Whakaongo auahi me te waro monoxide paihana awhina tuatahi¶
He rereke nga nama ohorere i ia whenua. Ka whakamahia e tenei wharangi te 911, te nama mo te United States me Canada. He maha nga whenua e whakamahi ana i te 112, 999, tetahi atu nama ranei. Kimihia te nama mo to whenua.
Ko te paoatanga o te auahi me te waro monoxide (\(\text{CO}\)) te take matua o te mate i roto i nga whare ahi o roto me te whakamahana ohorere, e toru whakareatanga te nui ake o te mate i te mura o waho. Ka tahuna, ka ngongo ranei te pahuka o nga taonga o te whare, te whariki waihanga, te kirihou, te rakau, te wahie ranei i roto i te ruma kati, ka tukuna e ratou nga hau wera nui (\(150^\circ\text{C}\text{ki }500^\circ\text{C} / 300^\circ\text{F}\text{ ki }900^\circ\text{F} paihana nahanaha e kore e kitea: **waro monoxide (\)\text{CO}\()** me **hydrogen cyanide (\)\text{HCN}$)**. Na te mea ka puta mai te tangata ka puta mai i te whare e ki ana i te auahi, i te riiha waro monoxide ranei ka puta mataara i te tuatahi ka hinga i te 30 meneti i muri mai i te mea e pupuhi ana te hau wera ka kati, ka piki ranei nga tihi hypoxia, he tere te tangohanga o te hau hou, te tuunga o te huarahi rererangi, me te 100 paiheneti te rere o te hāora mai i nga paramedic.
Ma tenei aratohu e arahi i a koe ma te tango i te patunga haumaru me te kore e mate tuarua, me te mohio kei te katinga te huarahi rererangi waiariki (stridor), he aha te take i tino teka ai nga oximeters pulse o matimati 99% nga panui i te wa o te paihana waro, te mahi CPR me nga manawa whakaora mo te hopu i te hau, me te aro turuki mo te whakaroa i te wai i roto i nga ngongo i nga haora 48 e whai ake nei.
Mahia tenei inaianei¶
- Tiaki i a koe i te tuatahi, kaua rawa e kuhu ki roto i te waahi kua tahuna, kua whakakiia ranei e te CO karekau he taputapu manawa. Kaua e hoki whakamuri ki roto i te whare kua ki tonu i te auahi, i raro, i te karati kati ranei me te hiko hiko, motuka ranei. Ka taea e te waro monoxide me te hauwai cyanide e kore e kitea te tangata whakaora i roto i nga manawa e rua. Toia noa te tangata pärurenga ki waho ka taea e koe te toro atu ki a ia mai i te kuaha tuwhera me te noho iti i raro i te papa auahi.
- Nekehia nga tangata katoa ki roto i te hau hou o waho i te iti rawa 15 ki te 30 mita (50 ki te 100 putu) te tawhiti. Kawea te tangata ki waho o te whare (kaua ki roto noa i te aroa, ki te karati tuwhera ranei) ki te tuwhera, ki te huri haere i te hau o waho mai i te pahū auahi, i te hau ngongo.
- Waea wawetia to nama whawhati tata a ka tono i te hāora rere nui. Waea atu ki to nama whawhati tata (911 i Amerika me Kanata, 112 puta noa i te Kotahitanga o Europi, 999 i te United Kingdom) tirohia to maatau tau ohorere whaiaronga. Me kii atu ki te Kaituku kei a koe he paowa, he waro monoxide poisoning pärurenga no reira ka tukuna atu e ratou nga paramedic e mau ana ki te 100 ōrau hāora kore-rebreather masks, taputapu intubation, me Cyanokit (hydroxocobalamin) antidotes.
- Tirohia te urupare me te whakanoho tika i te huarahi rererangi:
- Mena kei te mohio me te manawa: Whakanohoia te tangata tuu-tuu-tika-tika ranei ki te koki 45-ki-90-tohu (te anga whakamua ki runga i ona turi ki te poto te manawa). Ko te noho tika ka whakamahi i te kaha ki te whakapoipoi i te korokoro me te pupuhi o te waea.
- Ki te kore e mohio engari ka manawa noa: Hurihia ki runga i to ratou taha ki te Tuhinga Whakaora kia kore ai o ratou arero e arai i te paipa hau, ka rere nga ruaki ki waho o te waha.
- Mena karekau e aro me te kore e manawa (he hau noa ranei): Tīmata CPR i te wa tonu me te 30 te kopere o te pouaka whai muri mai e 2 nga manawa whakaora.
- ** Wewetehia nga kakahu kikii ki te kaki ka noho tonu te tangata.** Wewetehia nga kara o te koti, te here, te whitiki, me nga koti, kaua hoki e tukua te tangata kia hikoi haere, kia whakapau kaha ranei. Ka piki ake te tere o te ngakau me te kohi hāora ma te korikori tinana, ka tere te toha o te waro monoxide me te cyanide ki roto i te uaua ngakau me te roro.
- ** KAUA e hoatu he mea ma te waha (kaore he wai, he maramara hukapapa, he kai ranei) mena ka hongi ratou i te paoa wera.** Ahakoa ka maroke te korokoro o te tangata, ka wera, kaua e tukua kia inu wai; ma te horomia i roto i te larynx e pupuhi ana ka puta ohorere te mokowhiti o te aho-o-oro (
laryngospasm) ka puta mai ranei te ruaki whakamate ina ka kuhu nga kaiparapara i te ngongo manawa ohorere i muri mai.
Danger
E rua nga mahanga whakamate i roto i te ngongo auahi me te waro monoxide awhina tuatahi:
1) Kaua rawa e whirinaki ki te pito maihao o te whare Pulse Oximeter (SpO2 Aroturuki) i muri i te paoatanga, te waro monoxide ranei. Ko nga oximeters ngaru e rua-roa ngaru e whiti ana te rama whero me te rama infrared na roto i te maihao, a kaore e taea te whakaatu i te rereketanga i waenga i te hemoglobin here-haora noa (\(\kuputuhi{O}_2\text{Hb}\)) me te hemoglobin herea waro-monooxide-waowa-waowa-waowa-waowa-waowa-waowa-waohanga-herea (\(\text{COHb}\)). Ko te tangata kua mate i te 35 paihēneti te paihana waro monoxide ka whakaatu he kupu whakatenatena teka 99% ranei 100% te panui i runga i te oximeter pulse o te kainga.
2) Whakarongo ki te reo horihori, ki te manawa tiihi teitei ranei (stridor). Ki te mea ka puta he reo kohe, he maru, he huruhuru o te ihu, he hupa mangu i roto i ona huware, he tangi kaha ranei i te wa e manawa ana, kei te pupuhi te pouaka reo, kei te pupuhi i te wera. Ka mutu te pupuhi, ahakoa karekau e taea e nga kaiparapara te tuku i te ngongo manawa ki raro i te korokoro, me mahi he huarahi hau ohorere i roto i te kaki. Ko ia tangata kaipahua he reo rerekee me whai waka tūroro inaianei.
Te horonga auahi me te rere whakatau awhina tuatahi CO¶
Whaia tenei raupapa haumanu mai i te wa e pa ana koe ki te paoa, ki te mate waro monoxide ranei.
flowchart TD
A["Te Tangata Ka Paa Ki Te Paoa Ahi, Te Maama, Te Maama Waro Monoxide ranei"] --> B{"He Haumaru ki te toro atu ki te tangata kua pahemo me te kore e uru ki te auahi taumaha, hau kati ranei?"}
B -->|"Kao: Te ahi kaha, te hau whakamate ranei"| C["Noho ki waho, Whakatuwherahia nga tatau o waho mai i waho mena ka taea, ka waea 911 / 999 / 112 mo nga Kaipatu ahi."]
B -->|"Ae: Haumaru ki te Tango"| D["Nekehia te Paruru ki te hau hou o waho (15 ki te 30m / 50 ki te 100 ft te tawhiti)"]
D --> E["Waea atu ki a 911 / 999 / 112 Inaianei tonu: Panuitia te Hunga Paoa / CO Poisoning mo te 100% Oxygen"]
E --> F{"Kei te Maharahara te Manaakitanga me te Manawa?"}
F -->|"Kare i aro me te kore e manawa (he hau ranei)"| G["Tīmatahia te CPR i te wa tonu: 30 Nga Whakatairanga o te Uma + 2 Nga Manawa Whakaora Katoa"]
F -->|"Kore i mohio, engari he kaha te manawa"| H["Hurihia ki te taha ki te Turanga Whakaora (Kaore i te Ruaki i te Hiahia) & Matakitaki i te Rererangi"]
F -->|"Maharahara & Manawa"| I["Noho Tika ki te 45 ki te 90 nga nekehanga, Wewete te kara, kia mau tonu, kaua e hoatu tetahi mea hei inu"]
I --> J{"Tirohia nga Kara Whero Whero Ngaaariki Airway: He reo Hoarse, He Wai i roto i te Waha, Stridor ranei?"}
J -->|"Ae: Te Katinga Rererangi E tata ana"| K["Tukua Matohi Kei te Huwhao te Rererangi Rererangi (ALS Intubation Priority) & Noho Tutika"]
J -->|"Kao"| L["Kia Mahana Ki nga Paraikete me te Kawe ki te Tari Ohotata mo te CO-Oximetry & 48h Te Tirohanga Pukahukahu"]
G --> L
H --> L
K --> L
Ko nga tikanga whara e toru i te wa kotahi o te paoa¶
He aha te tangata ka puta ki waho o te ahi ahi karekau he tohu weranga i runga i tona kiri, ka mate tonu i te mate manawa i muri i te haora kotahi? Na te mea ka pa te auahi ahi o roto ki te tinana o te tangata na roto i e toru nga mahi motuhake i te wa kotahi:
| Hangaia o te whara | He aha te take | Kei hea e whakaeke ana i roto i te tinana | Matapihi Timata me nga Tohu Tohu-Whero Matua |
|---|---|---|---|
| 1. Wera Ngawha o runga Rererangi (Whana) | Te manawa i te hau wera nui (\(>150^\circ\text{C} / 300^\circ\text{F}\)) ranei te mamaoa ora i roto i te rūma kati, i te muramura ranei | Kei runga ake i nga taura reo: Mangai, arero, pharynx (korokoro), epiglottis, me te larynx (pouaka reo) | 30 meneti ki te 4 haora (ka eke ki runga i te 12-24h): Ka wera te kanohi, te huruhuru o te ihu, te hiu pango i runga i te arero/tuwha, te horomia mamae, te reo hoho/koe, te maremare me te reo teitei stridor |
| 2. Te Rererangi Raro me te Pukahukahu Weranga matū (Hua me te Huka Waikawa) | Te whakaha matūriki ngingiha paitini me te hau irirangi mai i te mura o nga kirihou PVC, te huruhuru, te rapa, me te rakau (hydrogen chloride, phosgene, acrolein, ammonia, sulfur dioxide, nitrogen oxides) | Kei raro i nga taura o te reo: Trachea, ngongo bronchial (bronchospasm), me nga pukoro hau moroiti hohonu (alveoli) | 2 haora ki te 48 haora (Delayed Pulmonary Edema / ARDS): Te maremare kino ki te hūpē pango/hinahina, te wheehe, te wera o te uma, ka whai i nga haora i muri mai e te wai e waipuke ana te pūkahukahu me te huka hukahuka mawhero. |
| 3. Poisoning Pūkoro Pūkoro ("The Toxic Twins") | Manawa Waro Monoxide (\(\kuputuhi{CO}\)) (mai i te wera waro kaore i oti) + Hydrogen Cyanide (\(\text{HCN}\)) (mai i te tahu o te moenga polyurethane/mate pahuka, nylon, kiriaku, melamine, me te huruhuru) | Ko te toto, te roro, me te uaua ngakau: \(\text{CO}\) ka aukati i te hemoglobin mai i te kawe i te \(\text{O}_2\), engari ko te \(\text{HCN}\) ka maukati i te cytochrome c oxidase pūtau kia hemo ai nga pūtau a roto. | Oioi (Miti): Te mahunga o mua, te rangirua, te haere tutukitanga, te ruaki, te tere o te manawa o te ngakau, te mamae o te uma, te hopu, te koma, te waikawa lactic nui, me te mate ngakau. |
Te mohio ki nga wera wera o runga i mua i te pupuhi o te korokoro¶
Ko te hau wera maroke he kino te kawe i te wera, no reira ka ngotea e te tangata te paoa maroke wera, ka uru nga kiri mucous makuku o te ihu, waha, me te korokoro tata ki te 100 ōrau o te pūngao waiariki *i mua i te rere o te hau ki raro i nga taura oro (kotahi ano te mea nui: te mamaoa ora, e kawe ana i te 4,000 nga wa o te kaha o te wera ki raro i te hau maroke katoa).
Na te mea ka horohia e te korokoro o runga nga wera katoa, ka tere te kopa o te epiglottis me nga taura reo ka pupuhi ki te wai (edema), penei ano he opupu e piki ana i runga i te ringa wera. I roto i te pakeke, ko te waahi whaiti rawa atu o te paipa hau i nga taura reo (glottic opening) he torutoru noa mitamano te whanui (me te tamaiti, ko te rahi o te maihao iti). Ina whakaitihia e te pupuhi te diameter o te ara rererangi ki te haurua, ka piki ake te parenga manawa 16-fold (na te ture mana tuawha a Poiseuille).
Tirohia nga morehu ahi katoa mo te "5 Airway Burn Red Flags"¶
- Ko nga makawe o te ihu kua waiatahia, kua wera ranei i nga ngutu, ihu, pahau, tukemata ranei.
- Sputum warowai: Ka pania te arero, niho, tuara ranei o te korokoro, ka tuwha ranei te huware hina/pango.
- Hoarse or voice change: Tonoa te tangata ki te whakahua i tona ingoa ka tango manawa. Ki te tangi to ratou reo i te ohooho, i te tangi, i te wahangu ("wea-potato voice"), ka heke ranei ki te muhumuhu, kua timata ke te pupuhi i runga i nga taura reo.
- ** He uaua ki te horomi huware (
dysphagia) ranei drooling**. - Inspiratory Stridor: He tangi kaha, he tangi teitei, he whiowhio, he oro hau e rangona ana me te kore he stethoscope i te wa e manawa ana te tangata i. Ko Stridor he tino ohorere hauora, ko te tikanga kua 70 ki te 80 paiheneti kua tetere kee te paipa hau i roto i nga meneti.
Te mahi awhina tuatahi mo te whakapae he wera te ara rererangi:
- Whakanohoia te tangata whakatikatika (45 ki te 90 nga nekehanga), kaua rawa e takoto papa ki runga i te tuara, na te mea ka takoto papatahi ka nui ake nga toto venous i roto i te kaki ka tere ake te pupuhi o te korokoro.
- Hoatu he wai, he hukapapa, he kai ranei ma te waha (horoia nga ngutu maroke me te kakahu maku anake).
- Waea atu ki a 911 / 999 / 112 ki te timata te tipu haere o te stridor, te hoarse ranei kia taea ai e tetahi kaihopu paramedic Advanced Life Support (ALS) te whakauru wawe i mua i te hiri o te huarahi rererangi.
Carbon Monoxide (CO) me Hydrogen Cyanide (HCN): "Ko nga Mahanga Toxic"¶
Ahakoa kei roto i te auahi ahi he waro monoxide me te hauwai cyanide, ka tupu ano te waowawa paihana monoxide parakore i nga ra katoa kaore he ahi, he auahi ranei, mai i nga kaihanga penehīni kawe e rere ana i roto i nga karati, e tata ana ranei ki nga matapihi, nga rere o te oumu kua araia, nga whakamahana wai hau me nga hau whakamuri, nga tunu waro o roto, nga whakamahana propane ranei i roto, me nga karati e mau ana.
He aha i mate tahi ai te waro Monoxide + Hydrogen Cyanide¶
- Waro Monoxide (\(\kuputuhi{CO}\)) toru pupuhi:
- Tuatahi, ka herea te \(\text{CO}\) ki nga ngota rino i roto i te hemoglobin-whero-toto-whero 200 ki te 250 whakareatanga ake i te hāora, ka hanga carboxyhemoglobin (\(\text{COHb}\)) no reira kaore e taea e nga toto whero te tango i te hāora i roto i nga ngongo.
- Tuarua, ka herea tetahi ngota ngota \(\text{CO}\) ki te pūmua hemoglobin, ka whakarereketia te ahua o te hanganga o etahi atu waahi e toru e here ana i te hāora (te Haldane Effect / te neke whaka-maui o te oxyhemoglobin dissociation curve), e kore ai te toto e tuku i te hāora kei roto i te roro matekai me te kopa ngakau.
- Tuatoru, \(\text{CO}\) herea ki myoglobin cardiac kei roto tonu i te uaua o te ngakau, e whakapouri tika ana i te kaha o te pupuhi ngakau, me te paheketanga kino.
- Hydrogen Cyanide (\(\text{HCN}\)) maukati pūtau:
- I nga wa katoa e ngiha ana te moenga hou, te whariki polyurethane, te whariki, te taputapu kirihou ranei i roto i te ahi o te whare, ka tukuna e ia ** hau hau hau hauwai**.
- Ka uru te cyanide ki roto i te toto ka herea ki te rino ferric (\(\text{Fe}^{3+}\)) i roto i te cytochrome c oxidase kei roto i te mitochondria o ia pūtau, ka kati i te manawa pūtau aerobic i roto i te hēkona. Ahakoa kei roto te hāora i roto i te toto, kare e taea e nga pūtau te whakamahi, ka peia te tinana ki te mate anaerobic lactic acidosis ka hinga ohorere.
Nga tohu o te paihana Waro Monoxide na te taumata COHb toto¶
| Toto \(\text{COHb}\) Taumata | Ko wai e whakaatu ana i nga tohu me te ahua | Te Rore Haehae Tikanga | Awhina Tuatahi & Maimoatanga Hospital |
|---|---|---|---|
| 0% ki te 2% (Kaore i te kai paipa) / 3% ki te 8% (Kaipoipa) | Awhe turanga noa | N/A | Kaore he mea e hiahiatia ana |
| 10% ki te 20% \(\kuputuhi{COHb}\) (Maamaa) | Te mamae o te upoko o mua, te nausea ngawari, te ngenge, te mangere, te hoha o te manawa i runga i te arawhata | He maha nga wa ka pohehehia he rewharewha viral, paihana kai, heke, he hangover ranei (Te tohu matua: ka mate nga tangata katoa i roto i te whare, tae atu ki nga kararehe, i te wa kotahi, ka pai ake nga tohu ina puta koe i te whare) | Whakanuia ki te hau hou tonu; whakahaere 100% te hau hauora tere tere mā te kanohi kore-rebreather |
| 20% ki te 40% \(\kuputuhi{COHb}\) (Whakaahua) | Te mamae nui o te upoko, te rangirua, te kino o te whakaaro, te kite pouri, te ruaki, te tutukitanga (ataxia), te tere tere, te mamae o te uma |
Ka pohehe mo te haurangi, te whiu, te whakaeke ohorere ranei | Te kawe waka tūroro i runga i te 100% \(\text{O}_2\); tirohia te ECG me te troponin ngakau; whakaarohia te Hiperbaric Oxygen (\(\text{HBOT}\)) mena he ngoikore te roro, he hapu ranei |
| 40% ki te 60%+ \(\text{COHb}\) (Tino / Whakamate) | Syncope (he ngoikore), hopukina, coma, myocardial infarction (mate ngakau), hopu manawa, me te mate | Tuhipoka: Ko te pukapuka "kiri kiri-whero" he tohu tirotiro mate kua kitea ki <2% o nga turoro ora; he koma, he werawera, he hina-puru te ahua o nga patunga ora | Te CPR tonu me nga manawa whakaora, te whakauru endotracheal me te 100% \(\text{O}_2\), Hyperbaric Oxygen Chamber (\(\text{HBOT}\)), me te Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit) mena ka ngotea te auahi ahi. |
Warning
He aha nga tangata e hapu ana, nga kohungahunga, nga mokai, me nga turoro ngakau kei te tino morearea mai i nga taumata iti o te waro waro:
- Tangata e hapu ana me nga peepi kare ano i whanau: Hemoglobin fetal (Hemoglobin F) ka herea te waro monoxide he kaha ake atu i te hemoglobin pakeke, me te ata whakakore i te reira, ko te tikanga ka eke te kukune kare i whanau ki te taumata \(\text{COHb}\) ahakoa he ngawari noa te mahunga o te whaea hapu. I tua atu, ka whiti a \(\text{CO}\) i te waahi, ka mau tonu ki roto i te tohanga o te kopu i nga haora i muri i te pai o te whaea. Ko nga tangata hapu katoa e pa ana ki te waro monoxide me aro wawe ki te hohipera me te nuinga o nga wa ko Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (\(\text{HBOT}\)) ahakoa he ngawari o ratou ake tohu.
- Nga mokai iti (manu, kuri, ngeru) me nga tamariki nohinohi: Na te mea he nui ake o ratou reeti metabolic me te manawa mo ia kirokaramu o te taumaha o te tinana, ka whakaatu nga mokai me nga kohungahunga i te ngenge, te ruaki, te koretake ranei ** i mua i te mohio o nga pakeke o te ruma kotahi kei te he tetahi mea.
Kia pehea te 100% Hauora Hauora me te Hiperbaric Oxygen te whakaora i te roro¶
He aha e kore ai e "noho ki waho i runga i te whakamahau i te hau hou mo te hawhe haora ka hoki ki te moenga" engari ka eke ki runga i te waka tūroro?
Tirohia te ahupūngao o te roa o te horoi i te waro monoxide i te hemoglobin paihana (te \(\text{COHb}\) Elimination Half-Life):
- Te toha noa i te hau ruma o waho (\(21\%\text{ Oxygen}\) at 1 atmosphere): Ko te haurua o te ora o te carboxyhemoglobin he 4 ki te 6 haora (te tikanga mena he 40 paiheneti to taumata toto, i muri i te 5 haora e noho ana i runga i te whakamahau kei te 20 paihēneti paitini, ka mate tonu te mate o te roro lipid peroxidation me te ngakau kino i te po katoa).
- Te manawa \(100\%\text{ High-Flow Medical Oxygen}\) na roto i te paramedic Non-Rebreather Mask (\(15\text{L/min}\)): Ka tapahia te haurua o te ora ma te wha-whakaheke ki te 60 ki te 90 meneti.
- Kei roto i te Whare Hauora Hauora Hyperbaric (\(\text{HBOT}\)) (\(100\%\text{ Oxygen}\) i te \(2.5\text{ to }3.0\text{ Atmospheres}\) o te pehanga): Ka tapahia te haurua o te ora ki raro noa 20 ki te 30 meneti, ka rewa te nui o te toto toto me te toto toto kia ora tonu ki roto i te roro me te kore o te toto toto kia ora tonu ki roto i te roro. ka aukati i nga pūtau toto ma ki te whakaeke i te myelin roro (te aukati i te Delayed Neurological Sequelae / DNS, he mate kino o te ngaronga mahara, he wiri rite Parkinson, me nga huringa o te tangata ka pa ki te 2 ki te 40 ra i muri i te paihana CO kaore i rongoatia).
He rongoa rongoa mo te paoa ahi-ahi Cyanide poisoning (Hydroxocobalamin)¶
I te wa e rongoa ai nga kaiparapara, nga taote ohorere ranei i te tangata kua toia mai i te pore mai i te auahi o roto o te whare (kei roto i te waha, te rangirua/koma, te lactate toto teitei ranei), ka tukuna e ratou he rongoa whakaroto e kiia nei ko Hydroxocobalamin (Cyanokit), he tohu o te ** Huaora B12a**. Ka herea te Hydroxocobalamin ki nga katote cyanide paitini i roto i te rerenga toto kia hanga he ** cyanocobalamin (huaora B12 tonu)**, ka peia marie ki roto i te mimi (ka huri te mimi me te kiri o te manawanui mo te wa poto he mawhero-whero kino mo etahi ra).
Te maimoatanga o nga kanohi, kiri me nga kakahu o te hoa¶
Ka mawhiti tetahi i te ahi auahi:
- Pemihia nga kanohi kua paoa ki te wai ma, ki te tote ranei: Ko nga hau waikawa me nga matūriki hiu e mau ana i raro i nga kamo ka pa te kino o te conjunctivitis matū me te wera o te kiri. Kia u te manawa, horoia ata ki te wai tap mamahana, wai inu pounamu, horoi horoi kanohi tote ranei mo te 10 ki te 15 meneti mai i te kokonga o roto (tata ki te ihu) ki waho, ka tango wawe i nga arotahi whakapiri.
- Me whakamatao i nga kiri wera ka tango i nga kakahu o waho kua purua ki te hupa: Mena he wera, he ngongo ranei nga kakahu, ruia ki te wai maaata mo te 20 meneti (kaua rawa e whakamahi i te tio, pata ranei mo nga weranga; tirohia to maatau ka wera me te wera i te awhina tuatahi aratohu). Kia matara atu i te morearea, tangohia nga koti o waho me nga koti werawera kua kukū ki te waiu kirihou paitini kia mutu ai te hongi matū hau-hau mai i tana kara, ka takai ki roto i te paraikete maroke ma kia kore ai te mate huka.
Ko te 24-ki-48-Hora kua roa te Maataki Edema Pukahukahu¶
Ahakoa ka whakakorehia e te taote ohorere te manawanui o te paowa-paanga ngawari ki te hoki ki te kainga i muri i etahi haora o te tirotiro hāora, **ko nga hau matū paitini penei i te phosgene me te waikawa pūhaumāota he wa "poma-wa" o te 12 ki te 48 haora ** i mua i te pikinga o te mumura o te huhu hohonu.
Arokitehia te tangata mo nga 2 nga ra katoa e whai ake nei (me nga wiki e 4 e whai ake nei mo nga huringa neurological carbon monoxide). Hoki atu ki te Tari Ohotata ki te puta tetahi o enei tohu whakatupato:
- He hou, he kino ake ranei te manawa o te manawa i te okiokinga, i te wa e hikoi ana i te ruuma.
- Kare e taea te takoto papatahi i runga i te moenga (
orthopnea) me te kore e rongo me te mea kei te ngenge, kei te maremare ranei. - Te wheehe, te oma o te uma, te tangi makuku/te mirumiru ranei ina manawa.
- Te maremare i te mawhero, te hukahuka, te hūpē whakaheke toto ranei (he tohu matarohia o te roa o te pulmonary edema e rere ana ki roto i nga pukoro hau).
- Te kirikaa, te makariri, te huwha kowhai-matomato matotoru ranei (te mate pukupuku huakita tuarua i muri i te paoatanga o te auahi ki te kirikiri ararangi).
- Te mahunga hou, ka ngaro te mahara, te rangirua, te whanoke, te pukuriri, te toenga koretake ranei nga ra, wiki ranei i muri i te rongonga o te waro monoxide. Mo te aukati i nga pakaru me nga ahi a meake nei, tirohia to maatau ka turuturu te waro monoxide me te whakaohooho a mawhiti ahi whare me te oranga nga kaiarahi.
Me whai akoranga
He pai te panui i te kaiarahi i te wa ohorere, engari kaore he mea hei whakakapi i nga mahi-a-ringa. Me whai tohu awhina tuatahi me te akoranga CPR mai i te Ripeka Whero, St John Ambulance, tetahi kaiwhakarato whakangungu ohorere ranei o te rohe kia taea ai e koe te whakahaere i te huarahi rererangi, te tuunga whakaora, me te whakaoranga i mua i te puta ohorere.
Pātai auau¶
Can a household fingertip pulse oximeter detect carbon monoxide poisoning?
**No, never use a standard fingertip pulse oximeter to check for carbon monoxide poisoning.** Ordinary home and ambulance two-wavelength pulse oximeters (`SpO2` monitors) measure light absorption at only two wavelengths (660 nm red and 940 nm infrared). Because carbon-monoxide-bound hemoglobin (`carboxyhemoglobin`) absorbs 660 nm red light almost identically to normal oxygen-bound hemoglobin (`oxyhemoglobin`), the oximeter counts the poisoned blood as if it were 100 percent oxygenated. A victim with life-threatening carbon monoxide poisoning will show a normal **`98%` to `100%` reading** on a fingertip oximeter. Only a special 7-to-8-wavelength hospital/firefighter **Pulse CO-Oximeter (such as a Masimo Rad-57)** or a hospital laboratory blood draw (`Carboxyhemoglobin ABG/VBG`) can detect carbon monoxide in the blood.
Is it true that carbon monoxide poisoning turns a person's skin and lips bright "cherry red"?
In living patients, **almost never**. Although old medical textbooks famous listed "cherry-red skin and mucous membranes" as a sign of carbon monoxide poisoning, clinical studies show it appears in fewer than **2 percent of living victims** (and only at near-fatal carboxyhemoglobin levels above 40 to 50 percent, usually seen at autopsy after death). A living person suffering from carbon monoxide poisoning looks **pale, sweaty, ashen, or bluish-gray (`cyanotic`)**, never wait to see red skin before calling 911/999/112.
Why should I never give water or milk to drink to someone who just escaped a smoky house fire?
Even if a smoke inhalation survivor's throat feels raw, dry, and burning, do not let them drink liquids until a doctor examines their airway. First, hot smoke scorches the delicate tissues of the epiglottis and voice box (`larynx`), causing rapid blistering and swelling that impairs the swallowing reflex, trying to swallow water can trigger a sudden, fatal vocal-cord spasm (**laryngospasm**) that seals the windpipe shut, or cause water to go straight down into the lungs. Second, if their throat continues to swell over the next 20 minutes, emergency room doctors will need to perform rapid-sequence anesthesia and insert a breathing tube (`endotracheal intubation`); having water or milk in the stomach causes vomiting and fatal aspiration during intubation. Wet their lips gently with a damp cloth instead.
Is it safe for me to give mouth-to-mouth rescue breaths to someone who collapsed from carbon monoxide or smoke inhalation?
**Yes, once you have dragged the victim out of the contaminated room into fresh outdoor air.** Many bystanders hesitate to give rescue breaths out of fear that they will be poisoned by the carbon monoxide or smoke on the victim's breath. Toxicology studies confirm that once the victim is in fresh outdoor air, the tiny fraction of carbon monoxide or cyanide exhaled from their lungs is far too diluted to pose any danger to a rescuer giving mouth-to-mouth (or pocket-mask) rescue breaths, and because their heart stopped specifically from lack of oxygen (**asphyxial arrest**), giving **30 chest compressions with 2 full rescue breaths** is critical to saving their life.
If I open all the windows after our carbon monoxide alarm went off and my headache goes away in fresh air, do I still need to see a doctor?
**Yes, especially if anyone in the house had symptoms (headache, dizziness, nausea, confusion) or if anyone is pregnant, an infant/child, an older adult, or has heart disease.** Even if your headache fades after sitting outside for an hour, carbon monoxide that already entered your bloodstream and bound to brain and heart cellular proteins (`myoglobin` and `cytochrome oxidase`) can trigger **delayed cardiac arrhythmias** or **Delayed Neurological Sequelae (DNS)** days or weeks later unless washed out rapidly with **100 percent medical oxygen**. Further, if you simply walk away for 4 hours before going to the hospital, your blood carboxyhemoglobin level may drop back toward normal on the blood test while cellular brain injury is still underway, so get checked immediately while paramedics or the ER can measure your peak level and administer high-flow oxygen.
Does drinking milk, herbal tea, or using an asthma inhaler "clean smoke out of your lungs" after a minor kitchen fire?
Drink milk is an old folk myth that does nothing to clear smoke particles or toxins from the respiratory tract (since milk goes down your esophagus into your stomach, not into your lungs.). However, if you have **diagnosed asthma or COPD** and mild smoke from a burnt pan triggers coughing or wheezing (without any facial burns, soot in the mouth, or throat swelling), sitting in fresh outdoor air and taking your prescribed **short-acting bronchodilator rescue inhaler (such as albuterol / salbutamol)** as directed on your asthma action plan can help relax constricted bronchial airways while you seek medical advice. If symptoms do not clear rapidly or you inhaled thick room smoke, seek immediate emergency medical evaluation.
Kua tirohia nga puna¶
- American Heart Association (AHA, United States) me te Ripeka Whero o Amerika (Te Hononga o Amerika): *Nga Aratohu mo te Awhina Tuatahi me te Whakaora Cardiopulmonary * , Te Paoa Paoa, Te Waowaawa / Cyanide Asphyxial Arrest, me te Whakahaere Oxygen.
- Te Ratonga Hauora Motu (NHS, United Kingdom), St John Ambulance (United Kingdom), me te UK Health Security Agency (UKHSA, United Kingdom): Te Hunga Paoa me te Waahi Monoxide Poisoning Tuatahi Awhina, Nga Kara Whero Whero o te Pulmonary Edema, me nga Paearu Whakaaetanga Hyperbaric.
- Nga Pokapū mo te Whakahaere me te Aukati i te mate (CDC, United States) me te Tari mo nga Taonga Toxic me te Rehita Mate (ATSDR, United States): Aratohu Hauora mo te Waowakawa (\(\text{CO}\)) Poisoning, Pulse Oximetry Limitations, Pregnancy Fetal Risk, and Hydrogen Cyanide (\(\text{HCN}\)) Co-Toxicity in Fire Smoke.
- American Burn Association (ABA, United States) me te British Burn Association (United Kingdom): Advanced Burn Life Tautoko (ABLS) , Inhalation Injury Triage, Supraglottic Thermal Edema, me nga Tohu Whakangungu Moata.
- Undersea and Hyperbaric Medical Society (UHMS, International / United States) and European Committee for Hyperbaric Medicine (ECHM, European Union): Nga tohu mo te Hyperbaric Oxygen Therapy (\(\text{HBOT}\)) i roto i te Acute Carbon Monoxide Poisoning and Prevention of Delayed Neurological Sequelae.