Ivyumba vy'ikigeragezo: umwanya wongereweko, icumba gitandukanye n'ingene wobaza¶

Ivyumba vy’ikizame, vyitwa kandi intunganyo zo gushika ku vyo umuntu ashobora gushikako, uguhindura bibereye canke ugushigikira ibizame, ni uguhindura ingene ikizame gifatwa kugira ngo umunyeshure afise ubumuga, afise ubumuga canke afise itandukaniro mu kwiga ashobore kwerekana ivyo azi. Igihe co kwongerako, icumba gitandukanye, akaruhuko, igisomwa canke mudasobwa ni ingero zisanzwe. Ntibatanga inyungu idakwiriye. Bakuraho inzitizi idafitaniye isano n’ubumenyi ikibazo gishaka gupima.

Abanyeshure benshi boba bashoboye ntibazokwigera babaza, kubera ko bamaramaye, ntibazi ingene bigenda, canke bakiyumvira ko inyishu izoba oya. Iyi nkuru irasigura ivyo ushobora kuronka, ingene wobisaba, ibimenyamenya woshobora gukenera, ingene uburenganzira bwawe butandukanye hakurikijwe igihugu, n’igituma igihe gihambaye. Yandikiwe abanyeshure n’abavyeyi, kandi irasigura igihe co kubonana n’umujanama, umuganga canke umurongo w’ingorane.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Bwira ishure ryawe uno musi, naho ikizame coba kiri hafi. Baza umukozi w’ibizame, umuhuzabikorwa w’ivy’uburezi budasanzwe, ibiro vy’ugufasha mu kwiga canke umujanama w’ishure, umubwire ko ukeneye uburaro bw’ibizame.
2. Baza igihe co guhera n’ibimenyamenya bikenewe. Igihe co guhera gishirwaho n’amashure n’inzego z’ibizame kandi gishobora kuba amayinga canke amezi imbere. Wandike amatariki.
3. Usabe umuganga canke umuhinga mu vy’ubuvuzi nimba udafise ivyangombwa. Usabe ikete canke raporo idondora uko umeze n’ingene bigira ico bikoze ku bizamini.
4. Kwegeranya amakuru asanzweho. Kwegeranya ivyigwa vya kera, imigambi y’uburezi bw’umuntu ku giti ciwe, imigambi 504, amakete y’ubuvuzi, canke raporo z’aho umuntu yahora aba.
5. Saba uburaro bwihariye mu kwandika. Sigura ivyo ukeneye, igituma, n’ingene bifasha. Bika kopi.
6. Kurikirana kandi wimenyereze. Usabe kwemezwa mu kwandika, hanyuma wimenyereze n’aho uba, nk’ukwifatanya n’igihe c’inyongera, kugira ngo wumve ko ari ibisanzwe ku musi.

Nimba amagara yawe canke umutekano wawe biri mu kaga ubwo nyene, hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza). Ivyo inomero z'ivyihutirwa urupapuro ruvuga urutonde rw'abantu bo mu bindi bihugu.

Icumbi ni irihe¶

Icumbi rihindura ingene ikibazo gishikirizwa canke ingene wishura, ataco uhinduye ku co ikibazo gipima. Ihinduka, mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo, rihindura ibirimwo canke urugero rw’ikibazo ubwaco, kandi akenshi ntiriboneka ku bizamini vyo hanze. Iryo tandukaniro rirahambaye kubera ko amacumbi menshi yemezwa ubudasiba iyo hari ibimenyamenya biyashigikira, mu gihe ivyo guhindura ari bike.

Icumbi rusangi¶

Inzego zitandukanye z’ibizame zikoresha amazina atandukanye n’imipaka itandukanye. Imisi yose nusuzume amategeko y’ikibazo cawe kidasanzwe, kuko ivyo vyemewe mu kigeragezo c’ishure bishobora gutandukanywa n’ikibazo c’igihugu.

Ni nde ashobora gukwije ibisabwa¶

Ukwemererwa bivana n’ivyo umuntu akeneye, si ikimenyetso. Abanyeshure bashobora guhabwa uburaro iyo bafise:

• Ingorane yihariye yo kwiga nk’ubumuga bwo kutamenya gusoma neza, ubumuga bwo kutamenya gusoma neza canke ubumuga bwo kutamenya kwandika neza.
• Indwara y’ukubura ukwitwararika.
• Ivyerekeye ubumuga bwo mu mutwe.
• Ingwara y’amaganya, akabonge, indwara y’ubwoba canke iyindi ndwara yo mu mutwe.
• Ubumuga bwo ku mubiri canke indwara y’igihe kirekire nk’indwara y’igisukari, igicuri, ububabare budahera canke indwara y’umutima.
• Ubumuga bwo kubona canke bwo kwumva.
• Ivy’igihe gito nk’ukuboko kwavunitse, guhungabana canke indwara ikomeye.
• Ururimi rukenewe, mu mirongo imwimwe ku banyeshure bariko bariga ururimi rw’ikibazo.

Nimba utazi neza nimba ukwije ibisabwa, nubaze. Ishure canke ishirahamwe ry’ibizame ni ryo rifata ingingo, ariko ntushobora kwanka ikintu utigeze usaba.

Uburenganzira bwawe hakurikijwe igihugu¶

Uburenganzira n’ingene bigenda biratandukanye cane. Incamake ziri aha hepfo ni rusangi kandi zifise amazina y’ibihugu. Amategeko arahinduka, rero suzuma amategeko ariho ubu y'ubuyobozi bw'uburezi bwawe n'inama y'ibizame.

Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika .¶

• Amategeko. Igice ca 504 c’Itegeko ry’Isubirana, Itegeko ry’Abanyamerika bafise Ubumuga n’Itegeko ry’Uburezi bw’Abantu Bafise Ubumuga birinda abanyeshure bafise ubumuga. Amashure ya Leta atanga uburaro biciye mu mugambi w’inyigisho ku muntu ku giti ciwe canke umugambi wa 504. Amashure yisumbuye arazitanga biciye ku biro vy’abamugaye.
• Ibizame bihuye. Inama y’amashure yisumbuye (SAT, Advanced Placement), ACT, n’abandi batanga ibizame barafise uburyo bwabo. Abanyeshure bafise umugambi w’ishure uriho barashobora kuwukoresha nk’igice c’ugusaba, ariko kwemererwa bifatwa n’uwutanga ikibazo.
• Igihe. Inama y’amashure yisumbuye irahanura abanyeshure gusaba imbere y’igihe, kandi ivuga ko gusubiramwo bishobora gutwara amayinga menshi, rero gusaba kare. ACT kandi irahanura gusaba uburaro hakiri kare. Suzuma igihe c’iherezo casohowe n’umutangabuguzi wese.
• Ibimenyamenya. Abatanga ubuvuzi akenshi basaba ivyangombwa, nk’umugambi w’ishure, raporo z’isuzuma canke ikete ry’umuhinga, n’insobanuro y’ingene iyo ndwara igira ico ikoze ku gupima.
• Iyo yanse. Abatanga ubufasha bompi barafise uburyo bwo kujurira. Abavyeyi barashobora kandi gusaba akarere k’ishure ngo kabafashe, aho uburenganzira buhonyanzwe, bagatanga ikirego ku biro vy’uburenganzira bwa muntu.

Ku bindi ku migambi y’ishure n’amatati, raba uburongozi ku uburezi budasanzwe IEP n'uguhagarika bidakwiye.

Mu Bwongereza¶

• Amategeko. Itegeko ry’uburinganire ryo mu 2010 risaba amashure n’inzego z’ibizame guhindura ibintu bibereye ku banyeshure bafise ubumuga bo mu Bwongereza, Ecosse na Pays de Galles. Irlande y’Uburaruko irafise amategeko yayo yerekeye ivangura ry’abamugaye.
• Ivyiyumviro. Ku vyerekeye impamyabushobozi nyinshi rusangi, Inama Nkuru y’Impamyabushobozi ishiraho amategeko agenga ivy’ugushikira, avuga umwanya wongereweko, akaruhuko k’akaruhuko, abasomyi, abanditsi n’ibindi. Ishure canke ishure ryisumbuye ritanga ubusabe bwo gutunganirizwa kwinjira, kandi umugenzuzi yoshobora gukenera gukora ikibazo, nk’akarorero kugira ngo umuntu agire umwanya wongereweko.
• Ibimenyamenya. Ishure canke kaminuza akenshi rikeneye ibimenyamenya vy’uko bikenewe n’uburyo busanzwe bwo gukora, ivyo bisigura ko umunyeshure asanzwe akoresha iyo nkunga mw’ishure. Akenshi bisaba ko umuntu asuzumwa mu buryo butegekanijwe n’umugenzuzi afise ubushobozi kugira ngo umuntu aronke umwanya wongereweko.
• Igihe. Igihe co guhera gishirwaho n’inzego z’ibizame kandi akenshi kiba mu mpera z’umwaka ku bizamini vyo mu ci. Baza umukozi wawe w’ibizame amatariki ariho.
• Ivyiyumviro bidasanzwe. Iyo hari ikintu kigenda nabi mu gihe c’ikibazo, nk’indwara canke ukubura, ishure rirashobora gusaba ko bifatwa mu buryo budasanzwe. Raba uburongozi kuri umunsi w'ikibazo n'ivyihutirwa.

Muri Irlande¶

• Komisiyo ya Leta y’Ibizamini irarongora uburaro bubereye mu bizamini vy’Icemezo, bizwi nka RACE. Amashure arasaba mw’izina ry’abanyeshure, afise ibimenyamenya bishigikira, iyo komisiyo na yo igafata ingingo. Baza umwigisha w’ishure ryawe afasha mu kwiga canke umujanama w’ubuyobozi ku bijanye n’ingene bigenda n’igihe co guhera.

Muri Kanada¶

• Uburezi ni inshingano y’intara, rero amategeko aratandukanye hakurikijwe intara n’intara. Amategeko y’uburenganzira bwa muntu asaba uburaro bubereye ku bw’ubumuga. Abanyeshure mu bisanzwe bakorana n’abafasha mu vy’inyigisho canke umugwi w’inyigisho zidasanzwe, kandi inzego z’ibizame zo mu ntara zitanga uburyo bwazo bwo gusaba. Ivyigwa vy’inyuma y’amashure yisumbuye birafise ubuhinga bwo gushikira abantu.

Muri Ostraliya¶

• Itegeko ry’ivangura ry’abamugaye ryo mu 1992 n’Itegeko ry’ubumuga ryo mu 2005 bisaba ko habaho ihinduka ribereye. Abajejwe inyigisho za Leta n’iz’intara ni bo bajejwe ingingo zidasanzwe zijanye n’ibizame vy’amashure yisumbuye. Abanyeshure akenshi basaba biciye mw’ishure ryabo bafise ivyangombwa bishigikira. Amashure yisumbuye arafise ubumuga canke ubufasha bwo kuronka.

Mu Bumwe bw'Uburayi n'ahandi .¶

• Ibihugu vyinshi birafise amategeko y’igihugu asaba inyigisho zijanye n’abantu bose be n’uburaro bubereye, akenshi bikaba bikurikiza Isezerano ry’Umuryango w’Abibumbye ryerekeye uburenganzira bw’abamugaye. Minisitere z'igihugu z'uburezi canke ubuyobozi bw'ibizame nivyo bishiraho uburyo bwo kubikora. Baza abakozi b’ubuyobozi bo kw’ishure ryawe canke ubushikiranganji ingene bigenda ku mugaragaro.

Ibizame mpuzamakungu¶

• Imiryango nka International Baccalaureate na Cambridge irafise amategeko yayo y’ugushiramwo abantu bose, akenshi akoreshwa biciye ku muhuzabikorwa w’ishure. Baza umuhuzabikorwa wawe hakiri kare, kubera ko igihe co guhera gikomeye kandi bishobora gusaba ibimenyamenya.

Niba utazi neza aho wotangura mu gihugu cawe, tangura n’ishure canke kaminuza, hanyuma urubuga rw’ishirahamwe ry’ibizame, hanyuma urubuga rw’igihugu rwo gutanga impanuro ku bijanye n’ubumuga canke uburezi.

Uko wosaba uburaro intambwe ku yindi¶

Intambwe ya 1: Menya ivyo ukeneye¶

Wiyumvire ivyo bituma ibizame bikugora. Mbega ni ugusoma vyihuta, kwandika n’ukuboko, kwibanda ku kintu, amaganya, ububabare, ivyo ukeneye mu vy’ubuvuzi? Gerageza kwimenyereza mu gihe gitoyi maze ubone ivyo bigutevya canke biguhagarika. Ivyo bigufasha gusaba infashanyo ibereye, atari "igihe c'inyongera" gusa ku buryo busanzwe.

Intambwe ya 2: Vugana n'umuntu akwiriye¶

Tangana n’umuntu wizigira kw’ishure: umukozi w’ibizame, umuhuzabikorwa w’ivyipfuzo bidasanzwe, umurongozi w’infashanyo y’inyigisho, umujanama w’ishure canke umwigisha w’amafomu. Muri kaminuza, bwira abamugaye canke abajejwe gushikira abantu. Ushobora kandi gusaba umuvyeyi canke uwukurera ngo amenyeshe ishure nimba uri munsi y’imyaka 18.

Intambwe ya 3: Iga amategeko n'imisi y'iherezo¶

Baza:

• Ni ayahe mategeko y’umubiri w’ibizame akoreshwa mu bizamini vyanje?
• Igihe co gusaba ni ikihe?
• Ni ibimenyamenya ibihe bikenewe?
• Ni nde atanga ubusabe?
• None nzobwirwa gute ivyo bizovamwo?
• Noshobora kujurira iyo vyanse?

Wandike inyishu. Iyo umuntu avuze ngo "biracerewe cane", ubaze nimba hari inzira y'ivyihutirwa canke y'ugucererwa.

Intambwe ya 4: Kwegeranya ibimenyamenya¶

Ivyemezo bishobora kubamwo:

• Raporo y’isuzuma canke y’isuzuma ivuye ku muhinga mu vy’umutima, umuganga, umwigisha w’umuhinga canke umugenzuzi.
• Ikete ry’umuganga wawe canke umuvuzi wawe ridondora iyo ndwara n’ingaruka zigira ku bizamini.
• Gahunda y’ishure nka IEP, gahunda ya 504 canke ibihwanye n’ivyo.
• Ivyo abigisha babona ku kuntu ukora mw’ishure.
• Ingero z’ibikorwa vyawe, nk’ukwandika n’ukuboko canke kwandika ku gihe.
• Amadosiye yerekana ko wakoresheje infashanyo mu mashure no mu bizamini vy’ugutwenga.
• Ivyemezo vyose vya kera bivuye mu bizamini vya kera.

Nimba udafise ikibazo, nubaze ishure ivyo bishoboka. Hari amazu yo kubamwo ashobora gushigikirwa n’ibimenyamenya vy’ishure, kandi amwe arakeneye gusuzumwa mu buryo butegekanijwe. Baza ivyerekeye igiciro, igihe co kurindira, n’uko hariho uburyo bwo guhitamwo ku buntu canke ku giciro gito biciye ku mashure canke ku kigo c’ubuvuzi.

Intambwe ya 5: Andika ivyo usaba¶

Ico usaba ciza kiratomoye, kiratomoye kandi kirafise indero. Akarorero:

"Ndiko ndandika ngo nsabe uburaro bw'ibizame ku bizamini vyanje biriko biraza. Mfise [ikibazo] kandi biragira ico bikoze ku [ngorane yihariye] mu gihe c'ibizame vy'igihe. Ndasaba [igihe c'inyongera c'ibice X kw'ijana, icumba gitandukanye, akaruhuko k'akaruhuko]. Nashizeko [inyandiko]. Ndagusavye umbwire ikintu gikurikira, intambwe iyo ukeneye."

Shiramwo izina ryawe, ishure canke inomero y'abashaka kwitoza, amazina y'ibizame n'amatariki, n'aho wobimenyesha. Bika kopi kandi wandike itariki wayirungikiyeko.

Intambwe ya 6: Gukurikirana¶

Niwaba ataco wumvise mu ndwi imwe, wongere ubaze. Nusabe ingingo mu kwandika, harimwo n’aho woba wemerewe. Nimba utemeranya, nubaze ingene wojurira.

Intambwe ya 7: Imenyereze kandi wemeze¶

Koresha uburaro bwemewe mu kigeragezo c’ugutwenga. Niba uhawe umwanya wongereweko, niwimenyereze gutera intambwe kugira ngo ntubura inguvu. Ku musi w’ikibazo, nusuzume nimba ivyumba n’abakozi bazi ivyo watunganije, kandi utware kopi y’ikete ry’ukwemererwa nimba vyemewe.

Ivyemezo n'inyandiko¶

Ni ikimenyamenya ciza kimeze gute .¶

• Ni ivy’ubu, akenshi mu myaka mikeyi, naho amategeko atandukanye.
• Biva ku muntu w’umwuga afise ubushobozi.
• Iradondora uko umuntu ameze, ingene bigira ico bikoze ku gusoma, kwandika, kwibanda ku kintu canke ku buzima, n’igituma iyo nzu ikenewe.
• Bihuye n’uburyo bwawe busanzwe bwo gukora mw’ishure.
• Ni vyihariye ku bijanye n’infashanyo zishimikijwe.

Niba udashobora kwishura isuzuma¶

Ibiciro vy’isuzuma ry’abantu ku giti cabo birashobora kuba vyinshi. Ushobora kubaza:

• Niba ishure ryawe canke akarere kawe bitanga isuzuma ataco bimaze.
• Niba umuganga wawe canke ikigo c’ubuvuzi ca Leta gishobora kuguha ikete.
• Yaba ishirahamwe ry’ubugiraneza canke ry’abamugaye ritanga infashanyo.
• Nimba ishure rishobora gukoresha ibimenyamenya vyaryo bwite, nk’ivyo abanyeshure babonye, ​​ku bijanye n’indinganizo zimwe zimwe.

Kubika amakuru¶

Bika kopi z’ibintu vyose: raporo, ama email, imigambi n’ivyemezo. Bibike aho umuvyeyi canke umuntu akuze wizigira na we nyene ashobora kubishikira. Amadosiye na yo arafasha mu nyuma iyo wimukiye mu mashure canke uja muri kaminuza.

Ubuzima bwite¶

Amakuru yawe y’ubuvuzi ni ay’ibanga. Ni wewe uhitamwo ivyo uzosangira, kandi amashure akwiye kubizigama mw’ibanga, akabikoresha gusa kubera infashanyo wasavye. Nimba udatekanye, nubaze uwuzobona amadosiye yawe. Muri kaminuza, ibihugu vyinshi birafise amategeko agenga ivy’ubuzima bwite, ivyo bikaba bisobanura ko abavyeyi bawe badashobora kubona amakuru yawe ata wemerewe.

Ivy'amagara yo mu mutwe n'amaganya¶

Ivyiyumviro vy’amaganya, ubwoba, akabonge n’ibindi bibazo vyo mu mutwe birashobora gutuma umuntu aronka uburaro iyo bifise ingaruka zikomeye ku bizamini. Ingero ni nk’icumba gitandukanye c’umunyeshure afise ubwoba, akaruhuko, umwanya wongereweko, canke uruhusha rwo kuronka amazi canke ikintu co kumuhumuriza.

Ivyo kuzana¶

Ikete ry’umuganga, umuganga w’umutima, umuhinga mu vy’umutima, umuvuzi canke umujanama kenshi rirafasha. Bishobora gusobanura ingene umuntu asuzumwa, ingene ibimenyetso vy’iyo ndwara bigira ico bikoze ku gufata ikizame, be n’infashanyo umuntu akwiye kumufasha. Nimba ukirindiriye ko bagupima, ikete ry’umuganga rivuga ko uriko urasuzumwa rirashobora kugufasha, kandi amashure yoshobora kugira umugambi w’igihe gito.

Kubivugako¶

Ntimubwirizwa gusangira ibirenze ivyo bikenewe. Ushobora kuvuga uti: "Ndafise ingorane y'amaganya impagarika umutima mu bizamini, kandi umuganga wanje ambwira ko noja mu cumba gitandukanye no kuruhuka." Ku bindi ku bijanye no gucungera ibimenyetso ku musi, raba uburongozi kuri amaganya y'ikibazo ku munsi w'ikibazo kandi Ubwoba mu gihe c'ikigeragezo.

Ivyabaye vy'igihe gito n'ivyihutirwa¶

Si ikintu cose gikenewe ari igihe kirekire. Kuvunika ukuboko, guhungabana, kubagwa, kuguma mu bitaro canke gupfusha birashobora gutuma ikizame gisanzwe kidatunganye. Baza ishure ryawe vuba bishoboka, maze ubaze:

• Noshobora gukoresha umwanditsi, mudasobwa canke umwanya wongereweko?
• Noshobora gukora ikizame mu cumba gitandukanye, muhira canke mu bitaro?
• Mbega ikibazo coshobora gusubirwamwo?
• Noshobora gusaba ko banyitwararika mu buryo budasanzwe iyo ndwaye uwo musi?

Bika ibimenyamenya vy’ubuvuzi nk’ikete ry’umuganga canke ikete ry’ibitaro. Inzego z’ibizame akenshi zisaba ibimenyamenya kugira ngo haboneke intunganyo z’igihe gito.

Inzira y'ingingo yo gusaba infashanyo¶

flowchart TD
    A["Wibaza ko ukeneye gufashwa mu bizamini"] --> B["Bwira umukozi w'ibizame, umufasha mu kwiga canke umujanama"]
    B --> C["Basabe igihe co guhera n'ibimenyamenya bikenewe"]
    C --> D{"Woba ufise ibimenyamenya biherutse gusohoka?"}
    D -->|"Ego"| E["Wandike igisabwa gitomoye kandi ushireko inyandiko"]
    D -->|"Oya"| F["Raba umuganga canke ubaze ishure ivyerekeye isuzuma"]
    F --> E
    E --> G["Kurikirana maze ubone ingingo mu nyandiko ."]
    G --> H{"None vyoba vyemejwe?"}
    H -->|"Ego"| I["Imyimenyerezo n'infashanyo imbere y'ikibazo"]
    H -->|"Oya canke igice"| J["Baza impamvu maze ukoreshe uburyo bwo kujurira ."]
    J --> K["Baza umuvyeyi, umuvugizi canke ikigo c'igihugu kijejwe ubumuga iyo uhagaze"]

Iyo ivyo usavye vyanse canke bicerezwa¶

Ukwanka si co giherezo. Fata izi ntambwe.

1. Basabe ingingo n’impamvu mu nyandiko.
2. Suzuma nimba watanze ikimenyamenya kibereye, kandi nimba hari ico ubuze.
3. Baza ivyerekeye ingene ubujurire bugenda be n’igihe co kujurira.
4. Baza uwutanga ikizame ata guca ku ruhande nimba vyemewe, kenshi biciye kw’ishure.
5. Saba infashanyo y’agateganyo, nk’ugukoresha iyo nzu mu bizamini vy’ishure.
6. Rondera impanuro ku kigo gifasha abanyeshure, ku mugwi w’ababuranira canke ku mugwi w’igihugu w’abamugaye.
7. Muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika, abavyeyi barashobora gusaba inama n’umugwi w’ishure kandi barashobora kugisha inama ababuranira inyigisho zidasanzwe. Raba uburongozi kuri uburezi budasanzwe IEP.
8. Aho umuntu akeka ko hariho ivangura, bwira ikigo c’igihugu cawe kijejwe uburinganire canke kijejwe ibirego vy’uburezi.

Bika amakuru y’ivyo vyose muvugana. Gumana indero ariko ukomeze. Ivyo bisabwa vyinshi biremezwa inyuma y’aho ishure ritanga ibindi bimenyamenya.

Nimba igihe categekanijwe caraheze .¶

Baza nimba bishoboka ko usaba ibintu bicerewe canke vyihutirwa. Inzego z’ibizame akenshi zigira inzira y’ibintu vyabaye inyuma y’igihe categekanijwe, nk’ugusuzuma indwara nshasha, ugukomeretswa canke indwara itunguranye. Sigura ivyo vyahindutse wongere utange ibimenyamenya. Nimba ikizame camaze kuba kandi waracitse intege, ubaze ivyerekeye kwitwararikwa bidasanzwe, kujurira canke gusubira gukora. Raba uburongozi kuri ico wokora inyuma y'igisubizo kibi.

Impanuro ku banyeshure¶

• Baza kare kandi ukomeze ubaze.
• Ntugereranye aho uba n’aho abandi baba. Ivyakenewe biratandukanye.
• Koresha uburaro bwawe mw’ishure n’ugutwenga kugira ngo bibe urutonde.
• Ibuka ko gukoresha umwanya wongerekanye atari uguhenda. Ni vyemewe gushigikira.
• Bwira umugenzuzi nimba ukeneye gukoresha akaruhuko k’akaruhuko, kandi ukurikize amategeko agenga ikizame.
• Iga ingene wovyifatamwo neza ukoresheje umwanya wongerekanye, kugira ngo nturuhe.
• Iyo abagenzi bavuze, nta n’umwe ufise umwenda wo gusigura.
• Niwitwararike ukumererwa neza kwawe: gusinzira, gufungura, kwinyiganza n’umuntu wo kuganira na we.

Niwaba wumva umaramaye canke uhagaze mu mutima kubera ko bagufata mu buryo butandukanye, nubwire umujanama. Abanyeshure benshi barabona ko aho baba bituma umuntu aruhuka kandi akagira icizigiro.

Impanuro ku bavyeyi¶

• Niwizere umwana wawe kandi ufate nka nkama ingorane afise.
• Baza ishure kare ivyerekeye ingene bigenda n’ibimenyamenya, vyiza ni mu ntango z’umwaka w’ishure canke imbere y’aho.
• Bika dosiye y’amaraporo, ama email n’imigambi.
• Saba aho woba ushobora kuba kandi ushiremwo imvo.
• Tegura umwana wawe mu kumusigurira ibizoba ku musi w’ikibazo.
• Baremeshe gukoresha infashanyo ata nsoni.
• Niwaba utemeranya n’ingingo, ubaze ivyerekeye ubujurire kandi urondere ubufasha bw’abavugizi.
• Irinde gushiramwo umukazo mwinshi ku vyo uzoronka. Raba uburongozi kuri ingene abavyeyi bashobora gufasha umwana mu bibazo vy'imibabaro.

Icumbi muri kaminuza na kaminuza¶

Muri kaminuza, infashanyo akenshi iza biciye ku bumuga, ku gushikira canke ku bijanye n’ukumererwa neza kw’abanyeshure. Ubusanzwe ukeneye kwiyandikisha no gutanga ibimenyamenya. Imigambi yo gufasha ishobora kubamwo intunganyo z’ibizame, kwongerwa ibikorwa n’ibindi bihinduka.

• Iyandikishe hakiri kare, vyiza cane imbere y’uko igice c’umwaka gitangura.
• Baza ibijanye n’imisi y’iherezo y’ugutegura ibizame buri semestre.
• Gumana umugambi wawe mu gihe ivyo ukeneye bihindutse.
• Baza ivyerekeye intunganyo z’ibizame vyo kuri Internet, ivyo bishobora gusaba intambwe z’inyongera.
• Ibuka ko amakuru yawe ari ibanga kandi ko abavyeyi bawe badashobora kuyabwira ata wemerewe.

Ku bizamini vyo kuri Internet, raba uburongozi kuri Ikizame co kuri internet carasenyutse.

Imigani isanzwe¶

Ikinyoma: Igihe co kwongerako ni akarusho kadatunganye. Ivyumba vy’uburaro bigenewe gukuraho inzitizi, ntibihe uruhande. Abanyeshure batagira ico bakeneye ntibokwungukira muri ubwo buryo nyene.

Ikinyoma: Nimba nsavye, nzofatwa mu buryo butandukanye. Intunganyo ni ibanga, kandi benshi mu banyeshure basanze inzira igororotse.

Ikinyoma: Nkeneye gusuzumwa mu buryo butegekanijwe ku kintu cose. Hariho intunganyo zikeneye gusuzumwa mu buryo butegekanijwe, ariko izindi zishobora gushigikirwa n’ibimenyamenya vy’ishure canke ikete ry’umuganga. Baza ivyo bishoboka.

Ikinyoma: Biracerewe cane kubaza. Igihe co guhera kiratandukanye, kandi kenshi hariho inzira z’ivyihutirwa. Igihe cose ubaze.

Ikinyoma: Icumbi rizoguma mu gitabu canje ibihe vyose. Intunganyo z’ibizame mu bisanzwe si ikimenyetso kiri ku cete cawe canke ku nyandiko yawe. Suzuma politike y’ishirahamwe ry’ibizame, ariko muri rusangi ni ivy’ibanga.

Igihe co kurondera infashanyo yagutse¶

Guhangana n’ibizame birashobora gutuma umuntu agira ingorane zo mu mutwe. Vugana n’umujanama w’ishure, umuganga canke umuntu akuze wizigira nimba:

• Uguma wumva ufise umubabaro, isoni canke ubukene bw’icizigiro ku ngorane zawe.
• Ukirinda ishure canke ibizame kubera ubwoba.
• Uca wumva udashobora kwihangana mu gihe urindiriye gushigikirwa.
• Uriko urashikirwa n’ugutotezwa canke ugutotezwa kubera uko umeze. Raba uburongozi kuri gutoteza abanyeshure, gutoteza no gutoteza kuri internet.

Urutonde rwo gusaba uburaro¶

• I told my school, college or exams officer.
• I know the exam body and its rules.
• I wrote down all deadlines.
• I collected evidence: reports, letters and school records.
• I wrote a clear request describing what I need and why.
• I kept copies of everything I sent.
• I have the decision in writing.
• I practised with my accommodation.
• I confirmed arrangements before exam day.
• I know the appeal route if something goes wrong.

A worked example¶

A short example shows how the pieces fit together. Imagine a 16 year old student who has always been a slow reader and whose writing tires quickly. Her teachers notice that she knows more in class discussion than she shows on written papers.

First, she tells her form tutor, who introduces her to the learning support coordinator. The coordinator gathers her class work and mock exam papers, and suggests a screening followed by a full assessment with a qualified assessor, which the school can arrange. While she waits for the assessment, the school lets her practise using extra time in internal tests so that her normal way of working is on record.

When the assessment confirms a slow reading and writing speed, the school submits an application to the exam body with the report and evidence of her normal way of working. She receives approval for extra time and a separate room, and confirmation in writing. She practises a timed paper with her extra time and learns to use the time to check her work rather than rush. On exam day the exams officer already knows her arrangements, and she sits her papers in a quiet room.

Not every case goes this smoothly, and some take longer. The main points still apply in every country: ask early, collect evidence, make the request in writing, practise with the support and get the decision in writing.

Questions to ask at your next meeting¶

Use this list when you meet the exams officer, the counsellor or the disability service.

• Which accommodations are available for my exams, and which do you think I should apply for?
• Which evidence do you already have, and what else do you need from me or from my doctor?
• Who sends the application, and on what date?
• What happens if the evidence is late or incomplete?
• How will I know the outcome, and how soon?
• Can I practise with the accommodation before the exam?
• Will the arrangements carry over to later exams, or do we need to apply again?
• What do I do if I become unwell or something changes close to the exam?
• Who do I contact if something goes wrong on the day?
• What are my options if the request is refused?

Write the answers down and ask for a follow up email to confirm them. A clear paper trail protects you if staff change or details are forgotten.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• College Board (United States), Services for Students with Disabilities policy pages.
• ACT (United States), accommodations and testing with extended time policy pages.
• United States Department of Education, Office for Civil Rights, information on Section 504 and the Americans with Disabilities Act.
• Joint Council for Qualifications (United Kingdom), Access Arrangements and Reasonable Adjustments, and special consideration guidance.
• Equality and Human Rights Commission (United Kingdom), Equality Act 2010 guidance for education.
• State Examinations Commission (Ireland), Reasonable Accommodations at the Certificate Examinations.
• Australian Government Department of Education, Disability Standards for Education 2005.
• International Baccalaureate and Cambridge, inclusive access arrangements policies.
• Amasezerano y’Umuryango w’Abibumbye yerekeye uburenganzira bw’abantu bafise ubumuga.
• Igisata c’igihugu c’ubuzima (Ubwongereza), Ishirahamwe ry’abahinga mu vy’umutima ryo muri Amerika (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika), amapaji yerekeye amaganya n’ubudasa bwo kwiga.
• 988 Ukwiyahura n’Ubuzima bw’Ingorane (Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika), Abasamariya n’Umurongo w’Abana (Ubwongereza), ku makuru yo guhamagara mu gihe c’ingorane.

Amategeko, amafomu n’igihe co guhera birahinduka kenshi. Imisi yose urabe amapaji y’ubu y’umubiri wawe w’ikibazo n’ishure ryawe. Iyi nkuru ni amakuru rusangi, si impanuro zijanye n’amategeko canke z’ubuvuzi, kandi nta mpanuro zijanye n’imiti zirimwo.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Nosaba uburaro bw’ibizame kare gute?¶

Uko ushoboye kwose, vyiza ni mu ntango z’umwaka w’ishure canke mbere imbere y’aho. Gusubiramwo no kwemeza bishobora gutwara amayinga menshi, kandi inzego zimwe zimwe zikora ibizame zirashinga igihe co guhera amezi menshi imbere y’uko ikibazo gitangura. Nimba umwanya ari muto, nubaze uko biri kwose, kuko kenshi hariho inzira zicererwa canke zihutirwa.

Noba nkeneye gusuzumwa kugira ngo nshobore kuronka umwanya wongereweko?¶

Akenshi urakeneye ibimenyamenya bimwebimwe, nk’isuzuma, ikete ry’umuganga canke amakete y’ishure yerekana ingene iyo ngorane ikugirako ingaruka, ariko amategeko nyayo aratandukanye n’igihugu n’ishirahamwe ry’ikibazo. Intunganyo zimwe zimwe zishobora gushigikirwa n’ibimenyamenya vy’ishure ata n’umwe asuzumwa neza. Baza umukozi wawe w’ibizame canke umugwi w’abafasha mu kwiga ivyo vyemewe be n’uko hariho uburyo bwo gusuzuma ku buntu.

Noshobora kuronka aho kuba kubera amaganya canke ubwoba?¶

Ego cane, mu mice myinshi amaganya n’ibindi bibazo vyo mu mutwe birashobora gutuma umuntu agira uburenganzira iyo bifise ingaruka zikomeye ku bizamini. Ivyo gufasha rusangi ni ivyumba bitandukanye, akaruhuko, umwanya wongereweko n’amazi ku meza. Ikete ry’umuganga canke umujanama ridondora ivyo ukeneye akenshi rirafasha.

None ivyo nsaba vyoba vyanse?¶

Saba ingingo n’impamvu mu nyandiko, usuzume ibimenyamenya bishobora kuba bibura, hanyuma ukoreshe uburyo bwo kujurira. Ushobora kandi kurondera imfashanyo mu kigo gifasha abanyeshure, mu mugwi w’ababuranira abamugaye canke mu kigo c’igihugu kijejwe uburezi canke uburinganire. Bika amakuru, ugume ufise indero kandi ukomeze, kandi ubaze nimba hariho infashanyo y’agateganyo canke inzira yo gusaba ucerewe.

Iciyumviro co kwiga vyinshi¶

Niba ushaka gufasha umugenzi canke uwo mu muryango arwana n’amaganya canke ubumuga mu gihe c’ibizame, zirikana inyigisho y’ubutabazi bwa mbere canke ubutabazi bwa mbere bwo mu mutwe iva ku Musaraba Mutukura, St John Ambulance, canke umuganga wo mu karere. Ivyo vyigwa birakora kandi birashobora gushikirizwa abanyeshure bakuze n’abavyeyi.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ikibazo c'amaganya ku munsi w'ikibazo
• Ubwoba mu gihe c'ikigeragezo
• Uburezi budasanzwe IEP n'uguhagarika bidakwiye
• Ivy'umusi w'ikibazo n'ivyihutirwa
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa