Blizzards Leydi, Fuɗɗude Nees Disorientation, e Laabi Kisal Cuuɗi¶

Blizzard leydi ko henndu ɓuuɓndu e nder ndunngu, ɗo henndu duumotoondu walla ɓuuɓndu keewndu 56 kiloomeeteer e waktu (35 miil e waktu) walla ko ɓuri ɗum ƴetta neesuuji gonɗi e leydi, ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓna ɗum e nder ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol, ɓuuɓngol ɓuuɓngol for0 (0.25 miles), e heewde haa ko famɗi fof 1.5 meeter (5 feet), fotde waktuuji tati walla ko ɓuri ɗum. Nandugol e ɓuuɓol gaadanteewol, ɓuuɓol leydi ina waɗa e zero nees keso ɓuuɓɗo ummoraade e asamaan, heewi wonde ko les weeyo toowngo ɓuuɓngo laaɓngo caggal nde mbaydi henndu rewi.

E nder daartol e nder caɗeele laddeeji hannde e nder laddeeji mawɗi Amerik worgo, e nder laddeeji Kanadaa, e nder laddeeji Arktik, e nder laddeeji Orop worgo, e nder laddeeji Orop, ɓuuɓol leydi warii teemedde yimɓe e nder 10 haa 50 meeter (33 haa 165 feet) e nder bahicle, stadors,d. So tawii ɓuuɓol gonngol e henndu ina ɓuuɓna denndaangal tuugnorgal yiytere e nate gonɗe e ŋorol, tawa ina waɗa ɓanndu neɗɗo e ɓuuɓol henndu **\(-30^\circ\text{C}\) haa \(-55^\circ\text{C}\) ($-22^{\circ\text{F}}xt $}{6,\xt $} to cir untethered ina addana en ustude mbaydi nokku timmundi e nder leƴƴanɗe 60. Ndee ɗoo deftere ina rokka porotokolle nguurndam ɗaɗol-taƴre, sifaaji njilluuji njilluuji galleeji, e laabi navigation zero-visibility hoolkisaaɗi e Sarwiis Ngenndiijo Weather (NWS), Taariindi e Waylo-waylo weeyo Kanadaa (ECCC), nokku jarriborɗo nokkuuji cooyɗi konu Amerik, e agence njiylawu e rescu laddeeji. Ngam heblo huuɓtodinngo henndu ndunngu, janngu men henndu ndunngu ina ardoo, e ngam toppitaade ñawu nguu no feewi, ƴeewto hipotermi e ballal gadanal ɓuuɓngal.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Jokku e nder suudu maa ngulndu walla suudu otooji udditiiɗi, ustu denndaangal golle yaajɗe haa henndu nduu ustoo, yiytere ndee ɓura 400 meeteer (0,25 miil). Alaa golle jawdi, dogdu leɗɗe, walla ƴeewndo kees mail ina foti taƴde tawa aɗa jokki e ɓuuɓde leydi. So tawii ko maa njaltu yaasi ngam hisnude neɗɗo walla yettaade galle gonɗo e nder 30 meeteer (100 feet), jokkondira e ɓoggol naylon walla polipropileen jokkondirngol e milimeeteeruuji 10 (0,375 inch) tawa ina tiiɗi e jokkorgal damal nder suudu walla e jokkorgal teddungal gonngal e ŋoral, jokkondira e jokkorgal maa ngal e jokkorgal goɗngal ngal liggey e juuɗe ɗiɗi gonɗe e gannde kala taƴre laawol.
2. Waɗde gite ski ɓuuɓɗe, balaklava mo henndu waawataa, e mittens insulated hade maa udditaade damal yaajngal. E nder ɓuuɓol leydi, ƴiye nees ɗe henndu diwtata ɗee, ɓuuɓnaama e salte, ɗe mbaɗti ɓuuɓde e ƴiye ɓuuɓɗe, ɗe ɓuuɓnaaka no feewi, ɗe njahata ko e 60 haa 100 kiloomeeteer per3 hour (mi6ur to7). Yahde yaasi e gite ɓutte ina addana neɗɗo ɓuuɓde gite e nder sahaa gooto, ɓuuɓde gite (blepharospasm reflex) (ɓuuɓde gite tawa ko e yiɗde), e gite ɓuuɓɗe**, ina ɓuuɓna ma ɗoon e ɗoon tawa ɓalndu yeeso ndu ɓuuɓnaaka ina ɓuuɓta no feewi e nder hojomaaji 5 haa 10.
3. So oto maa dartiima walla naatii e whiteout e laawol mawngol, ƴettu haa laaɓa cer e pavement yahdu so ina waawi, jooɗo e nder suudu maa tawa aɗa fawi heen jolngo maa, ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri maa. Woto meeɗ yaltude oto maa ngam yahde ngam ballal e nder ɓuuɓol leydi; oto maa ko ɓuuɓri njamndi toowndi yiyteende ton 2, tawi noon yahoowo ina yiyee e jolnooɓe e hisnooɓe. Huɓɓu lampaaji maa kulɓiniiɗi, faw heen wutte jalboowo e feɗeendu bannge, laɓɓin poos nees mo meeteruuji 1 (3,3 meeter) woɗɗitoo tuubaak ɓuuɓɗo caggal hade maa dogde e mooftirgel ngel fotde hojomaaji 10 haa 15 e waktu, ɓuuɓna feɗeendu lesru 1 santimeeteer (0,4 inch) haa tooke karbonik.
4. So a nanngaama e yaasi e koyɗe, a yi’aani mahdi maa walla oto maa, WOPP ƊAƊƊI ƊAƊƊI. Woto eto teskaade hol to galle maa walla laawol maa woni; tawa alaa maandeeji yiyteede, aadee en ina njaha e nder cirƴe tiiɗɗe, ɗe 20 haa 100 meeteer (65 haa 330 meeteer) njaajeendi, tawa ina ngulla nguleeki core e tolno maayɗo. Jippin e koppi maa mbele henndu nduu ina waasa fuɗde ma, ndartin jolɗe maa walla skiiji maa e nder nees hee ngam waɗde heen maande, ɗoon e ɗoon ɓuuɓna ɓurɗo ɓuuɓde walla ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓol e nder bannge weeyo ngo ɓuuɓol ɓurngol ɓadaade ngol ngam yaltude e henndu nduu hade hipotermia haɗde juuɗe maa.
5. Foftu e wutte daneejo, e ɓuuɓri, walla e ɓuuɓri parka, ɓuuɓndi banngeeji ɗii, woɗɗitii henndu nduu. Fooftude henndu toowndu, keewndu ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ("ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi" walla "spindrift") to bannge hunduko maa e nofru maa, ina paccira ɓuuɓri nofru maa, ina paccira ɓuuɓri nofru maa bronchospasm**, e yaawde coofnude ƴiiƴam ɗam cirƴata e nder ƴiiƴam maa.
6. Noddu limoore emergency nokkuure maa ɗoon e ɗoon so tawii ko aan walla goɗɗo gonɗo e ɓuuɓri leydi. Noddu 911 to leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik e Kanadaa, 112 to Dental Orop, walla 999 to leydi Angalteer, walla ƴeew doggol amen timmungol ngol limooje caɗtuɗe. Hisnu batiri smartphone maa e waɗde telefoŋ oo e nder boowal limce ndernderiwal, tawa aɗa fawii e ɓalndu maa ɓuuɓndu ; batteeji telefoŋaaji litiyom-ion ina ustoo gila e 80% haa 0% e nder hojomaaji seeɗa so ɗi njiytiraama henndu \(-20^\circ\text{C}\) (\(-4^\circ\text{F}\)).

Leydi ɓuuɓol e whiteout kuulal ɓuuɓngal¶

Huutoro ndee lekki pellital ngam suɓaade porotokol nguurndam moƴƴol e sahaa nde nees fuɗata ina usta yiytere les keeri navigation kisal.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ɓooygol leydi / Ɓooygol:<br/>Henndu >= 56 km/h (35 mph) + Nees ɓuuɓɗo<br/>Yiyngo < 400 m (1/4 milyoŋ) les haa < 1,5 m (5 ft)"] --> Location{"Hol to ngon-ɗaa<br/>nde whiteout yani?"}

    Location -->|"1. NDER SUUDU, KABIIN, WALAA NDER GESO<br/>Haani yettaade Barn, Generator, walla Leɗɗe"| Homestead["POROTOKOOL KISAL TO SUUDU:<br/>1. Leeltu kala yah-ngartaa yaajɗo mo wonaa kisal nguurndam haa henndu nduu ustoo<br/>2. So tawii ko doole: Ɓorno-ɗee gite ski + balaklava + gite<br/>3. Clip harness/waist loop to Line Ardotooɗo Homestead duumotooɗo<br/>4. So tawii liggey duumotooɗo alaa: Ankere 30 m (100 ft) ɓoggol nder damal galle<br/>5. Hoto meeɗ woppude juuɗe ɗiɗi e dow ɓoggol ngol tawa aɗa woni e yaasi"]

    Location -->|"2. WOƊƊUDE WALLA WOƊƊUDE E MOTO<br/>Wall Zero-Visibility laawol mawngol ngol ɗoon e ɗoon"| Vehicle["WUURDE MOTOOJI ZERO-YIYTEEƊO:<br/>1. Leeltin seeɗa seeɗa; WOTO MEƊƊU ɓuuɓnude fereeji e nder daneejo<br/>2. Pullo dow baagal/dow laawol woɗɗitaade laawol ngol & waɗtu fereeji parking<br/>3. Waɗde jokkorgal ON (so tawii ko caggal jolngo wumɓe)<br/>4. JOƊƊO E MOTO; hoto meeɗ yaltude e nder ɓuuɓol leydi<br/>5. Nees laaɓɗo ummoraade e tuuba ɓuuɓɗo; dogdu moteri 10-15 min/h e feɗeendu ɓuuɓndu"]

    Location -->|"3. NANNGAADE E KOYƊE E LEYDI UDDITIIƊI<br/>Jokkondiral Yiyngo Majjungal e Hoɗorde walla Laawol"| OpenFoot{"Mbele aɗa woni e nder 30 m (100 ft)<br/>e ankara maa cakkitiiɗo mo ngannduɗaa?"}

    OpenFoot -->|"Eey: Ko ɗoon tan njahru-ɗaa<br/>leƴƴanɗe seeɗa ko adii"| RopeSweep["ƳEEWTE ƊEƊƊE / ƊEƊƊE:<br/>1. Aaw ski pole, leggal, walla pack tiiɗɗo e nokku maa tigi<br/>2. Haɓɓu ɓoggol/koltu/belt ngam ankere e yahde cirkooji tiiɗɗi<br/>3. Waɗde yeeso maa ina wirnii 90 degere e henndu tawa ina waɗi gite ɓutte<br/>4. So tawii hoɗorde memotaako e sweep gadano, STOP e dig hoɗorde"]

    OpenFoot -->|"Alaa: Ko ɓuuɓɗo haa laaɓi<br/>e nder ladde udditiinde walla tundra"| DigIn["ƊAƊƊI NEES / ƊAƊƊI ƊAƊƊI:<br/>1. WOPPU YAƊDE ƊOONI ngam hisnude nguleeki ɓanndu & woppude ɓuuɓri<br/>2. Yiytu bannge weeyo e ɓuuɓri nees, laawol otooji, walla ɓuuɓri leɗɗe<br/>3. Waɗde ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol ɓanndu walla ɓuuɓol nees e nder henndu<br/>4. Insulate leydi e pack/pads, haɗde henndu naatde, accu henndu ɓuuɓndu"]

Fisik e fisiyoloji sensoor whiteout ɓuuɓol leydi¶

Famde hol ko waɗi ɓuuɓol leydi ina ɓuuɓna, ina haɗa kulol bonngol, ngol addanta yimɓe woppude kisal. Meteoroloji e fisik nokkuuji toowɗi ina pecca yah-ngartaa neesuuji ɗi henndu fuɗnata ɗii e nder nokkuuji tati gonɗi dow ɗii, so henndu duumiindu nduu ɓurii 56 kiloomeeteer e waktu (35 miil e waktu) dow ɓuuɓol nees joorngol ngol ɓuuɓnaaka, ɗeen nokkuuje ina kawra e mahol ngol alaa gite.

1. Ɓoornugol, salte, e darnde turbunde¶

• Surface creep (0 haa 5 santimeeteer [0 haa 2 inch] dow leydi): Gaaci neesuuji teeŋtuɗi ina njirloo ina njirloo e dow leydi, ina njaawna hebbinde koyɗe, ŋoral laawol, e ŋoral ski e nder leƴƴanɗe 3 haa 10.
• Saltation (5 haa 100 santimeeteer [2 haa 40 inch] dow leydi): Taƴre henndu ina ƴetta kiristaaluuji nees e nder weeyo, ina ɓuuɓna ɗi caggal e dow ɓuuɓri nees ɓuuɓndi e nder arkooji ɓuuɓɗi. Kala diƴƴe ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓol nees dendritik ɓuuɓngol, ɓuuɓngol, ɓuuɓngol, ɓuuɓngol, ɓuuɓngol pecce ɓuuɓɗe (\(0.05\text{ haa }0.2\text{ milimeeteer}\) e njaajeendi).
• Suspension turbulent (1 haa 30 meeter [3,3 haa 100 feet] dow leydi): Ɓoornugol turbulent dow ina uddita ɗeen mikroo-kiristaaluuji ɓuuɓɗi toowɗi e nder laral keeriwal. Sabu ƴiye nees ɓuuɓɗe ɗe henndu ɓuuɓnata ina ɓuri laabi 3 haa 5 denndaangal e heewde e nder meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo kala, ko ɓuri heewde e ƴiye neesuuji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓol leydi ina waɗa koyeera majjugol optik nannduɗo e ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol ɓuuɓngol, tawa ina ɓuuɓna kala ko woni e laawol mum.

2. Ko waɗi ngaandi maa ina waasa jogaade hakkille e jokkondire ("Annoore ɓuuɓnde" e Disorientation spatiale)¶

Neɗɗaŋke ina yaha e laawol peewal, ina jokki e tiiɗde e hawrude e naatgol gonngol e nder hakkille tati : rewindaade mbaydi yiytere, balance nder noppi vestibulaire, e proprioception (toɓɓere nanngeteende e nder ŋoral koyɗe). Ɓooygol leydi ina jiiɓa ɗiin tati fof e sahaa gooto : 1. Optical whiteout (Annoore ɓuuɓnde Albedo-Diffused): Annoore ina feeña no fotiri e dow nees daneejo les koyɗe e duule denndaaɗe ɗe ɓuuɓol nees gonngol dow. Ɗuuɗi ina majja, faamde luggiɗnde ina ustoo haa zero, gite maa natta anndude ɗo leydi joofi, henndu fuɗɗotoo. Yahooɓe ina njuuroo e dow ŋoral 30 santimeeteer (12 inch) ngal yiyataa, walla ina njippoo e ŋoral 3 meeter (10 foot) sabu nokku oo ina wayi no ɓuuɓɗo. 2. Illusion vestibulaire et proprioceptive (Le "Veering Circle" Effect): So aɗa yaha e bottaaje cooyɗe e dow ŋoral nees ngal alaa ɗo haaɗi, tawa aɗa ɓuuɓtoo e henndu 70 kiloomeeteer e waktu (45 miil e waktu), ɓanndu maa ina ŋoŋɗi e henndu ngam heddaade e dow ŋoral. So tawii a alaa maande woɗnde ngam udditde gite maa, asimetriiji seeɗa e njuuteendi stride e angle wind-lean ina addana yahoowo mo alaa jokkere enɗam e nder whiteout wirnude e nder taarik tiiɗɗo mo radiis mum woni 15 haa 50 meeteer (50 haa 165 feet) tawa ina anndi ko ɓe njuumri. 3. Masking akustik e illusions henndu-ɓuuɓri: Henndu toowndu ɓuuɓndu e nder ɓuuɓri parka maa ina addana 85 haa 95 desibel noddaango daneejo jaajngo. Henndu kadi ina ɓuuɓna ɓoggi daande dow to bannge henndu dow, ina ɓuuɓna ɗi e saraaji ŋoral, ina waɗa dogdu ɓuuɓndu, walla jeneraal dogdu, walla daande laawol mawngol no ummortoo e bannge goɗɗo nii.

Njiylawu batte yiytere ndunngu e jaabawuuli nguurndam¶

Huutoro ndeeɗoo alluwal ngam seerndude hakkunde sifaaji nay mawɗi gonɗi e njiylawu ndunngu ɗi Sarwiis Ngenndiijo Weeyo (NWS), Fedde Ngenndiije Dentuɗe ngam Weeyo e Mbayliigaaji Weeyo Kanadaa (ECCC), e Fedde Adunaare Meteoroloji (WMO) cifotoo.

Innjiniyaaruuji e riggingol laabi jokkorgal kisal galleeji ("Laabi Blizzard")¶

E nder ɓuuɓol taariindi to Great Plains, ujunnaaje ujunnaaje hoɗɓe e laddeeji ɗii njippiima e maayde nde ɓe njiɗi yahde 25 meeter (80 feet) hakkunde damal galle maɓɓe e ŋoral maɓɓe, e ŋoral maɓɓe, walla e ŋoral maɓɓe leɗɗe. Waɗde Line Tether Safety Homestead (Blizzard Line) duumotooɗo walla ko adii nde ndunngu ari ina itta ndee bonannde.

Ɗatal 1: Suɓo ɓoggol e hardware moƴƴo (Woto meeɗ huutoraade ɓoggol ɓuuɓngol walla ɓoggol ɓuuɓngol)¶

• Njaajeendi ɓoggol e kaɓirɗe: Huutoro 10 haa 12 milimeeteer (0,375 haa 0,5 inch) ɓoggol sintetik ɓuuɓngol walla ɓuuɓngol ngol polipropileen, poliyester, walla naylon statik ina yiyee no feewi.
• Ko waɗi teddeendi ina waɗi nafoore: E nder henndu ɓuuɓndu \(-35^\circ\text{C}\) (\(-31^\circ\text{F}\)), aɗa ɓoornoo wutteeji tedduɗi e juuɗe ɓuuɓɗe. A waawaa nanngude ɓoggol walla ɓoggol ɓuuɓngol ngol milimeeteeruuji 3 (0,125 inch) rewrude e ɓoggol teeŋtungol, ɓoggol ɓuuɓngol ina ɓuuɓtoo e les nees ɓuuɓɗo.
• Woto meeɗ huutoraade kaɓirgal njamndi mboɗeeri walla njamndi mboɗeeri: Njamndi mboɗeeri ina nawra nguleeki woɗɗitaade ɓalndu walla gannde ɓuuɓɗe ɗoon e ɗoon, ina ɓuuɓna juuɗe haa e laylaytol ngol.
• Anchor hardware: Waɗde ɓurɗi gite njamndi mboɗeeri (\(10\text{ mm}\) [\(0.375\text{ in}\)] njaajeendi) njuumri ko famɗi fof 7,5 santimeeteer (3 inch) luggiɗndi e nder garaas gonɗo e ŋoral gonngal e sara galle maa ex damal suudu leɗɗe. Jokkondira e jookli ɓoggol ngol e karabineeji inox coktirɗi.

Ɗatal 2: Rig laylaytol ngol e tooweeki ɓernde-to-ɓaawoore e nodule distance tactile¶

1. Set toowgol ngol ko 1,0 haa 1,2 meeter (3,3 haa 4,0 feet) dow leydi: So ɓoggol ngol lelnaama e dow leydi, ɓuuɓol leydi ina udda ngol e les nees ɓuuɓɗo (sastrugi) e nder hojomaaji 20. Rig laylaytol ngol e tooweeki ɓalndu haa e ɓalndu e tension ngol haa ngol heddoo dow neesuuji ɓuuɓɗi ɗii.
2. Siftor tactile "Nodule Direction et Distance" kala meeteruuji 3 (10 feet) e dow ɓoggol ngol:
3. E nder whiteout zero-visibility, neɗɗo feccere e ɓoggol hakkunde galle e barme ina waawi yejjiteede hol bannge ɓoggol ngol artata e galle ɓuuɓɗo.
4. Kod Tactile Knot: Haɓɓu njuɓɓudi gootol dow junngo kala meeteruuji 3 (10 feet) e dow doggol ngol, e nder meeteruuji 3 (10 feet) e damal galle warm, haɓɓu njuɓɓudi tati ɓadtiiɗi limre-8 e nder rowrowre. Feeñde jokkere enɗam tati jokkondirnde e nder jokkere enɗam maa ina hollita wonde aɗa woni e damal galle hee meeteruuji 3 (10 feet).
5. Clip in e lanyard waist:
6. Henndu 100 kiloomeeteer e waktu (62 miil e waktu) walla yahdu dow ŋoral ina waawi ittude ɓoggol ɓuuɓngol e juuɗe maa.
7. Waɗde 1,2 meeteer (4-foot) jolngo webbing naylon e karabiner coktirgal ina fawii e nder damal maa. Loop sling e dow wuttulo maa walla e ŋoral teddungal e taƴu karabiner e dow Laylaytol Kisal Homestead mawngol hade maa yaltude yaasi.

Ɗatal 3: No improvise tether emergency so tawii alaa liggey duumotooɗo rigged¶

So tawii henndu leydi ndi cikkaaka yanii, aɗa foti yaltude ngam ƴeewde tuubaako ɓuuɓɗo, laɓɓina jolngo jeneraal, walla jolnude cukalel walla jawdi e nder galle : 1. Siŋku gooto e 30-meeter (100-foot) ɓoggol kuutorgal, ɓoggol ƴeeŋgol, walla ɓoggol teddungol yaajngol e sara ankere structurel nder suudu nder galle (hono jokkorgal teddungal e dow ŋoral newel post, jokkorgal damal nderwal e dow jokkorgal ad closed e dow side woɗɗunde kisal nder suudu). 2. Haɓɓu jokkere dogdu nduu no moƴƴi e ɓalndu maa e Bowline knot (meeɗaa jokkere slip tiiɗnde e sara diaphragm maa so a yanii). 3. Sosde Kod Signal Rope-Pull tactile e neɗɗo gonɗo nder galle oo hade maa udditaade damal (ngam ɓe mbaawataa nande aɗa wulla e dow henndu): - 1 pullo tiiɗngo (O-A-T-H tolno): Okay / Miɗo yaha haa jooni e jam. - 2 pullo tiiɗngo: Advance / Hokku am ko ɓuri slack. - 3 pulls sharp: Take up slack / Miɗo hoota feewde damal jooni, reeltu ɓoggol ngol e nder no njahrat mi nii mbele mi ƴattotaako. - 4 pullo tiiɗɗo (walla jolngo ɓuuɓngo jokkondirngo / alaa jaabawol fotde leƴƴanɗe 60): Help / Pullo mi artira e damal ɗoon e ɗoon.

No nguurduɗaa so nanngaama e koyɗe e nder whiteout udditirɗo tawa alaa teddeendi¶

So tawii ko a yahoowo, aɗa yaha e werlaa, aɗa ligga, aɗa yaha e ski, walla aɗa yaha e nder campus walla e nder jeyi ladde nde ɓuuɓol nees walla ɓuuɓol leydi ɓuuɓngol ɓuuɓol ngol ustata yiytere haa zero, nguurndam maa fawii ko e ko mbaɗata e nder leƴƴanɗe 60 gadane ɗee.

Faandaare 1: Kuulal Anker "Toɓɓere Anndaande Cakkitiinde" 60-Second¶

Wakkati nde paamɗaa a nattii yiyde mahdi ndii, maande laawol ngol, walla oto mo njaltuɗaa jooni oo: 1. Freeze koyɗe maa e nokku ɗoon e ɗoon. Woto ƴettu "tan ko jolɗe sappo goɗɗe" e yaakaare mahdi ndii loom yalta e whiteout. Kala doggol ngol mbaɗ-ɗaa tawa aɗa jogii firo yiyngo, ina bonna mbaawka maa ruttaade caggal. 2. Doggo ankere e nder nees hakkunde bottaari maa: Ƴeewto jolngo ski, jolngo ice, jolngo yahdu, barme rifle (mo jolnaaka), walla saak tedduɗo, njuumtu les e nder nees oo e nokku ɗo ndartiɗaa ɗoo tigi. 3. Waɗde Tethered Radial Sweep TAN so tawii aɗa anndi hoɗorde ndee walla oto oo ina woni e nder meeteeruuji 10 haa 15 (33 haa 50 feet): - So aɗa jogii njuuteendi ɓoggol, ɓoggol puccu, ɓoggol tow, walla jacketeji/beltiiji ɗiɗi jokkondirɗi e nder pack maa, jokkondir heen feccere e ŋoral maa aawngal, ŋoral goɗngal ngal e junngo maa. - Yaltu haa joofnirde teddeendi maa 5 haa 15 meeteer, njahaa e cirƴal 360 degere seeɗa e saraaji ŋoral ankere hakkundeere, ɓuuɓna junngo maa ɓuuɓngo yeeso ngam yiyde koɗorɗe suudu maa, kammu maa, walla laabi ŋoral maa. - So a meeɗaani meemde hoɗorde ndee e oon cirkel gootel gonngel e ŋoral, wartu les ŋoral ngal to ŋoral maa hakkundeewal, woppu yahde. Aɗa woɗɗi no feewi ngam yiytude ɗum e wumre, kadi jokkude yahde tawa a jogaaki jokkere enɗam maa wara ma e ɓuuɓri e hipotermi.

Faandaare 2: Mahde ɗoon e ɗoon ɓuuɓri ndi henndu waawataa heɓde hade juuɗe maa ɓuuɓde¶

E nder henndu ɓuuɓndu (\(-31^\circ\text{F}\)), ɓuuɓol henndu diwtungol ina itta nguleeki e ɓanndu maa laabi 10 ko ɓuri henndu deeƴndu yaawde, tawi noon nees deeƴɗo ina yaawi e \(0^\circ\text{C}\) haa \(-2^\circ\text{2\$}\) \(28^\circ\text{F}\)) ko ɓuuɓnoowo nguleeki baawɗo huutoreede. Heɓde les ɓuuɓol ngol ina itta nguleeki henndu, ina ɓeyda nguleeki henndu taariindi maa fotde \(15^\circ\text{C}\) haa \(30^\circ\text{C}\) (\(27^\circ\text{F}\) haa \(54^\circ\text{F}\)). 1. Golle seeɗa-seeɗa mbele a MEƊƊAA ɓuuɓde ɓuuɓri: Ɓuuɓri nder laabi maa base ina bonna e nder ɓuuɓri leydi; so a woppii ɓuuɓde, comci ɓuuɓɗi ina njaltina nguleeki e nder ɓalndu maa laabi 25 ko ɓuri henndu yoorndu yaawde. Uddit kolli maa seeɗa e ɓuuɓde so aɗa nana nguleeki. 2. Suɓo nokku ɓurɗo yaawde ngam nokku maa: - E nder laddeeji neesuuji ɓuuɓɗi walla ɓuuɓɗi (The Snow Trench Shelter): Yiytu ɓuuɓol ɓurngol luggiɗde e henndu ɓuuɓndu e bannge weeyo e nder ladde, kaaƴe, jolngo ŋoral, walla bannge ŋoral. Waɗde ɓuuɓri 75 santimeeteer (30 inch) njaajeendi, 90 santimeeteer (36 inch) luggiɗde, e 2 meeter (6,5 feet) njuuteendi. Lelnu skis maa, jolɗe maa, walla caɗeele maa e dow dow e mooftude bolokaaji neesuuji ɓuuɓɗi henndu dow suudu nduu, walla ɓuuɓnude e nder saak bivy to les ɓuuɓri ndii. - E nder nokkuuji leɗɗe (The Tree-Well Shelter): Leɗɗe ɓutte daneeje ina njogii caɗeele mum en lesɗeele no umbrella nii, ina mbaɗa ɓundu leɗɗe ɓuuɓndu e saraaji ɓalndu nduu. Waɗtu nees loowɗo oo e saraaji ŋoral, liggondira e leydi ndii e ƴiye daneeje e saak maa, paɗe neesuuji e saraaji ƴiye henndu. - E nder ɓulli luggiɗɗi (The Leeward Drift Cave): Ƴeewee dow e yeeso henndu les ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi ko famɗi fof meeteruuji 1,5 haa 2 (5 haa 6,5 ​​meeteer) toowɗi. Seŋo ŋoral ɗanngal toowngal tunnel naatirde mbele nguleeki ɓanndu maa ina heddoo e nder poos ceiling tawa henndu teddundu ɓuuɓndu ina sinka e damal les ngal. 3. Kuule kisal nguurndam e nder nokku ɗo neesuuji ngoni ɗoo: - Woto meeɗ jooɗaade walla lelnude ko yaawi e dow nees mo alaa ko woni e mum walla leydi ɓuuɓndi: Jooɗto e lelnude dow foam sleeping pad, backpack mo alaa ko woni e mum, cushion jooɗorde snowmobile detaché, walla branches evergreen. - Ko sahaa kala ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri henndu 5 haa 8 santimeeteer (2 haa 3 inch) e nder suudu nduu e dow 45 degere, accu heen ɓuuɓri ski walla leggal e nder ɓuuɓri ndii. Hojomaaji 20 kala, wiggo-ɗaa lefol ngol e nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ngam haɗude oksijen keso ruttaade e haɗde ɓuuɓri gaas karbonik (\(CO_2\)). - Aawtu maande yiytere toownde e yaasi damal: Ƴeewto skis maa, paɗe maa, walla mbaydi mbaylaandi, ndarnaa e dow ŋoral dow ŋoral maa mbele hisnooɓe e ŋoral maa ina mbaawa yiyde ma.

Diwgol laawol mawngol e wuurde otooji e nder ɓuuɓol leydi walla ɓuuɓol nees¶

Ɓoornugol leydi e ɓuuɓol nees convective ina addana otooji keewɗi ɓuuɓde e laabi mawɗi sabu sofereeɓe yahooɓe e 100 kiloomeeteer e waktu (62 miil e waktu) les asamaan naange ina mbaawi rewde e ladde udditiinde, naata e wall 0 meeter-visibility mo nees fuɗata e nder leƴƴanɗe ɗiɗi.

Ko mbaɗata e sahaa nde oto maa naati e whiteout¶

1. Ittu koyngal maa e accelerator no moƴƴi; WOTO MEƊƊU ɓuuɓde e fereeji. Les ɓuuɓol leydi, ɓuuɓol henndu ina ɓuuɓna asfalt ɓuuɓɗo oo, waɗta ɗum ɓuuɓol. So a ɓuuɓtii fereeji ɗii, ina sokli taƴe maa walla ina addana ɗum en wirnude banngeeji ɗii fof e nder laabi ɗii yeeso kammuuji jokkondirɗi ɗii.
2. Uddit lampaaji maa low-beam, lampaaji fog, e lampaaji 4-way hazard flashers ɗoon e ɗoon.
3. Woto meeɗ huutoraade lampaaji toowɗi e nder fuɗnaange nees: Lampaaji toowɗi ina njalba yeeso, ina njiyloo caggal e dow ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ɓuuɓngal (backscatter glare), ina ɓuuɓna on. Fitirlaaji lesɗi e fitirlaaji ɓuuɓɗi amber ina njuutee les dow laawol ngol yeeso bumper maa.
4. Huutoro laabi ŋoral pavement ñaamo walla ŋoral reflector snowplow ngam wonde njillu maa ngam ustude laabi laawol mawngol ngol yahrata:
5. Hoto meeɗ dartaade e hakkunde laawol yah-ngartaa laawol mawngol e nder whiteout ; steer e dow junngo ñaamo walla e dow apron laawol ngol woɗɗitoo jolɗe wumɓe garooje.
6. Wirtu jolɗe maa yeeso e laawol, ndarnaa fereeji parking.
7. Waɗde kala yahoowo e nder oto ina jogii jokkere enɗam hay so tawii ko e dow ŋoral so tawii oto wumɗo ina ɓuuɓtoo e laawol ina fiyra caggal oto maa.

Wuurde waktuuji 12 haa 48 ina ŋoŋɗi e nder oto mo neesuuji mum njippii¶

So tawii ƴiiwoonde leydi yettiima doole mum timmuɗe, gollorɗe diwooje ina keewi uddude laabi mawɗi, ina mberloo jolɗe e laawol haa yiytere ndee artira. Eɗen ɗaminii fadde waktuuji 12 haa 36 ngam hisnude: - Haɗde tooke karbon monoksiid (\(CO\)) e nder laylaytol renndo : Fuɗɗude nees ina wirnoo e nder wertallo ɓuuɓngo caggal bumper caggal oto parkiiɗo, ina paccira laylaytol ngol e nees e nder hojomaaji 15. Ko adii nde puɗɗoto-ɗaa mooftirgel maa ngam nguleeki, ƴettu jolngo e jolngo walla e jolngo damal, yaltu e damal weeyo (dow) ngal, ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri 1 meeter (3,3-foot) e sara tuuba ɓuuɓri. Doggondira e mooftirgel ngel hojomaaji 10 haa 15 e waktu tawa feɗeendu dow nduu ina ɓuuɓna santimeeteer gooto (0,4 inch). - Settin nguleeki ɓanndu e ɓuuɓnude leydi: Moƴƴin yahooɓe e jooɗorɗe yeeso walla hakkundeeje ngam renndinde ɓuuɓri, e waɗde ɓuuɓri les walla karton les bottaari maa mbele nguleeki conductive ummoraade e leydi steel ina waasa ɓuuɓnude koyɗe maa. - Moƴƴin juuɗe maa, koyɗe maa, e koyɗe maa kala hojomaaji 30 ngam reentaade cirƴam ƴiiƴam tawa aɗa ɓuuɓna, e ɓuuɓnude nees tan e nder lowre e dow ɓuuɓri daas hade maa yarde (woto meeɗ ñaamde nees mo ɓuuɓnaaka to bannge hunduko maa, no ɓuuɓnude co $0^\atce dra\body he{C).

Doggol ƴeewndo peewnugol galleeji e laddeeji ko adii ndunngu¶

So tawii aɗa hoɗi walla aɗa yaha e nder laddeeji udditiiɗi, e nder falndeeji ndema, e nder tundraaji daande maayo, walla e nder laddeeji koɗli keewɗi ɓuuɓol leydi, timmin ndee doggol ƴeewndo ko adii ndunngu :

• Waɗde jokkorgal gite jokkorgal kisal galle duumingal e jogaade ɓoggol maa 10 milimeeteer (0.375-inch) gonngol e nder damal suudu loope: Fotde njuuteendi ɓoggol ngol gila e damal suudu maa haa e ŋoral, jeneraal, tanki propane, e ŋoral leɗɗe (ti3-1) nodule e nder laylaytol ngol.
• Waɗde gite ski anti-fog e balaclavas ɗe henndu waawataa e dow ŋoral sara damal yaajngal: A yiyataa yahde meeteruuji 3 (10 feet) e nder henndu leydi tawa aɗa reena gite maa.
• Waɗde jokkorgal nees guurngal walla jokkorgal nees ɓuuɓngal 1,2 meeter (4-foot) dow henndu laawol maa e galle maa: Waɗde jokkorgal nees ɓuuɓngal e woɗɗude **30 laabi toowgol jokkorgal ngal (\(35\text{ meeteruuji}\) [\(115\text{ dow**feet}\) of yourhouse] njippii e ɓuuɓri e nder ladde ɓura uddude dame maa e ɓulli furnaange.
• Yaajnude tuubaaji ɓuuɓɗi e ɓuuɓɗi ɓuuɓɗi PVC dow tooweeki taariindi e dow mahol weeyo galle maa, e waɗde detektoruuji ɓuuɓɗi (\(CO\)) ​​baɗɗi batteeji e kala etaas.
• Hawru e kala oto galle e kaɓirgal nguurndam ɓalewal (Sub-Zero Whiteout Kit:) Hawru e \(-40^\circ\text{C}\) (\(-40^\circ\text{F}\)) saakuuji ɗanngal walla ɓulli wutteeji, ƴulɓe njamndi mboɗeeri, ƴulɓe ski, 30-fo-t rafiiji, fijirde, e bannge mettere toownde yiyeede. Ƴeew men... guide kit emergency oto.

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Hol no njuɓɓudi weeyo waawirta yaltinde Jeertinaango Blizzard nde tawnoo ko limtaa koo ina noddi asamaan naange e zero e nder teemedere (100) fartaŋŋe nees ?¶

Laabi weeyo ina cifa ɓuuɓol e yiytere e njaaweeki henndu, wonaa e so tawii neesuuji kesi ina njippoo e duule dow. E nder kuule ɗiɗi ɗee kala, to bannge weeyo Amerik e to bannge weeyo e mbayliigu weeyo Kanadaa, Jeertinaango Ɓooygol (walla Jeertinaango Ɓooygol Leydi) ina fuɗɗoo kala nde henndu duumiindu walla ɓuuɓol keewngol 56 kiloomeeteer e waktu (35 miil e waktu) walla ko ɓuri ɗum hawrude e ɓuuɓol nees ngam ustude njiylawu to402 ko famɗi fof waktuuji tati jokkondirɗi. So tawii 15 santimeeteer (6 inch) nees poofirɗo yoorɗo yanii balɗe ɗiɗi ko adii ɗuum, tawa kadi ko mbaydi toowndi Arktik ina addana kammu naange e henndu 70 km/h (45 mph), ndeen nees gonɗo oo ina ɓuuɓtoo e leydi ndii, ina waɗta 15 meeteer toowɗo (50 foot-tall) ublipper sky ground.

Hol ko waɗi yimɓe nanngaaɓe e whiteout ina njaha e cirƴe hay so ina njiɗi yahde e laabi peewtuɗi ?¶

Neɗɗaŋke ina tuugnii e maandeeji yiyteede yaajɗi ngam ƴeewtaade boowal tokosal e njuuteendi taƴre e darnde kala leƴƴanɗe seeɗa. E nder ɓuuɓol leydi, maandeeji yiyteede ina majja, henndu nduu ina ɓuuɓtoo e dow ɓalndu wooturu, ɓuuɓol ngol fotaani ina ɓuuɓna koyɗe maa. E nder 30 haa 60 meeter (100 haa 200 meeteer) majjude jokkondiral yiytere e huunde tabitnde, ɓuuɓol vestibulaire e proprioceptif ina addana yahoowo mo alaa jokkere enɗam ɓuuɓde e nder loope tiiɗɗe fotde 20 meeteer (65 meeteer) njaajeendi.

Hol ko waɗi ina bonna ñaamde nees ɓuuɓɗo ngam ɓuuɓnude so tawii aɗa ŋoŋɗi e nokku ɓuuɓɗo leydi ?¶

Ñaamde nees ɓuuɓɗo, mo ɓuuɓnaaka e nder emergency toowɗo ina yaawi hipotermi rewrude e nguleeki cuuɗiiki fusiyoŋ. Waylude 1 gram glaas tiiɗɗo e $0^\circ\text{C}$ ($32^\circ\text{F}$) e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e $0^\circ\text{C}$ ina ɗaɓɓi 80 kalori (334 joule) semmbe nguleeki hade ndiyam ɗam fuɗɗaade hay dara haa $37^circ\text\te maa ($98.6^\circ\text{F}$) nguleeki ɓanndu, e nees les 0 to $-25^\circ\text{C}$ ($-13^\circ\text{F}$) ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri hunduko maa. Waɗde sahaa kala ɓuuɓnu nees ko adii e nder lowre ɓuuɓnde hakkunde parka maa yaajnde e layer fleece hakkundeejo walla e dow ƴulɓe dashboard oto.

Hol nguleeki nees joofnata fuɗde e nder ɓuuɓol leydi ?¶

So tawii nees ina ƴetta e nder ɓuuɓol leydi, fawii ko e semmbe jokkondire (sintering) hakkunde ƴiye nees e dow leydi e semmbe ɓuuɓol henndu. Neesuuji kesi, joorɗi, ɗi ngalaa ko nanndi e mum, ɗi puɗɗotoo ko saltaade e fuɗde e njaaweeki henndu fotde 25 haa 30 kiloomeeteer e waktu (15 haa 19 kiloomeeteer e waktu). E ko feewti heen, so nguleeki henndu nduu ina ɓuuɓtoo haa ɓurti $0^\circ\text{C}$ ($32^\circ\text{F}$) fotde ñalawma gooto, caggal ɗuum ina ɓuuɓtoo, ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol tiiɗngol ina waɗa e dow ɓuuɓol ngol hay henndu 80 km/h (50 mph) waawaa loowde.

Fuɗɗoode ƴeewtaama¶

• Serwiis weeyo ngenndiijo leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik (NWS / NOAA): Laabi jeertinaango ɓuuɓol, ɓuuɓol leydi, e ɓuuɓol nees, Fisik yiyngo nees ɓuuɓɗo, e laabi kisal weeyo ndunngu.
• Taariindi e Waylo-waylo weeyo Kanadaa (ECCC): Wasiyaaji ɓuuɓɗi e jeertinaango ɓuuɓol, Kilimatoloji ɓuuɓol leydi Prairie, e Porotokol nguurndam e dumunna toowɗo.
• Laboratoori wiɗto e innde nokkuuji cooyɗi konu Amerik (CRREL) e nokku jarriborɗo nokkuuji cooyɗi: Mekanik neesuuji ɓuuɓɗi henndu (Creep, Saltation, Suspension turbulent), Innjiniyaaruuji ɓuuɓɗi, e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nder laddeeji cooyɗi.
• Njuɓɓudi laabi mawɗi leydi ndii (FHWA, leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik): Njiylawu peewnugol cereeli nees (Cecce nees nguurndam e njuɓɓudi) e peeje ngam haɓaade ɓuuɓri nees / Whiteout.
• Fedde safaara ladde (WMS) e Sekretariyaa ngenndiijo njiylawu e hisnude (Kanada): Disorientation spatiale e nder ɓuuɓri optik, ɓuuɓri njiylawu teddeendi, e haɓaade hipotermi e nder nokkuuji ɗo neesuuji njippii.

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Henndu ndunngu e ɓuuɓol : peewnugol e wuurde
• Vortex polar, ɓuuɓol henndu, e nguurndam les zero
• Hipotermi e ballal gadanal e nder sahaa ɓuuɓɗo
• Majjii e yaasi : no wuurdude e hisneede
• Kit emergency oto : ko jogori jogaade e nder oto maa