Mortar Kembang Api Reload Ledakan lan Lilin Romawi sane mabalik¶

Konsumen lan pameran cangkang mortar sane prasida kamuat malih ring udara (bola festival konsumen 44 milimeter / 1,75 inci lan cangkang salut komersial 75 ngantos 150 milimeter / 3 ngantos 6 inci), kue multi-tembakan iklan udara nyabran warsa, lan lilin Romawi genggam sane nyabran warsa, lan lilin Romawi genggam sane nyawis langkungan saking E001. Amerika Serikat kemanten (data CPSC AS), antuk tangan lan jerijin (30 ngantos 35 persen), sirah/prarain/kuping (22 persen), lan mata (15 ngantos 20 persen) sane nanggung beban tekanan berlebihan ledakan lan 1.200-kantos-2.000-siel-derajatC- (2.200-kantos-3.600-derajat-Fahrenheit) bintang piroteknik sane kageseng. Akeh sabilang kembang api bencana sane ngawinang cacad utawi padem kapolihang saking petang jebag fisika piroteknik sane prasida kacegah: (1) ledakan mortar muat ulang bara-dalam-tabung utawi muatan cangkang terbalik, ring dija operator ngelepasin cangkang muatan-muatan tinggi PEne seger (HDeD- serat kaca, utawi tabung mortar kardus sane madaging bara kertas sane nyala tunggal, ngeplugang cangkang 0,5 detik salanturnyane rikala prarain lan tangan operator langsung ring duur moncong, (2) cangkang "dud" walk-up lan relight trap, ring dija sekering delay smolders tube nenten kacingak ring jeroning3 to1.hangfire) lan api lurus ke tengkorak jadma sane ngintip tedun tong, (3) colok kardus lilin Romawi blow-out (tembak balik) ritatkala panganggen ngambel lilin Romawi multi-bola ring tinjunyane lan colokan dasar tanah liat sane retak nembak a 1.500 C magnesium / strontium bintang lanu sing ipun mundur, Pipa plastik PVC pinaka tabung mortar buatan soang-soang**, sane belah dados pecahan radiolusen (sinar-X sane nenten kacingak) rikala peledakan cangkang. Yening wenten kembang api sane makeplug ring tangan anak, nepen mata, utawi makeplug ring prarain utawi dada, digelis hubungi nomor darurat lokal ragane (911 ring Amerika Serikat lan Kanada, 112 ring sejebag Uni Eropa, 999 ring Inggris, 000 ring Australia, 111 ring Selandia Baru) utawi konsultasiang langsung global titiang nomer darurat. Antuk protokol ledakan, amputasi, lan trauma mata sane mapaiketan erat, wacen panduan titiang ring tabung mortar kembang api tip-over, cangkang salah tembak, lan dud rendem, ledakan kembang api, gosong sparkler, miwah tatu saking ledakan, amputasi traumatis: pelestarian jerijin, tangan, lan anggota tubuh, miwah tatu ring mata miwah pelindung bola terbuka.

Laksanayang niki mangkin¶

1. Yening kembang api utawi cangkang mortar nepen mata, SAMPUNANG PERNAH ngusap, bilas, utawi tekan ring bola mata: pita perisai kubah kaku utawi cangkir kertas sane katebas dasar ring duur tulang orbit digelis: Impak kembang api sane meledak ngawinang pecah-pecah lapheblod globe terbuka, korrupsi mata), lan gosong bubuk hitam alkali intraokular. Neken kasa ring bola mata sane sampun rusak ngeremes lensa, iris, lan gel vitreous medal saking tatu, ngawinang buta sane nenten prasida kabalikang. Rekam dasar kertas sane bersih utawi cangkir minum busa ring duur punggung alis sane bertulang lan tulang pipi mangda nenten wenten sane ngenah ring mata, tutup mata sane nenten tatu mangda ngirangin gerakan, lan transportasi langsung ke Departemen Darurat antuk cakupan bedah mata.
2. Yening cangkang mortar, petasan (M-80 / salute), or Roman candle explodes in a person's hand, control life-threatening radial/ulnar arterial bleeding with direct pressure or a forearm/upper-arm windlass tourniquet: Blast overpressure inside a closed fist ("hand blast syndrome") blows open the palmar arches, fractures the metacarpals, and amputates the thumb and index finger. Pack the mangled palm gently with sterile saline-moistened gauze, apply firm direct pressure to the wrist/forearm arteries, or strap a CoTCCC windlass tourniquet 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) above the wrist/elbow if bright red pulsatile bleeding continues.
3. Genahang makasami jerijin tangan utawi segmen jempol sane sampun kaamputasi, bungkus antuk kasa steril sane kalembabin akidik antuk saline, segel ring jeroan kantong plastik kedap air sane tuh, lan genahang kantong punika ring ranjang es lan toya (NANGAN PERNAH ngenahang jaringan sane sampun kaamputasi langsung ring es utawi es jempol sane sampun kaamputasi yening tangan sering rep-put lan es kering): jaringan punika kaawehin malarapan antuk pendinginan nenten langsung ring suhu 4 derajat celcius (39 derajat Fahrenheit). Masang jerijin tangan langsung ring es batu utawi ring ember toya beku lan ngalisis sel endotel mikrovaskular, ngusak-asik peluang replantasi.
4. **Yening cangkang mortar udara utawi kue gagal nembak sesampun ragane ngendihang sekering (a "Dud" utawi "Misfire"), SAMPUNANG PERNAH mamargi mawali munggah jagi nureksain utawi nyobak ngendihang malih sekering sane cendet: antosang minimal ketat 20 ngantos 30 menit ring standoff cepat 30 meter (100 kaki) bubuk prasida ngamuk ring jero (hangfire) antuk nol kacingak andus utawi percikan api salami 5 ngantos 15 menit sadurung nadak nepen muatan angkat bubuk-hitam. Tetep makejang penonton mawali paling kidik 20 ngantos 30 menit, lantas nampekin saking sisi (nenten naenin nyenderin bagian awak napi-napi ring duur cangkem tabung) lan banjir tabung mortar saking panjang lengan nganggen selang tamann sadurung nyelepin cangkang ring ember 20-liter over.ight ofgater)
5. Yening tabung mortar sane prasida kamuat malih wawu nembakang cangkang, antosang paling kidik 10 menit, ngocok leluu kertas napi manten, utawi ngalih ke tabung mortar dingin kaping kalih sadurung muat cangkang sane lianan: Penyebab nomor-satu ledakan wajah mortar sane dados kamuat malih inggih punika ngelepasin cangkang kaping kalih ke tabung panas car**se glotting utawi fu ring sor. Ember sane panes punika ngendihang kantong angkat bubuk ireng sane terkena ring dasar cangkang anyar instan ia meluncur ke tong, nembak cangkang langsung ke prarain lan tangan operator sadurung ipun prasida narik lengannyane mawali.
6. Priksa panah ring sabilang cangkang mortar sané prasida kamuat malih (THIS SIDE UP) with a flashlight before loading: If an aerial shell is loaded upside down into the mortar tube (with the time-delay fuse facing up and the black-powder lift charge on top), lighting the fuse ignites the lift charge at the top of the tube, driving the heavy aerial break shell downward into the base of the tube where it detonates at ground level like a fragmentation grenade.

Decision tree: fireworks mortar blast, hand amputation, corneal burn, and dud shell triage¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Fireworks Emergency: Mortar Blast, Roman Candle Backfire, or Misfire"] --> EventType{"1. What emergency has occurred?"}

    EventType -->|"1. HAND BLAST / FINGER AMPUTATION"| HandTrauma["HAND BLAST PROTOCOL: 1. Pack palm wound with moist sterile gauze & apply direct pressure 2. If arterial wrist bleed -> Apply CoTCCC Windlass Tourniquet to forearm/upper arm 3. Recover digits -> Wrap in damp saline gauze -> Seal in dry bag -> Place on ICE-WATER SLURRY"]

    EventType -->|"2. EYE IMPACT OR BLACK POWDER IN EYE"| EyeCheck{"2. High-velocity blast hit or surface ash?"}

    EyeCheck -->|"Explosive Blast or Projectile Impact"| OpenGlobe["OPEN-GLOBE RUPTURE (SAMPUNANG NGIRIM UTAWI TEKEN): 1. SAMPUNANG NGUSEH, bilas, utawi tekan kasa ring mata 2. Pita Pelindung Mata Kaku utawi Cangkir Kertas Dasar ring duur orbit tulang 3. Tambalan mata SANE NENTEN LUKA -> Langsung Ophtalmologi ED"]

    EyeCheck -->|"Abu Permukaan Longgar (Globe Utuh)"| AshFlush["IRIGASI ABU ALKALI : 1. Tarik kelopak mata alus-alus (teken tuah ring alis/pipi sane bertulang) 2. Siram alus-alus antuk toya asin 0,9% utawi toya anget salami 15 min anggen ngumbah residu kalium karbonat alkali -> Slit-Lamp Exam"]

    EventType -->|"3. DUD SHELL / MISFIRE IN TUBE"| DudProtocol["20-TO-30-MINUTE HANGFIRE STANDOFF: 1. NEVER look down tube or relight a dud fuse 2. Clear 30 m (100 ft) perimeter and wait 20 to 30 minutes 3. Flood tube from distance with garden hose, then soak shell in 20 L water bucket overnight"]

Deep dive 1: The physics of mortar shell reload explosions, upside-down shells, and dud hangfires¶

Understanding how a reloadable consumer or commercial aerial mortar shell works explains why reloading a hot tube and peering over a misfired tube are the two most lethal actions in pyrotechnics.

1. Inside an Aerial Mortar Shell: Lift Charge vs. Time Fuse vs. Break Charge¶

Every reloadable aerial mortar shell (whether a 44-millimeter consumer canister shell or a 100-millimeter commercial spherical display shell) is a two-stage explosive ordnance device: 1. Stage 1: The Black-Powder Lift Charge (75% KNO3 + 15% Charcoal + 10% Sulfur) at the Base: - Packaged in a thin paper cone or pouch at the very bottom of the shell. When you light the long green visco safety fuse protruding from the top of the mortar tube, the flame burns down the side of the shell to the bottom and ignites the lift charge. - The lift charge deflagrates in 0.02 seconds, generating a high-pressure gas piston inside the closed bottom of the mortar tube that launches the shell 30 to 100 meters (100 to 330 feet) into the sky at 150 to 250 kilometers per hour (95 to 155 miles per hour). 2. Tahap 2: Sekering Penundaan Waktu Piroteknik lan Muatan Pemecah Bubuk Kilat: - Ring milidetik sane tepat muatan angkat punika ngendih ring dasar tabung, gas-gas sane panes punika ngendihang sekering time-delay pyrotechnic sane tebel lan alon-alon (kakalibrasi mangda ngendih salami 2,5 ngantos 4,0 detik rikala cangkangnyane menek ka apogee). - Rikala cangkang punika sampun rauh ring puncak lintasannyane, sekering galah punika rauh ring tengah cangkang lan ngeplugang muatan pecah bubuk kilat (potassium perchlorate + aluminum/titanium powder), ngeplugang bintang warna logam sane ngendih ka jaba ring bola 50 meter.

====================================================================================
   THREE LETHAL MORTAR SHELL FAILURE MODES: EMBER RELOAD, UPSIDE-DOWN & HANGFIRE
====================================================================================

   [1] HOT-TUBE EMBER RELOAD BLAST       [2] UPSIDE-DOWN SHELL ("FLOWERPOT")
        (Operator Hand Over Muzzle)          (Lift Charge on TOP, Break on BOTTOM)
               \ (Hand) /                              || Fuse Lit
                \  ||  /                               \/
            +--------------+                    +--------------+
            |   [Shell]    |                    | [Lift Charge]| <-- Fires DOWNWARD
            |      ||      |                    |  [Break Core]| <-- Detonates at
            |      \/      |                    |    (Arrow    |     Ground Level
            | [Lift Pouch] |                    |  Points Down)|     Shredding Tube
            |  * EMBER *   |                    +--------------+
            +--------------+                    ================
          Glowing paper ember at              Shell loaded upside down in dark;
         bottom ignites lift pouch           explodes inside tube 3 sec later.
         instantly upon drop-in.

   [3] THE "HANGFIRE" DUD TRAP (SMOLDERING DELAY FUSE)
         Fuse stops sparkling outside -> Smolders invisibly inside paper casing
         for 3 to 12 minutes -> Fires 150 km/h shell straight into face of
         person leaning over tube. (MANDATORY RULE: Wait 20-30 Min + Hose Soak).
====================================================================================

2. Napi mawinan Muat Ulang Tabung Mortar Sane Wawu Katembak Ngawetuang Tangan Lan Prarain¶

Rikala ragane nembak cangkang saking tabung mortar HDPE utawi kardus, muatan angkat bubuk ireng punika ninggalin pecahan kertas kraft sane kagetep, slag arang sane nglinus, lan piringan kardus sane panes ring dasar tong sane peteng: - Arang kertas punika masunar meneng ring 400 ngantos 600 derajat Celcius (750 ngantos 1.100 derajat Fahrenheit) salami 2 ngantos 8 menit sesampun peluncuran, sane kagentosin olih draft cerobong asap tabung vertikal. - Santukan kantong angkat bubuk ireng ring dasar cangkang selanturnyane kabungkus antuk kertas tisu tipis (suhu pengapian ** 280 ngantos 300 derajat Celcius / 536 ngantos 572 derajat Fahrenheit ), instan an operator nahan muzzle seger the ** t drop it of the, cangkangne mendarat persegi ring ember sane nglinus. - Alih-alih operator madue galah gosong sekering hijau 6 detik anggen mamargi joh, **cangkang punika nembak seketika metu saking tong ring 0,05 detik sedengkan jerijin operator kari ring jeroan moncong lan soket mata lan pipi ipun wenten 30 sentimeter (12 inci) ring baduur tabung. - Cara Nyegah Ledakan Reload: 1. Sampunang pisan ngenahang prarain, sirah, dada, utawi tangan langsung ring duur cangkem tabung mortar sane mabuka sabilang galah (napi malih ritatkala ngemuat cangkang sane nenten madaging lampu). Gegelang cangkang antuk tali sekering baduurnyane saking sisi tabung ring panjang lengan mangda yening ipun nembak langsung ritatkala ngenah ring sor, ipun nembak tanpa baya nglintangin bahu ragane ka langit. 2. Icenin paling kidik 10 menit galah pendinginan ring pantaraning tembakan ring tabung sane pateh, balikang tabung dingin mangda ngutang makasami abu kertas, lan inspeksi ring sornyane antuk senter sadurung muat malih (utawi numbas kue multi-tembakan sane sampun kamuat sane nenten naenin ngamerluang muat malih manual).

Deep dive 2: Prehospital trauma care for "Fireworks Blast Hand" and finger amputations¶

When a firecracker, salute, Roman candle backfire, or mortar shell explodes inside or next to a human hand, it produces a signature reconstructive surgical emergency known as "The Fireworks Blast Hand."

1. The Four-Zone Biomechanics of a Closed-Fist Pyrotechnic Blast¶

Hand surgeons classify fireworks hand blasts as a combined high-pressure barotrauma, ballistic shrapnel, and 1,500 C thermal-chemical burn injury: 1. Hyperextension Dislocation and Thumb Carpometacarpal (CMC) Avulsion: - The expanding spherical gas bubble inside the palm forces the thumb and fingers into violent hyperextension and abduction, ripping the thenar muscles (thumb web space) apart, splitting the skin of the palm down to the carpal tunnel, and either dislocating or completely amputating the thumb, index, and middle fingers. 2. Digital Artery Thrombosis vs. Radial/Ulnar Hemorrhage: - While small digital arteries in amputated finger stumps often go into vasospasm initially, partial lacerations of the superficial and deep palmar arches or the radial and ulnar arteries at the wrist bleed profusely, rapidly leading to hemorrhagic shock, especially in children and adolescents. 3. Step-by-Step First Aid for a Mangled Hand and Amputated Digits: - Step 1 (Control Bleeding): Lay the patient flat. Place a thick pad of sterile gauze (moistened with sterile saline or clean water so it does not stick to raw burned tendons) over the palm and wrap firmly with an elastic roller bandage, elevating the hand above heart level. If bright red blood continues soaking through or spurting from the wrist/forearm, apply a CoTCCC windlass tourniquet 5 to 8 centimeters (2 to 3 inches) above the wrist or on the upper arm and twist until bleeding stops completely. - Step 2 (Remove All Rings, Watches, and Bracelets on the Injured Limb Within 60 Seconds): Blast-injured hands and wrists swell to twice their normal diameter within 15 minutes. A wedding band or fashion ring left on a surviving finger acts as a rigid steel tourniquet that causes ischemic gangrene and costs the patient a second finger. Slide or cut all rings and wristwatches off immediately. - Step 3 (Proper "Bag-on-Ice-Water" Preservation of Amputated Fingers): - Search the ground with a flashlight for any amputated fingers, thumb tips, or large bone/skin segments (bring every piece to the hospital; even if a badly crushed index finger cannot be replanted, hand surgeons frequently use its intact skin, nerves, and bone as "spare-parts microsurgical grafts" to save and reconstruct the thumb). - Gently rinse loose dirt off the amputated finger with sterile saline (never scrub it and never soak it in antiseptic, alcohol, or hydrogen peroxide). - Wrap the finger in a piece of sterile gauze lightly moistened with saline, seal it inside a clean, dry zippered plastic bag, and place that sealed bag inside a second container filled with a slurry of half ice and half water (4 C / 39 F). Never let an amputated finger touch ice directly (causes frostbite crystal necrosis) and never submerge it loose in water (causes hypotonic tissue maceration).

====================================================================================
     CORRECT MICROVASCULAR PRESERVATION OF AMPUTATED FINGERS ("BAG-ON-SLURRY")
====================================================================================

                     +---------------------------------------+
                     |     OUTER CONTAINER / COOLER CUP      |
                     |   Filled With 50% Ice + 50% Water     |
                     |          (Maintains 4 C / 39 F)       |
                     |    +-----------------------------+    |
                     |    |  SEALED WATERTIGHT ZIPLOC   |    |
                     |    |  +-----------------------+  |    |
                     |    |  | Amputated Finger/Thumb|  |    |
                     |    |  | Wrapped in Moistened  |  |    |
                     |    |  | Sterile Saline Gauze  |  |    |
                     |    |  +-----------------------+  |    |
                     |    +-----------------------------+    |
                     +---------------------------------------+
====================================================================================

Deep dive 3: Corneal thermal burns, alkaline potassium carbonate residue, and open-globe shielding¶

One in five fireworks injuries strikes the eye, and bystanders (especially children watching from 3 to 15 meters away) account for nearly 50 percent of all fireworks eye blinding incidents.

1. Why Fireworks Eye Injuries Are a Triple Threat: Blunt Rupture + 1,500 C Burn + Alkaline Burn¶

When a misfired mortar shell, bottle rocket, or Roman candle star strikes the eye: 1. Blunt & Penetrating Open-Globe Trauma: A 44-millimeter mortar shell or bottle rocket hits the eyeball at 100 to 200 km/h (60 to 125 mph), causing an open-globe rupture (corneoscleral laceration), traumatic hyphema (blood filling the anterior chamber), lens dislocation, and retinal detachment. 2. Alkaline Potassium Carbonate (K2CO3) Saponification: Burned black powder (KNO3 + C + S) and pyrotechnic stars leave behind a caustic residue of potassium carbonate (K2CO3), potassium sulfide (K2S), and metallic oxides with an alkaline pH of 10.5 to 12.0. Unlike acids, alkaline firework residue saponifies fatty acids in corneal cell membranes, eating deeper into the corneal stroma every minute it stays in the tear film.

2. The Critical Ocular Triage Split: When to Shield Only vs. When to Irrigate Gently¶

Sadurung ngusud tatu mata kembang api, tureksain mata ring sor senter (tanpa neken ring kelopak mata) mangda ngambil pamutus puniki: 1. YENING WENTEN TANDA RUPTURE OPEN-GLOBE SANE WENTEN -> PERISAI KEMANTEN (SAMPUNANG SIRAM, SAMPUNANG TEKAN): - Bendera Merah: (a) Pasien keni langsung olih proyektil makeber (roket, cangkang, pecahan selongsong, utawi serpihan PVC); (b) sisia kacingak marupa tetes yeh mata, muncuk, utawi katarik ka sisi; © jaringan iris sane barak utawi jeli sane bening sane menjorok; (d) ring arep panyingakan madaging getih (hifema); utawi (e) bola mata sane kacingak deflasi. - Tindakan: Sampunang nyiramin antuk aliran kran sane maksa, SAMPUNANG narik sliver sane tertanam, lan SAMPUNANG ngenahang salep ring mata. Getep dasar 4 sentimeter (1,5 inci) saking pita kertas utawi cangkir busa Fox sane bersih (utawi nganggen eyeye luminum itbony kaku a) kening alis lan tulang pipi mangda prasida ngawentuk kubah pelindung. 2. YENING WANTAH ABU HALUS, PERCIKAN, UTAWI ASUS BUBUK SANE NGRANJING RING MATA SANE UTAH -> SIRAM ALUS-ALUS SALAMI 15 MENIT: - Yening nenten wenten proyektil sane nepen mata, pupil punika bunter lan berpusat, lan wantah asep bubuk mesiu halus, serpihan percikan api, utawi abu sane katiup ring mata, alus irigasi mata sane terbuka antuk steril 0,9% ridge saline normal utawi toya sane anget selama 15 ngantos 20 minutes bole tulang pipi, nenten naenin ring globe punika) mangda ngumbah abu kalium karbonat basa sadurung lunga ka Dinas Darurat.

Nomor darurat daerah miwah protokol lembaga¶

Pitakén sané sering katakénang¶

Napi mawinan tiang nenten dados PERNAH mamargi munggah ka kembang api "dud" utawi nyobak ngidupang malih sekering sane sampun padem?¶

Rikala sekering kembang api kacingak sampun suud ngendih ring jaba, inti bubuk-hitam sering terus **ngaduk-ngaduk nenten kacingak ring jeroning bungkus kertas utawi tabung mortar (`a hangfire`)** for **5 to 15 minutes** with zero visible smoke or sparks. Walking up to peer down the barrel of a mortar tube or bending down to relight a short stub of fuse places your eyes, face, and brain directly over the muzzle at the exact moment the smoldering ember hits the lift charge and launches the shell at **160 kilometers per hour (100 miles per hour)**. Always wait a strict **minimum of 20 to 30 minutes**, hose the device down from a safe distance, and submerge it in a bucket of water overnight.

Why did a reloadable mortar shell explode the instant I dropped it into the tube before I even lit the fuse?¶

When you fire an aerial shell from a mortar tube, the black-powder explosion leaves behind **tiny glowing paper and charcoal embers** at the bottom of the dark barrel that stay hot (**400 to 600 degrees Celsius**) for several minutes. Because the bottom of the next reloadable shell contains an exposed tissue-paper pouch of **black-powder lift charge**, dropping a fresh shell into a recently fired tube sets the new shell right on top of the glowing ember, firing it **0.05 seconds later while your hand and face are directly over the mouth of the tube**. Always wait at least **10 minutes** between reloads, dump out all ash, and hold shells from the side at arm's length when loading.

How do I preserve an amputated finger or thumb after a fireworks hand blast so surgeons can reattach it?¶

Follow the microsurgical **"Bag-on-Ice-Water Slurry" rule**: (1) Gently rinse loose dirt off the amputated finger with sterile saline or clean water (never scrub it or put alcohol/peroxide on it); (2) wrap the finger in a piece of **sterile gauze lightly dampened with saline**; (3) seal it inside a **dry, watertight zippered plastic bag**; and (4) place that sealed bag on top of a **mixture of half ice and half water**. **Never put an amputated finger directly onto bare ice or dry ice**, which freezes and bursts the microscopic blood vessels so the digit cannot be replanted. Bring all recovered finger fragments to the hospital, even if crushed, because surgeons use them as spare-parts grafts to save the thumb.

Why must I tape a paper cup over a fireworks eye injury instead of pressing gauze on it?¶

High-velocity fireworks projectiles, casing shrapnel, and blast waves frequently **slice or rupture the wall of the eyeball (`an open-globe injury`)**. If you press a folded gauze pad or ice pack directly against a ruptured eyeball, the external pressure **squeezes the delicate iris, lens, and retina out through the tear**, causing permanent blindness. Instead, cut the bottom off a clean **paper or foam drinking cup** and tape it across the **hard bony brow ridge and cheekbone** so it forms a rigid dome over the eye without touching the eyeball or eyelids.

Why is it so dangerous to hold a Roman candle in your hand when shooting it?¶

Lilin Romawi ngendihang 5 ngantos 10 bola magnesium sane ngendih lan uyah logam ring suhu **1.500 derajat Celcius (2.730 derajat Fahrenheit)** saking tabung kardus sane muncuk sornyane wantah kapasang olih piringan **tanah liat sane kateken**. Yening colokan dasar tanah liat punika retak utawi tembok kardus punika pegat ring tembakan kaping 3 utawi kaping 4, muatan bahan bakar **nembakang bola sane ngendih putih-panas mundur metu dasar tabung lurus ke telapak tangan lan pergelangan tangan ragane sane kajepit**, ngawinang hendon bu radial derajat tiga lan tendon. Setata mendem lilin Romawi ring tengahing ember pasih utawi tali ring tiang ring tanahe. Ngambil P3K sane bersertifikat, CPR, lan kursus Stop the Bleed saking Palang Merah, Ambulans St John, utawi pusat trauma lokal nyiagayang ragane mangda prasida nyawis darurat ledakan utawi gosong napi manten.

Panuntun sané mapaiketan¶

• Tabung mortar kembang api tip-over, cangkang salah tembak, dud rendem, lan lilin Romawi tembak balik
• Ledakan kembang api, gosong sparkler, miwah tatu saking ledakan
• Amputasi traumatis: pelestarian jerijin, tangan, miwah angga
• Tatu ring mata, percikan kimia, miwah pelindung bola terbuka
• Pendarahan sane parah lan aplikasi turniket windlass

Sumber miwah tuntunan resmi¶

• Komisi Keselamatan Produk Konsumen Amerika Serikat (CPSC) & Asosiasi Perlindungan Api Nasional (NFPA): *Laporan Tahunan Kembang Api (Cedera Kembang Api sane Karawat Departemen Darurat manut Jenis Piranti lan Wilayah Tubuh), NFPA 1123 (Kode untuk Kembang Api Wa2nut-Miit-0play: Standar Mortar HDPE vs PVC), miwah 16 CFR Bagian 1507 *.
• Masyarakat Amerika antuk Bedah Tangan (ASSH) & Perguruan Tinggi Ahli Bedah Amerika (ACS): Manajemen Klinis Tangan Ledakan Kembang Api (Gangguan Ruang Thenar, Trombosis Arteri Digital, Penghapusan Cincin, lan Transportasi Replantasi Normotermik / Hipotermik 4 C Tan Langsung).
• Akademi Mata Amerika (AAO): Triage Trauma Kembang Api Mata: Protokol Pelindung Bola Terbuka (Perisai Rubah / Kubah Cangkir Kertas), Kalium Karbonat Basa (K2CO3) Irigasi, miwah Pencegahan Luka Pengamat.
• Eksekutif Kesehatan lan Keselamatan (HSE, Inggris) & Sumber Daya Alam Kanada (Divisi Pengaturan Bahan Peledak NRCan): *Makarya Aman sareng Pameran lan Kembang Api Konsumen (Interval Standoff Api Gantung, Rak Mortar Bracing, lan Kategori F2 / F3 / F4 Distansi)s * Pemisahan.