Miin Ɓooygol Les Galle Maa walla Gaas Metan Fiɗtaandu e Ɓunndu Ma Tap: Triage Emergency¶

Ummaade 3:00 AM e boom luggiɗiiɗo, muusɗo les leydi rewi heen ko daande suudu maa framing ŋoŋɗi, suudu ŋoral e dame yeeso ɗoon e ɗoon jamming udditaa e racked diagonal frames, **45-degereeji stair-step cracks feccii udditaade e nder basement maa circular masonry walls walla ** shapping masonry circular walls maa lawn - WALLA udditde faɗo maa e nder galle mo ɓunndu ndiyam leslesru keeriiɗo rokkata tan ngam heɓde faɗo ngoo tufde e semmbe, ɓuuɓde poosuuji henndu, e hebbinde gilaas maa yarde e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, fizzing, nanndundi e champagne (dissolved methane gas effervescence) - ko emergency structurel e puccitiiɗo-gaas. E nder Amerik worgo, e nder Dental Dowlaaji Amerik, e Orop, e Ostarali, miliyoŋaaji cuuɗi ina njooɗii dow ŋoral kuuraa, lamɗam, jippunde, kaaƴe dime, njamndi, e ŋoral-zinc les leydi, e nder teeminannde 19ɓiire e 20ɓiire, tawa ina waɗi karte e ɗe karte mum nganndaaka (including Pennsylvania, Illinois, Ohio, West Virginia, Kentucky, Indiana, Colorado, Wyoming, Nova Scotia, the UK Midlands/Yorkshire/South Wales, the German Ruhr Valley, and the Hunter Valley of NSW), kam e panneeji njulaagu kuuraa juutɗi, peccitagol ndiyam petroŋ/gaas (fracking) gese, e ɓulli innde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam.

So tawii dille leydi geologique e ndiyam ɓunndu fizzing ina nanndi e caɗeele ceertuɗe, kamɗe ɗiɗi fof ina mbaɗa waroowo gooto tigi rigi, mo yiyataa e nder galle maa e nder hojomaaji seeɗa: gaas hidrokarbon ɓuuɓɗo (Methane CH4) e gaas miniraagal tooke ( ).Carbon Monoxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, or Oxygen-Depleted "Blackdamp" CO2/N2) eggude e nder galle maa. So tawii piilngal kuuraa les leydi ina ɓuuɓtoo walla so suudu miniraagal yanii 15 haa 150 meeteer (50 haa 500 meeteer) les mbedda maa, leydi ndii ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder wave strain tensile ina ɓuuɓna njamndi/njamndi tiiɗndi laabi gollorɗi gaasuuji (mercaptan-odorized or odor-stripped) ɗo ɓe naatata e mahol maa les ngol e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi laabi septik e propane. Ko noon kadi, so tawii njulaagu ɓadiiɗo, ɓuuɓgol, ɓuuɓol barometrik, walla pompirde teeŋtunde ina ustoo ɓuuɓol ndiyam hidrostatik e nder ɓuuɓol ndiyam keeriiɗo naatoowo e ɓuuɓol kuuraa walla ɓuuɓol, Metan mo alaa uuroore, mo alaa mbaydi (CH4) ina ɓuuɓna (fizzes) yaltude e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam maa, e duɗe maa, e masiŋ lootirɗo maa, e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri udditiindi, ina moofta e yaawre feewde e 5,0% haa 15,0% Lower Explosive Limit (LEL) haa ɓuuɓol gootol gonngol e lampa lootorde walla jolngo ɓuuɓol pompiyee ɓuuɓol, ummina ɓuuɓol galle bonngol.

(Ngam ɓuuɓde sinkhole karst kuuɓtodinɗo, ƴeew Karst ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina woppi ɓuuɓri miniraaji, e caɗeele auger-void e Sinkooji. Ngam ɓuuɓri gaas les leydi ndi alaa uuroore, ƴeew Gaasuuji tawaaɗi ɗi ngalaa uurngol ("mercaptan fade") : eggugol leydi les leydi e nder cuuɗi les e aduna men limooje caɗtuɗe regginorde.)

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. So galle maa ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo, walla ina ɓuuɓtoo (Active Mine Subsidence), WALLA so aɗa uurna gaas / aɗa nana ɓuuɓri ndiyam maa ina ɓuuɓna ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri gaas: ƳEEWTO KALA MO WONI E YAASI ƊOONI tawa a meeɗaa meemde hay ƴulɓe kuuraa.
2. WOTO ɓuuɓnu kala lampa, WOTO ɓuuɓnu kuutorɗe, WOTO dognu fannu ɓuuɓɗo suudu lootorde, WOTO huutoro udditoowo damal garaas.
3. So dame ɗee ina jammii ina udditee e nder kaɓirɗe racked (a classic hallmark of ground-tilt subsidence), ƴettu ekran windo les, njahaa e windo (keep a hammer or pry bar accessible on each floor if you live in a known subsidence zone).
4. So tawii ɓuuɓri ndiyam maa keeriiɗo ina tufa henndu, ina ɓuuɓna, walla ina ɓuuɓna no soda club (Methane Effervescence): UDDIT TAAPEEJI NDIYAM FUU ƊOONI, ɓuuɓna suudu nduu e udditde windooji.
5. Kala liiteer ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam, ɓuuɓɗam, ɓuuɓɗam rewrude e hoore duɗal ngulngal, aerator coofɗo, lootorde diƴƴe, walla ɓuuɓri masiŋ lootirɗo hade 28 miligaram e liiteer gooto (28 ppm) e Metan ɓuuɓɗo ɓuuɓɗo ( ).CH4) feewde e henndu oon suudu.
6. WOTO MEƊƊU ƴettude duɗal ngulngal damal udditiingal, dogna masiŋ lootirɗo, walla fiyde match/lighter sara faucet ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, e WOTO MEƊƊI ƴeeŋtude e nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri beton les leydi walla galle pompiyee (confined well pits trap exsolved methane at explosive 5%-15% LEL concentrations and displace breathable oxygen below 19.5%).
7. So a yaltii e jam ko famɗi fof 30 meeteer (100 feet) e galle oo: Noddu 911 (walla 112 / 999) E Laabi 24/7 ɗi Utility Gas Naturel maa.
8. Haaldu e 911 dispatcher: "Min ngoodi ɓurɗo les leydi ina ɓuuɓna fonndasiyoŋ amen / dame jamming [WALLA gaas metan ɓuuɓɗo fizzing e nder ɓuuɓri ndiyam amen keeriindi] at [Street Address]. Tiiɗno, neldu Departemaa Yiite e Meteruuji LEL & Monoksiid Karbon 4-Gas e ɗaɓɓude Goomu Emergency Utility Gas ngam ƴeewtaade golle amen les leydi ngam ƴeewde so tawii ko ɓuuɓri."
9. So tawii fonndasiyoŋ galle maa ina ustoo no feewi: Waɗde Gas Utility ina udda meeteer maa gaas yaajɗo (or turn the quarter-turn propane tank valve OFF if safe outside) hade tuubaak ɓuuɓɗo ɓuuɓde.
10. E nder kewu "Sag / Trough" Subsidence suudu-e-pillar, leydi ndii ina ɓuuɓtoo fotde 0,3 haa 1,5 meeteer (1 haa 5 feet) e nder dumunna 24 waktuuji haa jonte keewɗe. Tuubaaji gaas naftooji les leydi tiiɗɗi, laabi gollorɗi ndiyam, e lateraaluuji ɓuuɓɗi jokkondirɗi e galle maa mbayliigu e mbeddaaji mawɗi gonɗi e dow leydi ɗii, ina njuɓɓinee no taffy ɓuuɓɗo nii haa ɗi njuppa les leydi e ɗi njuɓɓina gaas e dow ŋoral tuubaaji ɗii, tawa ina njuɓɓina ɗum en e nder suudu maa.
11. Noddu Dowla maa / Leydi Mineraal Leydi (AML) Porogaraam Emergency E Assirannde mon ngam ustude miniraaji (MSI) Kaalis e nder waktuuji 24.
12. E nder sariya fedde nde Sariya toppitiiɗo ko fayti e njulaagu e njulaagu leydi (SMCRA) to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik, UK Coal Authority, e Subsidence Advisory NSW to Ostarali, kippuuji laamu nguu ina njogii mbaawkaaji sariya ngam mooftude jolngooji e nder waktuuji 24 haa 72 (at zero cost to the homeowner) ngam pompirde ujunnaaje ujunnaaje meeteeruuji kuuɓtodinɗi beton fly-ash grout les boreholes e nder boowal miniraagal ɓuuɓngal les galle maa ngam nanngude ɓuuɓgol ngol hade galle maa halkude.

Lekki kuulal : Triage urgence ngam ɓuuɓnude miniraaji les leydi vs ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam metan fizzing¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Emergency les surface Geologique : Ɓoornugol suudu/Tilting (Subsidence) WALAA Ɓoornugol/Gas Fizzing Faucet"] --> HazardType{"Hol ko woni maande Emergency nde njiy-ɗaa jooni?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. ƁURI ƁURDE ƁURDE (Booming, Dame Jammingol, Ɓoornugol Mahol, Ɓoornugol Yard)"| CheckActive{"Mbele Ɓoornugol ina Yaaji, Leɗɗe ina Tiltoo, walla Uurngol Gaas ina Woni Jooni?"}

    CheckActive -->|"EEY: Dimngal Active walla Riis Gaas"| EvacHouse["Ɗatal 1A: Ittu kala mo woni e yaasi ɗoon e ɗoon (Kuutoro Windows so Dame Jammii); WOTO Memmu Ɓoggi Annoore"]
    EvacHouse --> Call911Sub["Ɗatal 2A: Noddu 911 (Dept 4-Gas Meter Ƴeewndo) + Utility Gaas ngam seerndude Lateral Gaas les leydi ɓuuɓɗo"]

    CheckActive -->|"NO: Leelɗo Settingo tawa alaa ko ɓuuɓnata ɗoon e ɗoon"| CallAML["Ɗatal 3A: Noddude leydi miniraaji ɗi laamu nguu woppi (AML) Hotline emergency + Fonds d’assurance subsidence mineraire (MSI) e nder waktuuji 24"]
    Call911Sub --> CallAML

    HazardType -->|"2. NDIYAM ƁURƊO ƁURDE / ƁURDE ƁURDE (Buubaaji ɓuuɓɗi kosam, Burps henndu gila e tap)"| ShutTaps["Ɗatal 1B: Uddit Denndaangal Tappiiji Ndiyam nder Suudu, Duuɓi, e Washers ɗoon e ɗoon; Uddit Windows ngam ɓuuɓnude"]

    ShutTaps --> NoSparks["Ɗatal 2B: WOTO naat e nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri udditiindi walla ɓuuɓri les ɓuuɓri; Noddu 911 so tawii Alarm LEL ina woodi walla ina moofta gaas teeŋtuɗo"]

    NoSparks --> ReportReg["Ɗatal 3B: Habrirde Migraasiyoŋ Gaasuuji Ɓooyɗi to Regulator Dowlaaji Dentuɗi (DEP/ODNR/AER) ngam ƴellitde ɓuuɓri e jarribooji isotopeeji"]

Daawe 1 : Anndude sifaaji ɗiɗi ɓuuɓɗi miniraaji les leydi (Pit / Sinkhole vs. Sag / Trough)¶

Wonaa denndaangal ɓuuɓri miniraaji les leydi nanndi e ɓuuɓri filmo dramatik. Injiniyankooɓe miniraagal e annduɓe leydi ina cennda kuuraa suudu-e-pillar, jippunde, loope, e ɓuuɓri miniraagal lamɗam e nder mbaadiiji ɗiɗi ceertuɗi ŋakkeende mekanik, fawaade e no golle miniraagal ɗee luggiɗiri les ɓuuɓri galle maa:

Njiylawu Innjiniyaaruuji: Pit (Sinkhole) Subside vs. Sag (Trough) Subalɓe¶

Faandaare 2: No anndirta Mine Subsidence e leydi no woorunoo walla loopal yaajngal (And why standard homeowners insurance denies both)¶

So tawii koɗorɗe maa leslese ɗee ɓuuɓtii, golloowo peewnugol fonndasiyoŋ keeriiɗo ina waawi etaade yeeyde ma $25,000 e push-piers njamndi, tawa kadi ko njuɓɓudi Assirannde jom galleeji maa yeddi ɗaɓɓaande maa e les "Earth Movement Exclusion."

1. 3 Clues Diagnostics kollitooji ɓuuɓri les leydi (wonaa ɓuuɓri no woorunoo)¶

1. Njaaweendi e sinkronisaasiyoŋ mbaydiiji keewɗi: Ɓoornugol fonndasiyoŋ no woorunoo walla ɓuuɓgol loopal yaajngal ina waɗa milimeeteer e milimeeteer e nder duuɓi, ina heewi kadi toɗɗaade nokku gooto mo ndiyam mum moƴƴaani e nder galle gooto. Subsidence mine ina ƴellitoo e yaawre e nder balɗe haa yontere e sahaa gooto ina warta cuuɗi laabi, jolɗe, jolɗe utility, e jolɗe hoɗdiiɓe maa saraaji damal e dow arc linear jokkondirɗo (the "subsidence wave front").
2. Tension + Tilt simultaneous: So tawii lefol maa les ngol ina waɗi ɓuuɓol ɓurngol yaajde 6 milimeeteer (0,25 inch) ngol yaaji feewde dow mahol ngol (tensile pull) walla so tawii tolno kaɓirgal 1,2 meeter (4-foot) hollitii wonde fonndasiyoŋ maa ina ɓuuɓtoo ko ɓuri 1% (1 centimeter per meter / 1/8 inch per foot) yaltude e plumb e nder lewru, tuumaaɗo ɓuuɓde les leydi.
3. Ƴeewto Adres maa e kartal miniraaji les leydi laamu laamu hannde:
4. To leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik: Uddit Atlas kartal miniraagal GIS (e.g., Pennsylvania DEP MSI Risk Map, Illinois ISGS Coal Mine Viewer, Ohio ODNR Abandoned Underground Mine Locator, West Virginia WVGES, Colorado CGS).
5. E nder leydi Angalteer: Yiylo kod posto maa e Yiylorde karte jokkondirɗe laamu kuuraa (which maps over 170,000 known coal mine shafts across England, Scotland, and Wales).
6. To Ostarali: Ƴeewto Portal NSW wasiyaaji dow ɓuuɓri (Hunter Valley / Newcastle / Wollongong / Lithgow districts).

2. No Dowla & Statutory Mine Subsidence Assiranse (MSI) Golle¶

• Assirannde jom galleeji (HO-3) ina hawra e 100% e dille leydi e ɓuuɓgol miniraagal.
• Kono e nder dowlaaji e leyɗeele njulaagu kuuraa, laamuuji ina kuutoroo sariyaaji, ɗi ngalaa ngartam Assirance de subsidence des mines (MSI) Kaalis:
• Dowlaaji Naatgol Otomatik (Illinois, Indiana, Kentucky, West Virginia): E dow sariya leydi, Assirannde Ɓooygol Mine ($50,000 to $750,000 e nder njuɓɓudi (structural coverage) ina ina ruttina otomatik e nder kala polis asiransi jom galleeji hoɗɓe e diiwanuuji kuuraa kartoŋaaji so wonaa tawa a siifondirii e binndol.
• Opt-In Kaalis Dowla (Pennsylvania DEP MSI Fund, Ohio Mine Subsidence Insurance Underwriting Association, Colorado, Wyoming): Sodetee ko e internet walla rewrude e njuɓɓudi asiraagal maa tan ko 30 haa 150 dolaar hitaande kala (covering up to $500,000 in repairs).
• Longwall golloowo / golloowo e lowre kuuraa (Federal SMCRA 30 CFR § 817.121, UK Coal Mining Subsidence Act 1991, Subsidence Advisory NSW): So tawii galle maa bonnaama e miniraagal kuuraa les leydi (walla so tawii aɗa hoɗi e leydi Angalteer walla NSW ɗo birooji sariyaaji ɗii njuɓɓinta fotde bonnugol kuuraa taariindi e kuuraa otomatik), **golle kuuraa ɗee walla laamu nguu ina foti 100% e dow sariya yoɓde walla soodde nafoore timmunde ngam **hotel maa.

Faandaare 3 : Gaas Metan ɗoon e ɗoon (CH4) fizzing e nder ɓuuɓri ndiyam maa keeriiɗo ("Migraasiyoŋ Gaas Stray")¶

So aɗa hoɗi e nokku mo sewnde kuuraa, ɓaleejo (such as the Marcellus, Utica, Barnett, Bakken, Permian, Montney, or Surat basins), walla ko ɓadii ɓurtugol petroŋ/gaas, ɓuuɓgol ndiyam (fracking), ƴettugol metan kuuraa, walla gese gonɗe e les leydi ngam mooftude gaas, waylo-waylo weeyo ngo ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam maa waylata no feewi, ko jeertinaango yaawngo wonande Stray Gas Migration.

1. Maandeeji 4 Jeertinaango Gaas Metan e nder Ndiyam Ɓunndu maa¶

1. "Sputtering Faucet / Coughing / Burping Air": So a huɓɓii tappirde suudu cooyngal walla suudu lootorde ko adii fof subaka, tappirde ndee tuftata, koɗki, ina ɓuuɓna poosuuji gaas hade ndiyam ɓuuɓde e ɓuuɓde.
2. "Effervescence Champagne / Club-Soda" e nder Gilaas: So a hebbinii gilaas laaɓɗo e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, ndiyam ɗam ina nanndi e daneejam ɓuuɓɗam e miliyoŋaaji ɓuuɓɗi tokoosi ummotooɗi les haa dow no fizzing champagne walla Alka-Seltzers (so tawii les ina laaɓi henndu ɓuuɓndu ummoraade e dow tawa alaa ko jokkondiri e fizzing les-dow).
3. Gurgling walla "Boiling" Sons Nder Casing Ɓunndu: Yahde sara cappanɗe maa ɓunndu yaajndu (sanitary well seal), aɗa waawi nande ɓuuɓri, ɓuuɓri, walla pergol ina ummoo dow tuuba ɓunndu nduu.
4. Sediment Sudden, Ndiyam Ɓaleejo, walla Bakteriiji Rotten-Egg / Iron Blooms: No ɓuuɓri metan eggotoondi ummortoo dow rewrude e ɓuuɓri ndiyam e nder ɓuuɓri maa, turbulence ina ɓuuɓna mangaan ɓaleejo/silt njamndi, e metan-oksidaasiyoŋ e metan-oksidaaji e sulfaat wa bakteriiji maa, turlimy fe sulfuur.

2. Wiɗto leydi Amerik (USGS) & Departemaa nder leydi Ƴeewndo golle ngam Metan ɓuuɓɗo e nder ndiyam ɓulli¶

Faandaare 4 : No hollirtee so tawii metan ɓunndu ummorii ko e ɓuuɓri/fracking ɓadiiɗo vs.Isotopic Fingerprinting)¶

So tawii metan feeñii ɗoon e ɗoon e nder ɓuuɓri ndiyam keeriindi e nder 300 haa 1 500 meeteer (1 000 haa 5 000 feet) ɓuuɓri petroŋ/gaas keso ɓuuɓnaandi, pad ɓuuɓɗo ndiyam, walla ɓuuɓri kuuraa golloowo, sosiyetee semmbe oo maa fotnoo wiyde ko gaas nattuɗo wonde** gaas swamp/drift"** mo wonnoo e ɓunndu maa sahaa kala.

Ko nii woni no gollorɗe dowlaaji toppitiiɗi ko fayti e weeyo (such as Pennsylvania DEP, Ohio ODNR, Colorado ECMC, and the Alberta Energy Regulator) hollirde e ganndal hol to gaas oo ummorii - e ko waɗi Teskuyaaji ndiyam gonɗi e ɓuuɓri ina tiiɗi : 1. Termojenik vs. Biyojenik Karbon e Hidrojen Isotope Stabil Koppi (delta-13C-CH4 e delta-D-CH4): - Metan ɓuuɓɗo Biogenic ("Swamp/Drift") mo mikroobiiji peewnata e nder leɗɗe ɓuuɓɗe walla ɓuuɓɗe kuuraa ko "lewlewndu" (delta-13C ko ɓuri heewde -60 to -90 per mil) e ina waɗi fotde 100% Metan laaɓɗo (C1) e zero hidrokarbon ɓurɗo teeŋtude. - Gaas luggiɗiiɗo Termogenik ("Shale / Fracking / Pipeline") defaaɗo e les nguleeki mawki e ɓuuɓol ujunnaaje ujunnaaje meeteruuji les leydi (migrating upward through a poorly cemented surface casing annulus) ko isotopeeji "teeŋtuɗi" (delta-13C ko ɓuri heewde -25 to -50 per mil) e ina waɗi limre ceertunde Etan (C2H6), Propaan (C3H8), e Butaan ( ).C4H10) nannduɗo e siyno peewnugol laaɓtungol ɓuuɓri gaas ɓadiiɗo. 2. Presumption statutaire des zones de responsabilité (Pre-Drilling Baseline Rule): - Les doosɗe petroŋ e gaas leydi (hono Sariya Pennsylvania 13 58 Pa.C.S. § 3218, Ohio, West Virginia, e kuule Colorado), so tawii golloowo petroŋ/gaas ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder 300 haa 760 meeteer (1 000 haa 2 500 meeteer) e ɓuuɓri ndiyam maa, ɓuuɓri maa ina wondi e metan, salteeji ɓuuɓɗi (chlorides, barium, strontium), walla sediment e nder 6 haa 12 lebbi e vursugol/fracking, **operetor oo ina sikkaa e dow sariya ina waawi rokkude ndiyam lomtinaaɗam ko yaawi (tank buffalo ndiyam yettinaama + vursugol duumotoongol walla vursugol kesol) SO wonaa tawa ve mbazii jarribo keeriiɗo seedtinaaɗo ko adii vursugol ngol althare me. Waɗde sahaa kala jaɓ jarribooji baɗɗiiɗi e laboratuwaar tataɓo mo laamu seedtii (NELAP accredited) e jogaade PDF laboratuwaar cakkitiiɗo siynaa haa abada.

Limooje emergency diiwaan e porotokolle agence¶

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Ko ndiyam njareteeɗam ɗam ɓuuɓnata Metan (CH4) e nder maggal tooke e reedu am, walla ko baasal tiiɗngal e ɓuuɓri e asfiksiyoŋ ?¶

E wiyde wiɗto leydi Amerik (`USGS`), Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e geɗe tooke e binnditagol ñawuuji (`ATSDR`), e Cellal Kanadaa, **gaas metaan ɓuuɓɗo (`CH4`) e hoore mum tooke kemikal so ɓuuɓnaama e ndiyam njareteeɗam** - ko wayi no benzene, arsenik, walla plumbum, metan laaɓɗo ina yalta e reedu no karbonaasiyoŋ e nder ndiyam soda nii. **Hakkille nguurndam metan e nder ndiyam ɓundu ko 100% ɓanndu:** **(1) Puccitgol e yiite ɓuuɓɗo** nde metan ɓuuɓɗo yaltata e duɗe, e nder cuuɗi ɓuuɓɗi, e nder masiŋaaji lootirɗi e nder cuuɗi udditaaɗi, ina yettoo **5.0% haa Li p.`LEL`)**, e **(2) Asphyxiation Confined-Space** nde ɓuuɓri metan toowndi ina diwta oksijen foofoowo e nder ɓulli, e nder nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi, walla e nder cuuɗi kuutorteeɗi tokoosi. Kono, nde tawnoo gaasuuji gonɗi e yahde ina keewi yahde e saraaji **ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (`high chlorides, bromides, barium, strontium`), arsenik, walla hidrokarbonuuji petroŋ (`BTEX`)**, a fotaani yarde ndiyam ɓulli fizzing haa nde panneel kuuɓtodinɗo kalite ndiyam laboratuwaar oo haɗi ko ina addana ɗum mborosaaji kemikal.

Hol no innjiniyankooɓe peewnirta haa abada ɓuuɓri ndiyam keeriindi ndi gaas metaan (10 to 28+ mg/L) so galle am waawaa fusde?¶

Fiyde ɓuuɓri ndiyam peewnoowo metan ina ɗaɓɓi **siistem innjiniyaaruuji ɗiɗi** mo ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri jogiindi yamiroore e karallo ko faati e ɓuuɓri ndiyam : **(1) To Outdoor Wellhead (`Vented Sanitary Seal`):** Lomtingol ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri gonndi e **Seal ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri** gonndi e **50-milimeeteer (2-inch) schedule-40 tuuba ɓuuɓɗo PVC/steel gonɗo e dow leydi** (`and above winter snowdrifts`), dow mum ko ekran U-bend bug/flame-arrestor ngam gaas ɓuuɓɗo ummotooɗo dow ɓuuɓol ngol ina yalta tawa alaa ko bonnata e nder asamaan udditirɗo yaajɗo oo, e nokku ɗo ɓuuɓnata les tuuba ndiyam maa les leydi e nder suudu les; e **(2) Ko adii Tanki Tolno nder suudu (`Open-Atmosphere Aeration / Spray Degasser System`):** Ko adii nde ndiyam ɓunndu naatata e tuubaaji galle maa, ɗam ɓuuɓnetee ko e nder **tank ɓuuɓɗo (`equipped with a blower fan vented through the roof and an automatic methane LEL shutoff sensor`)**, ko ɗum ittata 99% e metan ɓuuɓɗo oo e nder ndiyam, fuɗa ɗum e yaasi hade pompe booster ɗiɗmere neldude ndiyam laaɓɗam, ɗam alaa gaas, to ɓulli mon.

So tawii galle am ina jooɗii e dow ŋoral kuuraa suudu-e-piilngal ngal acciraa hannde, hol no laamu nguu haɗirta ŋoral ngal ?¶

So a habrii **Leydi Mine (`AML`) Porogaraam Ƴellitaare** (walla **Laamu kuuraa leydi Angalteer / Wasiyaaji ɓuuɓɗi NSW**), innjiniyankooɓe geɗe leydi kuutortoo ko ƴulɓe ɓuuɓɗe e nder galle maa e laawol ngam ɓuuɓnude ŋoral **150-milimeeteer (6-inch) ɓulli** njuumri les **30 haa 100 meeter to)31 suudu am (`verified using down-hole borehole video cameras and sonar`). Ndeen ɓe pompa teemedde walla ujunnaaje ton **ɓuuɓri beton ɓuuɓndi, ɓuuɓndi ɓuuɓndi, e kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe** les ɓuuɓri ngam mahde les leydi mawndi **piile ɓuuɓɗe ("koloŋuuji ɓuuɓɗi")** ina mbaawi wallitde ɗum no feewi toɓɓere kadi.

Hol ko waɗi les men oksijen karbon (CO) detektor walla ɓuuɓol alarm Radon e nder yontere ɓuuɓnde barometrik dow ɓuuɓol kuuraa ɓooyngol ?¶

Miniraaji kuuraa les leydi acciraaɗi ina mbaɗa no ɓuuɓri mawndi les leydi nii (`"Mine Breathing"`). So **sisteem weeyo lowre (storm front)** luggiɗnde ina diwa e dow wuro maa, nguleeki weeyo yaajngo ina ustoo no feewi. E nder jaabawol, miliyoŋaaji meeteeruuji kuuɓtodinɗi henndu ɓuuɓndu gonndundu e nder ɓuuɓol les leydi ngol ina yaaji, ina ɓuuɓna **dow** rewrude e ɓuuɓol kaaƴe, ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol ngol ɓuuɓnaaka, e ɓuuɓol les leydi joorngol/ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi e nder galleeji jooɗiiɗi dow ɓuuɓol ngol. Ndeen henndu miniraagal ummotoongal ina jogii caɗeele tati ɗe njiyataa : **(1) "Blackdamp" (`Stythe`)** - henndu ɓuuɓndu oksijen (`often only 8% to 14% oxygen`) teeŋtuɗo e Gaas Karbonik ( ).`CO2`) e Nitrogen mo ɓuuɓnata e dow ŋoral leslesal, ina ɓuuɓna jawdi walla mawɓe e nder hojomaaji seeɗa ; **(2) Monoksiid karbon (`CO` - "Whitedamp")** so tawii sewnde kuuraa ɓooynde les leydi ina oksida walla ina ɓuuɓna seeɗa seeɗa ; e **(3) Gaas Radon-222 toowɗo**. Kala galle mahaaɗo dow golle miniraaji les leydi karte ina foti jogaade **Gas Combustible plug-in (`LEL`) + Monoksiid karbon (`CO`) alarm** e **fannu ɓuuɓnoowo radon/gaas leydi** gonɗo e ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol les ngol.

Hol no nganndir-mi so tawii yerɓo leydi e boomde e nder galle am ko yerɓo leydi, ko yerɓo kaaƴe, ko yerɓo fracking/injection, walla ko yerɓo suudu miniraagal ?¶

Ƴeewto **Kartal yerɓo leydi cakkitiingal USGS** (`or British Geological Survey / Geoscience Australia / EMSC`) e nder hojomaaji 10 boom. Yerɓooji leydi tektonik tawaaɗi e **yerɓooji leydi baɗɗi e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam** ina mbaɗa **3 haa 15 kiloomeeteer (2 haa 9 miil) luggiɗde** e nder kaaƴe leslese kiristaal, ina mbinnditoo e nder sappooji seismogaraafiiji diiwaanuuji. E ko feewti heen, **ɓurtugol kuuraa walla kaaƴe gonɗe e les leydi ("buumre miniraagal")** ina waɗa tan **15 haa 150 meeteer (50 haa 500 meeteer) les huɗo** : ina addana ɗum ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol, nokkuyankeewol **ɓuuɓol gootol walla boom** (`often magnitude 0.5 to 2.0`) ina nanndi e mbedda gooto walla ɗiɗi tan, ɗoon e ɗoon rewi heen ko ɓuuɓol leydi-dowre nokkuyankeewol walla ɓuuɓol fonndasiyoŋ dow suudu ɓuuɓndu nduu.

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Karst ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina woppi ɓuuɓri miniraaji, e caɗeele auger-void
• Sinkooji
• Gaasuuji tawaaɗi ɗi ngalaa uurngol ("mercaptan fade") : eggugol leydi les leydi e nder cuuɗi les
• Uurngol nebam walla gaas ɓuuɓɗo les leydi, P-trap joorɗo, e metan
• Pompe ɓundu ina ŋakki e kontaminaasiyoŋ ɓundu keeriiɗo
• Limooje emergency e neldugol hakkunde leyɗeele

Fuɗɗoode e ardorde laawɗunde¶

• Wiɗto leydi Amerik (USGS) & Departemaa Amerik toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ƴellitaare e doosɗe leydi (OSMRE): Metan e nder ɓulli ndiyam keertiiɗi: Ɓooygol golle (10 mg/L Jeertinaango e 28 mg/L Ɓooygol EMLA LandSd) e Abacy Land Laabi dartingol ɓuuɓri*.
• Departemaa Pennsylvania mo Reende Taariindi (PA DEP) & Departemaa Ohio mo Ngalu Tagngo (ODNR): Assirannde Ƴellitaare Ɓooygol Kuuraa (MSI), Porotokolle Wiɗtooji Ƴellitaare Gaasuuji Ɓooyɗi, e Ƴeewndorɗe Ƴellitaare Ndiyam Baseline Te5C. § 3218.
• Laamu kuuraa (Laamu leydi Biritaan): Sariya 1991 - Jaabawol 24/7 ngam haɓaade baasal e dow leydi, ustude gaasuuji ("Blackdamp" & Methane), e njoɓdi njuɓɓudi sariya.
• Wasiyaaji dow ɓuuɓri NSW (Laamu New South Wales, Ostarali): Sariya njoɓdi ɓuuɓri kuuraa 2017 - Porotokolle Make-Safe e Ƴeewndorɗe gonɗe e nder hoɗorde.
• Centres de Contrôle et de Prevention des Maladies (CDC) & Agency pour la Registre des Substances Toxiques et des Maladies (ATSDR, Etats-Unis): Kisal ndiyam ɓulli keertiiɗi saraaji ƴellitaare petroŋ e gaas ɗe ngonaa aadaaji e golle njulaagu les leydi.