Puccitagol aaludere ndiyam, ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri Geyser, e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri¶

Gese leydi e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi ɓuuɓɗi (hono nokku ɓuuɓɗo Yellowstone to Amerik, nokku ɓuuɓɗo Taupo e Rotorua to Nuwel Selannde, nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Islande, Kamchatka, e Andes) ina kollita ɓuuɓol tati ɓuuɓngol, jokkondirngol e ɓuuɓol nguurndam (**amrethermal) udditde loope e kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe teemedde meeteruuji tawa dille magma ɗee ngalaa ko adii, ɓurtugol sinter e ɓuuɓol travertine e nder 93 degere Celsius (200 degere Fahrenheit) ɓuuɓɗo no feewi ɗo ɓulli asid walla alkaliiji ɓuuɓɗi, e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ɓuuɓndi he jokul-glacial he ɓuuɓol ina ɓuuɓna ɓulli ndiyam mawɗi les ɓuuɓol haa baraas ɓuuɓol ngol ɓuuɓta. Yanti heen, ɓulli nguleeki lesɗi e ɓulli fumarole ɓuuɓɗi ina njiyloo ɓulli ɗi njiyataa, ɗi ngalaa uurngol e doseeji toowɗi, ɗi sulfiid hidrojen (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) e gaas karbonik (\(\ath{CO}_use.2\)) ɗi caɗata So tawii ko e nder weeyo geothermal walla glacial, noddu limoore emergency nokku maa ɗoon e ɗoon (911 to Amerik e Kanadaa, 112 e nder Dental Orop e Islande, 111 to Nuwel Selannde, 999 to Angalteer) walla ƴeewto regginorde amen e... limooje caɗtuɗe. Ngam haajuuji geologique jokkondirɗi, janngu binndanɗe amen e... ilam ɓuuɓɗam maayo glacial e ɓuuɓgol baraas, ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuuɓol limnik e duule gaas karbonik ɓuuɓɗo, e ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi e ɓuuɓri kemikal.

Waɗde ɗum jooni¶

1. Doggo dow henndu e bannge woɗɗitaade kala geyser walla poolgu ngulngu ngu ɗoon e ɗoon waylata loope, ngu ɓuuɓta dow-dome, walla fuɗɗoo yaltinde pecce kaaƴe niɓɓiɗe. Ina wayi no ɓuuɓol geyser rimɗungol no woorunoo, ngol ɓuuɓnata ndiyam laaɓɗam e ɓuuɓol danewol, **ɓuuɓol ndiyam ɓuuɓngol to50 Celsius [347 haa 482 degere Fahrenheit]) ina jalba ɗoon e ɗoon haa wonta cumu, ina ɓuuɓna kaɓirgal kaaƴel gonngel e ŋorol ngol. Doggondira e basin oo e dow laawol boardwalk ngol tawa aɗa ndaara dow ngam dogde e kaaƴe ballitooje ɓuuɓɗe, e waɗde saak tiiɗɗo, saak kamera, walla jacket follaaɗo e dow hoore maa e daande maa ngam hisnude kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe e toɓooli loope ɓuuɓɗe.
2. Woto meeɗ yaltude e laabi leɗɗe peewnaaɗi walla e laabi kaaƴe toɗɗaaɗi e nder weeyo, kadi woto meeɗ diwde caggal dogdu walla huunde ɓuuɓnde. Ko nanndi e leydi ɓaleeri walla boɗeeri tiiɗndi sara ɓuuɓol ina heewi wonde 5-to-20-millimeter-thittle si.8-of-lf walla ɓuuɓri travertin ina fawii e dow ŋoral ndiyam ngulɗam walla loope asid sulfurik (\(p\text{H } 1,5\text{ haa }2,5\)). Waɗde pucci e dow ŋoral juutngal tabitngal woɗɗitaade nokkuuji nguleeki ; fotde kala naatgol anniya warngo e nder ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ina waɗa so joom mum diwii ngam hisnude jawdi ndi ɓuuɓnaaka.
3. So leydi ndii ina ɓuuɓtoo les koyɗe maa walla a punndii e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi, ɓuuɓna reedu maa ɗoon e ɗoon, ɓuuɓna walla ɓuuɓna reedu maa caggal e dow koyɗe maa laaɓtuɗe. Darnde tiiɗnde ina hawra e teddeendi ɓanndu maa fof e dow nokku tokooso mo taƴre bootoyel gootol. Dropping prone ina saakta teddeendi maa e dow ɓanndu maa e terɗe maa tawa aɗa yaltina koyɗe maa e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam.
4. So neɗɗo yanii e ɓuuɓri ngulndi walla yanii e ɓuuɓri, yaltin ɗum ɗoon e ɗoon, ɓuuɓna ɓuuɓri ndii e ndiyam ngulɗam laaɓɗam, tawa WOTO ɓuuɓna comci sintetik jokkondirɗi. Cooyna nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi ɗii ɗoon e ɗoon e ndiyam ngulɗam, laaɓɗam (never hot corsi cheol is, which for.) Hojomaaji 15 haa 20 tawa ina haɗa hipotermi (hipotermie) gonɗo e ɓalndu, taƴde e saraaji comci ɓuuɓɗi jokkondirɗi e ɓalndu, ɓuuɓna ɓalndu nduu e terɗe mum loowɗe e nder leppi joorɗi laaɓtuɗi walla e filmo ɓuuɓɗo, ɓuuɓna ɗum e elikopteer walla e ambulance to nokku ɓuuɓɗo diiwaan.
5. Joggo fooftere maa, ƴeeŋtu dow e nder henndu ɗoon e ɗoon so aɗa uurna egguuji ɓoli ɗi majjata ɗoon e ɗoon, aɗa nana ɓuuɓri ɗoon e ɗoon, walla aɗa yi’a colli walla ɓowɗi maayɗi e nder ɓuuɓri leydi. Kamɓe ɗiɗo fof sulfide hidrojen (\(\text{H}_2\text and**carbon) (\)\text{CO}_2$) ɓuri teddude e henndu e poolgu nder ɓulli fumarole, ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi, ɓulli nees, e ɓulli nguleeki e nder dumunna deeƴɗo. Ko ɓuri 100 pecce e nder miliyoŋ, \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ina ustoo nerwel olfactory e nder leƴƴanɗe ngam a natta waawde uurnaade uurngol egguuji ɓooyɗi ko adii nde 500 haa 1 000 ppm ina addana fooftere "knockdown" e oon sahaa.
6. Accu laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi (sandur), ponti maayo lesɗi, e caalli ɓuuɓɗi ɗoon e ɗoon so aɗa uurna sulfuur e dow maayo ɓuuɓngo, aɗa nana diƴƴe ɓuuɓɗe jokkondirɗe, walla aɗa yi’a ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam ina ummoo e hunuko ɓuuɓol. A subglacial outburst ri**jokulge flood () 100-fol haa 1 000-fol e nder waktuuji, ina ɓuuɓna jolɗe laabi mawɗi e ubbude laddeeji ɓuttiɗi, kilooji keewɗi e les ndiyam ngulɗam, e ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi no galleeji nii, e ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi. Dogdu walla dogdu e dow ŋoral maayo feewde e dow tule ceene toowɗe.

Lekki kuulal : ɓuuɓri leydi, ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri, e nguurndam jokulhlaup¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Emergency Geothermal walla Glaciovolcanique Yiytaa"] --> HazardType{"Hol bonannde keertiinde nde woni jooni ndee ?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. PUƊƊI ƊIƊI ƊIƊI : Ɗaɗi ɓaleeji, Ballistik kaaƴe, Boom mawɗo"| SteamBlast["EVACUATION DE LA EXPLOSION PHREATIC: 1. Doggo dow henndu e woɗɗitaade ɓuuɓol ngol e dow laabi tabiti 2. Ƴeew dow ngam reende e dogde e dogdu kaaƴe toowɗe 3. Reento hoore e daande e saak walla coftal teeŋtungal e toɓo loope ɓuuɓngo atast m.)150ve rimre karateer golloowo"]

    HazardType -->|"2. ƁURƊO ƁURDE ƁURDE ƁURDE ƁURDE : Koyngal Punndi Rewrude e Sinter E nder Poolgu Scalding"| CrustBreak{"Mbele ɓiɗɗo oo ina woni e poolgu haa jooni walla e dow ŋoral?"}

    CrustBreak -->|"Hisnude hoore mum : Ɓoornugol ɓalndu les bottaari maa"| BellyCrawl["EXTRICATION PRONE IMMEDIATION : 1. WOTO ƴettu ɗaɗol goɗngol tiiɗngol yeeso 2. Jippaade e dow reedu maa walla e juuɗe maa e koppi maa ngam sarde teddeendi 3. Rolde walla reedu-crawl caggal e dow laawol leɗɗe tiiɗngol walla laawol kaaƴe"]

    CrustBreak -->|"Hisnude Bystander : Jaɓɓaaɗo ina ɓuuɓna walla ina ɓuuɓna"| BurnCare["THERMAL SCALD & ACID TRIAGE: 1. Yettaade ñawɗo oo gila e boardwalk huutoraade lefol, calɗi, walla ɓoggol (woto meeɗ taƴde e dow ŋoral ɓuuɓngal) 2. Irgaade ɓuuɓri e ndiyam laaɓɗam njareteeɗam walla ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam (woto meeɗ ɓuuɓde) 3. WOTO ɓuuɓnu adhere ɓuuɓɗo; Ɓoornude e ɓataake laaɓɗo yoorɗo 4. Noddu 911 / 112 / 111 ngam yaltinde nokku ɓuuɓɗo e nder weeyo-ambulance"]

    HazardType -->|"3. POOS GAAS GEOTHERMAL TOXIC : Diƴƴe, Daabaaji Maayɗi, walla Ɓooygol e nder Hollow"| GasEscape["H2S & CO2 GAS POCKET ESCAPE: 1. Joggo foofaango ɗoon e ɗoon e ƴeeŋde 3 haa 5 m (10 haa 16 ft) dow e nder henndu 2. WOTO MEƊƊU ɓuuɓde les walla naatde e ɓuuɓri walla e nder ɓuuɓri nees ngam yaltinde ɓuuɓri ndi anndaaka tawa SCBA air walla CPR, Once victim ko ɓuuɓɗo e daande e ɓoggol"]

    HazardType -->|"4. ƁURƊO ƁURDE ƁURDE ƁURDE ƁURDE (JOKULHLAUP) : Uurngol sulfuur to maayo Glacier, Dimmbagol, Ndiyam Dirtuɗam Ummotooɗam"| Jokulhlaup["JOKULHLAUP FLOODPLAIN EVACUATION: 1. Yaltu e denndaangal caalli glacial, e dow ŋoral ɓuuɓngal (sandur), e ŋoral maayo ɗoon e ɗoon 2. Doggol walla ƴeeŋtu e dow kaaƴe tiiɗɗe toowɗe gonɗe e dow falnde 3. Hoto meeɗ dartaade e dow barmeeji kaaƴe leslese walla e dow ŋoral laawol (barmeeji)"]

Fisik e geɗe leydi (geologie) ɓuuɓol ndiyam¶

Heewɓe e yillotooɓe parkeeji leydi ina cikka wonde ɓuuɓol ngol waɗata tan ko nde magma ɓuuɓɗo ummii e dow leydi. E goonga, puccitagol ndiyam (freatic) ina heewi waɗde ko ɓuri heewde e puccitagol kaaƴe, ina ɗaɓɓi ummital magma kesal zero. Yeruuji jamaanu lolluɗi ina mbaɗi puccitgol nguleeki ndiyam e nder lewru sulyee 2024 e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Yellowstone, puccitgol Geyser Porkchop e hitaande 1989, e ɓuuɓri mawndi ko adii taariindi hono Mary Bay e maayo Turbid.

1. Mekanisme ɓuuɓɗo les leydi (Yaajde Flash-to-Steam)¶

Les ɓuuɓol geyser, ndiyam les ɗam ina cirƴa e nder kaaƴe riolit walla basalt ɓuuɓɗe ɗe ɓuuɓol magmatik luggiɗngol ɓuuɓnata. Sabu ndiyam les leydi ina jogaa les toɓɓere hidrostatik teeŋtunde (teddeende colonel ndiyam dow mayre) e toɓɓere litostatik (sabu toɓo miniraal silika ina siimta ɓuuɓri kaaƴe no simme nii), ndiyam les leydi ina heddii e nguleeki ɓurtuki 175 degree to87el C.45us). degereeji Fahrenheit), ko ɓuri woɗɗude e nokku mum ɓuuɓɗo dow leydi. - The decompression trigger: So yerɓo leydi tokooso nokkuure, ustaare no feewi e tolno maayo dow, ustaare ndernderiire e nder plomb geyser, walla ɓuuɓol hydrofracturing oon cappanɗe kaaƴe ɗe silica-sealed, ɓuuɓol e dow ɓuuɓol les leydi ɓurngol ɓuuɓde ngol ina ustoo ɗoon e ɗoon. - Yaajde 1 600-to-1 : Ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam ina ɓuuɓtoo e nder milisekon. Sabu aaludere e nguleeki weeyo ina jogii ko ina tolnoo e 1 600 laabi njuuteendi ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, aaludere ɓuuɓnde ndee ina yaaji e doole ɓuuɓɗe toowɗe, ina ɓuuɓna kaɓirgal kaaƴe sinter dow ngal, ina werloo ndiyam ngulɗam, loope asid, e 500-kilogram (1,1ulp to.000). meeteeruuji (330 haa 2 000 meeteer) e nder weeyo** e njaaweeki 50 haa 150 meeteer e leƴƴannde (110 haa 335 kiloomeeteer e waktu).

2. No wuurdude e ɓuuɓol ndiyam gonngol e nokku ɓadiiɗo¶

1. Anndude 10 haa 60 leƴƴannde : Ko adii nde ɓuuɓol ngol waɗata, ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol walla ɓalewol laaɓngol ina waawi ɓuuɓde ɗoon e ɗoon e loope ɓaleeje walla boɗeeje, ɓuuɓol mawngol ndiyam 2 haa 5 meeteruuji (6,5 haa 16,5 feet) toowngol ina waawi ɓuuɓde dow ina waawi ɓuuɓde dow leɗɗe les koyɗe.
2. Dogdu e laawol leppi; WOTO MEƊƊU diwde e dow ŋoral e nder ŋoral nguleeki taariindi: Kulol ina addana yimɓe dogooɓe e puccitgol diwde e banngeeji ŋoral leɗɗe, punndi e ŋoral sinter ɓuuɓngal e nder weeyo ngo 93 degere Celsius (200 degere Fahrenheit) saraaji mum. Heddo e dow leɗɗe walla laawol kaaƴe tabitngol.
3. Ƴeew asamaan e dogde e kaaƴe ballitooje: Kaaƴe mawɗe jaltuɗe e 45 haa 80 degere ina ƴetta 4 haa 12 leƴƴannde ngam yettaade toɓɓere arc mum en, njippoo e leydi. Nandugol e ɓuuɓol, kaaƴe ɓuuɓɗe ina mbaawi rewde e gite ; ƴettu gite maa dow nde ngartataa ngam waawde yaltude nano walla ñaamo e laawol haayre, e jogaade saak dow hoore maa ngam soomde kaaƴe tokoose e ɓuuɓri loope ɓuuɓnde.

Njiylawu batte nguleeki leydi e nguleeki weeyo¶

Wuurde e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri e safrude ɓuuɓri geothermal superheated¶

To Yellowstone, Rotorua, e Islande, ko ɓuri heewde e hoɗɓe ina mbaraa walla ina ŋakkiraa caɗeele haa abada sabu taƴde walla fawde e ɓulli ɓuuɓɗi, ɓuri denndaangal caɗeele wulnde goɗɗe ɗee so hawraama.

1. Ko waɗi leydi geothermal ko ɓuuɓri suuɗndi¶

No ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ummortoo e ɓuuɓol luggiɗngol nii, ina ɓuuɓna silis (\(\text{SiO}_2\)) walla karbonaat kalsiyum (\(\text{CaCO}_3\)) e nder haayre ɓuuɓnde. So ndeen ndiyam yettiima e weendu ɓurndu cooynaade, miniraaji ɗii ina njalta e saraaji ɓuuɓol ngol, ina mbaɗa ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol siliceous sinter (geyserite) walla travertine ngol mawnata haa yaasi e dow ɓuuɓol ndiyam ngulɗam ɗam no ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol e dow weendu nii. E oon sahaa gooto, ɓuuɓol asid ummotoongol (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) oksidaaji e nder \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4\)) ina ɓuuɓna haayre tiiɗnde taariinde ndee, waɗta ɗum loope kaolinite softeende, ɓuuɓnde. Leydi nanndundi e haayre daneere yoornde ina waawi wonde ɓuuɓol miniraal 1 santimeeteer (0,4 inch) dow ɓuuɓol 95 degere Celsius (203 degere Fahrenheit).

2. Toppitagol ɓuuɓngol ko adii safrirde ngam ñawɗo ɓuuɓɗo¶

So tawii cukalel walla mawɗo yanii e ɓuuɓri walla e nder ɓuuɓri : 1. Extricate from solid footing only: Woto meeɗ jippaade e dow ŋoral ŋoral ngam nanngude ŋoral, walla ŋoral ngal ina ɓuuɓtoo les mon on ɗiɗo fof. Lelnu e dow ŋoral leɗɗe, njaajnu ŋoral yah-ngartaa, ŋoral ŋoral, jaak, walla ŋoral, ŋoral ŋoral ngal dow ŋoral leɗɗe. 2. Cooɗtu ɓuuɓol ngol ɗoon e ɗoon e ndiyam laaɓɗam, ɗam alaa nguleeki (Woppu ɓuuɓol ngol): - Ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam ɓuuɓɗam e nder soseeji wooteeji, e paɗe yah-ngartaa, e jeans ina jokki e defde ƴiye luggiɗe haa e hojomaaji 3 caggal nde ñawɗo oo yalti e weendu nduu. - Ɗoon e ɗoon ndiyam laaɓɗam laaɓɗam ummoraade e butelaaji ndiyam, paɗe ndiyam, walla ɓuuɓri ndiyam laaɓɗam ɗam alaa nguleeki dow nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi ɗii. Woto meeɗ huutoraade ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam e nder weendu ɓuuɓndu walla e nder weendu ngulndu, ina waawi wonde ngulndu, asid, walla ɓuuɓndu. - Taƴon ɓoggi bootooji e comci yaajɗi ɗi ɓuuɓnaaka e siiseeji trauma walla e laɓi, kono WOTO MEƊƊU ɓoornaade walla ɓuuɓnude comci sintetik walla soseeji ɓuuɓɗi e ɓuuɓɗi e ɓalndu ɓuuɓndu, nde tawnoo ɓuuɓnude ɗi ina itta epidermis e dermis fof woɗɗitaade. 3. Balans cooyngal ɓuuɓngal e hipotermi sistemik: - So tawii ɓuuɓri ndii ina suddii ko famɗi fof 15 e nder teemedere Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) (hono koyngal gootal walla koyngal les ngal punndi e nder ɓalndu), ɓuuɓna tergal ngal e ndiyam laaɓɗam coofɗam fotde 15 haa 20 minit ngam dartinde yahrude yeeso ɓuuɓri ndii e ustude kala asid mutherd. - So tawii ñawɗo oo heɓii ɓuuɓri mawndi e nder ɓanndu nduu (>20 haa 30 e nder teemedere TBSA), ɓuuɓri ɓalndu maɓɓe ina bonna, ɓe njaawna majjude nguleeki ɓanndu nduu, ɓe naata e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓri (hypovolemic burn shock). Ɗaɓɓitee loope ɓuuɓɗe ɗee, coofnaa ɓalndu nduu seeɗa fotde hojomaaji 1 haa 2**, caggal ɗuum ɓuuɓna ñawɗo oo e nder **leppi laaɓtuɗi, joorɗi, ɓuuɓri Mylar laaɓndi e dow laylaytol ɓoggol joorngol, walla ɓuuɓri laaɓtundi, ɓuuɓna ɗum e dow laylaytol coofngol, walla ɓuuɓna ɗum e dow ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi terɗe ɓuuɓɗe ina ɓuuɓta no feewi e nder hojomaaji seeɗa). 4. Waɗde ñawɗo oo ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina ɓuuɓtoo, ina nodda medevac helikopter ko yaawi: Woto ndokku ndiyam e hunuko so tawii ñawɗo oo ina jogii >20% e ɓuuɓri TBSA, ina ɓuuɓtoo, walla ina ɗaɓɓi ɓuuɓri endotrachéal urgence so o arii e safrirde. Ngam humpitaade njuɓɓudi burn, ƴeew ɓuuɓri tiiɗndi e ɓuuɓri kemikal.

Doggol gaasuuji sulfiid hidrojen (\(\tekst{H}_2\tekst{S}\)) e gaas karbonik (\(\tekst{CO}_2\)).¶

Ɓoornugol nguleeki leydi ina jokki e yaltinde aaludere jillondirnde e gaas karbonik (\(\tekst{CO}_2\)), sulfiid hidrojen (\(\tekst{H}_2\tekst{S}\)), e gaas sulfuur (\(\tekst{SO}_2\)). - Ko waɗi toɓɓe lesɗe ɗee ngonta cuuɗi gaasuuji baawɗi warde: E nguleeki e nguleeki weeyo, \(\text{CO}_2\) ina jogii teddeendi keeriindi 1,52 e \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ina jogii teddeendi keeriindi 1,19 so renndinaama e henndu no woorunoo (1,00). Ñalnde heen kikiiɗe, henndu ina ɓuuɓna, ina ɓuuɓna ɗeen gaasuuji tawa alaa ko bonnata. E subaka caliiɗo, ɓuuɓɗo, e nder mbayliigu nguleeki weeyo, walla e nder ŋoral, ŋoral, walla ŋoral ŋoral, gaasuuji teeŋtuɗi ɗii ina njippoo, ina mbaɗa weendu ɓuuɓndu ndu yiyataa, ndu ɓuuɓnata, 0,5 haa 2 meeteer (1,6 haa 6,5 ​​njuuteendi g leydi) luggiɗde. - Njaajeendi ɓuuɓri sulfiid hidrojen: E nder ɓuuɓri tokosiri (\(0.01\tekst{ haa }5\tekst{ ppm}\)), \(\tekst{H}_2\tekst{S}\) ina uurna no feewi no egguuji ɓooyɗi nii. Kono so tawii ko 100 haa 150 ppm, \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ina ustoo ƴiiƴam neɗɗo e nder hojomaaji 2 haa 15. Hiker jahoowo e nder poosi gaas ɓuuɓɗo, ɗoon e ɗoon sikka henndu nduu laaɓii sabu uurngol egguuji ɓooyɗi ɗii majjata ; laabi ɗiɗi caggal ɗuum, e 500 haa 1 000 ppm, foofaango wooto \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ina jokkondiri e sitokrom c oksidaas mitokondriyee e nder ƴiiƴam ngaandi, ina addana neɗɗo waasde faamde ɗoon e ɗoon ("naatgol warngooji") e foofaango. - Kuulal hisnude: So a yiyii yahoowo, golloowo, walla daaba mawɗo ina lelii ina anndaa e nder ɓuuɓol geothermal sunnaangol, ɓuuɓol nees, walla ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol, WOTO yahdu les e nder depression ngam ƴeewde pulse maɓɓe. Joggo foofaango maa, jooɗo e dow henndu toowndu tan pole, walla lassoed rope so aɗa waawi heddaade haa laaɓa cer e nder weeyo henndu dow; so wonaa ɗuum noddu sarwisaaji cafrirɗi ngam hisnude Appaareeji Fooftere (SCBA). Janngu men... siyaniid, sulfiid hidrojen, e ballal gadanal fooftere gaasuuji gollorɗe.

Wuurde e ilam ɓuuɓɗam (jokulhlaup)¶

Iwdi mum ko helmere islandeere « diwgol glacier », jokulhlaup ko ilam bonɗam yaltuɗam les glacier walla ɓuuɓri glacier. So tawii won jokulhlaups ina ɓuuɓna maayooji gonɗi e saraaji geec e nder balɗe, geɗe ɓurɗe bonde ina mbaɗa e nder geecuuji ɓuuɓɗi (hono Vatnajokull e Myrdalsjokull / Katla to Islande, Tufnde Rainier e Redoubt / Spurr walla glaci e nder leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik kalderaaji geothermal subglacial walla ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓngol ina ɓuuɓna miliyoŋaaji meeteeruuji kuuɓtodinɗi ndiyam les teemedde meeteeruuji ɓuuɓɗi.

1. No jokulhlaup mahirta e no ɓuuɓtortoo¶

No nguleeki leydi fuɗirta les ɓuuɓol ngol e nder lebbi walla waktuuji, maayo ɓuuɓngo ina moofta e nder ɓuuɓol kaaƴe walla ɓuuɓol ɓuuɓol. So luggiɗgol e ɓuuɓol hidrostatik ngol ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam yettiima ko ina tolnoo e 90 e nder teemedere teddeendi ɓuuɓol ngol dow ngol (sabu ɓuuɓol ngol ina jogii teddeendi \(0,917 g e santimeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo\) so yerondiraama e ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam $1,00 g e santimeeteer kuuɓtodinɗo en litre dow). tunnel subglacial rewrude e ɓuuɓgol ɓuuɓngol. Tolno ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam, cumu ɓuuɓngu, kaaƴe, e bolokaaji 1 000 ton ɓuuɓɗi ina njalta e ɓuuɓri ɓuuɓndi ndii e dow ŋoral ɓuuɓngal (sandur). E nder 1996, e nder ɓuuɓol Gjallp to Islande, Skeidararhlaup jokulhlaup yettiima ɗo ɓuuɓol mum tolnii e 50 000 meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde (1,76 miliyoŋ meeteer kuuɓtodinɗo e leƴƴannde), e nder dumunna juutɗo, wonti maayo ɗiɗmo ɓurngo mawnude e dow Leydi ndii ina woɗɗi steeel e swee.

2. Kuule nguurndam ko yaawi e nder falndeeji ɓuuɓɗi e nder caalli ɓuuɓɗi¶

1. Heɗto maande jeertinaango ladde #1 arandeere, uurngol ɓuuɓngol egguuji ɓooyɗi (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) e dow maayo ɓuuɓngo: Laddeeji ɓuuɓɗi les ɓuuɓɗi ina keewi sulfiid hidrojen ɓuuɓɗo. Waktuuji seeɗa hade ɓuuɓol mawngol ngol fuɗde gila e ŋorol ŋorol ngol, ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam fuɗɗotoo ko ɓuuɓde e nder weendu maayo nduu, ndu yaltina uurngol sulfuur walla egguuji ɓooyɗi e saraaji maayo e pontooji. So aɗa uurna sulfure sara glacier walla maayo glacier, yaltu e dow falnde ndee ɗoon e ɗoon.
2. Woto meeɗ naatde e weendu ice subglacial e nder toɓo ngulngo, ɓuuɓol ndunngu, walla golle sismic ɓeydotooɗe: Turist en yillotooɓe e weendu ice blue naftoore to dow ŋoral glacier ina mbaawi ŋoŋɗude e nder hojomaaji seeɗa so tawii laabi ndiyam subglacial ina ngarta dow walla ina ɓuuɓtoo e dow ŋoral ice.
3. Woto meeɗ dartaade e dow ponto dow ŋoral ɓuuɓngal ngam ndaarde ilam: Jokulhlaup waɗataa no ndiyam laaɓɗam nii; ko ɓuuɓol ɓurngol heewde doole, jolngol 10 haa 30 meeteer njaajeendi (33 haa 100 meeteer) njaajeendi ina yahra e 15 haa 30 kiloomeeteer e waktu (9 haa 19 kiloomeeteer e waktu). Ɗeeɗoo ɓulli ina njuutee e jolɗe ponte, ina njuutee e dekke ponto haa ponto laawol mawngol ngol fof ɓuuɓtoo. Doggo haa timma dow ladde (sandur) dow tulde kaaƴe tiiɗɗe ko adii nde dartotoɗaa.

Limooje emergency diiwaan e porotokolle agence¶

• Leyɗeele dentuɗe Amerik: Noddu 911 ɗoon e ɗoon (walla limtu Ranger toppitiiɗo ko fayti e sariyaaji to National Park Service so tawii jokkorgal cellal ina haɗaa e maadi canyon; softina nelaaɗo satelit SOS so tawii ko e nder leydi caggal leydi). Yiylo Njiylawu ɓuuɓol Yellowstone (YVO) USGS, Njiylawu ɓuuɓol Cascade (CVO), e Njiylawu ɓuuɓol Alaska (AVO) (volcanoes.usgs.gov) ngam jeertinaango ndiyam e glasiovolkanik.
• Island: Noddu 112 ngam hisnude e Fedde Islande ngam njiylawu e hisnude (ICE-SAR / Landsbjorg). Yiylo Biro toppitiiɗo weeyo Islande (IMO / Duunde Vedurstofa, vedur.is) e Departemaa Reende Siwil e Njuɓɓudi Ɓooygol (Almannavarnir / safetravel.is), ɗe puɗɗii jeertinaango SMS doosgal e kala telefoŋ gonɗo e nder jokulhlaup walla nokku ɗo ɓuuɓol woni ɗoo (hono Myrdalssandur, Skeidararsandur, walla Grindavik).
• Leydi Selannde: Noddu 111 ngam Polis, Yiite e Emergency NZ, e Ambulance. Yiylo GeoNet (geonet.org.nz) e Departemaa toppitiiɗo ndeenka (DOC) ngam Toɓɓe Jeertinaango Wulnde e batte nguleeki ndiyam e nder nokkuuji Wulnde Taupo, Rotorua, Tongariro, e Ruapehu (to ERLAWS njuɓɓudi jeertinaango akustik lahar/ɓurtugol ina ummina dame otomaatik siren).
• Dental Orop, Itali, e Kamchatka / Asii-Pacifik: Noddu 112 e nder Orop fof. To leydi Itali (gese fumarole e \(\text{CO}_2\)), rewa e nokkuuji Reende Siwil e INGV nokkuuji gonɗi e nder mum en. To Japon (to puccitagol aaludere ɓuuɓnde e poosuuji gaasuuji to tufnde Ontake, Kusatsu-Shirane, e Hakone Owakudani ngoni caɗeele mawɗe), noddu 119 e rewde Jeertinaango ɓuuɓngo Japon (JMA).

Naamne keewɗe naamneede¶

Mbele ɓuuɓol ndiyam to Yellowstone walla Rotorua firti ko ɓuuɓol mawngol ina fuɗɗoo ?¶

Alaa, e wiyde fedde toppitiinde ko faati e leydi Amerik (USGS) e GNS Science New Zealand, ɓuuɓol ndiyam ko kewuuji ɓuuɓɗi e nder weeyo, baɗeteeɗi e dow 10 haa 200 meeteer (33 haa 650 meeteer) dow leydi ɗo ndiyam les ɗam ɓuuɓnata haa wonta aaludere. Ɗe ngonaa e magma ummotooɗo, ɗe ngonaa kadi ko adii ɓuuɓol magma ; e goonga, ɓuuɓol tokosol ina waɗa won e nokkuuji e nder Yellowstone fotde hitaande kala, e ɓuuɓol mawngol ina fuɗa kala duuɓi capanɗe seeɗa haa teeminanɗe, nde tawnoo silis miniraal ina ɓuuɓna laabi geyser les leydi.

Hol ko waɗi a fotaani ɓoornaade comci sintetik ɓuuɓɗi so neɗɗo yanii e ɓuuɓri ngulndi?¶

So yahoowo ɓoorniiɗo comci naylon, poliyester walla polipropileen yanii e ndiyam ngulɗam 93 degere Celsius (200 degere Fahrenheit), nguleeki ɓuuɓki ina addana ɗum ɓuuɓde e nder sahaa gooto, tawa ina softina mbaydiiji sintetik ɗii e nder dermi ɓuuɓɗi ɗii. Sokkitde paɗe walla soseeji jokkondirɗi e dow wertallo ina ɓuuɓna leppi ɓalndu guurɗi les, ina addana ƴiiƴam heewde, ina addana neruuji ɓuuɓɗi e henndu, ina ɓeyda kadi no feewi ñawu nguu e ŋakkere ndiyam. E nder ɗuum, coofna ɓuuɓri ndii ɗoon e ɗoon e nder comci ɗii e ndiyam ngulɗam laaɓɗam, taƴon heen tan ko ɓuuɓri loowndi e saraaji ɗii, ɗaccu seernaaɓe ɓuuɓri ndii ina njuppa heen huunde jokkondirnde e mum en e nder anestesi steril.

Hol no ɓuuɓri ngulndi kadi waawirta wonde asid tiiɗɗo walla alkali tiiɗɗo ?¶

Ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ina fawii e geɗe ɗiɗi ceertuɗe kemikal, ɗe ɗiɗi fof ina mbonna ƴiye neɗɗo ko ɓuri yaawde e ndiyam ngulɗam laaɓɗam. Punndi asid-sulfaat (keewndi e nder ɓulli loope e tufɗe fumarole ɗe $p\text{H } 1.2\text{ haa }3.0$) ina mbaɗa so gaas sulfiid hidrojen ummotooɗo oo ina ɓuuɓtoo e ndiyam oksijen ɓuuɓɗam, ina oksidaa e bakteriiji *Sulfolobus* haa wonta asid bufurik sefurik ad sefurik ɓuuɓɗo. Puuɗi alkali-kuloriid (geyseruuji daneeji laaɓtuɗi keewɗi ɗi $p\text{H } 8,5\text{ haa }9,5$) ina keewi silis ɓuuɓɗo e karbonaat sodium ; alkaliniteer toowɗo ina saponifie (ina ɓuuɓna) lipiduuji ɓuuɓɗi e nder ƴiye neɗɗo, ina addana nguleeki nguleeki naatde e nder ƴiye leslese.

Mbele miɗo waawi wuurde so mi rewii e ɓuuɓri sinter ɓuuɓndi haa e goddol am?¶

Eey, gaañanɗe les koyɗe ina mbaawi wuurde so tawii ɗoon e ɗoon aɗa fadi haa ɓuuɓna ngam sarde teddeendi maa, aɗa ƴakka caggal e dow ŋoral, aɗa ɓuuɓna koyngal ngal e ndiyam ngulɗam laaɓɗam fotde hojomaaji 15 haa 20, aɗa nawtee to nokku ɓuuɓɗo. Maayde e aksidaaji ɓuuɓɗi leydi ina jokkondiri no feewi e teemedere e nder teemedere Total Body Surface Area (TBSA) ɓuuɓɗo : ɓuuɓgol gonngol e koyɗe haa e koppi ina heewi battinde e 7 haa 15 e nder teemedere TBSA, tawi noon ɓuuɓgol hoore e nder teemedere e nder teemedere (100) ɓuuɓol gonngol e banngeeji ɓuuɓɗi TBSA cau01 ko yaawi warde.

Hol ko woni baasal amoeba ñaamoowo ngaandi e nder ɓulli ngulɗi tawaaɗi ?¶

Puɗi ndiyam laaɓɗam ngulɗam hakkunde 25 e 46 degere Celsius (77 e 115 degere Fahrenheit) ina njogii *Naegleria fowleri*, woni amoeba gonɗo e nguleeki, wuurɗo e nder ɓuuɓri les. Yarde ndiyam ɗam addantaa neɗɗo ñawu, kadi softinde ɗum gila e daande haa les ina moƴƴi ; kulhuli ɗii ina mbaɗa so ndiyam ɓuuɓɗam ɗam doole mum ina ɓuuɓna e nder nofru, tawa aɗa diwa, aɗa dunnda hoore maa, walla aɗa ɓuuɓna. Ameba oo ina yaha dow laabi nerve olfactory e nder ngaandi, ina addana ɗum mboros biyeteeɗo Meningoencephalitis Amebique Primaire (PAM), mo mboros oo ina waawi maayde ko ɓuri 97 e nder teemedere. Waɗde sahaa kala, hoore maa ina woni dow ndiyam walla ɓoorno-ɗaa wutte nofru tiiɗɗo e nder ɓulli ngulɗi. Ƴettude kursus ballal gadanal e juuɗe ummoraade e Croix-Rouge, St John Ambulance, walla balloowo nokku oo ina janngina burn hisnude nguurndam e ballal e nder nokkuuji.

Ardiiɓe jokkondirɓe¶

• Lake glacial ɓuuɓɗo ilam e ɓuuɓri baraas
• Eɓɓooje limnik e duule gaas karbonik ɓuuɓɗo
• Kulol tiiɗngol e ballal gadanal ɓuuɓngal kemikal
• Siyanid, sulfiid hidrojen, e ballal gadanal fooftere gaas gollorɗe

Fuɗɗoode e ardorde laawɗunde¶

• Wiɗto leydi Amerik (USGS) e nokku ƴeewndo ɓuuɓol Yellowstone (YVO): Puɗtugol ndiyam e nder nokku biyeteeɗo Yellowstone National Park: Mekanik ɓuuɓgol ɓuuɓol freatik e ɓuuɓol, ballistik ɓuuɓol, e batte gaasuuji ɓuuɓol leydi.
• Serwiis Park ngenndiijo Amerik (NPS): Protokolle kisal e nder weeyo Yellowstone, haɗde ɓuuɓri sinter, e ballal gadanal e nder leydi Backcountry.
• Ofis weeyo Islande (IMO / Duunde Vedurstofa) e Almannavarnir (Reende Siwil Islande): Jokulhlaup (Ilam ɓuuɓɗam) Siistemaaji jeertinaango ko adii, peeje udditgol Katla e Grímsvötn, e kisal nokkuuji nguleeki leydi.
• GNS Science Nuwel Selannde (Te Pu Ao) e Departemaa toppitiiɗo ko fayti e ndeenka (DOC): Ƴeewndorɗe kulhuli ndiyam e nokkuuji ɓuuɓɗi Taupo e Rotorua e porotokolle jeertinaango ɓuuɓol maayo Mt. Ruapehu.
• Fedde Ameriknaare ngam ɓuuɓnude (ABA) e Fedde safaara ladde (WMS): Njuɓɓudi ɓuuɓndi ɓuuɓndi e ɓuuɓndi kemikal e nder nokkuuji toowɗi.