Ibisasu vy'umuriro vy'umuriro bisubira guturika n'umuriro w'ubuji bw'Abaroma¶

Abaguzi n’abagaragaza ibikoresho vy’ivu bishobora gusubirwamwo mu kirere (imipira y’imisi mikuru y’abaguzi y’imilimetero 44 / inci 1,75 n’ibisasu vy’indamukanyo vy’ubudandaji vy’imilimetero 75 gushika kuri 150 / inci 3 gushika ku 6), imikate y’amasasu menshi yo mu kirere, n’amabuye y’agaciro y’Abaroma afatwa mu minwe buri mwaka, Deumacy in over part E001. Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zonyene (amakuru ya US CPSC), ibiganza n’intoke (30 gushika kuri 35 kw’ijana), umutwe/mu maso/amatwi (22 kw’ijana), n’amaso (15 gushika kuri 20 kw’ijana) vyikorera umutwaro w’ibisasu vy’ibiturika birenze urugero be n’1.200-ku-2.000-siel-degree-C- (ubushuhe bwa degre 2.200 gushika kuri 3.600) inyenyeri y’ubuhinga bwa none irasha. Hafi y’ibitero vyose vy’umuriro bitera ubumuga canke urupfu biva ku mitego ine y’ubuhinga bwa fizike ishobora gukingirwa: (1) uguturika kw’ibisasu bisubira gutera umuriro canke ugutera ibisasu bihindukiye hasi, aho uwubikoresha atera igisasu gishasha c’umuriro w’umukara gifise ubushobozi bwo guterura (HDD- fibreglass, canke umurongo w'ivyuma vy'ibara ry'agahama urimwo umuriro umwe w'impapuro ukayangana, ugatera igisasu haciye amasegonda 0,5 mu gihe mu maso n'ukuboko kw'uwugikoresha biri hejuru y'umunwa, (2) umutego w'igisasu "dud" walk-up and relight minutes, aho ifuzi y'ugucererwa itera umuriro mu buryo butaboneka imbere mu minota3 gushika ku1.hangfire) kandi igatera umuriro ugororotse mu gihanga c’umuntu ariko araba hasi mu mfuruka, (3) Ibuji ry’Uburoma ry’ikarata ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro ry’umuriro (umuriro w’inyuma) igihe uwuriko ararikoresha afashe ubuji bw’umuriro bw’Uburoma bufise imipira myinshi mu kiganza ciwe maze umuriro w’ibuye ry’agaciro ry’ibumba ryasadutse rikatera 1.500 C magnesium/strontium inyenyeri yabo nau sing inyenyeri yabo y’umuyagankuba nau Umuyoboro w’ipulasitike wa PVC nk’umuyoboro w’ivu wo mu nzu**, umenagurika ukaba ibice vy’imishwarara (ibitaboneka n’imishwarara ya X) iyo ibisasu bituritse. Iyo umuriro uturikiye mu kuboko kw’umuntu, ugatera ijisho, canke uturitse mu maso canke mu gikiriza, hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburaya bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza, 000 muri Ostraliya, 111 muri Nouvelle-Zélande) canke ushire umutima ku rubuga rwacu rwo kw’isi yose inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Ku bijanye n’imirongo ngenderwako y’uguturika, guca igihimba c’umubiri, n’ugukomeretsa amaso, soma uburongozi bwacu ku ibisasu vy'umuriro vy'umuriro, igisasu kidatera neza, no gutonyanga, ibisasu vy'umuriro, ibiturika vy'ibishashi, n'ibikomere vy'ibisasu, guca igihimba c'umubiri bibabaje: kuzigama urutoke, ukuboko n'amaguru, na ibikomere vy'amaso n'uburinzi bw'umubumbe wuguruye.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Iyo igitero c’umuriro canke igisasu c’ivu giteye ijisho, NTUKIGEZE usigara, ukaraba, canke ukanda ku ntugu y’ijisho: ushire ingabo ikomeye canke igikombe c’impapuro gicitse hejuru y’amagufa y’inzira y’umubiri ubwo nyene: Ingaruka z’ibisasu vy’umuriro zitera ugucagura kw’amaraso y’imbere, ijisho), n’uguturika kw’ifu y’umukara y’umunyu wo mu maso. Gukanda igitambaro co gupfuka ijisho ryacitse, bica bica mu gikomere, igihimba c’ijisho c’ibara ry’ijisho, n’ibara ry’ijisho ry’ibara ry’agahama, bigatuma umuntu agira ubuhumyi budashobora gusubira inyuma. Fata hasi kw’urupapuro rusukuye canke igikombe co kunywa c’ifu ku rubavu rw’amagufa n’itama kugira ngo ntihagire ikintu gikora ku jisho, ufunge ijisho ritakomeretse kugira ngo ugabanye kwinyiganza, hanyuma ushire ubwo nyene ku kigo c’ubuvuzi bw’ibihe vyihutirwa gifise igipfukisho co kubaga amaso.
2. Nimba ari igisasu c’ibisasu, igisasu c’umuriro (M-80 / salute), canke ubuji bw’Abaroma buturika mu kuboko kw’umuntu, gucungera amaraso ava mu mutsi w’imbere/mu rubavu ashobora gutuma umuntu apfa hakoreshejwe umuvuduko utaziguye canke igikoresho co gupfuka ukuboko kw’imbere: Guturika cane imbere mu gipfunsi gipfutse ("hand blast syndrome") bifuha gufungura igihimba c’umubiri citwa fracarcar the palmar arche, urutoke. Pakira ikiganza gipfutse neza n’agatambaro k’umunyu, ushireko umukazo ukomeye ku mitsi y’ikiganza/imbere, canke ushireko CoTCCC windlass tourniquet hejuru ya santimetero 5 gushika kuri 8 (inci 2 gushika kuri 3) hejuru y’ikiganza/ikiganza iyo umutuku ukeye ubandanya gutera.
3. Rondera intoke zose canke ibice vy’urukumu vyaciwe, uzizingire mu gipfukisho c’umunyu gitose gatoyi, uzipfungire mu gafuko k’ipulasitike k’umye kadashobora guterwa n’amazi, hanyuma ushire ako gafuko ku gitanda c’urubura n’amazi (NTUKIGEZE ushiramwo intoke zaciwe ku barafu canke ku barafu yumye): Hand blaque am microput-surgeons iyo nyama irazigama biciye mu gukonjesha mu buryo butaziguye ku bushuhe bwa degre 4 (degre 39 Fahrenheit). Gushira intoke zitagira ikintu ata co zifise ku bipande vy’urubura canke mu ndobo y’amazi birakonja kandi bikagabanya utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto two mu mubiri, bigatuma umuntu agira amahirwe yose yo gusubira gutera.
4. **Iyo igisasu canke umukate wo mu kirere bidashobora gutera umuriro umaze gucana fizi ("Dud" canke "Misfire"), NTUZOKWIGEZE usubira hejuru kugira ngo uyisuzume canke ngo ugerageze gusubira gucana fizi ngufi: rindira iminota 20 canke 30 ku nzira y'umuriro y'uburebure bwa metero 30: P ifu ishobora gufumba imbere (hangfire) n’umwotsi canke ibishashi biboneka mu minota 5 gushika kuri 15 imbere y’uko bitera bukwi na bukwi umuriro wo guterura w’ifu yirabura. Gumana abarorerezi bose inyuma nibura iminota 20 gushika kuri 30, hanyuma wegere uvuye ku ruhande (ntiwigere wishingikiriza ku gice c’umubiri na kimwe hejuru y’akanwa k’uruzitiro) hanyuma ushire amazi mu ruzitiro rw’ivu uhereye ku burebure bw’ukuboko ukoresheje uruzitiro rw’itongo imbere y’uko ushira igikoko mu ndobo y’amalita 20 (5-gatre)
5. Nimba umurongo w’ivu ushobora gusubirwamwo umaze gutera igisasu, rindira nibura iminota 10, uzunguze ibisigazwa vy’impapuro vyose, canke uhindure ukoreshe umurongo wa kabiri w’ivu ukonnye imbere yo gushiramwo uwundi mubumbe: Imvo ya mbere y’ibisasu bishobora gusubirwamwo mu maso ni ugutera igisasu ca kabiri mu muyoboro w’imbuto ushushe e**wing si ku rwego rwo hasi. Ico gikoko gishushe kiraturira igipfukisho co guterura c’ifu yirabura kiri hasi y’ico gikoko gishasha igihe nyene gica kimanuka mu nzira, kigatera ico gikoko kigororotse mu maso no mu biganza vy’uwugikoresha imbere y’uko bashobora gukura ukuboko kwabo inyuma.
6. Suzuma umwampi ku gikoko cose gishobora gusubirwamwo (THIS SIDE UP) n’itara mbere yo gushiramwo: Iyo igisasu co mu kirere gishizwe gihindukiye hasi mu gitereko c’ivu (n’igikoresho co gutevya igihe kiraba hejuru kandi umuriro wo guterura w’ifu yirabura uri hejuru), gucana iyo fizi bicana umuriro wo guterura uri hejuru y’ico gitereko, bigatuma igisasu kiremereye co mu kirere gica mu gitereko c’ivu urugero rw’isi nk’igisasu co guca ibice.

Igiti c'ingingo: ibisasu vy'umuriro, guca ibiganza, guturira amaso, no gutoranya ibikoko¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Ivyihutirwa vy’Ibisasu vy’Umuriro: Guturika kw’Ibisasu, Itara ry’Abaroma Ritera Inyuma, canke Itera Nabi"] --> EventType{"1. Ni ikintu ikihe gihutirwa cabaye?"}

    EventType -->|"1. GUTERA IKIGANIRO / GUCA URUTOKE"| HandTrauma["Niba umutsi w’ikiganza uva amaraso -> Shira CoTCCC Windlass Tourniquet ku kuboko kw’imbere/ku kuboko kwo hejuru 3. Gusubiza imibare -> Zingira mu gitambaro c’umunyu gitose d> P -LU-Y"]

    EventType -->|"2. IMPACT KU MASSO CANKE IFU YIRABURA MU JISHO"| EyeCheck{"2. Igisasu c’umuvuduko munini cateye canke ivu ryo hejuru?"}

    EyeCheck -->|"Igisasu giturika canke ingaruka z'igisasu"| OpenGlobe["OPEN-GLOBE RUPUTURE (NTUKISUKURE CANKE GUKANDA): 1. NTUSIGE, NTUKANDE, canke ngo ukande gaze ku jisho 2. Gufata igipfukisho c'amaso gikomeye canke igikombe c'impapuro co hasi hejuru y'inzira y'amagufa 3. Gufata ijisho ritakomeretse -> Immediate Ophthalmology ED"]

    EyeCheck -->|"Ivu ryo ku ruhande rwo hejuru (Umubumbe udasenyutse)"| AshFlush["GUFUMA IVUZA RY’AMAZI: 1. Kura ibipfunsi vy’amaso bivanye n’ibindi (ukanda gusa ku gipfunsi c’amagufa/itama) 2. Uwoze buhoro buhoro n’amazi y’umunyu 0,9% canke amazi asukuye mu minota 15 kugira ngo woze ibisigarira vy’amazi y’umunyu -> Slit-Lamp Exam"]

    EventType -->|"3. DUD SHELL / UMURIRO MU TUBE"| DudProtocol["20-Ku-30-MINUTE HANGFIRE STANDOFF: 1. NTUZIGEZE uraba hasi mu muyoboro canke ngo usubire gucana fizi y’umuriro 2. Kura 30 m (100 ft) ku ruhande rw’umuyoboro maze urindire iminota 20 gushika kuri 30 3. Muyoboro y’umwuzure uri kure n’umuyoboro w’itongo, hanyuma ushire igikoko c’amazi mu ndobo 20 L"]

Deep dive 1: Fizike y’ibisasu vy’ibisasu bisubira guturika, ibisasu bihindukiye, n’umuriro w’amasasu¶

Gutahura ingene igikoresho co gukoresha canke c’ubudandaji gishobora gusubirwamwo gikora, birasigura igituma gusubiramwo umurongo ushushe no guca hejuru y’umurongo udateye neza ari vyo bikorwa bibiri vyica cane mu vy’ubuhinga bwo gutera umuriro.

1. Imbere mu Gipfukisho c’Ikirere: Igikoresho co Guterura n’Igikoresho co Guca¶

Igitero cose c’ibisasu vyo mu kirere gishobora gusubirwamwo (caba igitero c’abaguzi c’imilimetero 44 canke igitero c’ubudandaji c’imirongo 100) ni igikoresho c’ibirwanisho biturika c’inzira zibiri: 1. Intambwe ya 1: Igikoresho co guterura c'ifu y'umwirabura (75% KNO3 + 15% Charcoal + 10% Sulfur) ku Musozi: - Ishirwa mu gipfukisho c’impapuro canke mu gipfuko kiri hasi cane y’igikoko. Iyo ushizeko umuriro w’ibara ry’icatsi kibisi rirerire ry’umutekano ryitwa visco risohotse hejuru y’uruzitiro rw’ivu, urubeya ruraturira ku ruhande rw’ico gikoko gushika hasi maze rugaca ruturira umuriro wo guterura. - Ivyo bikoresho bitera umuriro mu masegonda 0,02, bikazana piston y’umuyagankuba ifise umuvuduko munini imbere mu gice c’inyuma c’uruzitiro rw’ivu ry’ivu ry’ivu ry’ivu, rikaba ritera igisasu **30 gushika ku metero 100 (amafuti 100 gushika ku 330) mu kirere ku giciro c’ibilometero 150 gushika ku 250 kw’isaha. 2. Intambwe ya 2: Igikoresho co gutevya igihe c'ubuhinga bwa Pyrotechnic n'Igikoresho co Guca Ifu: - Ku milisegonda nyayo umuriro wo guterura umuriro uri hasi mu gitereko, izo gazi zishushe zica umuriro w’umuriro munini kandi uturika buhoro buhoro fuse y’ugutevya igihe (igenewe gusha mu masegonda 2,5 gushika kuri 4,0 mu gihe igikoko kiduga kikaja ku mpera y’uruzitiro). - Iyo igikoko gishitse ku mpera y’inzira yaco, iyo fizi y’igihe ishika hagati y’ico gikoko maze igaturitsa umuriro wo guturika w’ifu y’umuriro (potassium perchlorate + aluminum/titanium powder), ituritsa inyenyeri z’ibara ry’icuma zisha zija hanze mu nzira y’umubumbe w’amametero 50.

====================================================================================
   THREE LETHAL MORTAR SHELL FAILURE MODES: EMBER RELOAD, UPSIDE-DOWN & HANGFIRE
====================================================================================

   [1] HOT-TUBE EMBER RELOAD BLAST       [2] UPSIDE-DOWN SHELL ("FLOWERPOT")
        (Operator Hand Over Muzzle)          (Lift Charge on TOP, Break on BOTTOM)
               \ (Hand) /                              || Fuse Lit
                \  ||  /                               \/
            +--------------+                    +--------------+
            |   [Shell]    |                    | [Lift Charge]| <-- Fires DOWNWARD
            |      ||      |                    |  [Break Core]| <-- Detonates at
            |      \/      |                    |    (Arrow    |     Ground Level
            | [Lift Pouch] |                    |  Points Down)|     Shredding Tube
            |  * EMBER *   |                    +--------------+
            +--------------+                    ================
          Glowing paper ember at              Shell loaded upside down in dark;
         bottom ignites lift pouch           explodes inside tube 3 sec later.
         instantly upon drop-in.

   [3] THE "HANGFIRE" DUD TRAP (SMOLDERING DELAY FUSE)
         Fuse stops sparkling outside -> Smolders invisibly inside paper casing
         for 3 to 12 minutes -> Fires 150 km/h shell straight into face of
         person leaning over tube. (MANDATORY RULE: Wait 20-30 Min + Hose Soak).
====================================================================================

2. Kubera iki gusubira gushiramwo umuyoboro w’ivu uherutse guterwa bitera ibiganza n’amaso¶

Iyo utereye igisasu ukoresheje HDPE canke mu gitereko c’ivu ry’ibara ry’agahama, iyo nzira y’impuzu y’ibara ryirabura isiga inyuma ibice vy’impapuro z’ibara ry’agahama ziriko zirafumba, amakara yaka, n’amadisiki y’ibara ry’agahama ashushe hasi mu gitereko c’ibara ry’agahama: - Izo nkoko z’impapuro zirakayangana bucece ku degre 400 gushika kuri 600 (degre 750 gushika kuri 1.100) mu minota 2 gushika kuri 8 inyuma y’aho zitanguriwe, zikaba zikoreshwa n’umuyaga w’umwotsi w’ico kinogo gihagaze. - Kubera ko igikapu co guterura c’ifu yirabura kiri hasi y’igikoko gikurikira kizingiwe mu mpapuro z’impuzu zitoyi (ubushuhe bwo gucana 280 gushika kuri degre 300 za Celsius / 536 gushika kuri 572 degrees Fahrenheit), ako kanya umukozi afata muzzle the drop the dt of the, igikoko kigwa neza neza ku mfuruka y’umuriro. - Aho ko uwuyikoresha agira amasegonda 6 y’igihe co gusha c’ibara ry’icatsi kibisi kugira ngo agende, ico gitero kiratera ubwo nyene kiva mu nzitiro mu masegonda 0,05 mu gihe intoke z’uwuyikoresha zikiri mu munwa kandi igihimba c’amaso yabo n’uruhanga rwabo biri hejuru y’ico kinogo ku masentimetero 30 (inci 12). - Uko wokwirinda gusubira gutera: 1. Ntukigere ushira mu maso hawe, mu mutwe, mu gikiriza canke mu biganza vyawe hejuru y’akanwa kafunguye k’uruzitiro rw’ivu igihe cose (mbere n’igihe uriko urashira igisasu kitamurikira). Fata igikoko ku mugozi waco wo hejuru w’ifuzi uhereye ku ruhande rw’uruzitiro ku burebure bw’ukuboko kugira ngo iyo kirashe ubwo nyene gikoze hasi, kirase ata co kigutera kikarenga urutugu rwawe kija mu kirere. 2. Reka nibura iminota 10 y’igihe co gukonja hagati y’amafoto mu gitereko kimwe, uhindure igitereko gikonje kugira ngo ushiremwo ivu ryose ry’impapuro, hanyuma usuzume hasi ukoresheje itara mbere yo gusubira gushiramwo (canke ugure imikate y’amafoto menshi yashizwemwo imbere y’igihe idashobora kwigera isaba gusubira gushiramwo n’amaboko).

Deep dive 2: Ukwitaho abakomeretse imbere y'uko baja mu bitaro "Ikiganza gitera umuriro" n'uguca urutoke¶

Iyo igisasu c'umuriro, ugutahura, ubuji bw'Abaroma, canke igisasu c'umuriro giturikiye imbere canke iruhande y'ukuboko kw'umuntu, bitera umukono w'ivyihutirwa vy'ugusubira kwubaka bizwi nka "The Fireworks Blast Hand."

1. Ubuhinga bw'ibinyabuzima bw'ibice bine bw'ibisasu vy'ubuhinga bwa none¶

Abaganga babaga amaboko bashira mu rutonde ibisasu vy’amaboko vy’ibisasu vy’umuriro nk’ibikomere vy’umuriro vy’umuriro, ibice vy’ibisasu, n’ibikomere vy’umuriro w’ubushuhe n’imiti 1.500 C**: 1. Ugusenyuka kw'igikumwe n'ugusenyuka kw'igikumwe (CMC): - Igipfunsi c’umubumbe kiri imbere mu kiganza gitera urukumu n’intoke gukora hyperextension and abduction bikomeye, kigatabura imitsi ya thenar (ikibanza c’urubuga rw’ikiganza), kigacapura urukoba rw’ikiganza rukaja mu nzira y’ibiganza, maze kigaca kivaho canke kigacagura burundu urukumu rwo hagati. 2. Thrombose y'umutsi w'umubiri n'amaraso ava mu mubiri: - Naho imitsi mitoyi y’urutoke rwaciwe akenshi ija mu nzira y’amaraso mu ntango, ibice bimwebimwe vy’imitsi y’ibiganza yo hejuru n’ibiri hagati y’ibiganza** canke imitsi y’ibiganza yo hejuru n’iy’ibiganza birava amaraso menshi cane, bikaba vyihuta bituma abana bakiri bato bacika amaraso, cane cane abakiri bato. 3. Intambwe ku yindi y'ubufasha bwa mbere ku kiganza cacitse n'imirongo yacitse: - Intambwe ya mbere (Gucungera amaraso): Uryamira umurwayi. Shira igitambaro gikomeye c’impuzu y’impuzu (gitose n’umunyu w’impuzu canke amazi meza kugira ngo ntikifatanye n’imitsi y’umuriro) hejuru y’ikiganza hanyuma uzingire neza n’umugozi w’uruzitiro, ushire hejuru ukuboko hejuru y’urugero rw’umutima. Nimba amaraso atukura cane abandanya gutonyanga canke gusohoka ava mu kiganza/imbere, ushireko CoTCCC windlass tourniquet hejuru y’ikiganza canke hejuru y’ikiganza canke ku kiganza co hejuru hanyuma uyigobeke gushika amaraso ahagaze burundu. - Intambwe ya 2 (Kuraho Impeta Zose, Amasaha, n’Imiringa Yose Ku Gice Gikomeretse Mu Masegonda 60): Ibiganza n’Ibiganza vyakomeretse n’Ibisasu biravyimba gushika ku incuro zibiri z’uburebure bwavyo busanzwe mu minota 15. Igipfukisho c’ubugeni canke impeta y’imideri isigaye ku rutoke rwarokotse ikora nk’igipfukisho c’icuma gikomeye gitera indwara y’umutima (ischemie gangrene) kandi kigatuma umurwayi atakaza urutoke rwa kabiri. Nimuce canke muce impeta zose n’amasaha yose yo mu minwe ubwo nyene. - Intambwe ya 3 (Ugukingira neza intoke zaciwe "Isaho-ku-Mazi-y'Ibarafu"): - Rondera hasi n’itara ry’intoke zose zaciwe, amasonga y’ibikumu, canke ibice binini vy’igufa/urukoba (zana igice cose mu bitaro; naho urutoke rw’urutoke rwajanjaguritse cane rudashobora gusubira guterwa, abaganga babaga ibiganza kenshi bakoresha urukoba rwarwo rudakomeretse, imitsi, n’igufa nk’ibice vy’inyuma vy’ugusubira gutera). - Ushobora gusukura neza umwanda uri ku rutoke rwaciwe n’umunyu utagiramwo ubumara (ntiwigere urusukura kandi ntukigere urushira mu miti igabanya ubumara, mu nzoga canke mu mazi y’iyidrojene). - Zingira urutoke mu gipande c’igitambaro c’umunyu gitose gatoyi, urushire mu mufuko w’ipulasitike usukuye kandi wumye ufise zipper, hanyuma ushire uwo mufuko upfutse mu gitereko ca kabiri cuzuye umunyu w’igice c’urubura n’igice c’amazi (4 C / 39 F). Ntukigere ureka urutoke rwaciwe rukora ku barafu ataco ruhinduye (rutera ububabare bw’urubura) kandi ntukigere urubika mu mazi rudakomeye (rutera ububabare bw’urubura).

====================================================================================
     CORRECT MICROVASCULAR PRESERVATION OF AMPUTATED FINGERS ("BAG-ON-SLURRY")
====================================================================================

                     +---------------------------------------+
                     |     OUTER CONTAINER / COOLER CUP      |
                     |   Filled With 50% Ice + 50% Water     |
                     |          (Maintains 4 C / 39 F)       |
                     |    +-----------------------------+    |
                     |    |  SEALED WATERTIGHT ZIPLOC   |    |
                     |    |  +-----------------------+  |    |
                     |    |  | Amputated Finger/Thumb|  |    |
                     |    |  | Wrapped in Moistened  |  |    |
                     |    |  | Sterile Saline Gauze  |  |    |
                     |    |  +-----------------------+  |    |
                     |    +-----------------------------+    |
                     +---------------------------------------+
====================================================================================

Kwibira kure cane 3: Guturika kw'ubushuhe bw'amaso, amasigarira ya potassium carbonate, n'ugukingira umubumbe wuguruye¶

Umuntu umwe muri batanu akomereka kubera ibitero vy’umuriro aratera ijisho, kandi abarorerezi (na cane cane abana bariko bararaba kuva ku metero 3 gushika ku metero 15) ni bo batera hafi 50 kw’ijana vy’ibintu vyose bitera amaso bivuye ku bitero vy’umuriro.

1. Kubera iki ibikomere vy’amaso biterwa n’ibitero vy’umuriro ari ikintu gitera ubwoba incuro zitatu: Gucika kw’amaso + Guturika 1.500 C + Guturika kw’amazi¶

Igihe igisasu c’ibisasu, igisasu c’icupa canke inyenyeri y’ubuji bw’Abaroma itera ijisho: 1. Igikoko gikomeye c’umubiri gipfutse: Igitero c’ibisasu canke icupa c’iminota 44 gitera igihimba c’ijisho ku 100 gushika kuri 200 km/h (60 gushika ku 125 mph), kigatuma igice c’umubiri gica mu gice c’umubiri gifunguye (hybumbermatic laceration the corneoscleral laceration), ugusenyuka kw’amaso, n’ugusenyuka kw’amaso. 2. Ikirungo c'ipotasiyumu (K2CO3) Gutera isabune: Ifu yirabura yaturitse (KNO3 + C + S) n’inyenyeri zikoreshwa n’umuriro zisiga inyuma amasigarira y’umuriro witwa carbonate de potassium (K2CO3), ivyuma vy’ipotasiyumu (K2S), n’ivyuma bifise pH y’amazi y’amazi kuva kuri 10,5 gushika kuri 12,0. Mu buryo butandukanye n’aside, ibisigazwa vy’umuriro w’amazi bihindura aside z’ibinure ziri mu nzira y’amaso, zikarya gushika kure cane mu gice c’amaso umunota wose ziguma mu gice c’amarira.

2. Ivyiyumviro vy’amaso bihambaye: Igihe co gukingira gusa n’igihe co guvomera neza¶

Imbere yo gukora ku gikomere c’ijisho c’umuriro, suzuma ijisho munsi y’itara (utafyonda ku gipfukisho c’ijisho) kugira ngo ufate iyi ngingo: 1. NIBA HAR'IKIMENYETSO C'UKUMENYA KW'UMUGAMBI WUGURUYE -> INGABWO GUSA (NTUKISUKURE, NTUKIKANDA): - Ibendera ry’umutuku: (a) Umurwayi yakubiswe ataco akora n’igisasu kiguruka** (igisasu, igisasu, igice c’igipfukisho, canke igice ca PVC); (b) umunyeshure asa ameze nk’amarira, afise isonga, canke akwegerewe ku ruhande rumwe; © igihimba c’iris c’inzobe canke jeli igaragara iriko irasohoka; (d) imbere y’ijisho ryuzuye amaraso (hyphema); canke (e) igihimba c’ijisho kigaragara ko gipfutse. - Igikorwa: NTUvomere n’umugezi w’ipompo ukoresheje inguvu, NTUKURE igipande cose gishizwemwo, kandi NTUshire amavuta mu jisho. Katura hasi amasentimetero 4 (1,5 inches) ku rupapuro rusukuye urupapuro canke igikombe c’ifu (canke ukoreshe igikombe gikomeye c’urupapuro canke igikombe c’ifu) uruhanga n’igufa ry’itama** kugira ngo bibe igihome c’uburinzi. 2. NIBA ARI IVU NYIZA GUSA, IBITANGAZI, CANKE UMWOTSI W'IFU WINJIYE MU JISHO RIDAKOMEYE -> UFOMBERE MU MINOTA 15: - Iyo ata gitero cateye ijisho, umunyeshure aba ari ikibumbano kandi kiri hagati, kandi umwotsi mwiza w’imbunda, ibipande vy’ibishashi, canke ivu ni vyo gusa bifuha mw’ijisho, **vomera ijisho ryuguruye n’amazi y’umunyu asanzwe 0,9% atagiramwo ubumara canke amazi asukuye mu minota 15 gushika kuri 20 (ukoresheje iminota 15 gushika kuri 20 igufa ry’itama, nta na rimwe ribe ku mubumbe ubwawo) kugira ngo woze ivu ry’amazi ryitwa alkaline potassium carbonate imbere y’uko aja mu Gisata c’Ivy’Ivyihutirwa.

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo¶

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni kuki NTAKWIGEZE ngenda n'umuriro "dud" canke ngo ngerageze gusubira gucana fizi yazimye?¶

Iyo fizi y’umuriro isa n’iyihagaritse gusha hanze, umurongo w’ifu yirabura kenshi urabandanya **gufumba ataboneka imbere mu gipfukisho c’impapuro canke mu gipfukisho c’ivu (`a hangfire`)** mu minota **5 gushika kuri 15** ata mwotsi canke ibishashi bibonetse. Kugenda hejuru kugira ngo ushire hasi mu mugozi w’uruzitiro rw’ivu canke gupfukama kugira ngo usubire gucana umugozi mutoyi w’ifuzi bishira amaso yawe, mu maso hawe, n’ubwonko bwawe hejuru y’umunwa mu gihe nyaco umuriro uriko urafumba utera umuriro wo guterura maze ugatera igisasu ku giciro c’ibilometero **160 kw’isaha (100** miles kw’isaha). Imisi yose urindire **iminota 20 gushika kuri 30**, ushire igikoresho mu mazi uri kure cane, hanyuma ugishire mu ndobo y’amazi ijoro ryose.

Ni kuki igisasu c’ivu gishobora gusubirwamwo caturitse mu kanya nk’ako gukubita mu gitereko imbere y’uko mbere ncana fizi?¶

Iyo urashe igisasu co mu kirere kivuye mu nzira y’ivu, iyo nturika y’ifu yirabura isiga inyuma **utupapuro dutoduto tukayangana n’utuvungukira tw’amakara** hasi mu gitereko c’umwirabura tuguma dushushe (**400 gushika kuri 600 degrees Celsius**) mu minota myinshi. Kubera ko hasi mu gipfukisho gikurikira gishobora gusubirwamwo harimwo umufuko w’impapuro z’impuzu zigaragara zifise **umuriro wo guterura w’ifu yirabura**, gutera igipfukisho gishasha mu gipfukisho gishasha gishira igipfukisho gishasha hejuru cane y’umuriro ukayangana, ukagitera mo.u **0.05 seconds haciye igihe ukuboko kwawe n’igipfukisho kiri hejuru y’uruzitiro rwawe. Igihe cose urindire nibura **iminota 10** hagati y’ugusubira gushiramwo, ushiremwo ivu ryose, kandi ufate ibibombe bivuye ku ruhande ku burebure bw’ukuboko igihe uriko urashiramwo.

Nozigama gute urutoke canke urukumu rwaciwe inyuma y’ugutera umuriro mu kuboko kugira ngo abaganga bashobore kurusubiramwo?¶

Kurikiza itegeko ry'ubuhinga bwo kubaga **"Bag-on-Ice-Water Slurry"**: (1) Usukure buhoro buhoro umwanda urekuye ku rutoke rwaciwe n'umunyu canke amazi meza (ntiwigere urusukura canke ngo urushireko inzoga/peroxide); (2) uzingire urutoke mu gipande c’**igitambaro c’impuzu y’ubumara gitose gatoyi n’umunyu**; (3) uyishire mu **mufuko w’ipulasitike wumye kandi udashobora guterwa n’amazi**; na (4) ushire iyo saho ipfutse hejuru y’**ikivange c’igice c’urubura n’igice c’amazi**. **Ntukigere ushira urutoke rwaciwe ku barafu ataco irimwo canke ku barafu yumye**, ivyo bikaba bikonja bigaturika imitsi y’amaraso y’imikorosikopi ku buryo urutoke rudashobora gusubira guterwa. Zana ibice vyose vy’urutoke vyagarutse mu bitaro, naho vyoba vyajanjaguritse, kuko abaganga babaga babikoresha nk’ibihimba vy’inyuma kugira ngo bakize urukumu.

Ni kuki ntegerezwa gufatanya igikombe c’impapuro hejuru y’igikomere c’ijisho ry’umuriro aho kugikandako igitambaro co gupfuka?¶

Ibisasu vy’umuriro vyihuta cane, ibice vy’ibisasu, n’imipfunda y’ibisasu kenshi **bicagura canke bikamenagura uruhome rw’ijisho (`an open-globe injury`)**. Iyo ukandagiye igipande c’ijisho canke igipande c’urubura gipfutse ku gipfukisho c’ijisho gipfutse, ico gipfukisho co hanze **kica gicapura iris, lens n’ibara ry’ijisho bikomeye biva mu marira**, bigatuma umuntu aba impumyi ubudasiba. Ahubwo, kata hasi ku **igikombe co kunywa c’impapuro canke c’ifu** gisukuye maze ugishire ku **gipfukisho c’amagufa akomeye c’amaso n’igufa ry’itama** kugira ngo kibe nk’igikombe gikomeye hejuru y’ijisho kitakoze ku ntugu y’ijisho canke ku bipfunsi vy’ijisho.

Ni kuki ari akaga cane gufata ubuji bw’Abaroma mu kuboko igihe uriko urarasa?¶

Itara ry’Abaroma ritera imipira 5 gushika ku 10 y’umunyu w’ivyuma n’ivyuma bishaje ku **degre 1.500 za Celsius (degre 2.730 Fahrenheit)** mu gitereko c’ikarata, impera yaco yo hasi ikaba ipfutse gusa n’igipande c’ibumba ry’ibumba ry’ibara ry’agahama**. Iyo igipfukisho co hasi c’ibumba gicagutse canke uruhome rw’ikarata rugasaduka ku nkuru ya 3 canke ya 4, umuriro w’ivyo bikoresho **urasa umupira w’umuriro w’umweru ugasubira inyuma uva hasi y’uruzitiro ugororotse ukaja mu kiganza c’ukuboko kwawe n’ikiganza cawe bifatanye**, bikaba bituma haba radial arge. Imisi yose uhambe amabuye y’agaciro y’Abaroma hagati mu ndobo y’umusenyi canke uyabohe ku giti co hasi. Gufata ubutabazi bwa mbere bwemewe, CPR, n’ivyigwa vyo guhagarika amaraso bivuye ku Musaraba Mutukura, St John Ambulance, canke ikigo c’abakomeretse co mu karere bigutegurira gusubiza igihe cose habaye igisasu canke uguturika.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ibitero vy'umuriro vy'umuriro, igisasu kidatera, gutonyanga, n'umuriro w'ubuji bw'Abaroma
• Ibisasu vy'umuriro, ibiturika vy'ibishashi, n'ibikomere vy'ibisasu
• Guca igihimba c'umubiri bibabaje: kuzigama urutoke, ukuboko n'amaguru
• Amaso yakomeretse, imiti ipfutse, n'ugukingira umubumbe wuguruye
• Kuva amaraso cane no gukoresha igipfukisho c'umuyaga

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Ishirahamwe ry'Umutekano w'Ibikoresho vy'Abaguzi ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (CPSC) & Ishirahamwe ry'Igihugu ry'Ukurinda Umuriro (NFPA): Raporo y'Umwaka y'Ibikoresho vy'Umuriro (Ibikomere vy'Ibikoresho vy'Umuriro Bivuwe n'Igisata c'Ivyihutirwa hakurikijwe Ubwoko bw'Igikoresho n'Akarere k'Umubiri), NFPA 1123 (Itegeko ry'Ibikoresho vy'Umuriro Wa2nut-3play: Ivyagezwe vyerekeye HDPE n’ivy’ivyuma vya PVC), na 16 CFR Igice ca 1507.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Abaganga b’Ikiganza (ASSH) & Ishure ry’Abaganga b’Amerika (ACS): Ubuvuzi bw’Ikiganza c’Ibisasu (Guhungabanya Ikirere c’Ikiganza, Gukuraho Impeta, n’Ugusubira Gutera Ivyatsi Bitari vyo 4 C Normothermic/Hypothermic).
• Ishure ry’ubuvuzi bw’amaso ryo muri Amerika (AAO): Ivyuma vy’amaso bikoreshwa mu gupima ibikomere: Igikoresho co gukingira amaso (Ingabo y’Imbwebwe / Igikombe c’Impapuro), Karbonate ya Potassium (K2CO3) Gufumbira, no Gukingira Ababibona.
• Umuyobozi w'ubuzima n'umutekano (HSE, Ubwongereza) & Igisata c'ubutunzi bwa Canada (Igisata kijejwe gucungera ibisasu vya NRCan): *Gukora neza n'ibikoresho vy'umuriro vy'iyerekanwa n'ivy'abaguzi (Igihe co guhagarara kw'umuriro, Gushiramwo ibikoresho vy'umuriro, n'Igice ca F2/F3/F4 Sepa.