Ibisasu vy'Umwotsi w'Amazi, Guca mu Gice c'Ikiyaga ca Geyser, n'Ibisasu vy'Ibarafu¶

Ivyumba vy’ubushuhe bwo hasi n’ibibanza vy’ibirunga vy’urubura (nka Pariki y’Igihugu ya Yellowstone muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, Akarere k’Ikirunga ka Taupo na Rotorua muri Nouvelle-Zélande, akarere k’ibirunga muri Islande, Kamchatka, na Andes) biratanga ibihe bitatu vy’ubushuhe bitunguranye, bihuye bishobora gutuma ubuzima bugira ubuzima: amrephrathermal) gutera ivumbi n’ibitandara vy’amabuye amajana n’amajana ata n’umwe yigeze agenda, ugusenyuka kw’ibisigazwa vy’amabuye y’agaciro n’ibisigazwa vy’amabuye y’agaciro mu bidengeri vy’amabuye y’agaciro bifise ubushuhe bwa degre 93 (degre 200-Fahrenheit), n’ibidengeri vy’amabuye y’agaciro bifise ubushuhe bwinshi cane, n’ibidengeri vy’amabuye y’agaciro bifise ubushuhe bwinshi cane, n’ibidengeri vy’amabuye y’agaciro bifise ubushuhe bwinshi cane, n’ibidengeri vy’amabuye y’agaciro bifise ubushuhe bwinshi cane, n’ibidengeri vy’amabuye y’agaciro (subglacial outburst gejohlamal floods) ibirungo vy’amazi bica bishongera ibidengeri bininibinini vy’amazi biri munsi y’igipfukisho c’urubura gushika aho urugomero rw’urubura rumenetse. Vyongeye, ibinogo vy’ubushuhe biri hasi cane be n’ibinogo vy’amazi vyuzuye urubura bifata ibidengeri bitaboneka, bitagira akamoto, vy’ibidengeri vy’amazi (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) n’ivy’umuyagankuba ($\ath{CO}_2col.) bishobora gutuma Iyo habaye ikintu gikomeye mu kiyaga c’ubushuhe bwo hasi canke c’urubura, hamagara ubwo nyene inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika no muri Kanada, 112 hirya no hino mu Bumwe bw’Uburaya na Islande, 111 muri Nouvelle-Zélande, 999 mu Bwongereza) canke urabe urutonde rwacu rw’ibintu vyihutirwa inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Ku bijanye n’ingorane zijanye n’ubutaka, soma uburongozi bwacu ku Ikiyaga c'urubura n'imyuzure n'urugomero rwo gusenyuka, ibirunga, n'ibicu vy'umuyagankuba wo mu kirunga, na guturika cane no gusukura imiti.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Kwiruka mu muyaga no mu ruhande kure y’ikidengeri cose c’amazi canke c’ubushuhe gihinduka bukwi na bukwi, kigatera hejuru cane, canke kigatangura gusohora ibice vy’ibitandara vy’umwirabura. Bitandukanye n’ibiturika vy’amazi bisanzwe bitera amazi meza n’umwotsi mweru, ibiturika vy’ubushuhe bikomeye canebishika munsi ya50). Celsius [degre 347 gushika kuri 482 Fahrenheit]) iraca ibibatsi ubwo nyene ikagira umwotsi, igamenagura igipfukisho c’urutare cari kizitiye. Niwiruke kure y’ikidengeri kiri ku nzira y’amabati mu gihe uriko uraba hejuru kugira ngo wirinde amabuye y’agaciro agenda aragwa, hanyuma ushire umufuko ukomeye, umufuko w’amafoto canke ijaketi ipfutse ku mutwe n’izosi kugira ngo ukingire ibitandara bigwa be n’imvura y’ivu itetse.
2. Ntukigere uva ku nzira z’ibiti zubatswe canke ku nzira z’amabuye zigenewe mu gitereko c’ubushuhe bwo hasi, kandi ntukigere wibira inyuma y’imbwa canke ikintu caguye hasi. Ikintu kimeze nk’ubutaka bukomeye bw’umweru canke bw’umweru iruhande y’isoko ry’amazi ashushe akenshi ni 5-to-20-millimeter-sittle-sittle (0.2-in-lf-0)ter. canke igipande c’amabuye y’agaciro kirengeye umwobo w’amazi abiri canke ivu ry’aside y’ikibiriti (\(p\text{H } 1,5\text{ gushika }2,5\)). Gumana imbwa ku mugozi mugufi ushikamye kure y’ahantu hari ubushuhe; hafi igihe cose umuntu yinjira mw’isoko ry’amazi ry’amazi ry’agahomerabunwa abigiranye umugambi wo kwica, bishika iyo nyen’ico gikoko asimbiramwo kugira ngo akize igikoko co mu nzu kitarekuwe.
3. Nimba hasi hasadutse munsi y’ibirenge vyawe canke ugatera igipfunsi mu gice c’ubushuhe bukeyi, uce utera hasi ku nda yawe ubwo nyene maze ukikubita canke ukikubita inda inyuma ukurikije ibirenge vyawe nyavyo. Guhagarara ugororotse bituma uburemere bw’umubiri wawe bwose bwibanda ku gice gitoyi c’igitsintsiri kimwe c’inkweto. Gutera imbere bikwiragiza uburemere bwawe ku mubiri wawe no ku maguru yawe mu gihe ukura amaguru yawe mu mazi y’imbere mu gitereko.
4. Iyo umuntu aguye mw’isoko ry’amazi ry’ubushuhe canke akamenagura igice c’ubushuhe, uce umukuraho ubwo nyene, ushiremwo amazi akanye meza, kandi NTUKURE impuzu zikozwe mu bihimba vy’umubiri zifatanye. Uce uce ukora aho waturitse n’amazi akonjeye kandi asukuye (never corsi cheol po,ve for) Iminota 15 gushika ku 20 mu gihe uriko urakingira ubushuhe bwinshi, ukate impuzu zishonze zifatanye n’urukoba, uzingure umubiri n’amaguru n’amaboko bimeze neza mu bipande vyumye canke mu bipande vy’ipulasitike, hanyuma ukabikuramwo uciye mu ndege canke mu modoka itwara abarwayi ukaja mu kigo c’akarere kivura abaturitse.
5. Fata impwemu yawe maze uduge mu muyaga ubwo nyene iyo wumvise umunuko w’amagi yaboze azimangana bukwi na bukwi, wumva ugira iseseme bukwi na bukwi, canke ubonye inyoni canke udukoko twapfuye mu mwobo w’ubushuhe bwo hasi. Vyompi hydrogène sulfure (\(\text{H}_2\text na**carbon{S}\)) (\(\text{CO}_2\)) ziremereye kuruta umuyaga n’ibidengeri biri imbere mu binogo vy’amazi bita fumarole, mu binogo vy’imigezi, mu binogo vy’urubura, no mu binogo vy’ubushuhe mu gihe c’amahoro. Hejuru y’ibice 100 kuri miliyoni, \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) irarema umutsi w’uguhumura mu masegonda kugira ngo ntube ugishobora kunumva umunuko w’amagi yaboze imbere gato y’uko 500 gushika ku 1.000 ppm bituma umuntu ahagarika guhema ako kanya.
6. Reka ibiyaya vy’amazi y’urubura (sandur), ibiraro vy’uruzi ruri hasi, n’ibinogo vy’urubura ubwo nyene iyo wumvise umunuko w’ikibiriti ku ruzi rw’urubura, wumva ubutaka buguma buhungabana, canke ubona amazi yanduye afise urubura avuye mu nzira y’urubura. A subglacial outburst ri**jokulge flood ( incuro 100 gushika ku 1.000 mu masaha makeyi, bigakubura ibiraro vy’amabarabara maninimanini bigahamba ibiyaya vy’inkengera vy’ikiyaga bifise ubwaguke bw’ibilometero vyinshi munsi y’amazi avuza induru, ibitandara vy’urubura bingana nk’inzu, n’ibisigazwa vy’ibirunga. Mugende canke mwiruke mugororotse ku mugende w’uruzi muja ku misozi miremire y’ibitandara.

Igiti c'ingingo: ikidengeri c'ubushuhe bwo hasi, ugusenyuka kw'isi, n'ukurokoka kwa jokulhlaup¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ivyihutirwa vy'ubushuhe bwo hasi canke vy'urubura vyabonetse"] --> HazardType{"Ni akaga akahe kadasanzwe kariko karaba ubu?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. GUTURIKA KW’UMWUKO W’AMAZI: Ivu ry’Ivu ryirabura, Igitandara, Ijwi Rikomeye"| SteamBlast["GUKURUKA MU GIHUGU C'IBITURIKA: 1. Kwirukira hejuru y'umuyaga no kure y'aho umuyaga uturuka ku nzira z'amabati 2. Raba hejuru kugira ngo ukurikire no kwirinda amabuye y'agaciro agwa mu mfuruka ndende 3. Ukingira umutwe n'izosi n'isakoshi canke impuzu iremereye kure y'imvura y'ivu ry'ibitoke atast m,150. uruzitiro rw'ikinogo rukora"]

    HazardType -->|"2. GUSOMA MU GIHUGU C’UBUSHUHE: Ibirenge Bitera Biciye mu Sinter Mu Kidengeri Gisha"| CrustBreak{"Mbega uwo muntu yagirijwe icaha aracari mu kidengeri canke ari ku mfuruka?"}

    CrustBreak -->|"Kwikiza: Gusaduka kw’igikoko munsi y’ibirato vyawe bwite"| BellyCrawl["IMMEDIAT PRONE EXTRICATION: 1. NTUFATE iyindi ntambwe igororotse uja imbere 2. Gutera imbere ku nda canke ku maboko no ku mavi kugira ngo ushire uburemere 3. Gukubita canke gukubita inda inyuma ku nzira ikomeye y’amabati canke y’amabuye"]

    CrustBreak -->|"Gutabara abarorereye: Uwagirizwa yarohamye canke yaturiwe"| BurnCare["THERMAL SCALD & ACID TRIAGE: 1. Shikira uwukozweko n’ivyago ukoresheje igiti, ishami, canke umugozi (ntiwigere utera intambwe ku gice c’umubiri gitoya) 2. Uvomere ahantu haturitse n’amazi meza yo kunywa canke y’uruzi (ntiwigere ukoresha amazi y’ubushuhe) 3. NTUKIRE n’urukoba rwapfutse; Hamagara 911 / 112 / 111 kugira ngo uhite gukura abantu mu kibanza c'umuriro"]

    HazardType -->|"3. UMUSHOBO WO MU GAZI Y’UBUSHUHE BW’ISI: Gusinzira, Inyamaswa zo mw’ishamba zipfuye, canke Gusenyuka bukwi na bukwi mu mwobo"| GasEscape["H2S & CO2 GAS POCKET ESCAPE: 1. Uhagarike impwemu ubwo nyene maze uzamuke metero 3 gushika kuri 5 (10 gushika kuri 16 ft) uja hejuru mu muyaga 2. NTUKIGEZE upfukama canke winjire mu mwobo canke mu mwobo w’urubura kugira ngo ukureho umuntu atazi ibintu ataco akora iyo afise impwemu 3. Once. uwagirizwa yakuwe ku ruhande n'umugozi"]

    HazardType -->|"4. GUTURIKA KW’IBIRABU (JOKULHLAUP): Umunuko w’ikibiriti ku ruzi Glacier, Uguhungabana, Amazi y’Umwanda Aduga"| Jokulhlaup["JOKULHLAUP FLOODPLAIN EVACUATION: 1. Sohoka mu binogo vyose vy’urubura, mu biyaya vy’amazi (sandur), no mu bibanza vy’uruzi ubwo nyene 2. Mugende canke muduge ku rutare rukomeye ahantu h’amabuye maremare ahagaze ku kiyaya 3. Ntukigere uhagarara ku bitandara vy’amabuye y’agaciro canke ku bitandara vy’amabuye kure y’ibitandara (ibiraro vy’amabuye)"]

Fizike n'ubutaka bw'ibiturika biva ku bushuhe bw'amazi¶

Abantu benshi basura amaparike y’ubushuhe bwo hasi y’ubutaka biyumvira yuko ibirunga biturika gusa iyo amabuye y’agaciro yitwa magma ashonze aduga hejuru. Mu vy’ukuri, ibiturika vy’ubushuhe bw’amazi (phreatic) bishika kenshi cane kuruta ibiturika vy’ikirunga kandi bisaba zero new magma uprising. Ingero zizwi cane zo muri iki gihe ni nk’igisasu c’amazi co muri Biscuit Basin co muri Nyakanga 2024 muri Pariki y’Igihugu ya Yellowstone, igisasu ca Porkchop Geyser co mu 1989, n’ibinogo bininibinini vy’imbere y’amateka nka Mary Bay n’ikiyaga Turbid.

1. Uburyo bwo guteka bukoresheje umuvuduko wo munsi y’ubutaka (Ukwaguka kw’umuriro gushika ku mwuka)¶

Munsi y’ikidengeri c’amazi yitwa geyser, amazi yo mu butaka azunguruka aciye mu rutare rwa rhyolite canke basalte rwavunitse rushushe n’isoko y’ubushuhe bwimbitse bw’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa magmatique. Kubera ko amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka afatwa umuvuduko w’amazi (uburemere bw’inkingi y’amazi iri hejuru yayo) n’umuvuduko w’amabuye** (kubera ko imvura y’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa silica ifunga imivyimba y’urutare nk’isima), amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka aguma ari amazi ku bushuhe burengeje urugero bwa 175 degree C450. degre Fahrenheit), iri hejuru cane y’aho itera. - Igitera gusenyuka kw’umuyaga: Iyo habaye umutingito mutoyi wo mu karere, ugutemba bukwi na bukwi kw’urugero rw’ikiyaga co hejuru, ugupfuka kw’imbere mu mazi y’ikiyaga, canke ugusenyuka kw’amazi mu gipfukisho c’urutare gipfutse silika, umukazo ku kigega co munsi y’ubutaka gishushe cane uragabanuka ubwo nyene. - Ukwaguka kw’umuvuduko w’amazi 1.600-ku-1: Amazi y’amazi ashushe cane aca ahinduka umwotsi mu milisegonda. Kubera ko akotsi kari ku muvuduko w’ikirere gafata nk’incuro 1.600 z’ubunini bw’amazi ari mu mazi, akotsi gaca ibibatsi karagwira n’ubukazi bw’ibisasu vyinshi, ugasambura igipfukisho c’urutare rwa sinter kiri hejuru maze ugatera amazi ashushe, ivu ry’aside, n’ibilo 500-kilograms (1.100). metero (amafuti 330 gushika ku 2.000) biciye mu kirere** ku muvuduko wo kuva kuri metero 50 gushika ku 150 ku segonda (ibilometero 110 gushika ku 335 kw’isaha).

2. Uko worokoka igisasu c’ubushuhe bw’amazi kiri hafi¶

1. Menya ibimenyetso vy’amasegonda 10 gushika kuri 60: Imbere gato y’uko amazi aturika, isoko ry’ubururu canke ry’icatsi kibisi rishobora gutera bukwi na bukwi n’ivu ryirabura canke ryirabura, igisenge kinini c’amazi c’uburebure bwa metero 2 gushika kuri 5 (amafuti 6,5 gushika kuri 16,5) gishobora gutera hejuru y’uruzi munsi y’ibirenge.
2. Nimwiruke mugenda mu nzira y’amabati; NTUZIGEZE usimbuka uva ku nzira y’amabati uja mu gice c’ubushuhe gikikuje: Ubwoba butuma abantu bariko barahunga igisasu basimbuka bava ku mpande z’inzira y’amabati, bagatera ibipfunsi bagororotse biciye mu nzira y’amabati y’ibiti, bakaja mu bidengeri biri hafi y’aho bifise ubushuhe bwa degre 93 (degree 200-Fahrenheit). Gumana ku mbaho ​​z’ibiti canke inzira y’amabuye yashinzwe.
3. Raba ikirere maze wirinde ibitandara vy’amabuye y’agaciro: Ibitare bininibinini bivuye mu mfuruka ya degre 45 gushika kuri 80 bifata amasegonda 4 gushika kuri 12 kugira ngo bishike ku mpera y’uruzitiro rwavyo maze bisubire kugwa kw’isi. Mu buryo butandukanye n’umupfunda w’ibisasu, ibitandara bigwa birashobora gukurikirana n’amaso; ushire amaso hejuru uko usubira inyuma kugira ngo ushobore gusohoka ibubamfu canke iburyo mu nzira y’urutare, kandi ufate umufuko hejuru y’umutwe wawe kugira ngo unywe utubuye dutoduto n’ibitoke vy’ivu bihiye.

Kugereranya ingorane ziterwa n'ubushuhe bwo hasi n'iz'ibirunga¶

Kurokoka ubushuhe buva ku butaka no kuvura ubushuhe burengeje urugero¶

Muri Yellowstone, Rotorua na Islande, abashitsi benshi barapfa canke bagacika intege ubudasiba kubera gutera intambwe canke kugwa mu masoko ashushe kuruta ibindi bibazo vyose vy’ikirunga vyose hamwe.

1. Kubera iki ubutaka bufise ubushuhe bwo hasi ari umutego uhishijwe¶

Uko amazi ashushe cane aduga avuye mu bivunitse bikomeye, arasenyura silika (\(\text{SiO}_2\)) canke karbonate ya calcium (\(\text{CaCO}_3\)) mu rutare rw’ikirunga. Iyo ayo mazi ashitse ku kidengeri co hejuru gikonje cane, ayo mabuye y’agaciro arasohoka akikuje urubibi rw’isoko, akagira ibipande vy’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa siliceous sinter (geyserite) canke travertine bikura hanze hejuru y’amazi abiri nk’urubura rworoshe rwo ku kidengeri. Ico gihe nyene, umwotsi w’aside uriko uraduga (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) uhinduka \(\text{H}_2\text{SO}_4\)) utuma urutare rukomeye rukikuje ruhinduka ibumba ry’akaolinite ryoroshe kandi ryinyerera. Igipande c’ubutaka kimeze nk’urutare rwera rwumye gishobora kuba ari igikoko c’amabuye y’agaciro c’uburebure bwa sentimetero 1 (uburebure bwa 0,4 inch) hejuru y’igitereko c’ubushuhe bwa degre 95 (degre 203 Fahrenheit).

2. Intambwe ku yindi kwitwararika umuntu yaturitse imbere y'uko aja mu bitaro¶

Iyo umwana canke umuntu akuze aguye mu mfuruka y’ubushuhe canke mw’isoko ry’amazi ashushe: 1. Extricate from solid footing only: Ntukigere uva ku nzira y’amabati ukaja ku ruhande rw’igiti gikomeye kugira ngo ufate umuntu, canke iyo etagere izosenyuka munsi yanyu mwempi. Uryama ku mfuruka y’ibiti, urambure igiti co gutemberamwo, ikirenge c’amaguru atatu, ijaketi canke umukanda, hanyuma ukwegere uwo muntu yagirizwa hejuru ku mbaho ​​z’ibiti. 2. Ukonjeshe aho waturitse ubwo nyene n'amazi meza, atagira ubushuhe (Hagarika igikorwa co guturika): - Amazi atetse y’ubushuhe bwo hasi afashwe mu masoseti y’ubwoya, mu nkweto zo gutemberamwo, no mu mpuzu za jeans, arabandanya guteka urukoba rwinshi cane gushika ku minota 3 inyuma y’aho uwo muntu akuwe mu kidengeri. - Ubwo nyene usuke amazi akanye meza ava mu macupa y’amazi, mu mapaki y’amazi, canke mu mugezi w’amazi meza atagira ubushuhe ku bibanza vyaturitse. Ntukigere ukoresha amazi yibitse mu kidengeri co hafi canke mu mugezi ushushe, ashobora kuba ashushe, afise aside canke yanduye. - Kata imigozi y’ibirato n’impuzu zo hanze zitashonze ukoresheje umukemu canke imbugita yo mu mufuko, ariko NTUZIGEZE utaburura canke ushireko impuzu canke amasogisi y’ivyuma yashonze kandi afatanye n’urukoba rwari rwuzuye ibivyimba, kuko kubikuraho bikuraho urukoba rwose n’urukoba rwo mu mufuko. 3. Uburinganire bw'ugukonja kw'umuriro ku bijanye n'ububabare bw'umubiri: - Iyo umuriro upfutse ibice bitari munsi ya 15 kw’ijana vy’uburebure bwose bw’umubiri (TBSA) (nk’ikirenge kimwe canke ukuguru kwo hasi kwaciye mu gice c’umubiri), ukomeze gukonjesha igihimba c’umubiri n’amazi meza akonje mu minota 15 gushika kuri 20 kugira ngo uhagarike ugutera kw’umururumba no gukuraho aside iyo ari yo yose. - Iyo uwo muntu yashikiwe n’indwara y’ukwibiza umubiri wose (>20 gushika kuri 30 kw’ijana TBSA), inzitizi y’urukoba rwiwe irasenyuka maze bazoca batakaza ubushuhe bw’umubiri bw’imbere ningoga maze baje mu ndwara y’ugusha kw’umubiri (hypovolemic burn shock). Ushobora gusukura ivyondo bihiye maze ugakonjesha urukoba mu minota mikeyi 1 canke 2, hanyuma uzingire uwo muntu mu bipande vyumye kandi bitagiramwo ubumara, uburengeti busukuye bwa Mylar hejuru y’impuzu yumye, canke igitambaro co mu gikoni c’ipulasitike gisukuye gishizwe mu buryo burebure nk’uko bimeze nk’ibipfukisho vyumye (neverly amaguru n’amaboko yaturitse aravyimba cane mu minota mikeyi). 4. Guma umurwayi ari maso, asusurutse, kandi ahagaze, kandi uhamagara helicopter medevac: Ntuhe amazi mu kanwa iyo umurwayi afise >20 kw’ijana vy’ibiturika vya TBSA, ariko araruha, canke azokenera guterwa umuti w’umutima vyihutirwa iyo ashitse mu bitaro. Ku bijanye n’ingene wocungera umuriro, raba guturika cane no gusukura imiti.

Guhunga imitego y'umuyaga w'iyidrojeni (\(\igisomwa{H}_2\igisomwa{S}\)) n'umuyagankuba (\(\igisomwa{CO}_2\))¶

Ivyombo vy’ubushuhe bwo hasi biguma bisohora umwotsi uvanze n’umwuka w’ikibiriti (\(\text{CO}_2\)), umwuka w’ikibiriti (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)), n’umwotsi w’ikibiriti (\(\text{SO}_2\)). - Kubera iki amabara ari hasi aba ivyumba vy’umuyaga wica: Ku bushuhe n’umuvuduko bisanzwe, \(\text{CO}_2\) ifise uburemere bwihariye bwa 1.52 na \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) ifise uburemere bwihariye bwa 1.19 ugereranyije n’umuyaga usanzwe (1.00). Ku muhingamo w’umuyaga, umuvurungano uravanga maze ukagabanya izo gazi ata co zitwaye. Mu gitondo gituje kandi gikanye, mu gihe ubushuhe bwo mu kirere buhinduka, canke imbere mu mfuruka y’urubura, mu mwobo canke mu mwonga, izo gazi ziremereye zirarohama zigaca zigira ikiyaga kitaboneka, gihagaze c’imyuka yica, ifise uburebure bwa metero 0,5 gushika kuri 2 (amafuti 1,6 gushika ku 6,5 y’uburebure bw’ubutaka. - Umutego w’ugusenyuka kw’umunyu w’ihydrogène sulfure: Ku bipimo bitobito (\(0.01\text{ gushika }5\text{ ppm}\)), \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) iranuka cane nk’amagi yaboze. Ariko rero, iyo \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) iri hagati ya 100 na 150 ppm, iratuma umutsi w’umuntu ugira umunuko mu minota 2 gushika kuri 15. Umuntu agendagenda mu misozi yinjira mu mufuko w’amazi yihariye, aca yiyumvira bukwi na bukwi ko ikirere cavuyeho kubera ko umunuko w’amagi aboze uzimangana; haciye intambwe zibiri, ku 500 gushika ku 1.000 ppm, impwemu imwe gusa ya \(\text{H}_2\text{S}\) irafatanya n’imitsi y’ubwonko yitwa cytochrome c oxidase iri mu gice c’ubwonko, igatuma umuntu ahita abura ubwenge ("ugutera imbere mu nzu y’ububiko") n’uguhema. - Itegeko ryo gukiza: Niwabona umugenzi, umukozi, canke igikoko kinini kivyara kiryamye ata co kizi mu mwobo w’ubushuhe bwo hasi, mu mwobo w’urubura, canke mu mwobo w’amazi ashushe, NTUMANUKE mu kinogo kugira ngo usuzume ingene umutima wabo utera. Fata impwemu yawe, guma ku muyaga wo hejuru gusa, igiti, canke umugozi ufise amaboko nimba ushobora kuguma wose mu mugende w’umuyaga mushasha uva hejuru; ahandi ho hamagara abajejwe ivy’ubutabazi kugira ngo bagufashe gutabara n’ibikoresho vyo guhema (SCBA). Soma ivyacu cyanide, hydrogène sulfure, na gazi y'inganda guhumeka ubufasha bwa mbere.

Kurokoka umwuzure wo munsi y’urubura (jokulhlaup)¶

Ikomoka ku jambo ry'ikinyaislande risobanura "ugusimbuka kw'urubura," jokulhlaup ni umwuzure w'ivyago urekurwa munsi y'urubura canke igipfukisho c'urubura. Naho ibiyaga bimwebimwe vyitwa jokulhlaups bikura amazi mu biyaga biri ku nkengera y’urubura mu misi myinshi, ibintu biteye akaga kuruta ibindi vyose bishika mu bibanza vy’urubura bikoreshwa n’ibirunga (nk’i Vatnajokull na Myrdalsjokull / Katla muri Islande, Umusozi Rainier aho Redoubt / Chiska, Alaska canke glaci muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika) ama calderas y’ubushuhe bwo munsi y’urubura canke ibirunga biturika biri munsi y’urubura bica bishongera amazi agera ku metero kibe amamiliyoni munsi y’urubura rw’amametero amajana.

1. Ingene jokulhlaup yubaka kandi akamenagura .¶

Uko ubushuhe bwo hasi bupfukura munsi y’igipfukisho c’urubura mu mezi canke amasaha, ikiyaga co munsi y’urubura kirarundanira imbere mu gipfukisho c’urutare canke mu gitereko c’urubura. Iyo uburebure n’inguvu z’amazi vy’ayo mazi yafunzwe bishitse nko ku 90 kw’ijana vy’uburebure bw’urugomero rw’urubura ruri hejuru yarwo (kubera ko urubura rufise uburemere bw’amadolari 0,917 ku sentimetero kibe$ ugereranyije n’amazi y’amazi afise uburemere bw’amadolari 1,00 ku sentimetero kibe y’amazi, imigende y’amazi yo munsi y’urubura biciye mu gushonga kw’imitsi. Amazi akonje cane, ivu ry’ikirunga, amabuye n’ibipande vy’urubura vy’amatoni 1.000 biraturika biva mu nzira y’urubura bikajabuka ikiyaya c’amazi gisanzwe (sandur). Mu gihe c’uruzi rwa Gjallp rwo mu 1996 muri Islande, uruzi Skeidararhlaup jokulhlaup rwashitse ku rugero rwo hejuru rwo gusohoka metero kibe 50.000 ku segonda (amafuti kibe miliyoni 1,76 ku segonda), mu gihe gitoyi rwacitse uruzi rwa kabiri runini kuruta izindi zose kw’isi rugenda rugenda nk’uruzi rwitwa steel.

2. Amategeko yo gukira ubwo nyene mu biyaya vy’amazi y’urubura no mu binogo vy’urubura¶

1. Wumvirize ikimenyetso #1 c’imburi y’imbere y’igihe, akamoto k’amagi aboze (\(\text{H}_2\text{S}\)) ku ruzi rw’urubura: Ibiyaga bifise ubushuhe bwo hasi y’urubura vyuzuyemwo ivyuma vy’amazi vy’amazi vyuzuye. Amasaha makeyi imbere y’uko umupfunda munini w’umwuzure uturika uva ku mpera y’urubura, amazi yo munsi y’urubura afise umukazo atangura gusesa mu mugende w’uruzi, akarekura akamoto k’ikibiriti canke k’amagi aboze ku nkengera z’uruzi no ku biraro. Niwaba wumvise ikibiriti hafi y’urubura canke uruzi rufise urubura, uce ubwo nyene uva mu kiyaya.
2. Ntukigere winjira mu mwobo w’urubura uri munsi y’urubura mu gihe c’imvura isusurutse, mu gihe c’ugutonyanga kw’impeshi, canke mu gihe c’ibikorwa vy’imitingito bikomeye: Abagenzi basura imyonga y’urubura y’ubururu busanzwe iri ku musozi w’urubura bashobora gufatwa mu minota mikeyi iyo imigende y’amazi yo munsi y’urubura isubiye hejuru canke igasenyuka igisenge c’urubura.
3. Ntukigere uhagarara ku kiraro kiri hejuru y’ikiyaya c’urubura kugira ngo urabe umwuzure: Jokulhlaup ntiyigenza nk’amazi asukuye; ni ivyuma vy’amazi vyuzuye cane bitwara ibitandara vy’urubura vy’ubwaguke bwa metero 10 gushika kuri 30 bigenda ku bilometero 15 gushika kuri 30 kw’isaha. Ivyo bitandara vy’urubura biratera mu bitandara vy’ikiraro maze bikarundanywa ku bibanza vy’ikiraro gushika aho ikiraro cose co ku nzira ndende gitaburutse. Mugende rwose mu kiyaya c’amazi (sandur) mugende ku misozi ikomeye y’amabuye y’agaciro imbere y’uko muhagarara.

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo¶

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Hamagara 911 ubwo nyene (canke ushire ibendera ku mucungezi w’amategeko w’Igihugu c’Ibidukikije nimba ubuhinga bwo gukingira amatelefone buzibiwe n’inkuta z’imibande; ukoreshe intumwa y’inyenyeri SOS nimba uri mu gihugu c’inyuma). Gukurikirana Ikigo ca USGS kijejwe gucungera ikirunga Yellowstone (YVO), Ikigo kijejwe gucungera ikirunga Cascade (CVO), na Ikigo kijejwe gucungera ikirunga ca Alaska (AVO) (volcanoes.usgs.gov) ku bijanye n’imburi z’ubushuhe bw’amazi n’ivy’ibirunga vy’urubura.
• Islande: Hamagara 112 kugira ngo ubone ubutabazi bwihutirwa hamwe n'Ishirahamwe ry'abashakashatsi n'abatabara ryo muri Islande (ICE-SAR / Landsbjorg). Gukurikirana Ibiro vy’Ivy’Imibumbe vyo muri Islande (IMO / Ibirwa vya Vedurstofa, vedur.is) na Igisata c’Ukurinda Abanyagihugu n’Ivy’Ivyihutirwa (Almannavarnir / safetravel.is), zisunika imburi z’uguhunga zitegekanijwe zica ku mbuga ngurukanabumenyi zitegekanijwe kuri telefone yose iri imbere mu karere k’akaga k’ikirunga (nka Myrdalssandur, Skeidararsandur canke Grindavik).
• Nouvelle-Zélande: Hamagara 111 ku Polisi, Umuriro n'Ivyihutirwa NZ, na Ambulance. Gukurikirana Ubutaka (geonet.org.nz) na Igisata c’Ukubungabunga Ibidukikije (DOC) ku bijanye n’Ivyiyumviro vy’Ikirunga n’ivyago vy’ubushuhe bw’amazi mu karere k’Ikirunga ca Taupo, Rotorua, Tongariro, na Ruapehu (aho ubuhinga bwo kugabisha ERLAWS bushingiye ku majwi lahar/uguturika butera amarembo y’inzitizi yikora).
• Ubumwe bw'Uburaya, Ubutaliyano, na Kamchatka / Aziya-Pacifique: Hamagara 112 mu Buraya bwose. Mu Butaliyano (ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi), ukurikize Uburinzi bw’Abanyagihugu n’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi bita INGV. Mu Buyapani (aho ibiturika vy’umwotsi w’ikirunga be n’imifuko y’umuyagankuba ku musozi Ontake, Kusatsu-Shirane, na Hakone Owakudani ari akaga gakomeye), hamagara 119 maze ukurikize Ikigo c’Ubuyapani kijejwe ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere (JMA) imburi z’ikirunga.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Mbega igihe amazi aturika i Yellowstone canke i Rotorua, vyoba bisobanura ko ikirunga gikomeye cane kiriko kiratangura guturika?¶

Oya, nk’uko bivugwa n’ishirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi ry’ubutaka ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USGS) be n’ishirahamwe ryitwa GNS Science New Zealand, ibisasu vy’ubushuhe bw’amazi ni ibintu bishika ku metero 10 gushika ku 200 (amafuti 33 gushika ku 650) vy’ubutaka aho amazi yo mu butaka ari amazi agenda arahinduka umwotsi. Ntibirimwo ukuduga kw’amabuye y’agaciro kandi si imbere y’uguturika kw’ikirunga c’amabuye y’agaciro; nkako, ututurika dutoduto tw’ubushuhe bw’amazi turaba ahantu kanaka muri Yellowstone hafi buri mwaka, kandi ibinogo bininibinini biraturika inyuma y’imyaka mirongo mikeyi gushika ku binjana n’ibindi igihe amabuye y’agaciro yitwa silica afunga imigende y’amazi yo munsi y’ubutaka.

Ni kuki utoshobora gukurako impuzu zo gutembera mu misozi zikozwe mu bihimba vy’umubiri zishonze iyo umuntu aguye mw’isoko ry’amazi ry’umuriro ry’umuriro?¶

Iyo umuntu agendagenda mu misozi yambaye impuzu z’inylon, polyester canke polypropylene aguye mu mazi afise ubushuhe bwa degre 93 (degre 200), ubushuhe butera butera urukoba rwo mu mutwe rwo mu gihe nyene ruca ruca mu mpuzu zikozwe mu mpuzu zikozwe mu bihimba vy’umubiri zifise ibivyimba. Gutabura amapantalo canke amasoseti afashe ku nzira y’amabati biratabura amabara y’urukoba rufise ubuzima ruri munsi y’urukoba, bituma umuntu ava amaraso menshi, bituma imitsi y’umubiri iguma mu kirere, kandi bituma umuntu agira indwara nyinshi cane kandi akabura amazi. Ahubwo, uce ubwo nyene ukonjesha aho hantu haturitse biciye mu mpuzu ukoresheje amazi akanye meza, ukate gusa impuzu zidakomeye zikikuje imirongo, hanyuma ureke abaganga babaga aho hantu haturitse bakureho ivyo bintu vyafatanye n’ivyo bikoresho bakoresheje uburyo bwo gutera umuti w’indwara.

Ni gute isoko ry’amazi ry’ubushuhe ryoshobora kuba rifise aside nyinshi canke rifise alkali nyinshi?¶

Amazi y’ubushuhe bwo hasi agira imigwi ibiri itandukanye y’imiti, iyo miti yose ishobora gusenyura utugingo ngengabuzima tw’umuntu vyihuta kuruta amazi asukuye abiri. Amasoko y’aside-sulfate (asanzwe mu bibindi vy’ivu no mu misozi y’amafumarole afise $p\text{H } 1.2\text{ gushika }3.0$) abaho igihe gazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi y’amazi. Amasoko y’amazi y’umunyu (amazi menshi y’ubururu bugaragara afise $p\text{H } 8,5\text{ gushika }9,5$) aratunze silika n’amazi y’umunyu; alkalinity nyinshi zituma amavuta y’ibinure ari mu ngingo z’umubiri w’umuntu agira isabune, ivyo bikaba bituma ubushuhe bw’ubushuhe bwinjira cane mu bihimba vyo munsi y’urukoba.

Noba noshobora kurokoka iyo nciye mu mpanuka nciye mu gice c’umubiri gikomeye cane gushika ku ivi?¶

Egome, ibikomere vyo mu maguru yo hasi bishobora gukira iyo uhise ugwa hasi kugira ngo ushire uburemere bwawe, ugasubira ku nzira y’amabati, ugasukura ukuguru n’amazi meza akanye mu minota 15 canke 20, hanyuma ukajanwa mu kibanza co guturika. Impfu mu mpanuka z’amasoko y’ubushuhe bwo hasi zifitaniye isano rikomeye n’ijanisha ry’uburebure bwose bw’umubiri (TBSA) buturitse: guca mu maguru gushika ku mavi bikunda gutera 7 gushika ku 15 kw’ijana vya TBSA, mu gihe gunyerera umutwe imbere mu gice c’amasoko y’ubushuhe buteye igomwe bitera TBSA burd1. ivyo bishobora kwica ningoga.

Ni ikihe kigeragezo c’ibikoko vyitwa amoeba birya ubwonko biri mu masoko y’amazi ashushe asusurutse?¶

Amasoko y’amazi meza asusurutse ari hagati ya degre 25 na 46 (degre 77 na 115) mu bisanzwe arafise *Naegleria fowleri*, igikoko citwa amoeba gikunda ubushuhe, kikaba kiba mu bikoko vyo hasi. Kunywa ayo mazi ntibitera indwara, kandi gutobeka kuva mw’izosi gushika hasi ntaco bitwaye; akaga gashika iyo amazi y’isoko asusurutse akoreshejwe ku nguvu mu nzira z’amazuru mu gihe uriko uribira, uriko urabika umutwe canke uriko urasuka. Ico gikoko citwa amoeba kiraduga mu mitsi y’ubwonko kija mu bwonko, kigatuma umuntu agira indwara y’ubwonko yitwa Primaire Amebic Meningoencephalitis (PAM), iyo ndwara ikaba ishobora gutuma umuntu apfa arenga 97 kw’ijana. Igihe cose umutwe wawe ushire hejuru y’amazi canke wambare igipfukisho c’izuru gikomeye mu masoko asusurutse kamere. Gufata inyigisho y’ubutabazi bwa mbere y’amaboko iva ku musaraba utukura, St John Ambulance, canke umuganga wo mu karere yigisha ubuzima bwo gukiza ubuzima n’ukwitaho ibidukikije vyihutirwa.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ikiyaga c'urubura caraturitse n'imyuzure n'uguhunga kw'urugomero
• Ivyuka vy'ikirunga n'ibicu vy'umuyaga w'ikirunga
• Guturika cane no gusukura imiti ubutabazi bwa mbere
• Cyanide, hydrogène sulfure, na gazi y'inganda guhumeka ubutabazi bwa mbere

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ivy’ubutaka (USGS) n’ikigo kijejwe ivy’ikirunga ca Yellowstone (YVO): Ibiturika biva ku bushuhe bw’amazi muri Pariki y’Igihugu ya Yellowstone: Ubuhinga bwo gukuraho ubushuhe bw’amazi buva ku mwuka, ubuhinga bwo gutera ibisasu mu binogo, n’ivyago biva ku gazi y’ubushuhe.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika ryitaho ibidukikije (NPS): Imirongo ngenderwako y’umutekano w’ibiyaga vy’ubushuhe vyo mu mazi y’i Yellowstone, ukwirinda gusenyuka kw’ibiyaga vy’amabuye y’agaciro, n’ubufasha bwa mbere buva ku bushuhe bwo mu mazi.
• Ibiro vy’Igihugu vy’Igihugu vy’Ivy’Imibumbe (IMO / Ibirwa vya Vedurstofa) na Almannavarnir (Igihugu c’Ubuhinga bwo Gukingira Abanyagihugu muri Islande): Uburyo bwo kugabisha imbere y’igihe bwa Jokulhlaup (Umwuzure wo munsi y’urubura), imigambi yo guhunga abantu i Katla na Grímsvötn, n’umutekano wo mu karere k’ubushuhe bwo hasi.
• GNS Science Nouvelle-Zélande (Te Pu Ao) n’Igisata kijejwe kubungabunga ibidukikije (DOC): Isuzuma ry’akaga k’ubushuhe bw’amazi mu karere k’ikirunga ca Taupo na Rotorua hamwe n’amasezerano y’imburi ku bijanye n’uguturika kw’ikiyaga ca Mt. Ruapehu.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ryitaho ivy’uguturika (ABA) n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuvuzi bwo mu Bugaragwa (WMS): Ugufasha imbere y’uko umuntu aja mu bitaro ku bijanye n’uguturika cane kubera ubushuhe n’imiti mu bibanza vya kure.