Naatgol ndiyam lamɗam e nder geec e ɓulli njaram ɓuuɓɗi¶

So tawii henndu, ƴiiwoonde, fuɗnaange-rewo, ƴiiwoonde laamɗo, walla tsunami daande maayo ina riiwta ndiyam geec e nder geec, ɓulli ndiyam njareteeɗi keertiiɗi e ɓulli ndiyam daande maayo ɓuuɓɗi ina njogii kulhuli ɗiɗi ceertuɗi : surface storm-surge inundationfa.subtruter E nder ɓuuɓri dowri, ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina ɓuuɓta dow ŋoral ɓuuɓri walla ina ɓuuɓta les nokkuuji gonɗi e ŋoral ɗi ngalaa ɓuuɓri, ina rufa ndiyam maayo, ina ɓuuɓna ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ummoraade e septikuuji ɓuuɓɗi, ina ɓuuɓna petroŋ ndema, ina ɓuuɓna bakteriiji (Escherichia coli, Viibrius,Viibrius e Viibrius Kriptosporidium) ina yahra e koloñaal ɓunndu. E oon sahaa gooto, yooro daande maayo, ɓeydagol nguleeki geec, e pompirde ndiyam leslesɗam teeŋtuɗam ina addana naatgol ndiyam lamɗam e naatgol ndiyam lamɗam, ɗo ɓuuɓol les ngol ndiyam lamɗam geec eggata e nder leydi e dow, ina wayloo e nder ɓulli ndiyam laaɓɗam, ina ɓeyda tolno chtilde ina ɓuuɓna plomb njamndi, ina wonta kulɓiniiɗo e yarde.

Ina wayi no bakteriiji nguurndam, baawɗi warde e ndiyam ngulɗam walla ɓeydude heen ɓuuɓri kuloor galle, salte ɓuuɓɗe (kloriid sodium) e njamndi teeŋtundi mbaawataa ittude e ɓuuɓnude, e kuloor, walla e filtoraaji karbon pitcher standard. E goonga, ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam walla ɓuuɓɗam ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri laaɓndi, ina ɓuuɓna ndiyam ɗam haa ɓura bonde, ina yaawi ustude ndiyam e nder ɓalndu, ina yaawi ustude ndiyam e nder reedu, ina addana kadi ɓuuɓri ƴiiƴam, haa teeŋti noon e sukaaɓe tokosɓe, rewɓe reeduɓe, mawɓe mawɓe, e ñawɗo dialyse walla heart-. E wiyde Fedde Ameriknaare toppitiinde ko fayti e taariindi (EPA), Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e leydi Amerik (USGS), Fedde toppitiinde ko fayti e cellal (CDC), e Fedde Adunaare Cellal (OMS), joom en ɓulli koɗki ina poti anndude no udditirta e siifde hoore ɓulli hade mum en arde, no ɓe poti fotde Tosolding hand uctivity post-flood or (TDS) meeteer, hol ko waɗi pompirde ɓuuɓri daande maayo ɓuuɓndi e yaawre ina bonna haa abada lenyol ndiyam laaɓɗam, e no shock-chlorinate e ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri so ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ustii.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Udditde circuit breaker pompiyee ɓunndu 240 volt HADE ɓuuɓol henndu walla ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam coastal yettaade jeyi maa. Udditde doole pompe ɓundu submersible walla pompiyee jet ɓuuɓɗo hade ndiyam ɓuuɓde ina haɗa caɗeele tati catastrophique : ina haɗa pompiyee oo ƴettude salty graflood les a prequivel surface cirkondiral kuuraa e mooftirgel pompiyee, e ittude baasal kuuraa e nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri njamndi mboɗeeri semmbinndi dariindi e ndiyam lamɗam ɓuuɓɗam.
2. Uddit ballal mawngal isolation hakkunde tank pressure ɓunndu e plombier suudu hade maa yaltude. Udditde valve mawɗo udditgol ndiyam nder suudu utility walla suudu ɓunndu ina seernda tuubaaji maa nder suudu njamndi walla PEX e tanki maa ɓuuɓnoowo ndiyam (mo jogii 150 liters to38an] emergency freshwater) mbele ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, ɗam ɓuuɓɗam, ɗam ɓuuɓɗam, ɗam waawa ruttaade e nder ɓulli galle maa.
3. Siftor ɓuuɓol hoore ɓundu e ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol sanitaire TAN so tawii ina wasiyee ngam diisnondirde ɓuuɓol maa keeriiɗo ngol ilam waawata, e seerndude tankiiji propane walla nebam ɓuuɓɗi saraaji. Ɓuuɓri standart ina foofa e ɓuuɓol henndu ɓuuɓngol e dow ɓuuɓol sanitaire ngol; so ndiyam ilam ummiima dow cappanɗe, ndiyam ina rufa dow tuuba ɓuuɓɗo oo. Ko adii nde njaltataa, ɓoorno-ɗaa wutte poliyetilen teeŋtuɗo mo ndiyam waawataa heɓde e ɓuuɓri ndiyam, ɓuuɓna ɗum no feewi e dow ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri e ekran ɓuuɓri (siftorde ma foti ittude ndeeɗoo ɓuuɓri hade maa udditde pompiyee oo, walla pompiyee oo ina yalta ɓuuɓri, ina ɓuuɓna casing oo walla ina ɓuuɓna).
4. WOTO yar, defa e, ɓuuɓna denɗe, walla jillondira e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam caggal ilam coastal haa bakteriiji ɗii fof E salinité fof ƴeewtee. Hay so ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ummoraade e tap maa ina nanndi e laaɓɗam, ina uurna no woorunoo, ina waawi wonde e mum Vibrio walla E mo yiyataa. coli bakteriiji e bannge sodium e kuloriid toowɗo. Yar tan ko ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam/disinfekteer ummoraade e ɓuuɓri municipaal tabitinaandi ndi alaa ko woni e mum, walla ndiyam laaɓɗam rewrude e distillation walla membrane Reverse Osmosis (RO) ndiyam geec/brackish.
5. Fooɗtu ndiyam maa ɓuuɓɗam (TDS) walla ɓuuɓɗam keeriiɗo hade maa yarde walla dogginde kuutorɗe. Huutoro dijital poos TDS / EC (ɓuuɓri kuuraa) walla ƴeewndorɗe kuloriid:
6. Ndiyam njareteeɗam laaɓɗam: Les 500 miligaram e liiteer (mg/L walla ppm) TDS e les 250 mg/L kuloriid.
7. Ɓurɗo ɓuuɓde seeɗa (reentaade e ñaamdu ɓuuɓndu e sukaaɓe tokosɓe): 500 haa 1 000 mg/L TDS.
8. Ko ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri haa heewi (WOTO YAR; huutoro tan ngam ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri): Ko ɓuri 1 000 haa 3 000+ mg/L TDS (ndiyam maayo ko 35 000 mg/L TDS).
9. Woto meeɗ pompirde ɓuuɓri daande maayo ndi lamɗam ɓuuɓnata e ɓuuɓri toowndi fotde waktuuji juutɗi so tawii ɓuuɓri maa ina jooɗii e dow lenyol ndiyam laaɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam. E dow duuɗe barmeeji, e duuɗe daande maayo, e atoluuji koraay, ndiyam laaɓɗam les ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo no lenyol ɓuuɓngol dow ndiyam geec ɓuuɓɗam (**the Ghybens-). Pompirde ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol tiiɗngol e yaawngol ina ustoo ɓuuɓol ndiyam ngol fotde meeteruuji 1 (3,3 meeteer) e suuɗde ɓuuɓol ndiyam lamɗam les ngol 40 meeteruuji (131 meeteer) dow (ɓunndu ndiyam lamɗam upconing), bonna ɓuuɓol ngol haa abada. Pompe e njuuteendi leelndi, ɓuuɓndi e nder cirkooji juutɗi tawa ina ƴeewa salinite.

Ƴeewndo ɓulli coastal caggal surge e lekki pellital ndiyam njareteeɗam¶

Huutoro ndee ɗoo limre pellital ladde caggal nde henndu coastal, ilam laamɗo, walla yooro mawngo ngam anndude so tawii ɓuuɓri maa ina moƴƴi ngam semmbinde, ɓuuɓnude, disinfekteede, walla yarde.

flowchart TD
    Start["Henndu Coastal, Ilam King Tide, walla Kewu Naatgol Ndiyam Lamɗam"] --> FloodCheck{"Mbele ndiyam ilam ɗam yettiima walla<br/>ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri hoore ɓuuɓri ndii ?"}

    FloodCheck -->|"EEY: Hoore Welnde ndee ina ɓuuɓna<br/>walla ina taartoo Surge"| PowerOff["1. WOTO ɓadto hoore ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi haa 240V ɓuuɓol ngol OFF<br/>2. Ƴeewto cappanɗe ɓunndu, seal sanitaire, e ɓuuɓri ngam yiytude bonneede ɓanndu<br/>3. Laɓɓin loopal maayo/lamɗam e dow ɓuuɓri yaasi ndii e ndiyam laaɓɗam<br/>4. Jahru yeeso e Purge Pompe Gas & Ƴeewndo Salinite"]

    FloodCheck -->|"NO: Hoore Ɓunndu Heddii ko Yoornde,<br/>Kono Ndiyam Ina Ɓooyna / Njamndi"| SubsurfaceCheck["NAATDE / UPCONING NDIYAM LAMƊUM LEY LEYDI:<br/>1. Fotde ndiyam e TDS / Meter Ƴellitaare dijital<br/>2. Ƴeewto tolno Sodium e Kuloriid e nder laboratuwaar seedtinaaɗo<br/>3. STOP ndiyam teeŋɗam walla jokkude pompirde ɗoon e ɗoon"]

    PowerOff --> SalinityTest{"Hol ko woni TDS / Salinite ndiyam ɗam<br/>caggal laɓɓingol leelngol adanngol?"}
    SubsurfaceCheck --> SalinityTest

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS < 500 mg/L (ppm)<br/>& Kuloriid < 250 mg/L"| BioDisinfect["NDIYAM LAAƊAM (Lamɗam ina famɗi, kono Bio-Risk ina heddii):<br/>1. Waɗde Kuloor Shok (120 haa 200 ppm kuloor mo alaa ko woni e mum)<br/>2. Jogaade ndiyam kuloor e nder ɓuuɓri & tuubaaji fotde waktuuji 12 haa 24<br/>3. Laɓɓin septik haa uurngol kuloor ngol majja<br/>4. Lab-test ngam ƴeewde Total Koliform & E. coli hade yarde"]

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS 500 haa 1 500 mg/L<br/>(Ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi haa ɓuuɓndi)"| BrackishProtocol["JEERTINO NDIYAM ƁURƊO ƁURDE:<br/>1. WONAA KISAL wonande sukaaɓe tokosɓe (formula), diiyalis, ñawɓe ɓernde/ɓalndu<br/>2. WOTO ɓuuɓnu (ɓuuɓnude salte)<br/>3. Waɗtu Osmosis Rewruɗo (RO) les-Sink walla huutoroo Distiller dow-Sink<br/>4. Gaas caggal ɓuuɓri pompe ɓuuɓol ngam dartinde ndiyam lamɗam upconing"]

    SalinityTest -->|"TDS > 1 500 haa 35 000 mg/L<br/>(Salte no feewi / Ɓooygol ndiyam maayo)"| HighSalt["ƁURI ƁURDE ƁURDE ƁURDE ƁURDE:<br/>1. WOTO YAR walla dogga e nder ɓuuɓri ndiyam / kuutorɗe<br/>2. Huutoro TAN ngam lootde cuuɗi (reentaade ɓuuɓri septik)<br/>3. Pompe e nder pulseeji juutɗi, leelɗi taƴooji ngam ustude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam<br/>4. Tuugnaade e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam walla e laanaaji ndiyam municipaal"]

Salndu ndiyam njareteeɗam, TDS, e limtooji kisal kuloriid¶

Ɓowɗi neɗɗo ina mbaawi yaltinde tan ko seeɗa e sodium e kuloriid hade mum en ɗaɓɓude ndiyam ɓalndu ɓurɗam heewde ngam yaltinde lamɗam ɗam, ko ɓuri ndiyam ñaameteeɗam ɗam rokkata. Huutoro ndee alluwal tuugnorgal mooftaangal e Kuule ndiyam njareteeɗam ɗiɗaɓam EPA Amerik, Kuule OMS ngam kalite ndiyam njareteeɗam, e Cenndirɗe salte USGS ngam firtude njeñtudi jarribo ummoraade e meeteer TDS/EC walla laboratuwaar ndiyam mo junngo mum jogii.

Hidrogeoloji ɓulli daande maayo : Hol ko waɗi ɓuuɓol e pompirde ɓurnde heewde ina mbaɗta ndiyam laaɓɗam lamɗam¶

Ngam feewnude ɓunndu daande maayo tawa bonnaani ɓuuɓol les ngol, joom en ɓunndu e saraaji Golf Meksik, daande maayo Atlantik e Pasifik Amerik, Kariibi, Mediteraane, Asiya fuɗnaange-rewo, e leƴƴi duundeeji ina poti faamde ɓunndu ɗiɗo ɗii fof no feewi. (Gulf of Mexico)

Mekanisme 1 : Ɓoornugol henndu dow-dowru e ɓuuɓol annular¶

So henndu ummiima e henndu walla e ƴiiwoonde laamɗo ina ɓuuɓna leydi saraaji ɓunndu maa: 1. Direct Casing Entry: Ko ɓuri heewde e kaɓirɗe ɓulli hoɗɓe ina njogii ɓuuɓri henndu ɓuuɓndi ngam newnude henndu naatde e yaltude nde ndiyam ɗam ummotoo e fawaade e nder ɓuuɓri ndii. So ndiyam ilam ummiima dow dow leydi), ndiyam maayo teeŋtuɗam (densité **\(1.025\vent^ e dow tu**ks) yaawde rewrude e colonel ndiyam laaɓɗam ɓurɗam weeɓde (\)1.000\text{ g/cm}^3$) haa les ɓuuɓri ndii. 2. Annular Space Channeling: Hay so ndiyam ilam ɗam ɓuraani dow cappanɗe, ɓulli ɓooyɗi ina keewi jogaade paddorɗe beton ɓuuɓɗe walla annular spaces ɗe ɓuuɓnaaka no moƴƴi (gagga hakkunde yaasi tuuba PVC walla njamndi e ɓuuɓol leydi ɓuuɓngol). Pooli ndiyam lamɗam ina taaroo tuubaako oo e laabi juutɗi les yaasi casing oo e nder ekran ɓunndu nduu. 3. Koktel Septic-Surge: Sabu jeyiiji daande maayo jogiiɗi ɓulli keertiiɗi ina njogii sisteemuuji septik keertiiɗi (ƴeew ŋakkeende septik) tawaaɗo e \(15\text{ haa }30\text{ meeteruuji}\) (\(50\text{ haa }100\text{ feet}\)) woɗɗi, ɓuuɓol henndu ina ɓuuɓna e sahaa gooto nokku ɗo septik oo woni ɗoo, ina jillondira e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam aadee e ndiyam lamɗam geec hade mum nawde ɗum e nder hoore ɓuuɓri.

Laawol 2 : Naatgol ndiyam lamɗam les haa dow e jokkondiral Ghyben-Herzberg¶

E nder kala duuɗe gonɗe e daande maayo, so tawii ko e dow duuɗe gonɗe e ŋoral Golf Meksik e daande maayo Fuɗnaange Amerik, ŋoral karst kaaƴe Florida (Biscayne Aquifer) e Peninsula Yucatán, walla duuɗe ɓuuɓɗe e koraay e nder winndere ndee kala, ndiyam laaɓɗam ɗam alaa ko woni e mum so wonaa toɓooli. E nder ɗuum, ndiyam laaɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam (\(1.000\text{ g/cm}^3\)) ina ɓuuɓtoo no lenyol nii dow ndiyam lamɗam ɓurɗam ɓuuɓde e geec (\(1.025\text{ g/cm}^3\)) ina ɓuuɓna haayre e njaareendi ɓurndi luggiɗde les ŋoral maayo. (Gulf of Mexico)

E fawaade e Jokkondiral Ghyben-Herzberg, nde tawnoo ndiyam geec ina \(1/40\text{th}\) (\(2,5\%\)) ɓuri ndiyam laaɓɗam, e kala 1 meeteer (3,3 feet) mo ndiyam laaɓɗam les ɗam darii dow tolno ndiyam laaɓɗam (\(0_f\)n), ko 41 e3 feet)** les tolno maayo (\(z_s\)) hade mum fiyde jokkorgal ndiyam lamɗam:

$\(z_s = 40 \ctoɓɓere h_f\)

Ko waɗi Pompirde ɓurnde heewde ina addana "Upconing ndiyam lamɗam" musiiba: - Sabu ngool 1-to-40 ratio hydrostatic, so a lesɗinii ɓuuɓol ndiyam laaɓɗam e nder ɓuuɓri maa tan ko 1 meeter (3.3 feet) e dogginde pompiyee ɓuuɓri maa no feewi e jokkondire (yeru, etaade yaltinde ndiyam ilam e yaawre, hebbinde ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol, walla ɓuuɓnude les ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam caggal henndu dow), e 40 meeter (131 feet)** to les ekran ɓunndu maa. - So tawii oon cone ummotooɗe e ndiyam lamɗam denndaaɗam (upconing) memii les ɓuuɓri pompiyee maa ɓuuɓɗo, ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam maa ina wayloo lamɗam e nder hojomaaji seeɗa. Hay so a ɓuuɓtii pompiyee oo, ina waawi ƴettude lebbi walla duuɓi toɓo mawngo ngam lenyol ndiyam laaɓɗam ina waawa ruttaade e oon cone ndiyam lamɗam teeŋtuɗam.

   GROUND SURFACE
   =================================== [Wellhead]
                                           |
   --- Freshwater Water Table (hf) ---     |  <-- Lowering water table by 1 m (Drawdown cone)
        \                           /      |
         \   Freshwater Lens       /      [Pump Intake Screen]
          \  (Density 1.000)      /        ^
   ========\=====================/=========|=================== Mean Sea Level
            \                   /          |
             \                 /      /----+----\
              \               /      /  UPCONING \  <-- Saltwater cone rises 40 m
               \             /      /  (40 x hf)  \
   -------------\-----------/------/---------------\----------- Saltwater Interface
                 Dense Ocean Saltwater Wedge (Density 1.025)

Hol filtoraaji ndiyam ɗi ittata lamɗam, hol ɗi ŋakkata haa laaɓi¶

Ina jeyaa e ko ɓuri bonde e miijooji caggal henndu coñce, wonde filtoraaji kammu, filtoraaji pittaali, walla ɓuuɓɗi ina mbaawi waɗde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam ina moƴƴi e yarde.

Porotokol njuɓɓudi ngam ƴeewtaade, laaɓtinde, e moƴƴinde ɓuuɓri ndi henndu ɓuuɓndu ɓuuɓnata¶

So ndiyam ilam ɗam ustiima haa laaɓi e saraaji ɓuuɓri maa, leydi ndii ina selli ngam yahde, rewa e ɗeeɗoo EPA, CDC, e Fedde Ngenndiire Ndiyam Leydi (NGWA) e nder doggol laaɓtungol.

Ɗatal 1: Kisal kuuraa e ƴeewndo ɓalliwal¶

1. Hoolkiso 240V ƴulɓe ina OFF to laylaytol kuuraa mawngol hade maa ɓadtaade galle ɓunndu walla hoore ɓunndu.
2. Ƴeewto bonnugol ɓuuɓol : Ƴeewto so tawii ɓuuɓri henndu ɓuuɓndu ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri, ina ɓuuɓna tuuba PVC, ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri kuuraa, walla ina ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri e kaɓirgal ɗowgol capaato.
3. So tawii kaɓirgal kuutorgal kuuraa, ƴulɓe, walla mootorde jet-pump ɓuuɓnde ina ɓuuɓna e nder ndiyam lamɗam: WOTO ɓuuɓnu jolngo ngoo. Ndiyam lamɗam heddiiɗam e nder jokkondire kuuraa ina addana ɗoon e ɗoon ɓuuɓri maayndi walla yiite kuuraa. Haa golloowo ɓunndu walla elektiriyanke jogiiɗo yamiroore lomtina jolɗe/kaɓirɗe gonɗe e nder ndiyam ɗee, ƴeewndotoo kadi megohmmeter (Megger) ko adii nde o artirta semmbe.
4. Ittu kala ko ina wona 6uu6ol plastik ko adii henndu e nder 6uu6ol ngol e hoolkisaade wonde 6uu6ol ngol ina laa6i e loope e 6uu6ol mbele 6uu6ol ngol ina waawa foofde e nder pompirde.
5. Loowde yaasi hoore ɓuuɓri e paddorde beton e ndiyam laaɓɗam e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ngam ittude loope maayo e heddiiɓe e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam dow.

Ɗatal 2: Bypass Plombier suudu e waɗde purge salinité throttled¶

Hoto meeɗ pompirde ndiyam ɓunndu caggal surge e nder tuubaaji maa nder suudu, e nder ɓuuɓnoowo ndiyam, walla e nder ɓuuɓnoowo ndiyam e nder jarribo adanngo: 1. Tabitin valve isolation suudu mawndu ndu UDDITAA ngam walaa ndiyam ɓundu waawataa nastugo nder suudu ndiyam ngulɗam, ice maker, malla faucets. 2. Jokkondira e hoɗorde garde e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri bannge ɓuuɓri (ina tawee e hoore ɓuuɓri walla e les ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ko adii ɓuuɓri udditirndi suudu mawndu nduu). Doggondira e hoɗorde ndee to nokku ɓuuɓɗo walla kaaƴe ko famɗi fof 15 haa 30 meeter (50 haa 100 meeter) woɗɗitaade septik maa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɓuuɓnata ɗoo (woto meeɗ ɓuuɓnude septik maa e ujunnaaje ujunnaaje liiteer ndiyam purge) e woɗɗitaade leɗɗe walla gesaaji ɓuuɓɗi. 3. Trottle valve decharge haa ɓuuɓol leelngol haa ɓuuɓol (20 haa 40% e mbaawka ɓurka mawnude): - No paamir-ɗen e taƴre Ghyben-Herzberg dow ndee nii, so tawii ɓuuɓri maa woni ko e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, woto uddit valve oo 100% e yaajde fotde waktuuji. Pompirde ina itta seeɗa-seeɗa ndiyam lamɗam tedduɗam ɗam rufi e dow ŋoral tawa ina waɗa ɓuuɓol luggiɗngol, ngol suuɗata ndiyam geec les leydi dow gila les. 4. Ƴeewto TDS e Turbidity kala hojomaaji 15 e nder purge: - E fuɗɗoode, ndiyam ummortooɗam e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ina heewi wonde ɓuuɓndi (ɓuuɓri/duunde) e hollirde ɓuuɓri toowndi (\(2,000\text{ haa }20,000+\text{ mg/L TDS}\)). - Pompe 30 haa 60 minit, caggal ɗuum uddu pompe ɗee 30 haa 60 minit ngam newnude ɓuuɓri ndiyam laaɓɗam ɗam recharger ɓuuɓri ndii banngeeji tawa upconing. - Fuɗɗito-ɗee ɗeen cirkooji purge-and-rest taƴondirɗi haa ndiyam ɗam laaɓa haa laaɓa cer, tawa meter TDS mo njogiɗaa e junngo maa ina ustoo les 500 mg/L (walla ina hoota e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri maa ko adii nde henndu nduu fuɗɗotoo).

Ɗatal 3: Kulorinaasiyoŋ (Disinfeksiyoŋ Biyoloji)¶

So ndiyam laaɓɗam ummoraade e ɓuuɓri hoore ɓuuɓri ndii laaɓii, ina selli (\(\text{TDS} < 500\text{ mg/L}\)), aɗa foti disinfekteede ɓuuɓri ndii, tanki ɓuuɓɗo oo, e ɓuuɓri suudu nduu ngam warde E. coli, Vibrio, e ñawbuuli ƴiiƴam: 1. Hiisaade njuuteendi ndiyam ɓunndu maa e ɓuuɓri galle ndi njiɗɗaa ndi alaa uuroore (5% haa 8,25% hipoklorit sodium): - Woto meeɗ huutoraade ɓuuɓri uurndi, ɓuuɓri ndi ɓuuɓnataa, ɓuuɓri lootirndi lootirndi, walla taƴe asid siyanurik piscine. Huutoro tan ko ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, ndi alaa uuroore ɓuuɓri kuloor ndiyam galle ndi NSF-60 seedtii (ko ɓuri heewde ko \(5.25\%\) haa \(8.25\%\) hipokolorit-l)$ sodium hypochlorite pelle. - Ngam ɓunndu hoɗorde 10 haa 15 santimeeteer (4 haa 6 inch) njaajeendi jogiindi 15 haa 30 meeteer (50 haa 100 feet) ndiyam dariiɗam, ɓeydu heen ko ina tolnoo e 1,5 haa 2 liiteer (3 haa 4 pint e nder teemedere fof / 0,5 gallon of30) (100 feet) luggiɗde ndiyam ngam heɓde ɓuuɓri soklaaji 100 haa 200 feccere e miliyoŋ (ppm) kuloor mo alaa ko woni e mum. 2. Recirculate kuloor les nder mahe casing: - Ittude kaɓirgal ɓuuɓngal (caggal nde ɓuuɓnaa ɓuuɓri pompiyee ngam kisal nde udditirtaa kaɓirgal ngal, caggal ɗuum re-energize e hakkille laaɓtuɗo e ɓoggi ɗi ngalaa). - Jillondira e ɓuuɓri hiisaandi ndii e nder ɓuuɓri laaɓndi ndi 20 liiteer (5 gallon) ndiyam laaɓɗam, ɓuuɓna ɗum e dow ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri ndii. - Waɗde jokkol laaɓngol hose garde (jokkondirngol e spigot bannge ɓunndu) e nder dow ɓunndu nduu, dognu pompiyee oo fotde 15 haa 30 minit ngam lootde ndiyam ɗam kuloor ɗam les ɓuuɓri toowndi joorndi ndii, ɓuuɓna heen colonel ndiyam ɗam fof haa aɗa uurna odorming outse tiiɗɗo. 3. Fooɗde ndiyam kuloor e nder kala ɓuuɓri nder galle: - Uddit valve ndiyam suudu mawndu (jogaade softeende ndiyam e membraneeji RO on bypass ngam kulol 200-ppm ɓuuɓɗo bonnataa membrane RO walla resin softeende). - Gooto e maɓɓe fof, ɓuuɓna kala ɓuuɓri e ɓuuɓndi, duɗal, ɓuuɓri, e bib hose outdoor e nder galle (e ɓuuɓna kala ɓuuɓri laawol gootol) haa njiyɗaa uurngol ɓuuɓngol kuloor e kala fiɓnde, caggal ɗuum uddu kala ɓuuɓri. 4. Jogaade kuloor e nder system oo fotde waktuuji 12 haa 24: Woto huutoro ndiyam, ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri, walla doga kuutorɗe e nder ndee ɗoo winndannde jokkondirnde waktuuji 12 haa 24. 5. Fuɗɗu kulol oo e nokku mo alaa ko bonnata (WONAA e nder septik tank maa): - Caggal waktuuji 12 haa 24, jokkondira e hose garde e spigot yaajɗo e ɓuuɓnude ɓuuɓri ndii e dow laawol kaaƴe walla e dow ŋoral woɗɗungal e nokku maa septic drainfield, e weendu, e leɗɗe pawɗe haa uurngol kuloor tiiɗngol ngol majja, caggal ɗuum dogdu seeɗa e ɓuuɓri nder suudu ngam laaɓtinde indoor fotde hojomaaji 5.

Ɗatal 4: Hoolkiso Laboratuwaar Ko adii Yarde¶

Hay caggal ƴeewndo kuloor (chlorination) e ƴeewndo TDS, woto njaree ndiyam ɗam haa nde laboratuwaar ƴeewndo ndiyam seedtinaaɗo dowla walla ngenndi ƴeewndo sample: 1. Waɗde 48 haa 72 hojom caggal nde ɓuuɓnaa kuloor oo hade maa mooftude sample bakteriiji maa laawɗuɗi (ƴeewndo ko yaawi tawa kuloor heddii ina woodi haa jooni ina rokka njeñtudi fenaande). 2. Ɗaɓɓu panneel koɗki caggal ilam, ina suddii Koliformeeji keewɗi, Escherichia coli (E. coli), Kuloriid, Sodium, Toɓɓere ɓuuɓnde (TDS), e Nitrates.

Reende ɓulli njamndi, ɓulli ndiyam, e kaɓirɗe e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam¶

Hay ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam seeɗa (800 haa 2 500 mg/L TDS) ina waɗi elektorolit tiiɗɗo, baawɗo saabaade ɓuuɓri galvanik e pittaali doolnundi e nder laylayti galleeji :

• Ustaare Ɓoggol Anode Sadak e Sulfide Hidrogen ("Egg Ɓoornuɗo") Gaas e nder Ɓoornugol Ndiyam: Ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam toowɗam ina addana Ɓoornugol anode magnesium walla aluminium e nder Ɓoornugol ndiyam ngulɗam maa ɓuuɓde e 5 haa 10 laabi genera hidrojen rate mum no woorunoo bakteriiji ustooji sulfaat, baɗooji ndiyam ngulɗam ɓuuɓɗam e gaas egguuji ɓooyɗi. So ɓoggol anode ngol yanii, ndiyam lamɗam ina yaawi ɓuuɓnude tanki njamndi ndii, addana tanki oo ɓuuɓde walla... ŋakkeende ɓuuɓri ndiyam.
• Dezincification Valves njamndi e ɓuuɓri pinhole e nder tuubaaji njamndi: Iyon kuloriid ina ustoo zinc e nder valveeji balɗe njamndi mboɗeeri (dezincification), ina addana valveeji ɗii ɓuuɓde e junngo maa so ɗi njirloyiima, e ñaamde ɓuuɓri pinhole mikroskoop rewrude e ɓuuɓri njamndi mboɗeeri.
• Lead Solder Leaching: E fawaade e wiɗtooji USGS e US EPA ko faati e naatgol ndiyam les ɗam e nder geec, ɓeydagol nguleeki weeyo (CSMR) e nder ndiyam ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi ina ɓuuɓna lead tooke e nder ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɓooyɗam e drinu njamndi. Waɗde sahaa kala dognu tappirde ndiyam ngulɗam fotde hojomaaji 1 haa 2 hade maa ƴettude ndiyam, ƴeewto-ɗaa so tawii galle maa ina jogii jokkondire solder njamndi mboɗeeri ko adii hitaande 1986.

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Mbele ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina itta lamɗam caggal nde henndu coftal ɓalli walla nde ndiyam lamɗam naati ?¶

Alaa, ndiyam ngulɗam meeɗaa ittude lamɗam ɓuuɓɗam, sodium, kuloriid, nitrat, walla njamndi teeŋtundi. E goonga, ɓuuɓnude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam walla ɓuuɓɗam ina addana ɗum ɓurde saɗtude yarde sabu ndiyam laaɓɗam ina yalta no ɓuuɓri nii, tawi noon 100 e nder teemedere ndiyam ɗam ina heddii e nder ɓuuɓri ndii, ina ɓeyda ɓuuɓri ndiyam heddiiɗam ɗam. Ngam ittude lamɗam e ndiyam njareteeɗam e nder galle, aɗa foti huutoraade distiller ndiyam kuuraa walla naange (mo nanngata, ɓuuɓna ndiyam laaɓɗam ɗam e nder lowre laaɓnde ceertunde) walla filtoraade Reverse Osmosis (RO) toɗɗaaɗo ngam tolno lamɗam ndiyam ɗam.

Hol ko waɗi ɓuuɓol am coñce ngol wayliima salte caggal nde ɓuuɓol ngol waɗi hay so tawii ndiyam ilam ɗam meeɗaa yettaade galle am walla hoore ɓuuɓol am ?¶

Ɓunndu daande maayo heddiindu haa laaɓi e dow leydi ina waawi waylude salte caggal henndu sabu dalillaaji ɗiɗi les leydi. Ko adii fof, ɓuuɓol henndu ina ɓuuɓna ŋoral leslesal walla beeli teemedde meeteruuji keewɗi ina waawi naatde e ŋoral ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, egga banngeeji feewde e ekran ɓunndu maa. Ɗiɗaɓere, e ko ɓuri heewde, yaajde e pompirde ndiyam leslesɗam caggal henndu, ko hoɗdiiɓe (walla kuutorɗe municipaal) njiylotoo, ina usta ɓuuɓri ndiyam laaɓɗam nokku oo, ko ɗum addanta ɓuuɓol luggiɗngol les ngol ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam dow (ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder 40-to-1 intake bo moƴƴi.

Mbele miɗo waawi huutoraade LifeStraw, filtirde Sawyer, walla filtirde Brita ngam filtinde ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam?¶

Alaa, mikroo-filteruuji kammu portaabe (hono LifeStraw walla Sawyer membraneeji fiɓnde ɓuuɓnde) e filtoraaji pittaali walla firiiji (hono Brita walla Pur) ina itta ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam zero. Filteruuji kammu ɗi fiɓnde ɓuuɓnde ina njogii ɓulli fotde 0,1 haa 0,2 mikroo njaajeendi ngam nanngude bakteriiji e porotozoaaji, tawi noon iyonuuji sodium e kuloriid ɓuuɓɗi ina njogii fotde 0,0004 mikroo, tawi noon ko laabi teemedde ɓuri famɗude e ɓulli filtirde ɗii, ina addana salndu nduu fof rewde heen no feewi. Ko ɓuuɓri Osmosis (RO) (0,0001 mikroo) walla distillation tan waawi seerndude lamɗam ɓuuɓɗam e ndiyam.

Hol ko waɗi mi fotaani ɓuuɓnude ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam kuloor e nder septik am caggal nde mi disinfektii ɓuuɓndu am?¶

Loowde ɓuuɓri kuloriin soklaaji rewrude e sinkiiji nder galle walla e nder ɓuuɓri septik keeriiɗo ina addana ɗum caɗeele ɗiɗi teeŋtuɗe. Ko adii fof, yaltinde 2 000 haa 5 000 liiteer (500 haa 1 300 gallon) ndiyam e nder waktuuji seeɗa ina addana septik tank e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam ɓuuɓnata ɗoo, ina addana ndiyam ɗam ruttaade e nder galle hee walla lootde ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi yaltude e nder nokku ɗo ndiyam ɗam woni ɗoo. Ɗiɗaɓere, werlaade teemedde liiteeruuji ndiyam 200 ppm (super-chlorine) e nder septik tank ina wara bakteriiji anaerobiik nafooji potɗi huutoreede ngam ustude mborosaaji aadee tiiɗɗi. Waɗde sahaa kala ɓuuɓna ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e nder weeyo rewrude e hoɗorde garde haa e nokku ɗo ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam woni ɗoo, ko famɗi fof 15 haa 30 meeteer (50 haa 100 meeter) woɗɗitaade septik.

Fuɗɗoode ƴeewtaama¶

• Fedde Amerik toppitiinde ko fayti e taariindi (US EPA): Ko foti waɗeede e ɓuuɓri maa keeriindi caggal ilam, tolnooji ndiyam njareteeɗam ɗiɗaɓam ngam kuloriid e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi (TDS), e naatgol ndiyam geec e nder ɓuuɓri coastal.
• Wiɗto leydi Amerik (USGS): Naatgol ndiyam lamɗam e jokkondiral Ghyben-Herzberg e nder Siistemaaji ndiyam leslesam koɗki, Mekanik Upconing, e Mobilisaasiyoŋ Corrosivity/Lead e nder ndiyam ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi.
• Centre de Contrôle et de Prevention des Maladies (CDC, Etats-Unis): Disinfectation des wells après d'urgence: Laabi kulorinaasiyoŋ shock e nder ɓulli e laabi jarribooji ndiyam ɓulli caggal nde henndu mawndu.
• Fedde Adunaare Cellal (OMS): Laabi ngam moƴƴinde ndiyam njareteeɗam: Sodium, Kuloriid, Total ɓuuɓngal, e Desalination / Reverse Osmosis Miijooji cellal.
• Fedde ngenndiire ndiyam leslesam (NGWA, Amerik): Golle ɓurɗe moƴƴude ngam jom en ɓulli ko adii e caggal ilam ɗam e ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi.

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Pompe ɓundu ina ŋakki e kontaminaasiyoŋ ɓundu keeriiɗo
• Kisal ndiyam, humpitooji ndiyam ngulɗam, e disinfection e nder sahaa ɓuuɓɗo
• Laamɗo tides, ɓuuɓol henndu, e ɓuuɓol coastal
• Siistem septik ina ŋakki e backup ɓuuɓri
• Tooke nguura, ɓuuɓri ɓalndu, e ŋakkeende ndiyam