Fashewar Tushen Ruwa na Hydrothermal, Ƙwararren Ƙwararren Ƙwararriyar Geyser, da Fashewar Glacial¶

Filayen Geothermal da glaciated volcanic terranic (kamar Yellowstone National Park a Amurka, Taupo Volcanic Zone da Rotorua a New Zealand, Iceland's volcanic rift zones, Kamchatka, da Andes) sun gabatar da kwatsam guda uku, haɗin kai-amincin rayuwa-tsawon gaggawa: hydrothermal (matsayin girgizar ƙasa) kafin magma motsi, ** m sinter da travertine ɓawon burodi nasara ** zuwa 93-digiri-Celsius (200-digiri-Fahrenheit) superheated acidic ko alkaline wuraren waha, da ** subglacial fashe ambaliya (jokulhlaups) inda subglacial zafi geothermal ko volcanic eruptions narke a karkashin wani kankara narke da iska mai zafi da ruwa mai zafi. fashewa. Bugu da ƙari, ƙananan ƙarancin zafin jiki da kuma fumarole mai dusar ƙanƙara wanda ke rufe tarkon maras gani, maras wari-a-high-dose pools na hydrogen sulfide (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) da carbon dioxide (\(\rubu{CO}_2\)) wanda ke haifar da rugujewa cikin numfashi biyu. Idan gaggawa ta faru a cikin kwandon ruwa ko glacial, kira lambar gaggawa ta gida nan da nan (911 a Amurka da Kanada, 112 a cikin Tarayyar Turai da Iceland, 111 a New Zealand, 999 a Burtaniya) ko tuntubi kundin adireshi na mu lambobin gaggawa. Don abubuwan haɗari masu alaƙa, karanta jagororin mu akan Tafkin dusar kankara ya barke da ambaliya da gazawar dam, volcanoes, limnic eruptions da volcanic carbon dioxide gas girgije, kuma kuna mai tsanani da kuma zubar da sinadarai.

Yi wannan yanzu¶

1. ** Gudu sama da kai tsaye daga kowane geyser ko tafki mai zafi wanda ba zato ba tsammani ya zama laka, da ƙarfi sama-sama, ko fara fitar da guntun dutsen duhu.* nan take don yin tururi, yana wargaza hular dutsen da ke kulle. Gudu daga kwandon shara tare da titin jirgin yayin da kake kallon sama don kauda tsaunin ballistic, kuma sanya jakar baya mai wuya, jakar kamara, ko jaket mai naɗewa a kan ka da wuyanka don garkuwa da fadowar duwatsu da ruwan sama mai tafasa.
2. Kada ku taɓa ƙeƙasasshen hanyoyin katako na katako ko tsakuwa da aka keɓance a cikin kwandon ƙasa, kuma kada ku taɓa nutsewa bayan kare ko abin da aka jefar. Abin da yake kama da fari ko ƙasa mai launin toka kusa da marmaro mai zafi yana yawanci * 5-to-20-millimita (0.2-zuwa-0.8-baƙi-bakin ciki)) shiryayye na gaggautsa ko siliki ruwa ko sulfuric acid laka (\(p\rubutu{H} 1.5\rubutu{zuwa }2.5\)). Ajiye karnuka akan ɗan gajeren leshi mai nisa daga wuraren zafi; kusan kowace shigar ganganci mai kisa cikin ruwa mai tafasa yana faruwa lokacin da mai shi ya shiga don ceto dabbar da ba a kwance ba.
3. Idan kasa ta tsage a karkashin kafafun ka ko kuma ka bugi wani dan kankanin ɓawon zafi, nan da nan ka sauke kan cikinka nan da nan kuma ka yi birgima ko cikin-cikin baya tare da ainihin sawunka. Tsayawa tsaye yana maida nauyin jikinka gabaɗaya zuwa ƙaramin saman saman diddige ɗaya. Saukewa mai sauƙi yana shimfida nauyin ku zuwa ga jikin ku da gaɓoɓin ku yayin da za ku fitar da ƙafafunku daga cikin ruwa mai zafi.
4. **Idan wani ya fada cikin ruwan zafi mai zafi ko kuma ya fasa cikin ɓawon zafi, nan da nan ya fitar da su, sannan a kwantar da konewar da ruwan sanyi mai tsafta, sannan KAR a cire tufafin da aka makala. gaɓoɓi da gaɓoɓi a kwance a cikin busassun busassun zanen gado ko fim ɗin cin abinci na filastik, kuma a kwashe ta hanyar helikwafta ko motar asibiti zuwa cibiyar ƙona yanki.
5. ** Ka riƙe numfashinka ka hau sama cikin iska nan da nan idan ka ji warin ruɓaɓɓen ƙwai da ke bacewa ba zato ba tsammani, ka ji tashin hankali kwatsam, ko ka ga matattun tsuntsaye ko kwari a cikin ramin geothermal. kogon dusar ƙanƙara, da zafin zafi a lokacin sanyin yanayi. Sama da sassa 100 a kowace miliyan, \(\text{H}_2\rubutu{S}\) yana gurgunta jijiyar wari a cikin daƙiƙa guda ta yadda ba za ku iya ƙara jin warin ruɓen-kwai ba kafin 500 zuwa 1,000 ppm yana haifar da kamawar numfashi nan take.
6. *Ka bar filayen glacial outwash (sandur), ƙananan gadoji, da kogon ƙanƙara nan da nan idan kun ji warin sulfur tare da kogin glacial, jin girgizar ƙasa mai ƙarancin mita, ko ganin ƙazantaccen ruwan ƙanƙara yana tasowa daga ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara. a cikin sa'o'i ***, share gadoji na babbar hanya da binne filayen bakin teku masu faɗin mil a ƙarƙashin ruwa mai ruri, dusar ƙanƙara mai girman gida, da ruwan wuta mai aman wuta. Fita ko gudu daidai gwargwado zuwa tashar kogin zuwa manyan tuddai masu tsayi.

Bishiyar yanke shawara: kwandon ƙasa, ci gaban ɓawon burodi, da tsirar jokulhlaup¶

flowchart TD
    Start["An Gano Gaggawar Geothermal ko Glaciovolcanic"] --> HazardType{"Wane takamaiman haɗari ne ke faruwa a yanzu?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. FASHEN HYDROTHERMAL STEAM: Black Mud Plume, Rock Ballistics, Ƙarar Ƙarfafa"| SteamBlast["FASHIN FASHEWA: 1. Gudu sama da nisa daga iskar da ke fashe tare da kafaffen titin jirgin ruwa 2. Duba sama don bin diddigin faɗuwar dutse mai tsayi 3. Garkuwar kai da wuyansa tare da jakunkuna ko riga mai nauyi don ruwan sama mai tafasa 4. Matsar aƙalla 500 m (1,650 crarim crarim)"]

    HazardType -->|"2. RASHIN RUWAN RUWAN JINI: Ƙafafun Ƙafa ta hanyar Sinter zuwa Pool."| CrustBreak{"Shin wanda aka kashe har yanzu yana cikin tafkin ko kuma yana kan ɓawon burodi?"}

    CrustBreak -->|"Ceto kai: Tsagewar ɓawon burodi a ƙarƙashin takalmanku"| BellyCrawl["YANZU YANZU: 1. KADA KA Ɗauki wani mataki madaidaiciya gaba 2. Zuba ƙasa a jikinka ko hannaye da gwiwoyi don yada nauyi 3. Mirgine ko ciki-jarrafa baya kan ƙaƙƙarfan hanyar jirgi ko tsakuwa."]

    CrustBreak -->|"Ceto mai kallo: Wanda abin ya shafa ya nutse ko ya ƙone"| BurnCare["THERMAL SCALD & Acid TRIAGE: 1. Isar da wanda aka azabtar daga titin jirgi ta amfani da sanda, reshe, ko igiya (kada a taɓa shiga cikin ɓawon burodi). kunsa cikin busassun busassun busassun busassun 4. Kira 911/112/111 don gaggawar kona cibiyar motar asibiti"]

    HazardType -->|"3. ALJAJIN GASKIYAR GASKIYAR GASKIYAR GASKIYAR GUDA: Dizziness, Mutuwar Dabbobin Daji, ko Rushewar Kwatsam"| GasEscape["H2S & CO2 GAS TSARE ALJAJI: 1. Rike numfashi nan da nan kuma ku hau 3 zuwa 5 m (10 zuwa 16 ft) sama zuwa cikin iska 2. KADA KA lanƙwasa ko shiga cikin rami ko dusar ƙanƙara don fitar da wanda aka azabtar ba tare da SCBA ba 3. Da zarar cikin iska mai kyau, fara numfashin ceto ko CPR idan an cire wanda aka azabtar daga gefe tare da igiya."]

    HazardType -->|"4. SUBGLACIAL OUTBURST (JOKULHLAUP): Sulfur Smell a Kogin Glacier, Tremor, Rising Dirty Water"| Jokulhlaup["JOKULHLAUP FLOODPLAIN ECUCUATION: 1. Fita duk kogon kankara, filaye (sandur), da gadajen kogi nan da nan 2. Fita ko hawa kan gadon gado mai tsayi daidai da kwarin."]

Ilimin kimiyyar lissafi da ilimin geology na fashewar hydrothermal¶

Yawancin baƙi zuwa wuraren shakatawa na geothermal suna ɗauka cewa fashewar dutsen mai aman wuta yana faruwa ne kawai lokacin da narkakken magma ya tashi sama. A zahiri, ** fashewar hydrothermal (phreatic) *** yana faruwa akai-akai fiye da fashewar volcanic kuma yana buƙatar ** sabon tashin magma. Shahararrun misalan zamani sun haɗa da fashewar biscuit Basin hydrothermal na Yuli 2024 a Yellowstone National Park, fashewar Porkchop Geyser na 1989, da manyan ramuka na tarihi kamar Mary Bay da Turbid Lake.

1. Na'urar mai dafa abinci ta ƙasa (Flash-to-Steam Expansion)¶

Ƙarƙashin kwandon geyser, ruwan ƙasa yana yawo ta hanyar rhyolite da ya karye ko dutsen basalt wanda tushen zafi mai zurfi mai zurfi ya yi zafi. Domin ruwa a karkashin kasa yana riƙe da nauyi ** matsi na hydrostatic ** (nauyin ginshiƙi na ruwa a sama da shi) da kuma ** lithostatic matsa lamba ** (saboda hazo mai ma'adinai na silica yana rufe dutsen kamar siminti), ruwan karkashin kasa yana tsayawa ruwa a yanayin zafi mai zafi na ** 175 zuwa 250 digiri Celsius (347 zuwa 482 digiri Fahrenheit, sama da Fahrenheit). - Abin da ke haifar da rushewa: Idan ƙaramar girgizar ƙasa, faɗuwar matakin tafkin kwatsam, toshewar ciki a cikin bututun geyser, ko tsagewar ruwa wanda silica ta rufe hular dutsen, matsa lamba akan tafki mai zafi na ƙasa yana faɗuwa nan take. - ** Fadada girma 1,600-to-1:** Ruwan ruwa mai zafi yana walƙiya cikin tururi cikin millise seconds. Saboda tururi a matsa lamba na yanayi ya mamaye kusan sau 1,600 na ruwa mai ruwa , tururi mai walƙiya yana faɗaɗa tare da tashin hankali na manyan abubuwan fashewa, yana jujjuya murfin dutsen da ke sama da jefa ruwan tafasasshen ruwa, laka mai acidic, da kilo 500 (kilogram 1,100-laba) har zuwa mita 3 zuwa 60000 (ƙafa 3 zuwa 3000). ta iska a gudun mita 50 zuwa 150 a sakan daya (kilomita 110 zuwa 335 a cikin sa'a).

2. Yadda za a tsira daga fashewar hydrothermal mai aiki a kusa¶

1. Gane abubuwan da suka biyo baya na 10 zuwa 60 na biyu: Kafin fashewar hydrothermal, maɓuɓɓugar ruwan shuɗi ko kore na iya zazzagewa ba zato ba tsammani tare da ** baƙar fata ko launin toka**, ƙaton dome na ruwa mai tsayi mita 2 zuwa 5 (6.5 zuwa 16.5 ƙafa) mai tsayi na iya kumbura sama da iska, ko katakon katako na iya girgiza sama da iska.
2. ** Gudu a kan hanyar jirgin; KADA KA TSAYA daga kan titin zuwa cikin ɓangarorin zafin jiki da ke kewaye:** Firgici ya sa mutane da ke gudu daga fashewar wani abu su yi tsalle daga gefen titin katako, suna buga kai tsaye ta cikin ɓawon ɓawon burodi zuwa cikin tafkunan da ke kusa da digiri 93-Celsius (200-Fahrenheit). Tsaya akan katakan katako ko kafaffen hanyar tsakuwa.
3. Kalli sararin sama kuma ka nisanta duwatsun ballistic: Manyan duwatsun da aka harba a kusurwar digiri 45 zuwa 80 suna ɗaukar daƙiƙa 4 zuwa 12** don isa kololuwar baka su fado ƙasa. Ba kamar girgizar ƙasa ba, ana iya bin diddigin duwatsun da ke faɗowa a gani; Ka ɗaga idanunka sama yayin da kake ja da baya ta yadda za ka iya taka hagu ko dama daga cikin yanayin dutsen, kuma ka riƙe jakar baya a kan ƙwanƙwaranka don ɗaukar ƙaramin tsakuwa da tafasasshen laka.

Kwatanta haɗarin geothermal da glaciovolcanic¶

Tsira da ci gaban ɓawon burodi na thermal da magance ƙonawar ƙasa mai zafi¶

A cikin Yellowstone, Rotorua, da Iceland, ƙarin baƙi ana kashe su ko kuma naƙasu na dindindin ta hanyar ** hawa ko faɗowa cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa** fiye da sauran haɗarin volcanic a hade.

1. Me yasa ƙasan ƙasa ta zama tarko mai ɓoye¶

Yayin da ruwa mai zafi ya tashi daga karaya mai zurfi, yana narkar da silica (\(\text{SiO}_2\)) ko calcium carbonate (\(\text{CaCO}_3\)) daga cikin dutsen mai aman wuta. Lokacin da wannan ruwan ya isa wurin tafki mai sanyaya, ma'adinan suna zurfafawa a kusa da bakin bazara, suna gina shingen siliki na ** siliceous sinter (geyserite)** ko travertine wanda ke tsirowa a saman ruwan tafasasshen kamar kankara na bakin ciki akan tafki. A lokaci guda, haɓakar tururi mai acidic (\(\ rubutu {H}_2\rubutu{S}\) oxidizing cikin \(\rubutu{H}_2\rubutu{SO}_4\))) yana jefa ƙaƙƙarfan dutsen da ke kewaye da shi zuwa laka mai laushi, mai santsi na kaolinite. Faci na ƙasa wanda yayi kama da busasshen farin dutse zai iya zama harsashi mai ma'adinai mai kauri 1-centimeter (0.4-inch-thick) akan kasko mai digiri 95-Celsius (203-digiri-Fahrenheit).

2. Mataki-mataki-mataki prehospital ƙona ƙonawa ga wanda aka azabtar da bazara¶

Idan yaro ko babba ya faɗi ta cikin ɓawon zafi ko cikin marmaro mai zafi: 1. ** Cire daga ƙaƙƙarfan ƙafar ƙafa kawai:** Kada ku taɓa tashi daga kan titin jirgi zuwa gefen ɓawon burodi don kama wanda aka azabtar, ko shiryayye ya rushe ƙarƙashin ku biyu. Kwanta a kan benen katako na katako, shimfiɗa sandar tafiya, tafki, jaket, ko bel, sa'annan ku ja wanda aka azabtar sama a kan katako. 2. ** A kwantar da konewar nan da nan da ruwa mai tsabta mara zafi (Dakatar da aikin):** - Tafasa ruwan geothermal da aka makale a cikin safa na ulu, takalman tafiya, da wandon jeans na ci gaba da dafa nama mai zurfi har zuwa mintuna 3 bayan an fitar da wanda aka azabtar daga tafkin. - Nan da nan zuba Tsaftataccen ruwan sanyi daga kwalabe na ruwa, fakitin hydration, ko rafin ruwan da ba na zafi ba a kan wuraren da suka kone. Kada a taɓa amfani da ruwan da aka tsoma daga wurin tafki na geothermal na kusa ko rafi mai dumi, wanda zai iya zama zafi, acidic, ko gurɓatacce. - Yanke laces ɗin takalmin da ba a narkar da su ba tare da raunin rauni ko wuƙa, amma kar a ɓata ko kwaɓe tufafin roba ko safa waɗanda suka narke tare da gaɗaɗɗen fata, yayin da cire su gaba ɗaya yana cire fata da fata. 3. ** Daidaita sanyaya ƙonawa akan tsarin hypothermia: *** - Idan konewar ta rufe ** kasa da kashi 15 cikin 100 na Yankin Jikin Jiki (TBSA)* (kamar ƙafa ɗaya ko ƙasan ƙafar da ta buga ta cikin ɓawon burodi), kwantar da gaɓoɓin gaba da gaba da ruwan tsaftataccen ruwa na mintuna 15 zuwa 20** don dakatar da ci gaba mai kumburi da kawar da duk wani laka mai zafi. - Idan wanda aka azabtar ya sha wahala a * * babban nutsewar cikakken jiki (> 20 zuwa 30 bisa dari TBSA), shingen fatar jikinsu ya lalace kuma za su yi saurin rasa ainihin zafin jiki kuma su shiga cikin ƙonawar hypovolemic. A zubar da tafasasshen laka sannan a kwantar da fata a taqaice na tsawon minti 1 zuwa 2, sannan a nannade wanda abin ya shafa a hankali a tsaftace, busassun zanen gado, bargon sararin samaniya mai tsaftar Mylar sama da busasshiyar kyalle, ko tsaftataccen kayan dafa abinci mai tsaftar da aka ajiye a tsaye (ba a taɓa nannaɗe ta da hannu ba kamar yawon buɗe ido, kamar cikin ƴan mintuna kaɗan). 4. Kada majiyyaci a farke, dumi, da lebur, kuma a kira gaggawar helikofta medevac: Kada a ba da ruwa da baki idan majiyyaci yana da kashi 20 na TBSA yana ƙonewa, yana yin amai, ko kuma yana buƙatar shigar da endotracheal na gaggawa idan ya isa asibiti. Don cikakken sarrafa kuna, duba kuna mai tsanani da kuma zubar da sinadarai.

Guduwar hydrogen sulfide (\(\ rubutu {H}_2\rubutu{S}\)) da carbon dioxide (\(\ rubutu{CO}_2\)) tarkon iskar gas¶

Geothermal vents suna ci gaba da sakin tururi gauraye da carbon dioxide (\(\rubutu{CO}_2\)), hydrogen sulfide (\(\rubu{H}_2\rubu{S}\)), da sulfur dioxide (\(\rubu{SO}_2\)). - ** Me yasa ƙananan tabo ke zama ɗakunan gas mai haɗari:** A daidaitaccen zafin jiki da matsa lamba, \(\ rubutu {CO}_2\) yana da takamaiman nauyi na 1.52 da \(\rubutu{H}_2\rubutu{S}\) yana da takamaiman nauyi na 1.19 idan aka kwatanta da iska ta al'ada (1.00). A rana mai iska mai iska, hargitsi yana haɗawa da dilutes waɗannan iskar ba tare da lahani ba. A ** kwanciyar hankali, sanyin safiya, yayin jujjuyawar yanayin yanayi, ko a cikin dusar ƙanƙara mai dusar ƙanƙara, kogo, ko rafin rafin **, manyan iskar gas suna nutsewa kuma suna samar da wani tabkin da ba a iya gani ba, na iskar gas mai tsayi mita 0.5 zuwa 2 (ƙafa 1.6 zuwa 6.5) mai zurfi tare da ƙasa. - Tarkon Nakasassun Ruwa na Hydrogen Sulfide: A cikin ƙaramin adadin (\(0.01\rubutu{zuwa}5\rubutu{ppm}\)),\(\rubutu{H}_2\rubutu{S}\) yana wari sosai kamar ruɓaɓɓen qwai. Duk da haka, a yawan adadin 100 zuwa 150 ppm, \(\rubutu{H}_2\rubutu{S}\) yana gurgunta jijiyar ɗan adam a cikin minti 2 zuwa 15. Matafiya da ke shiga cikin aljihun iskar gas ba zato ba tsammani ya yi tunanin iskar ta share saboda ruɓaɓɓen kamshin kwai yana ɓacewa; matakai biyu daga baya, a 500 zuwa 100 ppm **, numfashi ɗaya na \(\ rubutu {H}_2\rubutu{S}\) yana ɗaure ga mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase a cikin tushe na kwakwalwa, yana haifar da sume nan da nan ("yankakken gida") da kama numfashi. - Dokar ceto: Idan ka ga mai tafiya, ma'aikaci, ko babban dabbobi masu shayarwa suna kwance a sume a cikin rami mai zurfi na geothermal, dusar ƙanƙara, ko ramin gidan wanka mai zafi na bazara, ** KAR KA shiga cikin baƙin ciki don duba bugun bugun jini. a cikin sabon iska mai iska; in ba haka ba a kira sabis na gaggawa don Na'urar Numfashi Mai Ciki (SCBA) ceto. Karanta mu cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, da iskar gas na masana'antu jagorar taimakon farko.

Tsira da fashewar ambaliya (jokulhlaup)¶

An samo asali daga kalmar Icelandic don "tsalle mai dusar ƙanƙara," jokulhlaup ambaliya ce mai bala'i da aka saki daga ƙarƙashin glacier ko hular kankara. Yayin da wasu jokulhlaups ke zubar da tafkunan kankara a cikin kwanaki, abubuwan da suka fi haɗari suna faruwa a cikin ƙanƙara mai ƙarfi mai ƙarfi (kamar Vatnajokull da Myrdalsjokull / Katla a Iceland, ** Dutsen Rainier ** da ** Redoubt / Spurr ** a Amurka, ko glaciated stratos a Chile da Al-Geaskavolcanoes. Fashewar aman wuta da ke karkashin glacial na narkar da miliyoyin cubic mita na ruwa a karkashin daruruwan mita na kankara.

1. Yadda jokulhlaup ke yin gini da wargajewa¶

Yayin da zafin jiki na geothermal ke narkewa a ƙarƙashin murfin kankara na tsawon watanni ko sa'o'i, wani tabkin da ke ƙarƙashin ƙasa yana taruwa a cikin maƙarƙashiya ko kaskon kankara. Lokacin da zurfin da matsi na hydrostatic na wannan ruwa da aka kama ya kai kusan kashi 90 na kauri na dam ɗin dam ɗin kankara ** (saboda kankara yana da nauyin gram 0.917 a kowace centimita cubic $ idan aka kwatanta da na ruwa na $1.00 grams a kowace centimita cubic $), dam ɗin kankara a zahiri yana ta iyo sama, ko ruwan dumi yana narkewa ta hanyar narkewar ruwa. Ruwan ruwa mai daskarewa, toka mai aman wuta, duwatsu, da ton ton 1,000 na kankara glacier ya fashe daga cikin dusar ƙanƙara a saman fili mai faɗin waje (sandur). A lokacin fashewar Gjallp na 1996 a Iceland, Skeidararhlaup jokulhlaup ya kai kololuwar fitarwa na ** 50,000 cubic feet a sakan daya (cubic feet miliyan 1.76 a sakan daya)**, a takaice ya zama kogi na biyu mafi girma a Duniya kuma yana kawar da gadoji na karfe kamar katako.

2. Dokokin rayuwa na gaggawa a cikin kwarin glacial outwash kwaruruka da kogon kankara¶

1. Saurari alamar faɗakarwa ta farko ta #1, ƙamshi kwatsam na ruɓaɓɓen qwai (\(\rubutu{H}_2\rubutu{S}\)) tare da kogin glacial: Tafkunan geothermal na ƙasa suna cike da narkar da hydrogen sulfide. Sa'o'i kafin babban guguwar ambaliya ta fashe daga ƙarshen glacier, ruwa mai matsananciyar ruwa ya fara malalowa cikin tashar kogin, yana fitar da wari mai daɗi ** sulfur ko ruɓaɓɓen kwai a gefen kogin da gadoji**. Idan kuna jin warin sulfur kusa da glacier ko kogin glacial, fitar da filin kwarin nan da nan.
2. Kada ku taɓa shiga cikin kogon ƙanƙara a lokacin ruwan sama mai dumi, narkewar bazara, ko haɓaka aikin girgizar ƙasa: Masu yawon bude ido da ke ziyartar kogon kankara mai shuɗi a gindin glaciers na iya kama su cikin mintuna idan tashoshi na ruwa na ƙarƙashin ruwa suna dawowa ko rushe rufin kankara.
3. Kada ka tsaya a kan gada a kan wani fili na glacial don kallon ambaliyar: Jokulhlaup ba ya zama kamar ruwa mara kyau; slurry ce mai cike da kuzari mai ɗauke da tsaunin ƙanƙara mai faɗin mita 10 zuwa 30 (faɗin ƙafa 33 zuwa 100)* wanda ke tafiya a kilomita 15 zuwa 30 a sa'a guda (kilomita 9 zuwa 19 a cikin sa'a). Waɗannan duwatsun ƙanƙara suna ratsa ramukan gada kuma suna taruwa a kan gada har sai duk gadar babbar hanya ta tsage. Fitar gaba ɗaya daga filin fili mai wankin waje (sandur) kan ƙwanƙwaran tsaunin tudu kafin tsayawa.

Lambobin gaggawa na yanki da ka'idojin hukumar¶

• Amurka: Kira 911 nan da nan (ko tuta ƙasa da National Park Service Dokokin Doka idan an toshe ɗaukar hoto ta bangon canyon; kunna saƙon tauraron dan adam SOS idan a bayan gida). Kula da USGS Yellowstone Observatory Volcano Observatory (YVO), ** Cascade Volcano Observatory (CVO)**, da Alaska Volcano Observatory (AVO) (volcanoes.usgs.gov) don faɗakarwar hydrothermal da glaciovolcanic.
• Iceland: Kira 112 don ceton gaggawa da ** Ƙungiyar Icelandic don Nema da Ceto (ICE-SAR / Landsbjorg). Kula da ** Ofishin Yanayi na Icelandic (IMO / Vedurstofa Islands, vedur.is) da Sashen Kariyar Jama'a da Gudanar da Gaggawa (Almannavarnir / safetravel.is, wanda ke tura gargadin ƙaurawar wayar salula ta SMS na tilas zuwa kowace wayar da ke cikin jokulhlaup ko yankin haɗari mai aman wuta (kamar Myrdalssandur, Skeidararsandur, ko Grindavik).
• New Zealand: Kira 111 don Yan sanda, Wuta da Gaggawa NZ, da Ambulance. Saka idanu GeoNet (geonet.org.nz da ** Sashen Kariya (DOC)** don Matakan Faɗakarwar Wutar Wuta da Haɗaɗɗen ruwa a cikin Taupo Volcanic Zone, Rotorua, Tongariro, da Ruapehu (inda injiniyan ERLAWS tsarin faɗakarwa na sautin lahar / fashewar faɗakarwa yana haifar da ƙofofin shinge na atomatik da sirens).
• ** Tarayyar Turai, Italiya, da Kamchatka / Asiya-Pacific: ** Kira 112 a duk faɗin Turai. A Italiya ( Campi Flegrei / Solfatara phreatic da $ rubutu {CO}_2$ filayen fumarole), bi Protezione Civile da INGV wuraren keɓewa. A Japan (inda fashewar tururi mai aman wuta da \(\ rubutu {H}_2\rubutu {S}\) gas a Dutsen Ontake, Kusatsu-Shirane, da Hakone Owakudani sune manyan haɗari), kira 119 kuma ku bi ** Hukumar Kula da Yanayi ta Japan (JMA)** gargadin volcane.

Tambayoyin da ake yawan yi¶

Shin fashewar hydrothermal a Yellowstone ko Rotorua yana nufin fashewar babban dutsen yana farawa?¶

A'a. A cewar Cibiyar Nazarin Yanayin Kasa ta Amurka (USGS) da GNS Science New Zealand, fashewar hydrothermal abubuwa ne marasa zurfi da ke faruwa a saman 10 zuwa 200 mita (ƙafa 33 zuwa 650) na ɓawon burodi inda ruwa na ƙasa ya haskaka cikin tururi. Ba su haɗa da tashin magma ba kuma ba su ne mafarin fashewar dutsen mai tsauri ba; a gaskiya ma, ƙananan fashewar hydrothermal suna faruwa a wani wuri a cikin Yellowstone kusan kowace shekara, kuma manyan raƙuman ruwa suna busawa a cikin 'yan shekarun da suka gabata zuwa ƙarni yayin da silica ma'adinai ya toshe tashoshi na geyser na kasa.

Me ya sa ba za ku cire narkar da tufafin tafiye-tafiye na roba ba idan wani ya fada cikin ruwan zafi mai zafi?¶

Lokacin da mai tafiya da ke sanye da nailan, polyester, ko suturar polypropylene ya faɗi cikin 93-digiri-Celsius (200-Fahrenheit) ruwan geothermal, zafin zafin jiki yana haifar da ƙaƙƙarfan kauri nan take yayin da yake laushi masana'anta na roba a cikin ɗigon fata. Cire wando ko safa a kan titin jirgi yana zubar da zanen gadon rayuwa, yana haifar da zub da jini mai yawa, yana fallasa dayan jijiyoyi zuwa iska, kuma yana ƙaruwa sosai da kamuwa da cuta da asarar ruwa. Maimakon haka, kwantar da konewar nan da nan ta cikin tufafin tare da ruwan sanyi mai tsafta, a yanke yadudduka maras kyau a gefuna, kuma bari likitocin konewa su lalata kayan da aka manne a ƙarƙashin maganin sa barci.

Ta yaya maɓuɓɓugar ruwan zafi kuma za ta kasance mai ƙarfi acidic ko mai ƙarfi alkaline?¶

Ruwan ƙasan ƙasa sun faɗi cikin nau'o'in sinadarai guda biyu daban-daban waɗanda duka biyun ke lalata jikin ɗan adam da sauri fiye da tsantsataccen ruwan tafasa. Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na acid-sulfate (na kowa a cikin tukwane na laka da tudun fumarole tare da $p \ rubutu {H } 1.2 \ rubutu { zuwa } } } } } } 3.0 $ ) suna samuwa lokacin da iskar hydrogen sulfide ke narke a cikin ruwa mai ƙarancin oxygenated kuma ana sanya shi ta hanyar * Sulfolobus * kwayoyin cuta zuwa cikin sulfuric acid mai karfi, yana ƙara mummunar ƙonewa. Maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na Alkaline-chloride (yawan bayyanannun geysers masu launin shuɗi tare da $p\rubutu {H} 8.5\rubutu{zuwa} }9.5$) suna da wadata a cikin narkar da silica da sodium carbonate; high alkalinity saponifies (narke) da m lipids a cikin mutum cell membranes, kyale thermal zafi shiga zurfi cikin subcutaneous kyallen takarda.

Zan iya tsira idan na taka cikin bazata ta ɓawon ɓawon ɓawon burodi har zuwa gwiwa na?¶

Haka ne, raunin da ya faru na ƙananan ƙafar ƙafar ƙafa yana kusan rayuwa idan kun yi ƙasa da sauri don yada nauyin ku, ku koma kan titin jirgin, ku wanke ƙafar da ruwan sanyi mai tsabta na minti 15 zuwa 20, kuma a kai ku zuwa cibiyar kuna. Yawan mace-mace a cikin hadurran bazara na geothermal yana da alaƙa sosai da adadin jimlar Jikin Jikin Jiki (TBSA) da ya ƙone: nasarorin gwiwa-zuwa gwiwa yawanci suna shafar kashi 7 zuwa 15 cikin 100 na TBSA, yayin da zamewa da farko zuwa cikin ruwan zafi mai tsayi yana haifar da kashi 80 zuwa 100 cikin 100 na TBSA yana ƙonewa cikin sauri.

Menene haɗarin amoeba mai cin kwakwalwa a cikin maɓuɓɓugan zafi na yanayi?¶

Ruwan dumi mai dumi yana gudana tsakanin 25 zuwa 46 digiri Celsius (77 da 115 digiri Fahrenheit) ta hanyar dabi'a * Naegleria fowleri *, amoeba mai rai mai zafi mai zafi wanda ke zaune a cikin ƙasa. Shan ruwan ba ya haifar da kamuwa da cuta, kuma jiƙa daga wuyansa yana da lafiya; Hatsarin yana faruwa ne a lokacin da aka tilasta wa ruwan dumi sama da hanci yayin nutsewa, dunƙule kai, ko fantsama. Amoeba yana tafiya sama da tashoshi na jijiyoyi zuwa cikin kwakwalwa, yana haifar da Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), wanda ke da yawan mace-mace fiye da kashi 97. Koyaushe kiyaye kanku sama da ruwa ko kuma sanya guntun hanci mai matsewa a cikin maɓuɓɓugan ruwa na yanayi. Ɗaukar kwas ɗin taimako na farko daga Red Cross, St John Ambulance, ko mai bada sabis na gida yana koyar da ƙona ceton rai da kulawar gaggawa na muhalli.

Jagora masu alaƙa¶

• Tafkin Glacial ya barke da ambaliya da gazawar dam
• Fashewar limnic da gajimaren iskar carbon dioxide mai aman wuta
• Kone mai tsanani da kuma zubar da sinadarin taimakon gaggawa
• Cyanide, hydrogen sulfide, da iskar gas na masana'antu taimakon farko

Tushen da jagorar hukuma¶

• ** Binciken Kasa na Amurka (USGS) da Yellowstone Volcano Observatory (YVO):** * Fashewar Ruwan Ruwa a Wurin Yellowstone: Makanikai na Fashewar Fasa-zuwa-Steam Decompression, Crater Ballistics, and Geothermal Gas Hazards*.
• United States National Park Service (NPS): Yellowstone Thermal Basin Safety Protocols, Sinter Crust Breakthrough Prevention, and Backcountry Geothermal First Aid.
• ** Ofishin Yanayi na Icelandic (IMO / Tsibirin Vedurstofa) da Almannavarnir (Kariyar Jama'a Iceland):** * Jokulhlaup (Ambaliya ta Farko) Tsarin Gargaɗi na Farko, Tsare-tsaren Kaucewa Katla da Grímsvötn, da Tsaron Yankin Geothermal*.
• GNS Kimiyyar New Zealand (Te Pu Ao) da Sashen Kare (DOC): Taupo Volcanic Zone da Rotorua Hydrothermal Hazard Assessments da Mt. Ruapehu Crater Lake Fashewar Ka'idojin Gargadi.
• Ƙungiyar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Amirka (ABA) da Ƙungiyar Kiwon Lafiyar daji (WMS): * Gudanar da Asibiti na Tsananin Ƙunƙarar Ƙunƙarar Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararrun Ƙwararru )