Ivyonona n'igihuhusi c'inzu y'ivyatsi, ugusenyuka kw'ibikoresho vy'ubushuhe mu rushana, n'ugucika kw'amashanyarazi y'amazi¶

Ivyumba vy’ibidukikije bigenzurwa biratandukanya ibiterwa bitobito ibihe bikomeye cane, yamara iyo nzira y’ubuhinga irasenyuka ningoga igihe umuyaga w’inkubi y’umuyaga umenagura ibipande vy’ibirahuri, igikoresho nyamukuru co gushushanya propane kigafunga mu gihe c’igihuhusi, canke iyo umuriro uhagaze w’ipompo y’amazi isubira gukoresha. Utegerezwa gukora mu buryo budasanzwe burinda ubuzima bw’umuntu kugwa kw’ibirahuri n’umuyaga w’ikirere, bugakingira ibice vy’imibumbe kugira ngo umuyaga ntiwuduze, kandi bugatuma ubushuhe bwo mu karere k’imizi n’umwuka w’ikirere biguma bimeze neza imbere y’uko utugingo ngengabuzima twonona ubudasiba.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Guma kure y’inzu y’ibirahuri mu gihe c’umuyaga mwinshi canke urubura. Gugwa kw’ibirahuri vy’uburimyi bishobora guca imitsi mu masegonda makeyi. Rindira gushika umuyaga ugabanutse canke wambare inkofero ikomeye, amataratara y’umutekano, amaganzu y’urukoba, n’inkweto z’amano y’icuma nimba utegerezwa gutera igikoresho co hanze co gufunga.
2. Kuraho umuyaga wo mu mutima utera imbere mu gufunga aho umuyaga uca no gusohora umwuka mu ruhande rw’umuyaga gatoyi. Iyo urugi canke igipande gipfutse imbere ku ruhome rw’umuyaga, imiyaga yinjira iratera umukazo ku nyubakwa nk’iparachute kandi ishobora gutabura igisenge ku mushinge wayo. Ushire canke ushire igitambaro ku nzira y’umuyaga uvuye hanze, hanyuma ushiremwo umuyaga uva hanze ufise uburebure bwa santimetero 2 gushika kuri 5 (inci 1 gushika kuri 2) kugira ngo ushireho umuyaga mubi.
3. Suzuma ko ata mwuka w’ivyatsi uhari imbere yo kwinjira mu nzu y’ivyatsi ikaze aho igikoresho co gushushanya amavuta y’ibinyabiziga cananiwe. Igikoresho co gushushanya propane, gaze kavukire canke kerosene kitagira umwuka canke kidakora neza mu nzu y’ivyatsi vy’urushana yugarijwe, cubaka ivyiyumviro vy’umuyagankuba w’ivyatsi bitagira akamoto (CO) vyica. Ugurure inzugi cane mu minota 5 maze usuzume ko umuyaga utekanye ukoresheje igikoresho co kumenya CO gikoreshwa na bateri imbere y’uko winjira.
4. Ubake ubwo nyene "inzu y'ivyatsi-mu-nzu y'ivyatsi" umugende mutoyi hejuru y'ibiterwa iyo ubushuhe butashoboye. Ntugerageze gushushanya igisenge kirekire n'ibikoresho vy'ubushuhe vyihutirwa. Igipfukisho c’umurongo w’uburimyi, igipfukisho c’ibibumbano, canke igipfukisho ca polyethylene gitomoye hejuru y’ibipfukisho vy’intsinga vy’amasentimetero 30 gushika ku 60 (inci 12 gushika ku 24) hejuru y’igipfukisho c’igitegwa kugira ngo ubushuhe bw’ubutaka bukikuze amababi.
5. Gukura amazi ku meza y’umwuzure no kugabanya urugero rw’ibidengeri vy’amazi maremare n’ica gatatu iyo ububasha bwo gutera amazi bupfuye. Imizi y’ibimera iri mu mazi irapfuye iyo amazi ahagaze atakaje umwuka wayo w’umwuka. Mu ndobo z’amazi maremare (DWC), ushiremwo umuti uhagije w’ingaburo kugira ngo ushire hejuru amasentimetero 5 gushika kuri 8 (inci 2 gushika kuri 3) y’imizi mu kirere gifise ubukonje kugira ngo imizi ihumeke umwuka w’ikirere.
6. Zima ivyuma bikoreshwa mu gufumbira amazi akanye imbere y’uko ubushuhe bwegera ubukonje. Amababi atose arakonja ningoga kuruta amababi yumye. Ariko rero, kwuzuza amazi asusurutse hasi mw’ivu ry’ubusa mu gicugu, biratuma ubushuhe buguma butera imbere.

Ivyihutirwa vyo gutoranya urugendo rw'ibikorwa: guca ibirahuri, gukonja, canke guhagarika ipompo¶

Koresha iki giti c’ingingo kugira ngo ushire imbere ugushikama kw’imibumbe, ugukomeza ubushuhe, n’ugutanga umwuka w’ikirere mu gihe c’ivyago vy’igihuhusi gikomeye.

flowchart TD
    A["Ivyihutirwa vy'inzu y'ivyatsi vyabonetse"] --> B{"Ni ubuhe buryo nyamukuru bwo kunanirwa?"}
    B -->|"Ibirahuri vyamenetse / Poly vyataburuwe"| C["Gumana Hanze Iyo Ibirahuri Bigwa; Zima ibikoresho hanze"]
    B -->|"Igishushe kirananirwa / Inkubi y'umuyaga"| D["Suzuma CO Gas Mbere; Ikidodo n'ibisohoka"]
    B -->|"Ipompa y'ibiterwa mu mazi irazimye"| E{"Ni Ubwubatsi Ubuhe bw’Ibiterwa mu Mazi Buriko Burakora?"}
    C --> F["Gukingira Umuyaga Ugufungura Mbere Guhagarika Guduza Parachute"]
    F --> G["Urukoba rwo guca n'urutsinga rwo gutera, umugozi w'urukoba, canke uruhome rw'amahasa"]
    D --> H["Gupfuka imbere mu murongo wo hasi wongereko amazi ashushe"]
    E -->|"NFT / Ivyatsi vy'umuyaga (Imizi yumye)"| I["Amazi y'amaboko buri minota 30 gushika kuri 60 canke wimure inkono z'urusenga mu bitereyi"]
    E -->|"DWC / Ebb-n'Ugutemba (Kubira)"| J["Imeza z’Umwuzure w’Imigende; Gabanya amazi ya DWC na 30% kugira ngo ugaragaze imizi y'umuyaga"]

Igice ca 1: Umuyaga mwinshi uramenagura ibirahuri, amarira y'amafilime menshi, n'uguterura kw'imibumbe¶

Iyo inkuba nyinshi, derecho, tornado, canke umuyaga w’urushana biteye inzu y’ivyatsi, ubuzima bw’imibumbe buvana n’ugucungera umuvuduko w’ikirere be n’inyifato y’ibikoresho vyo gutera ivyatsi.

Kubera iki inzu z’ivyatsi ziturika hanze iyo hari umuyaga mwinshi (ingaruka y’iparashute)¶

Imiyaga myinshi irasambura inzu z’ivyatsi biciye mu uguduga kw’inguvu z’ikirere bifatanijwe n’inguvu z’uguhagarara kw’imbere:

1. External Bernoulli lift: Umuyaga wihuta hejuru y’inzu y’uruzitiro igoramye canke igisenge c’uruzitiro gifise amasonga, urema ahantu h’ugunyota h’umuvuduko muto hejuru y’igisenge n’uruzitiro rw’umuyaga, ugakwegera ibirahuri hejuru n’inguvu zirenga ibiro 70 gushika kuri 120 kuri metero kare p25.
2. Igitutu c’imbere: Iyo urugi ruja mu muyaga rupfutse nabi, igipfukisho c’umuyaga kigamenagurika, canke igitambaro c’imbere c’umuyaga kikava mu muyoboro waco w’imbere, umuyaga uratera imbere maze ugatuma umuyaga utera imbere. Inguvu zo mu mutima zija hejuru zifatanijwe n’ugunyota kw’umuyaga kwo hanze zica zitabura ibipande vy’ivyuma vy’aluminiyumu, zigakura ibipande vy’ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama mu mirongo yazo ya H, canke zigaca zikura ivyuma vy’ibara ry’agahama ku bipande vy’ivyuma.

Guhagarara neza kw'ikirere mu gihe c'igihuhusi¶

• Funga uruhande rw’umuyaga: Nimba urugi ruri ku ruhome rw’iherezo rw’umuyaga rupfukamye imbere, ushire imodoka y’ubuhinga, traktere, canke ikirundo c’imifuko y’umusenyi ku ruhande rw’inyuma rw’uruzitiro kugira ngo ntirushobore guturika.
• Gukurako umuvuduko w’inyubako ukoresheje ukunyota kw’umuyaga: Gumana ibinogo vy’umuyaga bifunze 100 kw’ijana, hanyuma ufungure ibinogo vy’umuyaga (ivyo gusohoka) n’amasentimetero 2 gushika kuri 5 (inci 1 gushika kuri 2). Umuyaga wiruka unyura mu mfuruka y’umuyaga uva mu nzu y’ivyatsi (ingaruka ya Venturi), ugatuma haba umukazo mubi wo mu mutima unyonka amafilime ya polyethylene n’ibipande vya polycarbonate ku mbavu z’ibarabara maze ugaca umukazo wo guterura igisenge gushika ku bice 40 kw’ijana.
• Tera imigozi y’inyuma y’umuyaga hejuru y’inzu y’uruzitiro: Nimba urukoba rwa polyethylene rwarekuye kandi ruriko ruratera cane, tera imigozi y’imilimetero 10 (⅜-inch) y’inylon canke ya polypropylene canke imigozi y’imizigo y’ipolyester hejuru y’inyuma y’uruzitiro rwo hejuru y’uruzitiro rwayo hagati y’igice c’inyuma c’umupira canke g impande zompi.

Kugereranya ingorane zo gutera ibirahuri no gusanura vyihutirwa¶

Ivyuma bitandukanye vy’inzu y’ivyatsi birananirwa mu buryo butandukanye iyo hari umuyaga, urubura n’urubura. Ivyo ukoresha mu kwikingira (PPE) n’uburyo bwo kubipfuka bihure n’ubwoko bw’ibirahuri vyawe.

Intambwe ku yindi y'ivyihutirwa vy'amafilime menshi n'urukoba rw'ibirahuri mu bihe vy'ubukonje¶

Igipande c’amazi gisanzwe kirabura mu masaha makeyi ku nzu y’ivyatsi kubera ko ubukonje, imishwarara ya UV be n’ubushuhe bukonja cane bishobora gusenyura ivyuma bifatanya n’ibindi. Koresha ubu buryo bwagaragajwe mu murima igihe uriko urapfuka igice capfutse mu gihe c’igihuhusi:

1. Ubuhinga bwo gukoresha umugozi w'imfuruka y'impande zibiri (ku marira ari munsi ya metero 1 / amafuti 3):
   • Hanagura impande zompi z’igipande ca polyethylene gitabutse n’inzoga ya isopropyl** kugira ngo ukureho ubukonje n’inkungugu kugira ngo bifatanye mu kirere kiri munsi ya zero.
   • Susurutsa uruzitiro rwawe rwa Igipande co gusanura inzu y’ivyatsi UV polyethylene mu mufuko w’ijaketi yawe kugira ngo igipande c’ibara ry’agahama kigume gifatanye.
   • Ha uwufasha imbere afate ivyuma canke ikarata inyuma y’aho ucitse mu gihe ukanda imirongo y’ibiti vy’impuzu bipfutse hanze y’aho ucitse, ushire sentimetero 15 (inci 6) ukarenga ku mpera zompi.
   • Subiramwo ku mbere kugira ngo izo nzira zibiri zifatanya zifatanye biciye mu nzira, hanyuma uce imfuruka zine zibe ibigobe bizunguruka kugira ngo imirongo y’inzira y’inzira ntishobore gufata umuyaga.
2. Igikoresho co gufatanya ivyuma vy'ubwoya (ku bice binini canke ibice vy'ibirahuri vy'ibirahuri):
   • Kata 6-mil plastique igaragara canke poly y’inzu y’ivyatsi y’inyuma 30 sentimeters (12 inches) ubwaguke kuruta ikiyaga cononekaye ku mpande zose zine.
   • Rara urubibi rwo hejuru rw’ipulasitike hejuru y’igipande c’ibiti c’imilimetero 19 x 38 (1 x 2 inch)**, uzunguruke ico gipande c’ibiti imirongo itatu yuzuye mu gipapuro nk’umuzingo kugira ngo ugabanye umuvuduko, hanyuma ushire amavi mu gipande c’umutwe buri santimetero 30 (inci 12).
   • Kurura ingoma y’ipulasitike uyimanuke ku mfuruka maze usubiremwo uruzitiro rw’imirongo itatu ku ruhande rw’inyuma n’ibitandara.
3. Ivyuma vyihutirwa vy'ugukuraho umuyaga (ku nzu zibiri zipfutse):
   • Inzu zifise amabara abiri zikoresha umuyaga w’amawatt 50 kugira ngo zigumye zifise 50 gushika kuri 75 Pascals (0,2 gushika kuri 0,3 inches z’inkingi y’amazi) y’umuvuduko w’umuyaga udahinduka hagati y’ibipande, bikaba bituma haba umusego w’umuyaga ukomeye R-1,7.
   • Iyo ishami ritoboye igice co hanze gusa, ushireko umugozi wo hanze ubwo nyene kugira ngo umuyaga ntupompe umuyaga ukonjeje mu gice c’inyuma.
   • Iyo amashanyarazi y’uruzitiro apfuye mu gihe c’umuyaga w’igihuhusi, ushire umuyaga w’amawatt 50 ku bateri y’amawatt 12 ikoreshwa n’inverter y’amawatt 150 kugira ngo igisenge kigume gikomeye mu gihe cose umuyaga uzimvye.

Gukuraho ibirahuri bimenetse mu nkono z'ibitegwa no mu bitanda vy'ibitegwa ata nkomanzi¶

• Ita ivyatsi vy’amababi vyuguruye munsi y’ibarabara ry’ibarabara: Ntukigere wimbura ivyatsi bibi canke ngo wimbure ivyatsi bibi, ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi, canke ivyatsi munsi y’ibarabara ryamenetse, kuko ibice bitobito bica mu nzira y’amababi.
• Gukiza ibimera bihoraho canke inkono z’ibitoke: Wambare amaganzu ya Kevlar na nitrile, uzunguze amababi buhoro buhoro hejuru y’igitambaro, hanyuma ufate igikoresho co gusukura amazi/umye 1 centimeter (0.4 inches) hejuru y’ubutaka bwumye kugira ngo unywe 2.5 inchi y’ibirahuri vy’ibara ry’agahama. top-dressing n’ibinyamakuru bishasha.

Igice ca 2: Ugusenyuka kw'igihuhusi c'urushana n'ukurokoka kw'ubushuhe bwinshi¶

Udakunze inzu ifise ivyuma bikingiye (inkuta za R-19 n’ibisenge vya R-38), inzu y’ibirahuri canke y’ivyuma vyinshi ifise agaciro k’ivyuma bikingiye R-0.85 gushika kuri R-0.95, kandi inzu y’ivyuma vy’amahasa ni R-1.5 gushika kuri R-2.0. Iyo igikoresho co gushushanya gihagaze mu gihuhusi, inzu y’ivyatsi iratakaza ubushuhe bw’ikirere yabitse mu minota 15 gushika kuri 45.

Intambwe ya 1: Suzuma kandi wongere utangure igikoresho co gushushanya inzu y'ivyatsi¶

Suzuma ibintu bine bikunze gutuma umuntu afunga mu gihe c’ubukonje imbere y’uko wiyumvira ko igikoresho co gushushanya cavunitse:

1. Igitutu c'itangi rya propane kirasenyuka mu gihe c'ubukonje bukaze ("itanki irakonja"):
   • Propane y’amazi ihagarika guteka ku ubushuhe bwa degre 42 z’ubushuhe (ubushuhe bwa degre 44), kandi iyo igikoresho co gushushanya gikura amavuta vyihuta ku ubushuhe bwa degre 15 gushika ku bushuhe bwa degre 25 (ubushuhe bwa degre 5 gushika ku bushuhe bwa degre 13), evavalogram aside 9- (amapawundi 20) canke ibiro 14 (amapawundi 30) birakonjesha amazi ningoga cane ku buryo umukazo ugabanuka ukaja munsi y’aho umuyagankuba ushobora guca mbere n’igihe itangi ryuzuye igice.
   • Ikintu co gukingira: Ntukigere ukoresha igikoresho co gufuha, urubeya rwuguruye, canke imbunda y’ubushuhe ku gitereko ca propane. Suka amazi asusurutse (atabira) yo mu ruzi ku gice co hasi c’igitereko gipfutse n’urubura, uzingire igitereko mu mpuzu ipfutse (usiga igitereko co hejuru canke igitereko co hejuru** kitapfutse canke ukoresheje Y-tee y’umuringa.
2. Ibarafu canke ibisigazwa bizibira umwobo w'umuriro canke umuyoboro w'amazi:
   • Iyo umudereva w’indege afise urubeya ariko igikoresho nyamukuru co gucana kigatanga urubeya rw’umuhondo nk’umwotsi (rusohora umwotsi w’umuyagankuba n’uwa éthylène), zima iyo gaze maze ukureho urubeya rw’umuyaga n’umuyaga w’umuyaga. Ku bikoresho vy’ugushushanya bikoreshwa n’umuyaga, suzuma hanze ko urubura rufuha rutazibiye umuyoboro w’umuyaga canke w’umuyaga uringaniye.
3. Uguhagarika ishure:
   • Ivyo gushushanya bikoresha umuringa thermocouple bishushwa n’urubeya rw’umudereva kugira ngo bivemwo milivolts 25 gushika kuri 30 zituma umuvuduko wa gaze ufunguka. Iyo umudereva azimye igihe urekuye buto yo gusubiramwo, ushire umunyota ku mutwe w’umuringa n’igitambaro ciza cane c’umuringa kugira ngo ukureho umukungugu maze wemeze ko urubeya rw’umudereva rupfutse sentimetero 1 (⅜ inch) yo hejuru y’umutwe.
4. Ukuzimya kw'amashanyarazi guhagarika igikoresho co gushushanya gazi gikoreshwa n'umuyaga:
   • Ivyo gushushanya gazi bishizwe ku gisenge biturira gazi kugira ngo bibe ubushuhe, ariko bisaba umuyagankuba wa 120V/230V AC (300 gushika kuri 500 watts) kugira ngo bizunguruke umuyaga wavyo w’umurongo no gutanga inguvu ku muvuduko wa gazi w’amavolte 24. Mu gihe c’umuriro, shira umugozi w’amashanyarazi w’ico gikoresho co gushushanya ikigo c’amashanyarazi c’amawatt 1.000 canke umuyagankuba w’inverter uhagaze hanze n’imiburiburi metero 6 (amafuti 20).

Intambwe ya 2: Funga ubushuhe buva mu mwuka maze wubake umugende wo hasi wo mu mutima¶

Nimba igikoresho co gushushanya kidashobora gusubirwamwo, funga ibahasha maze ugabanye umuyaga mu minota 20:

• Ibipfukisho vy’amazi n’ibipfukisho vy’amazi: Gufunga 6-mil plastique canke rigid foam board hejuru y’imbere y’inzu yose y’umuyaga n’ibipfukisho vy’uburemere bw’isi.
• Ushire urubura ku ruhande rw’inyuma: Ushire igiti urubura rw’amasentimetero 30 gushika kuri 60 (amafuti 1 gushika kuri 2) ukikuze igitambaro co hanze. Urubura rutanga R-1 kuri santimetero 2,5 (inch 1) kandi ruhagarika umuyaga ngo ntiwinjire munsi y’isahani y’imbere.
• Rema urugero rw'intebe "inzu y'ivyatsi-mu-nzu-y'ivyatsi" umugende mutoyi: Gushusha isonga ry'igisenge co hejuru bitakaza 70 kw'ijana vy'inguvu zawe z'ubushuhe. Gupfuka imiyoboro ya PVC canke ibipfukisho vy’intsinga ku ntebe imwe imwe ku masentimetero 30 gushika kuri 60 (inci 12 gushika ku 24) hejuru y’ibitegwa, hanyuma ushireko igipfukisho c’umurongo c’uburemere buremereye (Agribon AG-50 canke AG-70) wongereko igice co hejuru c’ibipfukisho vy’imirongo 4-mil hejuru y’ibipfukisho vy’ipulasitike bigaragara neza, ubushuhe buraduga mu ihema. Igihome c’imbere kiri hasi gifise ibipande bibiri gituma ubushuhe bw’amababi degre 5 gushika kuri 8 za Celsius (degre 9 gushika kuri 14 Fahrenheit) bushuha kuruta igihuhusi co hanze kitagira amavuta.

Intambwe ya 3: Gukoresha ubushuhe bwihutirwa butekanye no kwirinda ubumara bw'ibiterwa vya éthylène¶

Igihe uhisemwo igikoresho co gushushanya: Monoxide de carbone (CO) (icica abantu) na Ethylène (\(C_2H_4\)) na Sulfur Dioxide (\(SO_2\)) (itera ubumara ku bimera ku rugero ruto cane).

1. Ibinogo vy'amazi ashushe n'ibibindi vy'amazi (Nta mwotsi, 100% ntibitera ibiterwa):
   • Amazi abika ibilojoules 4,184 ku kilo ku degre Celsius (1 BTU ku kilo ku degre Fahrenheit) vy’ubushuhe bushobora gutahurwa, yongerako ibilo 334 ku kilo (144 BTU ku kilo) vy’ubushuhe bwihishije iyo bikonje.
   • Uzuza ibibindi vy’amalita 20 canke ingoma z’amalita 200 **amazi ashushe y’ubushuhe bwa degre 55 gushika kuri 60 (degre 130 gushika kuri 140) avuye mu gikoresho co gushusha amazi co mu nzu maze uyashire munsi y’intebe. Ibibindi bine vy’amalita 20 vy’amazi akonjesheje ku bushuhe bwa 60 C (140 F) gushika ku bushuhe bwa 5 C (41 F) bitanga 18.400 kilojoules (17.400 BTUs) vy’ubushuhe butagira umwotsi imbere mw’ihema ryawe ry’igiterwa mu masaha 8 gushika ku 10.
2. Ibitanda vy'ubushuhe vy'umuyagankuba n'amatara ya C9 (Ku bateri y'inyuma):
   • Ibitegwa vyinshi birarokoka mu gihe gitoyi c’ubushuhe bw’ikirere hafi y’ibipimo vya 1 gushika kuri 2 degre Celsius (34 gushika kuri 36 degre Fahrenheit) iyo umupira w’imizi yavyo uguma kuri degre 12 gushika kuri 15 (degre 54 gushika kuri 59 Fahrenheit). Shira ibitanda vy’ubushuhe bw’imbuto vy’amawatt 20 gushika ku mawatt 45 canke imirongo y’amatara y’imisi mikuru C9 y’amawatt 7** (amatara y’imisi mikuru y’amatara ya LED) munsi y’ihema ry’imbere ry’umurongo mu gikoresho c’amashanyarazi gishobora gutwara, amatara aguma atagira amapulasitike n’amababi.
3. Ivyuma bishushanya umuyaga 12V Diesel:
   • Igikoresho co gushushanya imodoka gifise ubushobozi bwa kilowatt 5 c’amavolte 12 gikora amasaha 24+ gikoresheje bateri y’imodoka y’amavolte 12 n’amalita 5 (amagaloni 1,3) y’amavuta ya dizeli, kigasohora 100 kw’ijana vy’umuyaga waco hanze mu gihe gitera umuyaga usukuye kandi wumye ushushe udafise carbone dexile.
4. Ivyuma bishushanya Propane bikoreshwa n'umuriro w'ubururu (bifise igikoresho co gupima ukuntu umwuka w'ikirere ugabanuka):
   • Koresha gusa propane HD-5 isukuye (ntiwigere ukoresha dizeli irangi ry’umutuku canke kerosene ya kera y’umuhondo mu gikoresho co gushushanya kitagira umwuka, kuko sulfur dioxide ihindura amababi yera mw’ijoro ryose). Tegura igikoresho co gushushanya mu murongo wo hagati nibura metero 1,2 (amafuti 4) uvuye ku mapulasitike n’ibimera, hanyuma ushiremwo umwuka muremure n’umuryango mutoyi 1 gushika kuri 2 sentimetero (0,5 inches) kugira ngo umuyaga wo gusha.

Igice ca 3: Guhagarara kw'amapompo y'ibiterwa mu mazi, mu kirere no mu mazi¶

Iyo umuyagankuba uzimye, umuvuduko wa GFCI watsitaye, canke umuvuduko w’amazi uhagaritse ipompo y’amazi, isaha yo gutakaza ibiterwa ubudasiba ivana n’uko imizi imanitswe mu kirere canke iri mu mazi. Ku bijanye n’ugutoranya ubukonje n’ugushonga kw’utugingo ngengabuzima, raba ubukonje butunguranye n'uburinzi bw'ibiterwa bikonja.

Kubera iki ibiterwa bimera mu mazi bipfa iyo pompe ihagaze: ukuyuma n’ukubura umwuka w’imizi¶

Mu vyo gutera ivyatsi mu mazi bitagira ubutaka, iyo pompe ipfuye, bitera kimwe mu bibazo bibiri vyihutirwa vy’ibinyabuzima:

1. Ukwuma kw'imizi vuba (Aeroponics, Iminara ihagaze, n'ubuhinga bwo gukora amasanamu y'ingaburo / NFT):
   • Ubwoya bwiza bw’imizi yera bumanitswe mu migende y’ikirere nta kintu na kimwe bufata amazi bukikuje. Iyo inzu y’ivyatsi irimwo izuba kandi isusurutse (hejuru ya degre 24 Celsius / degre 75 Fahrenheit), imizi y’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi vy’ivyatsi mu minota 45 gushika ku masaha 2.
2. Ugupfuka imizi n’ukubora kwa Pythium (Umuco w’amazi maremare / DWC, Amabarabara, n’ameza y’amazi y’amazi menshi):
   • Imizi y’ibitegwa ihumeka mu buryo bw’umuyaga kandi ikanywa Oxygène dissolved (DO) mu mazi kugira ngo ikomeze kubaho. Amazi afise ingaburo ku bushuhe bwa degre 22 (degre 72 Fahrenheit) afise ubushobozi bwo guhazwa gusa miligarama 8,7 kuri litiro (ppm) y’umwuka w’ikirere.
   • Iyo pompe y’umuyaga ihagaze mu ndobo ya DWC canke mu gitereko c’amazi gifise imizi myinshi, imizi n’imigera y’umuyaga birya umwuka wose w’ikirere mu masaha 2 gushika kuri 4, bikagabanya DO munsi y’urugero ruhambaye rwa 3.0 mg/L. Amazi amaze kuba hypoxique, utugingo ngengabuzima tw’imizi turapfuka maze utugingo ngengabuzima tutagira umwuka (Pythium na Phytophthora tubora imizi) tugafata ubutegetsi mu masaha 12 gushika kuri 24.

Idirisha ryo kurokoka n'ugufasha mu buryo bwihutirwa hakurikijwe ubwoko bwa sisitemu¶

Guhindura DWC ikora mu buryo budakora "Kratky" bwo kurokoka mu minota 5¶

Igikoresho ciza cane co gukiza amazi maremare (DWC) n’ibitanda vy’amazi bireremba ni uguhindura mu gihe gito uburyo bwa Kratky butazunguruka:

1. Gabanya urugero rw’amazi kugira ngo haboneke ikinogo c’umuyaga w’umwuka: Iyo ibuye ry’umuyaga ririko rirabumbabumba, imizi iguma 100 kw’ijana yinjiye mu mazi gushika ku ntango y’inkono y’urusenga kuko amazi yuzuye cane umwuka w’umwuka. Igihe pompe y’umuyaga ipfuye, ushiremwo umuti uhagije w’ingaburo kugira ngo amazi agabanuke sentimetero 5 gushika kuri 8 (inci 2 gushika kuri 3) munsi y’inkono y’urusenga, usige ibice bibiri vya gatatu vyo hasi vy’imizi vyimbitse mu mazi, ica gatatu co hejuru kimanitswe mu kirere gifise ubukonje.
2. Uko akarere k’imizi yo hejuru gahema: Imizi yo hejuru igaragara imbere mu kibanza c’umutwe c’umwiza kandi gifise ubukonje, inywa umwuka w’ikirere uva mu kirere ataco uhinduye mu gihe imizi yo hasi ikura amazi n’amabuye y’agaciro mu kidengeri kiri musi, ikarokoka imisi canke amayinga ata muyagankuba ufise.
3. Imburi iyo ububasha bugarutse: Inyuma y'amasaha 48, imizi yo hejuru ihinduka "imizi y'ikirere" yera. Iyo ubushobozi bw’uruzitiro bugarutse maze ugasubira gutangura amabuye yawe y’umuyaga, ntusubire kwuzuza ikigega gushika mu nkono y’urusenga, kuko gushiramwo imizi y’umuyaga imenyerewe bizokuroha. Amazi agume ari munsi y’inkono y’urusenga ku masentimetero 5 (2 inches) mu kiringo cose c’ingendo y’ibiterwa.

Ivyihutirwa vy'imiti y'umwuka n'umuyagankuba w'amazi (\(H_2O_2\))¶

Nimba udashobora kugabanya urugero rw’amazi mu kigega kinini gisubira guhinduka kandi amapompo yawe y’umuyaga ya bateri yapfuye, urashobora gutera umwuka w’ikirere (oxygène) uyunguruye maze ugahagarika ibikoko vya Pythium ukoresheje Hydrogène Peroxide (\(H_2O_2\)):

• Ivyiyumviro vy’imiti: Imbere mu mazi, peroxyde d’hydrogène (\(2H_2O_2\)) irasenyuka igacika amazi (\(2H_2O\)) n’umugera w’umwuka w’ubuntu (\(O_2\)) unyura mu karere k’imizi mu gihe uhindura umwuka w’ibitera indwara bitagira umwuka.
• Ingano nziza y'ibiterwa mu mazi (Ivyatsi bitagira amafi ATAFI):
  • Ukoresheje imiti 3 kw’ijana Hydrogène Peroxide (hydrogène peroxyde gusa n’amazi asukuye ata bintu biyigumya): Wongeremwo militiro 2,5 gushika kuri 3 kuri litiro (ibiyiko 2 vy’icayi kuri galoni y’Amerika) y’amazi y’ibiziga, hanyuma uyivungure n’umuyoboro wa PVC usukuye mu masegonda 60.
  • Gukoresha ivy’uburimyi 29 kw’ijana gushika kuri 35 kw’ijana vy’amazi y’ibiribwa (kwambara amaso n’amaganzu y’amazi): Wongeremwo 0,25 gushika kuri 0,3 mililitiro kuri litiro (mililitiro 1 kuri galoni y’Amerika), uyishire mu ndobo y’amazi imbere yo gusuka mu gitereko c’amazi. Subiramwo rimwe mu masaha 12 gushika kuri 24 mu gihe umuriro uzimvye.
• Ingano y'ivyo gutera ivyatsi mu mazi (Ibidengeri vy'amafi y'amazi):
  • Ivyuma vy’amafi biturirwa n’imiti y’amazi yitwa peroxyde. Mu gitereko c’amafi gikoreshwa mu mazi gifise ubukene bw’umwuka (ifi ipfutse umwuka ku ruhande), banza ushire umwuka n’amaboko mu kwibika mu ndobo y’amazi y’igitereko c’amalita 20 (galoni 5) hanyuma ukayasuka inyuma kuva mu rukenyerero incuro 30.
  • Niba hakenewe umwuka w’ikirere kugira ngo umuntu akize ifi zipfuye, ushobora gukoresha 3 kw’ijana vy’umuti w’amazi ku rugero rutarenze 0,15 gushika kuri 0,25 mililitiro kuri litiro y’amazi yo mu bidengeri vy’amafi (0,6 gushika kuri 1,0 militiro kuri galoni y’Amerika), usuke buhoro buhoro ku ruhande rwo hejuru n’ukuboko.

Gukata igiterwa gikeneye umwuka mu gihe pompe izimye¶

Mu gihe amapompo y’amazi atari ku murongo, gabanya urugero ibiterwa binywa amazi n’umwuka w’imizi:

• Zima amatara y’ugukura afise uburemere bwinshi ubwo nyene: Amatara y’uburemere bwinshi atuma ivyuka biva mu nda, bituma ibiterwa vya NFT canke vy’ibiterwa vy’indege bibora incuro zitatu.
• Shira igitambaro c’igitutu c’ibice 50% gushika kuri 70%: Kurura igitutu cawe co hejuru kipfutse canke ushire igipfukisho c’umurongo w’umweru hejuru y’igisenge kugira ngo ubushuhe bw’amababi bugabanuke kandi ugabanye amazi afata n’ibice 60 kw’ijana.
• Igihu c’amababi n’amazi asanzwe ahinduwe pH: Igihu c’amababi giteretse gatoyi n’amazi asanzwe ahinduwe canke atagira chlorin (ahinduwe pH 6.0) kugira ngo kivyure ubukonje hirya no hino y’ibihimba vy’umubiri.

Gusubirana no gutoranya ibitegwa inyuma y'ivyihutirwa¶

Igihe ibirahuri bimaze gushirwako amabara kandi ububasha n’ubushuhe bikagaruka, wirinde gutera ubwoba ibiterwa bifise ingorane mu masaha 48 ya mbere:

1. Kuduza ubushuhe bwo mu nzu y’ivyatsi buhoro buhoro (2 gushika kuri 3 degrees Celsius / 4 gushika kuri 5 degrees Fahrenheit kw’isaha): Guhindura igikoresho co gushushanya igihe amababi yamanutse ku degre 1 Celsius (34 degrees Fahrenheit) bishusha amababi mu gihe imipira y’imizi iguma iri hafi y’inkono zikonje. Imizi ikanye ntishobora gupompa amazi ningoga kugira ngo itange amababi asusurutse, ivyo bikaba bituma imizi ikonje ibora n’amababi akasha. Gumana igitutu ku bimera bifise ingorane z’ubukonje mu gitondo ca mbere gushika ubushuhe bwo mu nkono burengeye degre 10 Celsius (degre 50 Fahrenheit).
2. Hagarika gukata inkomoko zononekaye n’imbeho imisi 7 gushika ku 10: Amababi y’ibiti apfuye akenshi asunika imitumba mishasha inyuma y’indwi imwe amababi yo hejuru abonetse ko yapfuye. Ariko rero, nimba igikoko c’amazi c’umweru (Botrytis) gitangura guca amababi yakonje, uce ubwo nyene ukata amababi aboze maze ukoreshe ama ventilateur y’umuyaga aringaniye.
3. Sukura amazi y’amazi atagira umwuka imbere yo gusubira gukoresha amapompo: Nimba amazi y’ingaburo yicaye ataco akora imbere mu matiyo y’umwirabura canke mu gitereko gishushe amasaha arenga 12, numva umunuko w’ibiziga imbere y’uko ufungura ipompo. Niba umunuko w’umunyu canke nk’amagi yaboze (hydrogène sulfure), pompa ikigega kugira ngo kibe imyanda hanyuma wongere wuzuze umuti w’ingaburo w’igice c’inkomezi (50% EC) umaze gukoresha amabuye y’umuyaga iminota 30. Katura imizi y’umuhondo yirabura, iteye nk’umukara ukoresheje umukasi utagiramwo ubumara, hanyuma ushire umupira w’imizi usigaye mu mazi y’amazi (mililitiro 3 za 3% \(H_2O_2\) kuri litiro y’amazi) mu minota 2 imbere y’uko usubira mu nzira.

Urutonde rw'ibikoresho vyo kwitegurira igihuhusi¶

Ivyo bikoresho ubike mu gikapu kitagira amazi mu nzu yawe yo gutereramwo canke mu nzu yo mu mutwe:

• **Imizingo 2 y’uruzitiro rwo gusanura rw’amasentimetero 10 (4-inch) rwa UV n’inzoga ya isopropyl 99% n’ibitambaro.
• Umuzingo 1 w’inyuma w’ibara ry’umukara ry’imirongo 6 hamwe n’ibipande 12 vy’ibiti 1x2 vy’ubwoya n’ibikoresho vy’ugutera.
• 10 ivyuma vy'impuzu "wiggle wire" ivyuma vy'ugufunga umurongo n'igikoresho co gushiramwo umurongo.
• Uruzitiro 1 rw’igipfukisho c’umurongo w’ivyuma vy’uburemere buremereye (Agribon AG-50 canke AG-70) n’ibipfukisho vy’intebe vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma vy’ivyuma.
• Inkengeri 1 ikoreshwa na bateri y’umuyagankuba (CO) n’igipimo c’ubushuhe co kure kitagira umurongo gifise inkengeri yumvikana.
• 2 AC/DC amapompo y’umuyaga y’amabateri ya USB ashobora gusenyuka ahuye n’amabuye y’umuyaga y’inyuma mu bidengeri vyanyu vya DWC.
• Litiro 2 z’amazi y’ihydrogène 3% (\(H_2O_2\)) n’urushinge rwo gupima rwo gutera umwuka w’ikirere mu mizi mu gihe c’ivyago.
• Ibikoresho vyo kwikingira (PPE): Inkofero ikomeye, amataratara ANSI Z87.1, amaganzu y’urukoba, n’amaboko ya Kevlar.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni kubera iki amashurwe yose n’ivyamwa bitobito vyaguye ku nyanya zanje zo mu nzu y’ivyatsi haciye imisi ibiri nkoresheje igikoresho co gushushanya c’ivyuma vy’i propane mu gihe c’igihuhusi c’umuyaga?¶

Ibiterwa vyanyu vyarashikiwe n’ubumara bukomeye bw’umuyagankuba wa éthylène buterwa n’ugusha kudatunganye kwavuye mu gikoresho co gushushanya c’umuyagankuba kitagira umwuka kiri imbere mu nzu y’ivyatsi yugaye cane. Mbere n’urugero rwa éthylène rutoyi cane rwo mu bice 0,05 gushika ku 0,1 ku miliyoni (ppm) mw’ijoro rimwe, rutuma amababi y’itomate n’ay’umukara apfukama aja hasi mu buryo bw’igiti c’umukaraba (epinasty) maze bigatuma ishurwe ryose ryuguruye n’ivyamwa bitobito bica biva inda ubwo nyene. Igihe cose utegerezwa gukoresha igikoresho co gushushanya propane canke kerosene kitagira umwuka imbere mu nzu y’ivyatsi, wama usiga akazu gatoyi k’umuyaga k’uburebure bwa santimetero 6 ku 1.000 BTU/hr (inch kare 1 ku 1.000 BTU/hr) y’umuriro usohoka kugira ngo umwuka mushasha n’amavuta y’umuriro bishobore kwinjira mu nzu y’ivyatsi.

Nohagarika gute amazi ngo ntaje mu binogo vy’imyobo vy’ibipande vy’amahasa vy’amabuye y’agaciro inyuma y’aho urubura rusadukiye igice co hanze?¶

Iyo urubura rutoboye urukoba rw’inyuma rw’igisenge c’amahasa c’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa polycarbonate, amazi y’imvura azokwuzuza izo mfuruka zihagaze, akavyara ibimera vy’ivyatsi bitotahaye, maze akagwira iyo akonje mu rushana, agacapura ico gisenge. Ku muhingamo w’umwuma, fuha amazi ahagaze mu mfuruka y’umuriro utoboye n’umuyaga w’umuvuduko muto, usukure hirya no hino y’ico kinogo n’inzoga yo gutera (ntiwigere ukoresha acetone, ishobora gusenya polycarbonate), hanyuma ushireko ikidodo c’uruzitiro rw’uruzitiro rwo gusanura inzu y’ivyatsi y’umuco w’izuba canke neutral-cure sionelic hoale 100%. Kandi ugenzure ko urubibi rwo hasi rw’igipande cose rukoresha umugozi w’iyunguruzo ushobora guhumeka kugira ngo amazi ashobore gusohoka.

Noshobora gukoresha ipompo yanje y’amazi y’amazi iminota 15 inyuma y’amasaha abiri nkoresheje inverter ntoyi y’amabateri kugira ngo nzigame amashanyarazi mu gihe imisi myinshi ipfuye?¶

Ego cane, gukoresha umuyagankuba ni uburyo bwiza bwo kurambura uruganda rw’amashanyarazi rwo gutwara mu gihe c’imisi myinshi y’umuriro. Ipompa y’amazi y’amawatt 40 ikora ubudasiba, ikoresha amasaha 960 y’amawatt ku musi, igatuma bateri y’ubunini hagati mu masaha 24 imara. Mu gushiramwo iyo pompe mu gipimo c’ingendo gishizweho kugira ngo ikore iminota 10 gushika ku 15 rimwe mu masaha yose ku murango (n’iminota 10 mu masaha 2 yose mw’ijoro), utuma imirongo ya NFT iguma itose kandi ugasubiza umwuka w’ikirere mu ndobo za DWC mu gihe ugabanya ubushobozi bwa bateri n’ibice 80 kw’ijana, ugatuma ubushobozi bwawe bwo gukora bugenda bugabanuka. ku misi 6.

Mbega biratekanye gusiga urubura rwicaye hejuru y’igisenge c’inzu y’ivyatsi kugira ngo rukore nk’igitambaro co gukingira umuriro igihe umuyagankuba uzimye?¶

Oya, ntukigere ureka urubura rwinshi rwirundanira ku gisenge c’inzu y’ivyatsi kugira ngo rukingire. Naho gutera urubura rwo mu mabanki rukikuje inkuta z’inyuma zihagaze bihagarika umuyaga, ibisenge vy’inzu y’ivyatsi bitoto bikoreshwa kugira ngo umuco ushiremwo aho gukoresha uburemere bupfuye, kandi urubura rutose rupima ibiro 150 gushika kuri 300 kuri metero kibe (amapawundi 10 gushika kuri 20 ku kirenge kibe). Kubera ko inzu y’ivyatsi idashushe igira ubushuhe butaringaniye, urubura rwo ku gisenge rurashonga bimwebimwe maze rugasubira gukonja rugacika ibipande vy’urubura vyinshi bishobora gusenyura ibipande vy’aluminiyumu canke gumenagura imiheto y’inzu y’uruzitiro imbere ata n’umwe abimenyesheje. Imisi yose ushire urubura rwo ku gisenge hanze ukoresheje igikoresho co gukubita igisenge c’ifu yoroshe gifise amaboko maremare mu gihe uhagaze kure y’ibisenge.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Igisata c’Uburimi ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USDA) n’Igisata kijejwe kubungabunga ibidukikije (NRCS, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ivyagezwe vy’ubuhinga bw’umuyaga/urubura vy’imiterere y’imigende miremire n’ivy’ibidukikije.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Abanyamerika ry’Abahinga mu vy’Ubuhinzi n’Ibinyabuzima (ASABE) n’Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Abahinguzi b’Inzu z’Ivyatsi (NGMA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): ANSI/ASAE EP406 Inzu z’Ivyatsi zishusha, zitanga umwuka, n’izikonjesha.
• Ubuhinzi bugenzurwa n’ibidukikije bwa kaminuza ya Cornell (CEA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ivyuma vy’amazi bishobora guhindura umwuka w’ikirere, ukwirinda ivyatsi bita Pythium, n’ugutoranya amashanyarazi azimvye.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubumwe bw’Ibihugu vy’Abarabu ry’Ivyokurya n’Uburimyi (FAO, Mpuzamakungu): Ubuhinga bwo Guhingura Ibiribwa mu Mazi buto (Impapuro z’ubuhinga za FAO 589).
• Ishirahamwe ry’Uburimyi ry’Ubwami (RHS, Ubwongereza) na Minisiteri y’Uburimyi, Ivyokurya n’Ivy’Ivyaro ya Ontario (OMAFRA, Canada): Gusanura ibihuhusi n’Ibikomere vy’Ethylene mu bihingwa birinzwe.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Ubukonje butunguranye n'uburinzi bw'ibiterwa bikonja
• Gutanga amazi y'amapfa mu mirima
• Ibikoko vyo mw'itongo n'ibiza vy'ibikoko
• Umutekano wa jeneratore n'umwuka w'ikirere
• Kurokoka kw'amashanyarazi azimye
• Inomero z'ivyihutirwa