Kua pakaru te mekameka whakaahua miihini mariko (.VMDK / .VHDX / .QCOW2) me te whakaora kōpae¶

I te wa e whakangaotia ana e tetahi Miihini Mariko (VM) i runga i VMware ESXi / Taumahimahi, Microsoft Hyper-V, Proxmox VE / QEMU-KVM, ranei Oracle VirtualBox ka kore ohorere ki te whakakaha i muri i te korenga o te mahi taapiri, ka pau te mokowā kōpae (0 bytes free), ka pa ranei tetahi kaiwhakahaere ki tetahi konae whakaahua, ka taea e te pawhiri ohorere te whakakore i nga marama, tau ranei o nga raraunga pakihi ora. Ko nga whakaahua miihini mariko ** ehara i te tino taapiri motuhake**; he pakarukaru Tapa-i-Tuhituhi (CoW) nga mekameka rerekee momo (*-000001-delta.vmdk, *.avhdx, konae-tuarua ranei .qcow2 whakakikoruatia) kei reira nga poraka kotahi i tuhia mai i te tangohanga o te hopukanga ka ora anake i roto i nga konae delta tamariki, i te wa e noho toka ana te kopae turanga taketake i mua.

Mena ka kite koe i nga hapa penei "The parent virtual disk has been modified since the child was created (Parent CID does not match)" i roto i te VMware, "Cannot boot: The chain of virtual hard disks is broken" i te Hyper-V, ranei "Could not open backing file: L1/L2 table corrupted" i roto i te QEMU/Proxmox, tohu ano i te VM ki te Kopae Turanga (flat.vmdk turanga ranei .vhdx) me te whakaara ake he mate. Ma te mahi pera ka whakapouri i te tūmau i te 6 marama ki muri i te waihangatanga o te whakaahua tuatahi, ka whakakorea te hononga GUID/CID matua-tamariki cryptographic me te whakaputa i nga whakaahua delta katoa mai i taua ra he pani me te kore e taea te whakakotahi.

Ko tenei aratohu e whakarato ana i nga taahiraa-i-te-taahiraa i te hangahanga mekameka hopu whakaahua-kore, te whakatika pane-whakaahua-whakaahua, me nga kawa tangohanga konae manuhiri-waho i runga i te VMware na Broadcom Knowledge Base Articles (KB 1007969 / 316578 me KB 1002511), Microsoft Hyper-V Merge-VHD a Set-VHD nga whakaritenga hangarau, QEMU qemu-img a libguestfs (guestmount) nga paerewa mo te whakawakanga, me te Whakaputa Motuhake NIST 800-86.

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

Ki te kore te mihini mariko ki te timata, ka makahia ranei he mekameka whakaahua pakaru / hapa mariko kua pakaru:

1. KAWA rawa e whakatika i nga tautuhinga VM kia tika mai i te Kopae Turanga (Server.vmdk ranei Server.vhdx) i te wa ka hopukina nga whakaahua (-000001.vmdk ranei .avhdx) kei roto i te kōpaki. I te wa ka peke tika te punaha whakahaere manuhiri i te kōpae matua mo te 2 hēkona, ka tuhia e te OS manuhiri nga tohu tohu wa me nga whakahōu hautaka NTFS/ext4 ki te kōpae turanga, me te whakarereke i te Ihirangi ID o te kōpae matua (CID) i roto i te VMware, i te ** GUID Hononga / Timetamp** kei Hyper-V. Ka pakaruhia e taua peke kotahi te mekameka katoa o nga whakaahua tamariki e whakawhirinaki ana ki te kopae turanga e noho tio-mo-moka ana. Mēnā kei te pā tō rūma tūmau i te ahi kaha, te korenga o te whakamatao, te morearea tinana ranei, whakatahi ka waea atu ki to nama whawhati tata (911 i te United States me Canada, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i te United Kingdom) tirohia ranei tau ohorere.
2. ** KAUA e mukua .avhdx, -delta.vmdk, ranei -sesparse.vmdk i roto i te Windows Explorer, i te ESXi Datastore Browser ranei hei "whakawatea mokowā kōpae."** Kaore i rite ki nga konae rangitahi noa, .avhdx a -delta.vmdk ngā kōnae KO to puku mārō ora o nāianei. Mēnā i waihangahia he whakaahua 8 marama ki muri e te mahi pūrua Veeam/CommVault ka mau tonu, ka 100 ōrau o ia tauwhitinga pātengi raraunga, nama, me te konae i hangaia i roto i nga marama 8 kua hipa ka penapena ki roto .avhdx ranei -delta.vmdk kōnae. Ma te whakakore i a raatau ka mukua nga raraunga katoa i hangaia mai i te tiimatanga o te whakaahua.
3. Tapahia, katahi ranei te katoa .vmdk, .vhdx/.avhdx, ranei .qcow2 kōnae ki te rōrahi rokiroki waho / tuarua I mua i te whakahaere i tetahi whakahau hanumi, mahi, whakatika ranei. Ko te hanumi i te mekameka hopu whakaahua ka tuhi whakamuri i nga paraka delta katoa ki roto i te kōpae matua i te waahi. Ki te rahua te hanumi i te hauruatanga na te kino o te wahanga kōpae, te putunga raraunga ranei i te hapa katoa, ka kino nga kōpae matua me nga kōpae tamaiti mena ka tangohia e koe he kape konae i te tuatahi.
4. Mena i rahua te kaitirotiro i te mea i pa te Kaihautu Raraunga / Volume 100% Katoa (No space left on device), KAUA E ngana ki te "Muku / Whakakotahi i nga Whakaahua" tae noa ki te taapiri mokowātea, ki te kati ranei ki te toa raraunga nui ake. Ko te whakakotahi i te mekameka whakaahua-maha ka hiahia mokowhiti mokowhiti kia rite ki te rahi o te kōpae delta nui rawa atu. Ko te ngana ki te whakakotahi i runga i te 99% te katoa o te toa raraunga ka tukitukia te hypervisor i waenga o te mahi.
5. Maherehia te matua tika -> mekameka whakawhirinaki tamariki ma te whakamahi i nga whakahau tirotiro-anake (vmkfstools -e, Get-VHD, ranei qemu-img info --backing-chain) i mua i te pa ki te paita kotahi. Ka whakaingoatia e ia pane whakaahua whakaahua te ingoa ingoa matua me te ID cryptographic matua e tika ana kia noho ki runga ake.

flowchart TD
    A["Ka Whakakahore a VM ki te Whakaara: He Maena Whakaahua Whatiwhati, Maatua CID Tauritenga, he kino ranei te VMDK/VHDX/QCOW2"] --> B["KAOTI: KAUA e whakaoho tika i te kōpae turanga, kaua hoki e mukua nga konae -delta.vmdk, .avhdx ranei"]
    B --> C["Hipanga 1: Tirohia te Toa Raraunga Kaihautū / Mokowā Kore Rorohiko (`df -h` / `rarangi punaha putunga rokiroki esxcli`)"]
    C --> D["Hipanga 2: Tāruahia nga konae turanga me nga konae whakaahua ki te puku tuarua NAS/SAN/USB i mua i te whakarereketanga"]
    D --> E{"Ko tehea Kaitirotiro / Hōputu Kōpae Mariko e pa ana?"}
    E -->|"1. VMware ESXi / Taupunimahi (.vmdk / -flat.vmdk / -delta.vmdk / -sesparse.vmdk)"| F["Tirotirohia nga kaiwhakaahua kuputuhi (`cat *.vmdk`) & tirohia mekameka (`vmkfstools -e Server-000002.vmdk`)"]
    F --> G{"He aha te he o VMware VMDK?"}
    G -->|"CID Maatua Taurite (`parentCID .= CID o matua`)"| H["Whakatikahia te whakamaarama kupu kupu tamariki `.vmdk` kia taurite ai a `parentCID` ki te `CID' a te matua, RĀNEI ka kii i te kōpae rau hohe ki te VMDK whakatōpū hou (`vmkfstools -i`)"]
    G -->|"Kei te ngaro te whakamaarama kupu 1-KB `.vmdk` (Kei te `-flat.vmdk` nui anake)"| I["Tātaihia te rahi o te paita / 512 rängai ka waihangahia te tuhinga-tokau `.vmdk` whakaahua me te `vmkfstools -c`"]
    E -->|"2. Microsoft Hyper-V (.vhdx me .avhdx mekameka)"| J["Tirotirohia te mekameka mai i te mea hou `.avhdx` whakarunga: `Tikina-VHD -Ara *.avhdx | Tīpakohia te Ara,ParentPath`"]
    J --> K["Honoa ano te atatohu matua kua pakaru (`Tautuhi-VHD -Ara child.avhdx -ParentPath parent.vhdx -IgnoreIdMismatch`) ranei hanumi tuimotu (`Hanumi-VHD`)"]
    E -->|"3. Proxmox / KVM / QEMU (.qcow2) ranei VirtualBox (.vdi)"| L["Takina `qemu-img info --backing-chain`; whakatikahia nga ripanga kaute/L2 (`qemu-img taki -r katoa`) ranei rebase (`qemu-img rebase -u`)"]
    H --> M["Whakaora Whakaora Kōnae i waho o te Roopu: Whakauhia nga mekameka ki te aratau Panui-anake ma te `guestmount --ro` ranei `7-Zip` / `UFS Explorer`"]
    I --> M
    K --> M
    L --> M

Te maarama me pehea te mahi a nga mekameka whakaahua miihini mariko¶

Ahakoa kei te whakahaere koe i te VMware ESXi, Microsoft Hyper-V, Proxmox/KVM, VirtualBox ranei, ka mahia e ia hypervisor nga whakaahua ma te whakamahi i te ahua rite tonu te hoahoanga: he raarangi hono kotahi o nga Kopae Maatua Panui-anake me tetahi Kopae Delta Rau-Tuhituhi Tamariki.

[Base Disk: Server.vmdk / Server.vhdx]  <-- Frozen Read-Only at Snapshot 1 (e.g., Jan 1)

         | (Points to Parent Path + Parent CID/GUID: 1234abcd)
[Snapshot 1: Server-000001.vmdk / Server_A.avhdx]  <-- Frozen Read-Only at Snapshot 2 (e.g., June 1)

         | (Points to Parent Path + Parent CID/GUID: 5678ef01)
[Snapshot 2 (Active Leaf): Server-000002.vmdk / Server_B.avhdx]  <-- Active Read/Write Today (Oct 31)

• Ina hiahia te VM ki te tuhi he poraka hou i tenei ra, ka tuhi ANAKE ki te konae rau o raro (Snapshot 2).
• Ina hiahia te VM ki te panui poraka i tenei ra, ka tirohia e te hypervisor Snapshot 2 tuatahi. Mena i whakarereketia taua poraka mai i te 1 o Hune, ka panuitia mai Snapshot 2. Ki te kore, titiro ake te mekameka ki Snapshot 1. Mena kaore i whakarereketia ki reira, ka panuihia te poraka taketake mai i te Base Disk.
• He aha te take ka pakaru ai nga mekameka: Ka penapenahia e ia tamaiti nga whakaahua e rua nga tohu tohu ki tona pane: (1) Ko te ara konae a tona matua tonu, me (2) He ID Ihirangi 32-bit (CID i roto i te VMware) ranei 128-bit Hononga GUID (ParentUniqueId i roto i te Hyper-V) ka whakahouhia i nga wa katoa ka whakatuwherahia te kōpae matua hei tuhi. Ki te nekehia e te tangata he konae, ka whakaingoa ano i tetahi kōpaki, ka whakairi poto ranei te kōpae matua ki te aratau panui-tuhi, CID / GUID ka huri, ka kore tonu te kaitirotiro e whakaae ki te whakairi i te whakaahua o te tamaiti hei aukati i te pirau paraka wahangu.

Track 1: Whakaorangia VMware ESXi & Tauihana Mahi .vmdk mekameka whakaahua¶

I roto i te VMware ESXi, kei roto i te kōpae mariko kotahi e rua nga konae motuhake mo te kopae turanga me e rua nga konae motuhake mo ia whakaahua: 1. He iti (-500-paita) Kuputuhi-Tonu Kōnae Whakaahua (Server.vmdk a Server-000001.vmdk) e mau ana te CID, parentCID, āhuahanga kōpae, me te ingoa kōnae pū o te whānuitanga ā-rua. (Tuhipoka: Ko te taonga ESXi Datastore Browser web GUI e huna ana i te takirua -flat.vmdk a -sesparse.vmdk ko nga konae rua me te whakaatu i te ata kotahi kua hanumi, ME whakamahi koe i te SSH terminal session i runga i te kaihautu ESXi kia kite i nga konae pono). 2. He Kōnae Roonga Raraunga-rua-kipaita-rua (Server-flat.vmdk mo te kopae turanga, me Server-000001-sesparse.vmdk ranei Server-000001-delta.vmdk mo ia whakaahua).

Scenario 1A: Whakatikatika "The parent virtual disk has been modified since the child was created (Parent CID mismatch)"¶

1. SSH ki te kaihautu ESXi ka whakatere ki te raarangi toa raraunga a VM:

   cd /vmfs/volumes/<Datastore_Name>/<VM_Folder_Name>/
   ls -la *.vmdk
   

2. Tia te CID, parentCID, a parentFileNameHint puta noa i nga kaiwhakaahua kuputuhi katoa .vmdk kōnae i te wā kotahi: (He mea nui: Rere anake cat ranei grep i runga i te whakamaarama kuputuhi 500-paita iti .vmdk kōnae, KAUA i runga i te maha-kipaita -flat.vmdk ranei -sesparse.vmdk kōnae).

   grep -E "CID|parentFileNameHint|Extent description" -A 2 Server.vmdk Server-00000*.vmdk
   

3. Whakatauritehia te CID o ia matua ki te parentCID o tana tamaiti tata: Tirohia te putanga:

   Server.vmdk:           CID=1a2b3c4d
                          parentCID=ffffffff   (ffffffff means this is the root Base Disk)
   
   Server-000001.vmdk:    CID=99887766
                          parentCID=55443322   <-- ERROR: Should equal Server.vmdk's CID (1a2b3c4d)
                          parentFileNameHint="Server.vmdk"
   
   Server-000002.vmdk:    CID=aabbccdd
                          parentCID=99887766   <-- OK: Matches Server-000001.vmdk's CID (99887766)
                          parentFileNameHint="Server-000001.vmdk"
   

4. ** Whakatikahia te pakaru parentCID i roto i te whakaahua tamaiti me te manatoko ki vmkfstools -e:**
5. Tuatahi, tāruatia ngā kōnae whakamārama kuputuhi (cp Server-000001.vmdk Server-000001.vmdk.bak).
6. Tuwhera Server-000001.vmdk i roto vi me te huri parentCID=55443322 ki parentCID=1a2b3c4d (taurite Server.vmdko nāianei CID).
7. Whakamatautauria te tika o te mekameka mai i te hou (tino-nui) whakaahuatanga kei te whakamahi vmkfstools -e:

   vmkfstools -e Server-000002.vmdk
   

8. Mena kei te mau tonu te mekameka, ka puta a ESXi: Disk chain is consistent.
9. KORE-KORE WHAKATOKANGA (vmkfstools -i Kawa-waho-waho):
10. Mehemea Server.vmdk i whakarereke paku i mua i to whakatika i te parentCID, Kaua e whakakotahi ki runga i to kape anake. Engari, tohu vmkfstools -i i te whakaahua rau hou (Server-000002.vmdk) ka whakakaohia te mekameka katoa ki roto i te VMDK hou, kotahi te papatahi i runga i te toa raraunga me te mokowā wātea:

    vmkfstools -i Server-000002.vmdk /vmfs/volumes/<Target_Datastore>/Server_Rescue/Server_Merged.vmdk -d thin
    

11. vmkfstools -i panui ia poraka mai Server-000002.vmdk ki raro Server-000001.vmdk a Server-flat.vmdk i roto i te Aratau Panui-anake ka tuhia he ma, he whakaahua-kore Server_Merged.vmdk me te kore e pa ki o konae taketake.

Tauari 1B: Te hanga ano i te 500-paita kua ngaro, kua mukua ranei .vmdk whakamārama kuputuhi ina Server-flat.vmdk kei te mau tonu¶

I etahi wa ka mukua e te kaiwhakahaere, te tuhinga pakaru ranei Server.vmdk (ka pirau ranei ki 0 bytes), na te Pūtirotiro Raraunga Raraunga ka mutu te whakaatu i te kōpae mariko, ahakoa te 500-kipaita nui Server-flat.vmdk ko te konae kei roto 100 ōrau o ō raraunga tūturu kei te noho tonu ki reira i SSH (ls -la *-flat.vmdk).

Ka taea e koe te hanga ano i te kupu-tokau kua ngaro Server.vmdk whakaahua i roto i te 60 hēkona me te kore e ngaro te paita kotahi o nga raraunga kei roto Server-flat.vmdk:

# 1. Check the exact byte size of your existing Server-flat.vmdk:
ls -l Server-flat.vmdk
# Example output: -rw------- 1 root root 107374182400 Oct 31 12:00 Server-flat.vmdk  (Exactly 107,374,182,400 bytes)

# 2. Create a temporary dummy VMDK of that EXACT byte size in /tmp or the datastore:
vmkfstools -c 107374182400 -d thin temp_dummy.vmdk

# 3. Delete the dummy binary file (temp_dummy-flat.vmdk) and rename the 500-byte descriptor to Server.vmdk:
rm -f temp_dummy-flat.vmdk
mv temp_dummy.vmdk Server.vmdk

# 4. Edit Server.vmdk in 'vi' and change the filename inside quotes from "temp_dummy-flat.vmdk" to "Server-flat.vmdk":
sed -i 's/temp_dummy-flat.vmdk/Server-flat.vmdk/g' Server.vmdk
# (Also delete the line 'ddb.thinProvisioned = "1"' if the original disk was thick-provisioned)

Scenario 1C: Wewete a .vmdk kua maukatihia e te kaihautu ESXi i whakairihia, kua takatakahia ranei te takawaenga (Cannot open the disk: Failed to lock the file)¶

Mena ka kore te VM e kaha ki te mahi Failed to lock the file ranei Cannot open disk: Resource busy, ko tetahi atu kaihautu ESXi kei roto i te tautau (he taputapu Veeam/backup HotAdd ranei i tuki i te wa o te taapiri) kei te pupuri tonu i te raka o te konae SCSI / VMFS. -flat.vmdk ranei -sesparse.vmdk: 1. Tirohia mena kei te VM te takawaenga takawaenga kua pakaru tonu to VM mahi .vmdk kua piri ki tana kaiwhakahaere SCSI mariko: Whakatikahia nga tautuhinga o o Veeam/CommVault takawaenga VMs ka tango i nga kopae whakaputa kua piri (whiria "Tangohia mai i te Miihini Mariko," KAUA "Mukua nga konae mai i te toa raraunga"). 2. Kimihia ko tehea wahitau MAC kaihautu ESXi me te mahinga o te ao e mau ana te raka VMFS:

vmfsfilelockinfo -p /vmfs/volumes/<Datastore>/<VM_Folder>/Server-flat.vmdk

Riu 2: Whakaorangia a Microsoft Hyper-V .vhdx a .avhdx mekameka whakaahua¶

I roto i te Microsoft Hyper-V, ka hangaia e ia waahi tirotiro (whakaahua) he kopae mariko rereke me te toronga .avhdx (ranei .avhd i runga i te whakatakotoranga VHD tawhito) kua tohua he ingoa ingoa GUID roa penei ProdSQL_A1B2C3D4-E5F6-7890-ABCD-1234567890AB.avhdx.

Hipanga 1: Maherehia te wa tika .avhdx rakau matua-tamariki i PowerShell¶

I mua i te hanumi, te hono ano ranei i tetahi mea i roto i te Kaiwhakahaere Hyper-V, whakatuwheratia he matapihi Elevated Administrator PowerShell ki te kaihautu Hyper-V, whakatere ki te kōpaki kei roto to .vhdx a .avhdx kōnae, ka whakahaere i tenei rarangi-kotahi hei whakaatu i te mekameka matua-tamariki mai i te mea hou ki te mea tawhito:

# Inspect every .vhdx and .avhdx in the directory, sorted by LastWriteTime:
Get-ChildItem -Filter "*.*vhd*" | ForEach-Object {
    Get-VHD -Path $_.FullName -ErrorAction SilentlyContinue |
    Select-Object Path, ParentPath, VhdType, FileSize, Size
} | Format-List

Titiro ki te Path a ParentPath mara. Ka whakaatuhia e ratou te raupapa mekameka tika: - ProdSQL.vhdx -> ParentPath: (blank) (Kopae Putake Putake, Tawhito) - ProdSQL_1111.avhdx -> ParentPath: D:\VMs\ProdSQL.vhdx (Tamaiti 1) - ProdSQL_2222.avhdx -> ParentPath: D:\VMs\ProdSQL_1111.avhdx (Tamaiti 2) - ProdSQL_3333.avhdx -> ParentPath: D:\VMs\ProdSQL_2222.avhdx (Kopae Rau Hohe Hou Hou)

Hipanga 2: Whakatika "The chain of virtual hard disks is broken" ranei "Differencing disk parent ID mismatch" (Set-VHD -IgnoreIdMismatch)¶

He aha mena ka nekehia e tetahi te kōpaki VM mai C:\VMs\ ki E:\VMs\, i poka noa ranei ProdSQL.vhdx mo te 5 hēkona, ka puta ProdSQL_1111.avhdx ki te kore: The chain of virtual hard disks is broken. The system cannot locate the parent virtual hard disk for the differencing disk ranei There is a mismatch in the virtual disk identifiers?

Whakamahia te cmdlet Hyper-V PowerShell mana Set-VHD me te -IgnoreIdMismatch kara (i muri i te tautoko i nga konae i te tuatahi):

# Relink a child .avhdx to its parent .vhdx/.avhdx (adding -IgnoreIdMismatch if the parent timestamp/GUID shifted):
Set-VHD -Path "E:\VMs\ProdSQL_1111.avhdx" -ParentPath "E:\VMs\ProdSQL.vhdx" -IgnoreIdMismatch

Hipanga 3: Hanumi ā-ringa i te pani .avhdx mekameka mai i NEWEST ki OLDEST (Merge-VHD)¶

I te wa e waiho pani ana e tetahi kaihoko tautoko 15 .avhdx nga konae kei roto i to kōpaki kua kore e puta i roto i te rakau "Tirotiro" Kaiwhakahaere Hyper-V, me hanumi a ringa ki PowerShell i te wa e whakawetohia ana te VM.

Whakahaerehia enei whakahau PowerShell tika i runga i te kape mahi o te kōpaki:

# Step 1: Merge Child 3 (Newest) into Child 2:
Merge-VHD -Path "E:\VMs\ProdSQL_3333.avhdx" -DestinationPath "E:\VMs\ProdSQL_2222.avhdx"

# Step 2: Merge Child 2 into Child 1:
Merge-VHD -Path "E:\VMs\ProdSQL_2222.avhdx" -DestinationPath "E:\VMs\ProdSQL_1111.avhdx"

# Step 3: Merge Child 1 into the Base .vhdx:
Merge-VHD -Path "E:\VMs\ProdSQL_1111.avhdx" -DestinationPath "E:\VMs\ProdSQL.vhdx"

Track 3: Whakaorangia Proxmox VE / QEMU / KVM .qcow2 me VirtualBox .vdi mekameka¶

1. Te arowhai me te whakatika i nga Ripanga QCOW2 L1/L2 Cluster & Refcount kua pakaru (qemu-img check)¶

I te wa ka mate te kaihautu Linux KVM, Proxmox ranei i te mate ohorere kaore he keteroki e tautokohia ana e te pākahiko, a .qcow2 He maha nga wa karekau te kōpae mariko ki te whawhai qcow2: Marking image as corrupt: L2 table offset unaligned ranei Refcount block corrupted. 1. Tuatahi kape te .qcow2 kōnae (cp vm-100-disk-0.qcow2 vm-100-disk-0.qcow2.bak) 2. Whakaarohia te mekameka tuara me te raarangi whakaahua o roto:

qemu-img info --backing-chain vm-100-disk-0.qcow2
qemu-img snapshot -l vm-100-disk-0.qcow2

qemu-img check -r all vm-100-disk-0.qcow2

2. Te whakatika i te ara Kōnae Whakamuri QCOW2 kua pakaru (qemu-img rebase -u)¶

Mena he whakaahua o waho QCOW2 (overlay.qcow2) ka rahua te tuwhera na te mea ko tana kōnae tautoko matua (base.qcow2) i nukuhia ki te whaiaronga hou, ki te puna rokiroki ranei, whakahōuhia te atatohu konae tuara ki te kore haumaru (-u, pane-anake) aratau me te kore tuhi ano i nga paraka raraunga:

qemu-img rebase -u -b /new/path/to/base.qcow2 -F qcow2 overlay.qcow2

3. Te whakapati i te mekameka QCOW2, VMDK, VHDX ranei, ki roto i te ahua motuhake hou (qemu-img convert)¶

Ko tetahi o nga taputapu tino pai ki te whakaora miihini mariko ko qemu-img convert (e panui maori .qcow2, .vmdk, .vhdx, .vhd, a .vdi). Ina tohu koe qemu-img convert i te whakaahua rau hou o te mekameka whaimana, ka panuihia te katoa o nga rarangi matua-tamariki i roto i te ** aratau Panui-anake** me te tuhi i tetahi kōpae mariko hou-hou, whai-whaiaro, karekau he whakaahua i runga i to rokiroki whakaora:

# Non-destructively flatten an entire QCOW2, VMDK, or VHDX chain into a single clean image:
qemu-img convert -p -O qcow2 top_snapshot_leaf.qcow2 /mnt/rescue_storage/flattened_clean.qcow2

Riu 4: Whakaorangia nga konae i waho-o-ropu (Te tango i nga konae ka kore tonu te VM e puhipuhi)¶

Ka pewhea mena ka kore e taea te whakahaere i te punaha whakahaere manuhiri i roto i te kōpae mariko, ka pakaru ranei tetahi whakaahua o waenga o te mekameka ka hiahia koe ki te tango i nga papaa raraunga SQL (.mdf/.ldf), nga konae QuickBooks, /var/lib/mysql, nga tuhinga kamupene ranei i roto i nga meneti 30 e whai ake nei?

Kaore koe e hiahia ki te whakaara i tetahi Miihini Mariko hei tango i nga konae kei roto i tana puku mariko mariko. Whakamahia tetahi o enei taputapu whakapuru-waho-waho e toru e kore e whakamate:

Tikanga 1: Maunga tetahi .vmdk, .vhdx, .qcow2, ranei .vdi i te Aratau Panui-anake i runga i te Linux ma te whakamahi libguestfs (guestmount / qemu-nbd)¶

Tāuta libguestfs-tools (sudo apt install libguestfs-tools qemu-utils i runga i te Ubuntu/Debian/Proxmox) ka whakairihia te whakaahua rau hou i roto i te Panui-anake Aratau (--ro):

# Option A: Using guestmount (Automatically detects internal guest LVM/partitions and mounts read-only):
sudo mkdir -p /mnt/vm_rescue
sudo guestmount -a /path/to/Newest_Leaf_Snapshot.vmdk -i --ro /mnt/vm_rescue
# (If guest OS partitions fail auto-inspection due to dirty NTFS journal, list partitions with 'virt-filesystems -a disk.vmdk -l'
# and mount the specific partition directly with '-m /dev/sda2 --ro -o norecover')

# Option B: Attaching the virtual disk chain as a Read-Only Network Block Device (/dev/nbd0):
sudo modprobe nbd max_part=16
sudo qemu-nbd --read-only --connect=/dev/nbd0 /path/to/Newest_Leaf_Snapshot.qcow2
sudo partprobe /dev/nbd0
lsblk /dev/nbd0
# Now mount /dev/nbd0p2 read-only (with -o ro,norecover for NTFS or -o ro,noload for ext4):
sudo mount -o ro,norecover /dev/nbd0p2 /mnt/vm_rescue

Tikanga 2: Tangohanga Panui-anake Inamata i runga i te Matapihi e whakamahi ana 7-Zip ranei Disk Management -> Attach VHD (Read-Only)¶

• Ma te whakamahi i te 7-Zip (Kei te mahi .vmdk, .vhdx, .vhd, .qcow2, a .vdi): Pāwhiri-matau i te tūkotahi, kua papatahi ranei .vmdk, .vhdx, ranei .qcow2 kōnae i runga i Windows ka tīpako 7-Zip -> Tuwhera Pūranga. Ko te 7-Zip ka poroporoaki i nga ripanga wehewehe GPT/MBR me nga punaha konae NTFS/ext4 ki roto i nga kōpae mariko i roto i te aratau panui-anake 100%, ka taea e koe te toia me te tuku i nga kōpaki manuhiri ki runga i to papamahi i roto i nga hēkona.
• Ma te Whakahaere Kopae Windows (Mo .vhdx / .avhdx): Tuwhera diskmgmt.msc -> Mahi -> Whakapiri VHD -> Tirotiro ki te rau hou .avhdx (ranei .vhdx), Tirohia te pouaka mo [X] Read-only (KORERO: Kaua rawa e wareware ki te taki Pānui-anake, ka whakarerekētia e Windows te pane kōpae), ka paato i te OK. Ka puta tonu nga puku C: me D: o VM ki Windows File Explorer.

Tikanga 3: Te hanga ano i nga mekameka kua tino pakaru ki te UFS Explorer Professional Recovery¶

Mena he kopae matua i roto i te mekameka VMDK, VHDX ranei i poka noa, ka whakahurihia, ki te mea kua kowhatu te pirau o te toa raraunga VMFS/NTFS i tetahi wahi o te -sesparse.vmdk ranei .avhdx ka whakakorehia e nga taputapu hypervisor, UFS Explorer Professional Recovery (ranei R-Studio Technician) ka taea e koe te whakahiato-a-ringa i te kōpae taketake me ia whakaahua delta tamaiti ki roto i te tikanga Virtual Delta Stack i roto i te rorohiko RAM, ma te karo i te hypervisor CID/GUID he arowhai pane ki te whakairo me te tango i nga konae manuhiri.

Riu 5: Te whakaora i te konae whirihora VM pani (.vmx, .xml, ranei <vmid>.conf)¶

I etahi wa ko te mekameka kōpae mariko tonu (*.vmdk, *.vhdx, ranei *.qcow2) he 100 paiheneti kei runga i te rarangi rokiroki, engari ko te konae whirihoranga iti e whakaatu ana i te tahora taputapu a te Miihini Mariko (.vmx i roto i te VMware ESXi, <GUID>.vmcx / .xml i te Hyper-V, ranei /etc/pve/qemu-server/<vmid>.conf i roto i te Proxmox VE) kua kino, kua mukua ohorere, kua kore ranei i te wa o te tukinga kaihautu.

Mena ka hanga ano e koe he anga whakakapinga VM me te he o te kaiwhakahaere rokiroki mariko, aratau firmware ranei, ka pakaru tonu te punaha whakahaere manuhiri i runga i te whawhai. INACCESSIBLE_BOOT_DEVICE (Windows) taka ranei ki roto i te dracut / initramfs anga ohorere (Linux). Whakaoritehia enei tautuhinga taputapu e wha ki to whirihoranga manuhiri taketake i mua i te taapiri i to kōpae mariko i whakaora:

Pātai auau¶

Kua tirohia nga puna¶

• VMware na Broadcom Hangarau Matauranga: KB 1007969 / 316578 (Whakatau "Kua whakarerekētia te kōpae mariko matua mai i te wa i hangaia ai te tamaiti" Nga Hapa Whakataunga CID), KB 1002511 (Te hanga ano i te Kaituhi Kopae Miihini Mariko kua ngaro. .vmdk Kōnae), me KB 10051 (E mohio ana ki nga Whakaahua Miihini Mariko i ESXi).
• Microsoft Learn / Windows Server Hyper-V Engineering Documentation: Hyper-V PowerShell Tohutoro mo Get-VHD, Set-VHD -IgnoreIdMismatch, a Merge-VHD Whakakotahi Kōpae Rerekē Tuimotu.
• Kaupapa QEMU & Red Hat Enterprise Linux Virtualization Tuhinga: Ohiotia qemu-img ā-ringa (info --backing-chain, check -r all, rebase -u, convert) me libguestfs (guestmount --ro) Panui-anake Te Tirohanga Kopae Mariko.
• Oracle VirtualBox Tuhinga Hangarau: VBoxManage showmediuminfo a clonemedium Rerekē te Hangahanga Atahanga.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, United States): NIST Special Publication 800-86: Guide to Integrating Forensic Techniques into Incident Response (Virtual Machine Image Tiaki).

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Ko te NAS me te RAID kua whakahekehia, te maha o nga puku puku, me te whakaora ZFS/Btrfs
• Ka uru ohorere a NVMe, SSD ranei ki te aratau panui-anake ka ngaro ranei i te BIOS
• Rahunga puku mārō me te whakaora raraunga ohorere
• Ko te ngoikore o te punaha whakahaere Linux me te whakatikatika GRUB
• Matapihi Kahurangi Matapihi (BSOD) me te whakatika patu
• Pūrua rorohiko: rautaki 3-2-1 me te whakaora kino
• Nga tau ohorere o te ao