Maina Tonu I raro i To Kainga, Te Mewaro Karehu Ohorere ranei ka Puku mai i To Paapa Poka: Whakamatau Ohotata¶

Ka oho ake i te 3:00 i te ata ki te pupuhi hohonu i raro i te whenua me te tangi o to whare e aue ana, te whare moenga me nga tatau o mua ka tutakina ohorere i roto i nga anga hauroki, 45-tohu nga kapiti o te arawhata e matara ana puta noa i o pakitara o raro o te whare, me tetahi awa papaku, he poka porohita ranei i runga i to ruuma ka taka ki waho o to whare. he poka wai whenua motuhake ka whai noa i te tap ka tuwha tutua, mare pute hau, ka whakakiia to karaihe inu ki nga miraka miraka, miraka, rite ki te piari (dissolved methane gas effervescence) - he ohotata te hanganga me te pahū-hau. Puta noa i Amerika Te Taitokerau, te United Kingdom, Europe, me Ahitereiria, mriona whare e noho tika ana ki runga ake i te mapi me te kore mapi i nga waro ruuma-me-pou o raro o te rautau 19 me te rautau 20, te tote, te gypsum, te kowhatu kowhatu, te rino, me te maina mata-konutea (including Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Nova Scotia, the UK Midlands/Yorkshire/South Wales, the German Ruhr Valley, and the Hunter Valley of NSW), tae atu ki nga panui keri waro taiapa roa, nga pakaru waipēhi hinu/ hau (fracking) nga mara, me nga puna wero wai para.

Ahakoa he rereke te ahua o te nekehanga o te whenua me te wai poka wai, ka hanga e rua te rite tonu te kaikohuru e kore e kitea i roto i to whare i roto i nga meneti: Te hau waiwaro mura (Methane CH4) me te maina hau paitini (Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, or Oxygen-Depleted "Blackdamp" CO2/N2) te heke ki to kainga. Ka pakaru te pou waro i raro i te whenua, ka hinga ranei te tuanui o te maina 15 ki te 150 mita (50 ki te 500 putu) i raro i to tiriti, ka toro te mata o te whenua ki roto i te ngaru riipoka e kapo ana i te rino/rino maataki raina ratonga hau maori (mercaptan-odorized or odor-stripped) tika ki te wahi ka kuhu ratou ki to pakitara o raro ka kapiti kua tanumia nga raina septic me te propane. Waihoki, ka heke te keri, te keri, te pehanga barometric, te mamara nui ranei i te tepu wai hydrostatic i roto i te wai motuhake e kuhu ana i te waro, i nga papa toka ranei, Methane kore kakara, tae kore (CH4) ka whakakorea (fizzes) mai i to wai tap, kaukau, mihini horoi, me te rua poka kua kohia, ka tere haere ki tana 5.0% ki te 15.0% Tepe Pahū Raro (LEL) tae noa ki te korakora pateko kotahi mai i te whakakā rama kaukau, te rei pehanga papu pai ranei ka pahū te whare.

(Mo te tiango o te karst totohu, tirohia Ka tiango te Karst, ka whakararuraru i te heke maina, me nga morearea-kore. a Totohu. Mo nga rerenga hau korekore i raro i te whenua, tirohia Nga turuturu hau maori ("mercaptan fade"): te heke o te oneone ki raro i te whenua ki nga ruuma me to tatou ao tau ohorere whaiaronga.)

Mahia tenei inaianei¶

1. Mena kei te kaha te pupuhi o to whare, e aue ana, e titaha ana, e ngatata ana ranei (Active Mine Subsidence), RĀNEI ki te hongi koe i te hau / ka rongo i o paopao wai e tuwha ana, e pupuhi ana nga mirumiru hau: WHAKAWEHE KATOA KATOA KI WAHO KAHORe e pa ki tetahi pana hiko.
2. KAUA KAUA e porehia he pana rama, KAUA e wetewete i nga taputapu, KAUA e whakahaere i te powhiriwhiri mo te kaukau, KAUA e whakamahi i te whakatuwhera kuaha karati.
3. Mena kua tutakina nga tatau i roto i nga anga whariki (a classic hallmark of ground-tilt subsidence), ** whana i te mata matapihi o te papa whenua ka piki ki waho ma te matapihi** (keep a hammer or pry bar accessible on each floor if you live in a known subsidence zone).
4. Mena kei te tuha hau, e maremare ana, e pupuhi ana ranei to korere poka wai motuhake ano he houra karapu (Methane Effervescence): MATUA KATOA NGA PAPA WAI KAtoa ka whakahahia te ruma ma te whakatuwhera i nga matapihi.
5. Ia rita o te wai puna mewaro-kukui ka mapuhia ma te upoko kaukau wera, te whakamahana kihini, te horoi riu, te miihini horoi ranei tae atu ki te 28 milligrams mo ia rita (28 ppm) o te Methane ka mura (CH4) tika tonu ki te hau o taua ruma.
6. KAUA KAUA e tango i te kaukau wera kua tutakina, te whakahaere miihini horoi, te patu ranei i te maaka/maama tata ki te korere poka e pupuhi ana, me te KAUA rawa e piki ki roto i te rua poka raima o raro, te whare papu ranei (confined well pits trap exsolved methane at explosive 5%-15% LEL concentrations and displace breathable oxygen below 19.5%).
7. ** Kia noho humarie ki waho i te iti rawa 30 mita (100 putu) te tawhiti atu i te whare: Waea ki a 911 (112 / 999 ranei) ME to Raina Ohotata 24/7 o to Hanganga Hau Motu.**
8. Mea atu ki te Kaituku 911: *"Kei a matou kei raro i te whenua te heke maina e pakaru ana i to matou turanga / kuaha e tukituki ana [RA *ranei he mewaro pahū e pupuhi ana i roto i a maatau paipa wai motuhake] i [Street Address]. Tukuna koa te Te Tari Ahi me te 4-Gas Combustible LEL & Carbon Monoxide Meters ka tono ki te Gas Utility Emergency Crew ki te tirotiro i ta maatau ratonga i raro i te whenua mo te kutikuti kutikuti."
9. Mena kei te neke haere te turanga o to whare: Me kati te taputapu hau i to mita hau o waho (or turn the quarter-turn propane tank valve OFF if safe outside) i mua i te pakaru o te paipa kua tanumia.
10. I te huihuinga Room-and-Pillar "Sag / Trough" Subsidence, ka tau te mata o te whenua ma te 0.3 ki te 1.5 mita (1 ki te 5 waewae) mo te roa 24 haora ki etahi wiki. Ko nga paipa hau o raro o te whenua, nga raina ratonga wai, me nga taha o te parakaingaki e hono ana i to whare neke ki te tiriti tuuturu ka toia ano he taffy totoro tae noa ki te kutikuti i raro i te whenua me te tuku hau i te taha o te waikeri paipa ki to ruuma.
11. Waea atu ki to Whenua / Motu Whakarerea Maina Whenua (AML) Hotaka Ohotata ME to Inihua Tuturu Maina (MSI) Putea i roto i nga haora 24.
12. I raro i te ture Surface Mining Control and Reclamation Act (SMCRA) i roto i te United States, te UK Coal Authority, me Subsidence Advisory NSW i Ahitereiria, ka whai mana nga roopu mahi maina ohorere a te kawanatanga ki te whakaneke i nga miihini keri ohorere i roto i te 24 ki te 72 haora (at zero cost to the homeowner) ki te pupuhi i nga mano mita putoru o te raima rewharehu maru ki raro i nga poka ki roto i te maina tiango i raro i to whare ki te hopu i te pakaru i mua i te pakaru o to whare.

Rakau whakatau: Te whakamatautau ohorere mo te hekenga maina i raro i te whenua ki te wai puna wai mewaro¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ohotata o raro o te Matawhenua: Te Ngatata/Tihanga Whare (Tuku) RĀNEI Te Korere Poka Te Pupuke/Te Hau"] --> HazardType{"Ko tehea tohu ohorere kei a koe inaianei?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. TE HUNGA KAUPAPA (Kei te Pukepuke, Te Pokarerenga Kuaha, Nga Kapiti Taiepa-Taapapa, Te Iari Totohu)"| CheckActive{"Kei te Whakawhanuihia nga Kapiti, Kei te Hurihia nga Papa, Kei te Puawai ranei he Kaka Hau Inaianei?"}

    CheckActive -->|"ĀE: Te Nekehanga Hohe, Te Morearea Hau ranei"| EvacHouse["Hipanga 1A: Whakanuia nga tangata katoa ki waho i te wa tonu (Whakamahia te Matapihi ki te Kati nga Kuaha); KAUA e pa ki nga Whakawhiti Maama"]
    EvacHouse --> Call911Sub["Hipanga 2A: Waea 911 (Fire Dept 4-Gas Meter Tirohanga) + Taputapu hau ki te wehe i te toronga hau i raro i te whenua."]

    CheckActive -->|"KORE: He Puhoi Te Whakanoho Kare I Te Tiango Tere"| CallAML["Hipanga 3A: Waea atu ki te Waea Maku Whenua Whakarerea (AML) Waea Ohotata + Putea Inihua Moni Maina (MSI) I roto i nga haora 24"]
    Call911Sub --> CallAML

    HazardType -->|"2. WELL WATER FIZZING / SPUTTERING (Milky Effervescent Bubbles, Air Burps from Tap)"| ShutTaps["Hipanga 1B: Whakawetohia nga Paapa wai o roto, nga ua, me nga horoi i nga wa tonu; Whakatuwheratia te Matapihi ki te Whakahau"]

    ShutTaps --> NoSparks["Hipanga 2B: KAUA E tomo ki roto i te poka poka kua kati, te huri ranei i nga whakawhiti i raro; Waea atu ki a 911 mena ka tangi te whakaoho LEL, te kohi hau taumaha ranei"]

    NoSparks --> ReportReg["Hipanga 3B: Panuitia te Hekenga Hau Kotiti ki te Kai-whakahaere mo te Hinu/Karei/Maina (DEP/ODNR/AER) mo te Puawai Pouaka Ohotata me te Whakamatau Isotopic Baseline"]

Wāhanga 1: Te mohio ki nga momo e rua o te heke maina ki raro i te whenua (Pit / Sinkhole vs. Sag / Trough)¶

Ehara i te mea he rite te ahua o nga maina i raro i te whenua ki te rua o nga kiriata whakaari. Ka whakarōpūhia e nga miihini me nga kaimatai whenua nga waro ruuma-a-pou kua whakarerea, te gypsum, te uku, me te tote maina kua heke ki roto e rua nga momo koretake miihini motuhake, i runga i te hohonu o nga mahi maina kei raro i te turanga o to kainga:

Whakataurite Hangarau: Pit (Sinkhole) Te whakaheke me te Sag (Trough) Te whakahekenga¶

Wāhanga 2: Me pehea te korero mai i te Totohu Maiku mai i te taunga o te oneone, te paru whanui ranei (And why standard homeowners insurance denies both)¶

Ka pakaru ana to pakitara o raro, ka ngana pea tetahi kaitoha hanga turanga motuhake ki te hoko atu ki a koe he $25,000 i roto i nga pou-pou maitai, i te mea ka whakahē to kaiwhakatikatika Inihua mo nga Kaipupuri Kaainga i to kereme i raro i te "Earth Movement Exclusion."

1. Ko nga Tohu Tohu e 3 e Whakamatau ana i te Paheketanga o te Maina Rarohe (Ehara i te Whakatau Tikanga)¶

1. Te Tere me te Hanganga-maha Tukutahi: Ko te taunga o te turanga noa, ko te whakahekenga o te paru whanui ka tupu i te mitama ma te mirimita i roto i nga tau, ka pa ki tetahi kokonga ngoikore o te whare kotahi. Ka tere haere te heke mai o aku mahi i roto i nga ra ki nga wiki me te wa ano ka huri i nga ** arai arai, nga huarahi hikoi, nga pou whaipainga, me nga turanga o o hoa noho tata** kei te taha o te pewa raina tonu (the "subsidence wave front").
2. Tono Watahia + Tinga: Mena he kapiti te whanui o to papa papa o raro i te 6 mirimita (0.25 inihi) ka whanui ki runga ake o te pakitara (tensile pull) mehemea ranei e whakaatu ana te taumata kamura 1.2-mita (4-waewae) te taumata o to turanga kua tio ake i te 1% (1 centimeter per meter / 1/8 inch per foot) kei waho o te paramu i roto i te marama, ka whakapaea ka hinga te koretake o raro.
3. Tirohia to Wāhitau i runga i te Mapi Mana Raro o te Whenua o te Kawanatanga i tenei ra:
4. I te United States: Whakatuwherahia te ipurangi o to kawanatanga GIS Mine Map Atlas (e.g., Pennsylvania DEP MSI Risk Map, Illinois ISGS Coal Mine Viewer, Ohio ODNR Abandoned Underground Mine Locator, West Virginia WVGES, Colorado CGS).
5. I te United Kingdom: Rapua to pouwaea i runga i te Coal Authority Interactive Map Viewer (which maps over 170,000 known coal mine shafts across England, Scotland, and Wales).
6. Kei Ahitereiria: Tirohia te Turangatohu Tohutohu NSW Portal (Hunter Valley / Newcastle / Wollongong / Lithgow districts).

2. Me pehea te inihua o te whenua me te maina ture (MSI) Mahi¶

• Inihua Kaipupuri Paerewa (HO-3) ka whakakorehia te 100% o te neke o te whenua me te heke mai i aku.
• Heoi, i roto i nga whenua me nga whenua keri waro, ka whakahaerehia e nga kawanatanga nga ture, kaore he moni pai Mine Subsidence Insurance (MSI) Pūtea:
• Wheni Whakauru Aunoa (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia): Na te ture a te kawanatanga, Mine Subsidence Insurance ($50,000 to $750,000 i roto i te kapinga hanganga) ka hurihia aunoatia ki nga kaupapa here inihua whare noho katoa i roto i nga kaunihera waro kua mapi mena ka hainatia e koe he whakakore i tuhia.
• Whakaputa Moni Kawanatanga (Pennsylvania DEP MSI Fund, Ohio Mine Subsidence Insurance Underwriting Association, Colorado, Wyoming): I hokona tika mai i runga ipurangi, i to kaihoko inihua mo te $30 noa ki te $150 ia tau (covering up to $500,000 in repairs).
• Taupapa Roo Hohe / Mana Waro Kaitohu Whakahaere Tikanga Tino (Federal SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121, UK Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991, Subsidence Advisory NSW): Mena kua pakaru to kainga i te kei waro kaha i raro i te whenua (mehemea kei te noho koe i te UK, i NSW ranei kei reira nga papa ture e hipokina ana *e rua nga kino o te maina waro o mua me te kaha), Ko te kaiwhakahaere maina, te mana kawanatanga ranei he 100% te kawenga a te ture ki te whakatika, ki te hoko mai ranei i to kainga i te uara maakete katoa, me te utu mo te nukuhanga o te hotera rangitahi.

Wāhanga 3: Te hau mewaro ohorere (CH4) e pupuhi ana i to puna wai motuhake ("Stray Gas Migration")¶

Mena kei te noho koe ki tetahi waahi he tuitui waro, he toka pararopi pango (such as the Marcellus, Utica, Barnett, Bakken, Permian, Montney, or Surat basins), tata ranei ** keri hinu/ hau, pakaru waipēhi (fracking), te tangohanga mewaro waro, he waahi rokiroki hau kei raro ranei**, he huringa ohorere te ahua o to puna wai, te tangi ranei he whakatupato tere mo Stray Gas Migration.

1. Ko nga Tohu Whakatupato e 4 mo te Methane Gas i roto i to Wai Puna Motuhake¶

1. "Korere Korere / Mare / Burping Air": Ka whakakā koe i te kīhini, i te kaukau kaukau ranei i te ata tuatahi, ka tuwha te kōrere ka tuwha, ka maremare, ka pupuhi i nga pute hau i mua i te rere o te wai.
2. "Champagne / Club-Soda Effervescence" i roto i te Karaehe: Ina whakakiia e koe tetahi karaihe marama ki te wai matao matao, ka titiro te wai ma te miraka me nga mirioni mirumiru moroiti iti ka piki mai i raro ki runga penei i te piari pupuhi me te Alka-Seltzer (tengari ko te hau kino mai i te whaucet ka marere tonu mai i runga me te kore e heke ki raro i roto i nga hēkona ruarua).
3. Ko te Oro "Kohua" Ki Roto o te Poaka: Te hikoi tata ki to potae mahunga o waho (sanitary well seal), ka rongo koe i te e mirumiru ana, e hio ana, e ngangau ana ranei e piki ake ana i te paipa puna.
4. Parataiao Ohohoro, Wai Pango, He Puawai Huakita Rino ranei: I te pikinga ake o nga mirumiru mewaro ki roto i nga pakaru o te wai ki roto i to poka wai, ka oho te karekau he konupora pango/parapara rino, me te methane-oxidizing and sulfate-reducing bacteria e whangai ana i te hau, ka huri i to wai whanariki, he kikorangi.

2. United States Geological Survey (USGS) & Nga Paepae Mahi a te Tari o roto mo te Methane Whakarewa i roto i te Wai Pai¶

Wāhanga 4: Me pehea te whakaatu mehemea i ahu mai te mewaro puna i te keri/parapara tata ki te waro/pupu hau (Isotopic Fingerprinting)¶

Ina puta ohorere te mewaro i roto i te puna wai motuhake i roto i te 300 ki te 1,500 mita (1,000 ki te 5,000 waewae) o te puna hinu/hau katahi ano ka keri, te papa pakaru waipēhi, te maina waro kaha ranei, ka kii te kamupene hiko i nga wa katoa he papaku noa te hau "koiora repo/rerenga hau" i nga wa katoa.

Anei me pehea nga tari taiao a te kawanatanga (such as Pennsylvania DEP, Ohio ODNR, Colorado ECMC, and the Alberta Energy Regulator) whakamatauria putaiao no hea te hau - me te aha He mea tino nui te Whakamatau Wai Raina I mua i te Keri Te Wai: 1. Thermogenic vs. Biogenic Carbon & Hydrogen Stable Isotope Fingerprinting (delta-13C-CH4 a delta-D-CH4): - Papaku Biogenic ("Swamp/Drift") Methane i hangaia e te paparorohiko i roto i nga moenga waro kawao tae noa ki te papau he "maama" (delta-13C te tikanga -60 to -90 per mil) me te tata 100% te Methane parakore (C1) me nga waiwaro kore taumaha ake. - Hohonu Thermogenic ("Shale / Fracking / Pipeline") hau i tunua i raro i te wera nui me te pehanga mano mita ki raro i te whenua (migrating upward through a poorly cemented surface casing annulus) he "taimaha" (delta-13C te tikanga -25 to -50 per mil) me te ōwehenga motuhake o Ethane (C2H6), Propane (C3H8), me Butane (C4H10) e rite ana ki te hainatanga hanga o te puna hau tata. 2. Whakaaro Ture mo nga Rohe taunahatanga (Pre-Drilling Baseline Rule): - I raro i nga ture mo te hinu me te hau (penei i te Pennsylvania Act 13 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218, Ohio, West Virginia, me Colorado ture), ki te whakawaia e tetahi kaiwhakahaere hinu/ hau i roto i te 300 ki te 760 mita (1,000 ki te 2,500 waewae) o to puna wai ka pokea to puna ki te methane, tote tote (chlorides, barium, strontium), he parataiao ranei i roto i te 6 ki te 12 marama o te keri/whawhati, e kiia ana kei te ture te kai-whakahaere ki te whakarato i te puna wai whakakapi kore utu tonu (kua tukuna he taika buffalo wai + he maimoatanga pumau, he puna hou ranei) KI te kore i whakahaerea e ratou he whakamatautau wai turanga motuhake i mua i te keri e whakaatu ana kei reira te methane. Whakaae i nga wa katoa ki te kore utu i mua i te keri keri whakamatautauranga na tetahi taiwhanga tuatoru kua whakamanahia e te kawanatanga (NELAP accredited) me te pupuri i te PDF taiwhanga mekameka-a-tiaki kua hainatia mo ake tonu atu.

Nga nama ohorere a rohe me nga tikanga umanga¶

Pātai auau¶

He wai inu kua memeha te Methane (CH4) kei roto he paitini ki taku puku, ko te mate he pahūtanga me te hauhautanga?¶

E ai ki te U.S. Geological Survey (`USGS`), te Pokapü mo nga matū paitini me te rehita mate (`ATSDR`), me Health Canada, ** hau mewaro rewa (`CH4`) ehara i te mea paitini ina horomia ki te wai inu** - he rereke ki te benzene, arsenic, mata ranei, ka puta te mewaro parakore i roto i te puku penei i te warowai i roto i te wai houra. **Ko te mate whakamate o te mewaro i roto i te wai puna he 100% tinana:** **(1) Pahū me te Ahi Kohiko** ka rewa te mewaro rewa i roto i nga ua, wharepaku, totohu, me nga miihini horoi ki roto i nga ruma kati ka eke ki tana **5.0% ki te 15.0% Tepe Pahū Raro (`LEL`)**, me **(2) Te Mokowā Pupuri Putea** ina nekehia e te nui o te mewaro te hāora manawa i roto i nga rua poka, nga mokowhiti, nga wharepaku iti ranei. Heoi, na te mea ka haere te hau kotiti kee i te taha o **te wai tote tote (`high chlorides, bromides, barium, strontium`), arsenic, hinuhinu hauwai waro ranei (`BTEX`)**, kaua rawa koe e inu i te wai poka wai kawa kia whakatauhia ra ano e te roopu kounga wai taiwhanga matawhānui te whakakino-tahi matū.

Me pehea te whakatika a nga miihini i tetahi puna wai motuhake he hau mewaro (10 to 28+ mg/L) na e kore taku whare e pahū?¶

Ko te whakatika i te puna wai hanga methane me whai **punaha miihini rua-waahi** kua whakauruhia e tetahi kaihao poka whai raihana me te tohunga maimoatanga wai: **(1) I te Poaka o waho (`Vented Sanitary Seal`):** Whakakapia te potae pai papatahi ki te **Vented Sanitary Well Seal** kua whakauruhia ki te poutū **50-millimeter (2-inihi) te raarangi-40 PVC/te paipa hau rino e toro atu ana i te 1.8 ki te 3 mita (6 ki te 10 putu) ki runga ake i te whenua** (`and above winter snowdrifts`), kua whakakikoruatia ki te mata U-piko/ mura-aukati kia kore te hau e piki ki runga i te poka poka ka rere kino ki te rangi o waho, kaua ki te turaki i to paipa wai o raro ki te papa o raro; me **(2) I mua i te Taeke Pee o Roto (`Open-Atmosphere Aeration / Spray Degasser System`):** I mua i te urunga o te wai ki roto i nga paipa o to whare, ka mapuhia ki roto i te hiri **poke whakangao hau (`equipped with a blower fan vented through the roof and an automatic methane LEL shutoff sensor`)**, e tango ana i te 99% o te mewaro rewa i roto i te wai, ka pupuhi ki waho i mua i te tukunga mai o te papu whakanui tuarua i te wai haumaru, kore hau-kore ki o korere.

Mena kei te noho taku whare ki runga ake i te keri waro ruuma-a-poupou kua hinga i tenei wa, me pehea e whakamutua ai e te kawanatanga te tiango?¶

Ina ka ripoatahia e koe tetahi ohotata kua whakarerea maina kua heke ki to whenua **Whenua Whakarerea Maina (`AML`) Kaupapa Ohotata** (ko te **UK Coal Authority / Subsidence Advisory NSW**), ka whakamahia e nga miihini hangarau he keri keri hurihuri i roto i to iari me to huarahi ki te keri i te matiti o **150-millimeter (6-inihi) poka wai** totika ki raro **30 ki te 100 mita (100 ki te 330 waewae)** ki roto i nga ruma maina ka taka ki raro i te whenua.`verified using down-hole borehole video cameras and sonar`). Ka pupuhihia e ratou nga rau, mano tini ranei o **te raima raima iti-iti, te pupuhi pungarehu, me te kowhatu kuru** ki raro i nga poka ki te hanga i nga pou o raro o te whenua ** nga pou puri raima ("grout columns")** ki raro tonu i te tapuwae o to kainga, hei tautoko tuturu i te tuanui o te toka kia kore ai e taka ano.

He aha te take i noho ai to maatau papa o raro i te Carbon Monoxide (CO) he kaitahuri, he puoho whakaoho Radon ranei i roto i te wiki he iti te pehanga barometric i runga i te maina waro tawhito?¶

Ko nga maina waro i raro i te whenua ka rite ki te pukahukahu o raro (`"Mine Breathing"`). Ina nekehia e te **pnaha huarere iti te pehanga (mua o te tupuhi)** ki runga i to taone, ka tino heke te pehanga hau o waho. Hei whakautu, ko nga miriona mita pūtoru o te hau e mau ana i roto i te maina i raro i te whenua ka toro haere, ka pana ** whakarunga** na roto i nga pakaru o te toka, nga rakau maina kaore i hiritia, me nga kapiti papa o raro o raro ki roto i nga whare e noho ana i runga ake i te maina. E toru nga aitua e kore e kitea: **(1) "Blackdamp" (`Stythe`)** - hau kua pau te hāora (`often only 8% to 14% oxygen`) taumaha ki te Waowaawa (`CO2`) me te Nitrogen e kaukau ana i runga i nga papa o raro me te whakapouri i nga mokai me nga pakeke i roto i nga meneti; **(2) Waro Monoxide (`CO` - "Whitedamp")** mena kei te whakapouri, kei te ngongo ranei tetahi tui waro tawhito i raro i te whenua; me **(3) Elevated Radon-222 Gas**. Ko nga whare katoa i hangaia i runga i nga mahi maina i raro i te whenua kua mapi me whai ** moo-ma-roto hau tahuna (`LEL`) + Waowaawa (`CO`) whakaoho** me te **radon-papa-raro kaha/poipoi whakapoipoi i te hau oneone** hei hiri i te papa o raro.

Me pehea e mohio ai ahau he ru, he pupuhi keri, he weriweri, he weriweri, he tiango ranei te tuanui o te maina?¶

Tirohia te **USGS Mahere Ru whenua hou** (`or British Geological Survey / Geoscience Australia / EMSC`) i roto i te 10 meneti i muri mai i te putunga. Ko nga rū tectonic taiao me **ru ruku-wairua-whangaia** ka puta **3 ki te 15 kiromita (2 ki te 9 maero) te hohonu** i roto i te toka o raro tioata me te rehita puta noa i te maha o nga kaitao a-rohe. He rerekee, he **karekau i raro i te whenua, he kowhatu kowhatu ranei ka hinga te tuanui o te maina ("mine bump")** ka puta noa **15 ki te 150 mita (50 ki te 500 putu) i raro i te tarutaru**: ka puta mai he koi, he waahi **kotahi te paoho, he pupuhi ranei** (`often magnitude 0.5 to 2.0`) i tino kaha ki te kotahi, e rua noa nga tiriti, whai muri tonu mai ko te paheketanga o te mata o te whenua, ka pakaru ranei te turanga ki runga tonu i te ruuma kua hinga.

Nga kaiarahi e pa ana¶

• Ka tiango te Karst, ka whakararuraru i te heke maina, me nga morearea-kore.
• Totohu
• Nga turuturu hau maori ("mercaptan fade"): te heke o te oneone ki raro i te whenua ki nga ruuma
• Te hinu-hinu i raro i te whenua, te hongi hau parakaingi, te mahanga P-papa maroke, me te mewaro
• He kore papu pai me te pokenga poka motuhake
• Nga nama ohorere me te tuku ki te ao

Nga puna me nga aratohu whai mana¶

• United States Geological Survey (USGS) & U.S. Department of the Interior Office of Surface Mining Reclamation and Enforcement (OSMRE): Methane in Private Water Wells: Nga Paepae Mahi (10 mg/L Whakatupato me te 28 mg/L Nga Paepae Moorearea Inamata) me *SMCRA Abandoned Mine Guidessidence.
• Pennsylvania Department of Environmental Protection (PA DEP) & Ohio Department of Natural Resources (ODNR): Coal Mine Subsidence Insurance (MSI) Engineering Standards, Stray Gas Migration Investigation Protocols, and Pre-Drilling Baseline Water Quality Testing under 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218.
• The Coal Authority (United Kingdom Government): Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991 - 24/7 Surface Hazard Response, Mine Gas ("Blackdamp" & Methane) Mitigation, and Statutory Structural Compensation.
• Te Tohutohu mo te Whakahekea NSW (New South Wales Government, Ahitereiria): Te Ture Utu Utu mo te Mana Wao 2017 - Nga Kawa Haumaru-Haumaru me te Whakatairanga Hanganga Whakatairanga/Rainga Whare.
• Te Pokapū mo te Whakahaere Mate me te Aukati (CDC) & Pokapü mo nga Matū Toxic me te Rehitatanga Mate (ATSDR, United States): Te Haumaru Wai Puna Motuhake Tata ki te Whakawhanake Hinu me te Hau Kore me nga Mahi Maina Raro.