2. Prevent Thermal Shock and Metal Explosions:
3. Cast iron is brittle under thermal shock: If you put a 370-degree-Celsius (700-degree-Fahrenheit) cast iron skillet under the kitchen faucet or pour water into it, the cooled section contracts instantly while the surrounding iron remains expanded, causing the heavy iron skillet to crack in half with a loud gunshot bang while spraying scalding steam.
4. Leave the pan on the turned-off burner for 45 to 60 minutes until it is cool to the touch. If the pan is smoking so heavily that it is triggering hardwired smoke alarms throughout the building, use two thick dry leather welding gloves or heavy dry silicone mitts to carry it outdoors and set it on dry concrete, bricks, or dirt (never on a wooden deck, vinyl siding, synthetic outdoor rug, or wet grass).
5. Removing smoke odor from your kitchen after the incident:
6. Once the pan is outside and the air has cleared for 60 minutes, wash the range hood grease filters in hot soapy water (toxic particles and acrolein cling to greasy mesh filters), wipe down surrounding kitchen cabinets and countertops with warm water and dish soap, and replace your HVAC furnace filter if the central air fan was running during the smoke event.

Dipotso tse di bodiwang kgapetsakgapetsa¶

Metswedi e tlhotlhomisitswe¶

• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) and National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH, United States): Pocket Guide to Chemical Hazards and Criteria for a Recommended Standard: Occupational Exposure to Decomposition Products of Fluorocarbon Polymers (Polymer Fume Fever).
• America's Poison Centers and National Capital Poison Center (United States): Teflon / Nonstick Pan Overheating, Polymer Fume Fever Clinical Timeline, and Ingestion of Nonstick Coating Flakes.
• Agency for Toxic Substances and Disease Registry (ATSDR, United States): Toxicological Profile for Perfluoroalkyls and Thermal Pyrolysis Products of Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE).
• Association of Avian Veterinarians (AAV) and American Veterinary Medical Association (AVMA, United States / International): Household Inhalant Toxins in Companion Birds: Polytetrafluoroethylene (PTFE) Toxicosis and Emergency Avian Triage.
• UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA) and National Poisons Information Service (NPIS, United Kingdom): Toxicological Overview of Fluoropolymer Pyrolysis Fumes and Acrolein Smoke Inhalation.
• Bundesinstitut für Risikobewertung (BfR / Federal Institute for Risk Assessment, Germany): Questions and Answers on Cookware with Nonstick PTFE Coatings and Overheating Thresholds.

Fa mongwe a ka itemogela bothata jo bogolo jwa go hema morago ga go hema mosi kgotsa mosi, batla thuso ya kalafi ya tshoganyetso ka bonako. Akanyetsa go tsena khoso ya thuso ya potlako le CPR go tswa kwa Sefapaanong se Sehibidu, kwa St John Ambulance, kgotsa kwa thusong ya thuso ya potlako ya lefelo leo.

Dikaedi tse di tsamaelanang¶

• Melelo ya boapeelo
• Thuso ya potlako ya go hema mosi
• Diruiwa tsa mo gae tse di sa tlwaelegang mo maemong a tshoganyetso
• Go tshela botlhole