Superfog: Umuriro w’ishamba canke umwotsi w’ibisaka uvanze n’igihu be n’ibirundo vy’ibintu bitaboneka¶

Naho igihu gisanzwe c’imishwarara kigabanya ukuntu umushoferi abona neza ku metero 100 gushika kuri 400 (amafuti 330 gushika ku 1.300), igihu gikomeye cane ni ikintu gikomeye cane, gikomeye cane mu kirere kigabanya ukuntu umuntu abona kuva mu kirere gitomoye cane kigashika ku **uburebure butari munsi ya metero 1 gushika kuri 3 z’amafuti yawe. n’ibarabara ry’imodoka yiwe bwite, mu rugendo rwa metero 20 ku nzira y’umuvuduko munini. Superfog ibaho iyo umwotsi ukonnye, wuzuye ubukonje n’umwotsi w’amazi biva mu bintu bifise ubukonje (nk’umuriro wo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, umuriro wo mu binogo vyo munsi y’ubutaka, canke ibisigazwa vy’amashamba inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba canke umuriro wategekanijwe) bivanze n’ubushuhe bukonje, burengeye ubw’ijoro mu ruzi canke mu kirere co mw’ijoro. Ivyo bihimba vy’umwotsi bitobito bikora nk’amamiliyaridi y’ibihimba vy’umubiri bishobora gutuma amazi agira ubukonje, bikaba bifunga amatonyanga y’amazi mu ruhome rudaca ibibatsi, rufise amavuta y’umweru canke w’umuhondo w’umweru, rukanywa amatara y’imbere n’ay’inyuma rwose. Kubera ko abashoferi bagenda ku muvuduko w’ibilometero 105 gushika ku 120 kw’isaha (65 gushika ku 75 kw’isaha) binjira mu gisagara c’umuyaga mwinshi cane ata n’imwe ishobora kubona, umuyaga mwinshi cane ni wo utuma haba ibiza bikomeye ibiduga 50 gushika ku 160 bitera uruhererekane rw’ibinyabiziga mu buseruko bw’ikiyaga ca Mexique, mu Bumanuko bwa Mexique. kw’isi yose. Niwaba uri mu mpanuka y’imodoka nyinshi, hamagara uwo mu karere iwanyu . (Gulf of Mexico) inomero z'ivyihutirwa ubwo nyene maze ubaze abarongozi bacu ku isupu y'ibitunguru imishwarara y'igihu n'ibirundo vy'igihu c'ibitunguru, umuriro w'ibitovu n'umwotsi uri munsi y'ubutaka, impanuka z'imodoka, na guhumeka umwotsi w'umuriro w'ishamba.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Gaba buhoro buhoro igihe wumva umwotsi w’inkwi canke w’ibitoke mw’ijoro canke mu gatondo: Mu karere k’igihu gikomeye cane, izuru ryawe rirakugabisha imbere y’uko amaso yawe abimenya. Niwaba wumvise umwotsi w’ibitovu, w’ibitoke canke w’ibiti vy’imiberoshi igihe uriko uratwara imodoka hagati y’isaha zibiri z’ijoro n’isaha icenda z’ijoro, na canecane igihe wegera ikiraro c’uruzi, umugende w’amazi canke ikiyaya kiri hasi, uce ubwo nyene uhagarika umuvuduko wawe maze ugabanye umuvuduko wawe ata ngorane imbere y’uko utera ku ruhome rutaboneka.
2. Hindura amatara y'imbere mu mishwarara y'imbere (dipped beams) maze ushire amatara y’imbere n’ay’inyuma y’igihu: Ntukigere ukoresha amatara y’imbere y’umuco munini mu gihu gikomeye cane. Amatonyanga menshi y’amazi apfutse umwotsi aratuma umuco w’umuco muremure ugasubira mu maso yawe (backscatter glare), bikaguhuma amaso rwose.
3. Ntukigere utera amafirime yawe canke ngo uhagarare mu murongo w’urugendo rw’umuhanda munini ukora: Guhagarara mu murongo w’urugendo rw’umuhanda munini mu gihe c’umuyaga mwinshi utaboneka neza biguha icemezo c’uko amakamyo n’imiduga biza bigenda ku muvuduko w’umuhanda munini bizokwinjira mu gipfukisho cawe c’inyuma mu masegonda makeyi.
4. Kura burundu inzira y’amabuye, urenga urutugu rw’iburyo maze urenga uruzitiro rw’ibarabara nimba bishoboka, hanyuma uzime amatara YOSE y’imodoka iyo uhagaze hanze y’inzira: Nimba udashobora gushika ku nzira y’ugusohoka kandi utegerezwa guhagarara ku ruhande rw’ivyatsi kure y’inzira ndende, zima amatara yawe y’imbere, amatara y’imbere n’amatara y’ibarabara, abashoferi bateye ubwoba bari inyuma yawe ntiba "moth-effect" bava mu nzira baja mu matara yawe y'inyuma.
5. Iyo ukoze impanuka canke uhagaritswe mu nzira ndende, guma uboshe umukanda wawe kandi ugume imbere mu modoka yawe mu gihe c’impanuka zikomeye, KIRETSE imodoka yawe ifashe umuriro canke ushobora guca ugenda hejuru y’uruzitiro ruri hafi: Gusohoka ku nzira y’amabuye hagati y’imodoka mu gihe 40- 100 km/h (62 mph) ni hafi kw’isi yose.
6. Igihe igihe umuntu ashobora guhunga, hunga UPSTREAM (uja ku modoka iriko iraza) kandi KURE y’uruzitiro rwo hanze: Uhejeje hanze y’uruzitiro canke hejuru y’uruzitiro rw’umuhanda munini, genda uja hejuru (ugana aho umuduga uriko uraza uva) kugira ngo imodoka ikurikira ishobora guhunga wewe.

Igiti c'ingingo: Guhura n'igihu gikomeye n'ukurokoka kw'ibarabara rikomeye¶

flowchart TD
    Drive["Kutwara imodoka mw’ijoro / mu gitondo ca kare hafi y’umuriro w’ishamba, umuriro w’ishamba, umuriro w’ishamba, canke ikiyaya c’uruzi"] --> SmellSmoke{"Numva Umwotsi w’Ibiti/Ibiti CANKE Ubone Igihu Co Hasi Imbere?"}
    SmellSmoke -->|"Ego"| PrepCar["Gukuraho Igikoresho co Gucungera Ingendo; Guhindukira ku Muco Muto + Amatara y’Igihu; Gushinga HVAC kugira ngo Isubire Guhindura; Fata inzira ikurikira nimba bishoboka"]
    PrepCar --> EnterWall{"Mu kanya nk’ako gukubita Injira mu gihu c’Ukuboneka (< 3 m / 10 ft Kuboneka)?"}
    EnterWall -->|"Ego, Nta mpanuka iracariho"| RoadType{"Woba Uri ku Nzira Nkuru Yuguruye Ifise Ivyatsi CANKE Ikiraro Gifise Inkuta Zirengeye?"}
    RoadType -->|"Gufungura Inzira Nkuru N'Ibitugu Vyagutse/Ivyatsi"| PullWayOff["Ugende Buhoro Buhoro Ukoresheje Umurongo w’Igihu c’Iburyo Inzira Yose Iva ku Nzira y’Ibarabara Uja ku Vyatsi Birenze Guardrail; Ikirenge Kivuye ku Frein; Zima Amatara; Gumana uboshe"]
    RoadType -->|"Ikiraro gishizwe hejuru / Nta rutugu"| CreepForward["Gukomeza Gukwegakwega Buhoro Buhoro Mu Murongo w’Iburyo Ukurikije Umurongo w’Ikibira Usizwe Irangi; Indorerwamo z’Isaha; Sohoka ku kiraro imbere yo guhagarara"]
    EnterWall -->|"Impanuka irabaye / Yahagaze mu Kirundo gikora"| FireCheck{"Mbega Imodoka Yawe Iriko Irasha CANKE Irahumura Amavuta y'Ibitoro Iruhande Y'Imbeya?"}
    FireCheck -->|"Ego, Ingorane y'Umuriro Ubwo nyene"| EvacFire["Ufungure Ubwo nyene; Sohoka Kure Ku Ruhande rw’Imiduga; Kuduga Hejuru y’Inzitiro ya Beton canke Inzitiro y’Ukurinda; Kwimukira hejuru"]
    FireCheck -->|"Nta Muriro; Imodoka zica zigwa inyuma"| BraceInCar["GUMIZE UMUKANDA W’IKIBAZO; Siga Moteri Ikora/Airbags Zikora; Kanda Umutwe Ku Mutwe; Amaboko ari hasi ku ruzitiro"]
    BraceInCar --> LullCheck{"Mbega Ivyuma Vyo Gutera Inyuma Vyahagaze CANKE Woba Ushobora Gushika ku Nzitiro Yo Hanze Mu Masegonda 3?"}
    LullCheck -->|"Ego, ikinogo gitekanye ku nzira y'uburinzi"| FleeGuardrail["Gusohoka Umugenzi/Urugi rw’Inyuma; Ubwo nyene Ushire HEJURU y’Igihome/Uruhome; Kugenda MU RUZI Kure y'Ibimeneke"]
    LullCheck -->|"Oya, Imodoka Ziracariko Zitera Kumpande Zompi"| StayBuckled["Gumana hasi kandi uboshe imbere mu nzu y'abagenzi y'icuma gushika amajwi y'impanuka ahagaze"]

Ivy'imitererere n'ivy'ubuhinga bwa fizike: Ingene umwotsi n'igihu bipfutse bituma haba "Superfog".¶

Ijambo superfog ryasobanuwe mu buryo bubereye n’abahinga mu vy’umuriro bo mu gisata c’amashamba ca USDA kugira ngo badondore ukuntu ubushuhe bukorana hagati ya uguturika kw’umwotsi mu bushuhe buke n’ugukonja kw’imishwarara gutuma amazi ari mu mazi n’ibiharuro vy’uguzimangana kw’amaso bishobora kuba vyinshi cane kuruta ibindi vyose.

1. Kubera iki umuriro w’ishamba ugurumana udakunda gutuma haba igihu kinini cane, mu gihe umuriro w’ibitovu n’uw’ibitovu ugira umwotsi¶

Umuriro w’ishamba w’igitsina ugurumana kandi ugurumana, uturika ku bushuhe bwa degre 800 gushika ku 1.100 (degre 1.470 gushika ku 2.010 Fahrenheit). Kubera ko iyo nkoko ishushe cane kandi ikaba ishobora gutera, iraturika amametero ibihumbi n’ibihumbi igororotse ikaja hejuru mu kirere co hejuru (convective lofting), itwara umwotsi wayo hejuru cane y’amabarabara manini manini ari hafi.

Mu buryo butandukanye n’ubwo, uguturika kw’umwotsi, kuba mu gihe c’igice co gusukura imisi canke amayinga inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, mu gihe c’uguturika kwategekanijwe mu kiringo c’ubukonje, canke imbere mu bibanza vy’ibinyabuzima bitose ibishanga vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, ibishanga vy’imiberoshi, n’ibishanga vy’ibitoke vyo munsi y’ubutaka, biturika buhoro buhoro ku s50. Ubushuhe bwa Celsius (570 gushika kuri degre 930 za Fahrenheit):

• Umwotsi w’amazi mwinshi uva mu mazutu atose: Ivyatsi vy’ibinyabuzima bitose, umukungugu, n’ivyatsi vy’imiberoshi birimwo 50% gushika kuri 200% vy’ubukonje ku buremere bwumye. Uko ubushuhe bupfutse buca mw’ivu ry’ibinyabuzima, burateka amatoni ibihumbi n’ibihumbi y’umwotsi w’amazi asusurutse (H2O)** iruhande y’umwotsi mwinshi cane. Ikilo cose c’amavuta y’ibinyabuzima aturika na co nyene kiratuma habaho ikilo 0,5 c’umwotsi w’amazi c’inyongera.
• Zero buoyancy mw’ijoro: Kubera ko umwotsi uriko urafumba ushushe cane kuruta ikirere gikikuje, nta n’ubushobozi bwo gutera hejuru ufise. Izuba rimaze kurenga, isi igakonja, uwo mwotsi utose urahobera hasi nk’amazi aremereye maze ukamanuka (katabatic cold-air drainage) mu bibanza vyo hasi cane: ibiyaya vy’uruzi, ivyumba vyo hasi, ibidengeri vy’ibitovu, n’ibice vy’inzira ndende bicitse.

2. Ivyuma bikorana n’amazi n’umuco w’amaso¶

Igihe iyo nkoko y’uruzi isusurutse kandi ifise ubukonje bwinshi itemba ikaja mu kiyaya c’uruzi gikanye kandi gifise ubukonje bwinshi mw’ijoro canke ikajabuka amazi akanye y’ikiyaga aho ubushuhe bw’ikirere kiri hafi y’aho ikime gishika (relative humidity > 90%):

1. Imbuto zitobito amamiliyaridi: Umwotsi uva mu binogo vy’ibitovu n’ivyatsi vy’ibitovu vyuzuyemwo ibintu bikwegera amazi (hygroscopic) potasiyumu, kloride, sulfate be n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri bifise uburebure bwa mikorometero 0,1 gushika kuri 1,0.
2. Iturika ry’amatonyanga matomato: Aho ko umwotsi w’amazi uhinduka amatonyanga manini manini ibihumbi bikeyi ku sentimetero kibe (nk’uko bigenda mu gihu c’imishwarara isukuye, aho amatonyanga akura akagera kuri mikrometero 15 gushika kuri 25 maze amaherezo agaca aguma hanze), umwotsi w’amazi uhinduka amatonyanga ibihumbi bikeyi ku sentimetero kibe imwe. sentimetero kibe**.
3. Igituma umuco udashobora kwinjira: Kubera ko amazi agabanywamwo utudodo dutoduto amamiliyoni menshi cane dufise umwotsi (uburebure bwa mikrometero 5 gushika ku 10) dupfutse umuco w’umukara n’uw’umuhondo (tar balls), ayo matosi aguma ahagaze ubuziraherezo kandi agashwiragira canke agafata 99,9% vy’umuco uboneka mu metero 1 gushika kuri 2 (amafuti 3 gushika kuri 6,5).

Igereranyo: Igihu gikomeye n’imishwarara (Tule) Igihu n’umwotsi w’umuriro w’ishamba wumye n’igihu¶

Ibimenyetso vy'imburi imbere yo kwinjira n'ingene wosohoka mu karere k'igihu gikomeye¶

Kubera ko igihu gikomeye cane gica mu migende y’amazi n’imbere mu ruzi, inzira ndende irashobora gutomoka neza (16 kilometers / 10 miles visibility) hejuru y’uguduga gatoyi n’ugumanuka gushika ku ukuboneka kwa metero zero haciye metero 100 hasi y’aho umugezi wibikira canke ukwegera ikiraro.

Ivyiyumviro vy'imburi imbere y'uko ukubita uruhome¶

1. Umunuko w’umuriro uriko urasha canke ivyatsi vy’ibishanga bisha mw’ijoro: Igihe cose wumvise umwotsi uriko uratwara imodoka mw’ijoro canke mu gitondo cane, naho inyenyeri zoba ziboneka hejuru kandi inzira iri imbere isa n’iyiboneka neza, wiyumvire ko hari umuyaga mwinshi cane uriko urakorana mu kibanza gikurikira canke ikiraro.
2. Hindura ikirere co mu nzu yawe (HVAC) kugira ngo GUSUBIRE (MAX A/C canke gusubira gukoresha imbere mu nzu n’ivyo gukuraho ubukonje) ubwo nyene: Igikoko gifise umwotsi mwinshi cane gifise umwuka w’ikirere (CO), formaldehyde, akroleine, n’ibintu bifise ubuzima buto cane (PM2.5 kurenga 1,000 ug/m3). Gufunga aho umwuka mwiza unyura hanze birabuza umwotsi unyiganyiga kwuzura mu nzu yawe iyo uteye ku nkombe.
3. Irabe igipimo c’ubushuhe n’uburebure bw’umuhanda munini: Iyo ubushuhe bw’ikirere hanze ku rubaho rwawe bugabanutse bukwi na bukwi na degre 3 gushika kuri 5 za Celsius (degre 5 gushika kuri 9 za Fahrenheit) uko umuhanda munini umanuka mu ruzi, mu nzira y’ibitoke, canke mu gikarabiro c’amazi, uba uriko urinjira mu mazi y’amazi.

Ubuhinga bwo gutwara imodoka iyo ufashwe mu gipfunsi gitunguranye¶

Niwinjira muri banki y’umuyaga mwinshi cane ntubone imodoka iri imbere yawe:

• Kura ikirenge cawe ku accelerator maze ugabanye neza, ntukigere utera ama frein: Gufunga ama frein canke gukoresha amatara ya ABS panic-stop mu gihe ataco ubona bituma umushoferi ariko arakurikira amasegonda 2 inyuma yawe aca akugarura inyuma ubwo nyene.
• Koresha umurongo w'iburyo w'umweru (fog line) canke rumble strips nk’ikigereranyo cawe conyene co kuyobora: Ntu witegereze ugororotse imbere mu ruhome rw’imvi ruzunguruka, ivyo bikaba bituma umuntu agira ubwoba bw’aho ari (vertigo) kandi bikagutuma ujabuka imirongo. Raba hasi kandi gatoyi iburyo (canke ibubamfu mu bihugu bitwara imodoka y’ibubamfu nk’Ubwongereza na Australiya) ku murongo w’urubibi rw’inzira y’amabuye isizwe irangi iruhande y’igikingirizo cawe c’imbere.
• Guca idirisha ry’umushoferi wawe hasi amasentimetero 5 (inci 2) hanyuma uzime iradiyo: Iyo utabona neza, amatwi yawe azokwumva ijwi ry’ivyuma bivuza induru, amafirime y’umuyaga y’ibikamyo bimwe bimwe bivuza induru, n’amahembe y’ikirundo kiri imbere amasegonda 5 gushika ku 10 imbere y’uko ubona itara rimwe ry’amafirime.
• Fata ijwi ryawe canke amatara y’akaga gatoyi gusa mu gihe uriko uragenda buhoro buhoro kugira ngo ugabishe uwugukurikira hafi, hanyuma usohoke mu nzira yose: Fata inzira y’ugusohoka ikurikira, ahantu ho kuruhukira, canke ahantu hagari hatagira amabuye harengeye intugu. Nimba utegerezwa guhagarara ku vyatsi vyo ku ruhande rw’inzira kure cane y’urutugu rwashizweko amabuye n’inyuma y’uruzitiro, zima amatara yose yo hanze, ukure ikirenge cawe ku nzira y’amaferemi, ushireho frein yo guhagarara, hanyuma urindire imbere canke inyuma y’uruzitiro.

Intambwe ku yindi kurokoka imbere mu nzira ndende y'ibinyabiziga vyinshi¶

Niwaba wumvise ijwi ritagira aho rigarukira ry’ugumenagura ivyuma be n’ijwi ry’umuyaga ry’uguterera imbere mu gihu gikomeye, canke iyo imodoka yawe iteye inyuma y’umurongo uhagaze:

Icigwa ca 1: Amasegonda 60 ya mbere (Igikoresho co gukingira inyuma)¶

Mu kirundo c’igihu gikomeye cane, ingaruka ya mbere iri imbere yawe ni gake cane ikwica; akaga gakomeye cane kaza amasegonda 3 gushika kuri 45 aheze igihe tracteur-trailer y’ibilo 36.000 (amapawundi 80.000) itera inyuma y’imodoka yawe ihagaze.

1. Gerageza guca ku ruhande rw’inyuma canke guca ku ruhande rw’inyuma rw’ikamyo iremereye imbere y’uko uhagarara: Nimba uriko uhagarara inyuma y’ibarabara ry’inyuma ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara.accordioned) hagati y’ibikamyo bibiri bikomeye iyo uwundi muduga ukukubise inyuma.
2. Guma umukanda wawe w’umutekano ushire umuriro ON: Imodoka zo muri iki gihe zisaba ko umurongo w’umuriro uguma ukora kugira ngo umukanda wo ku ruhande n’uw’inyuma ukoreshe mu gihe c’impanuka zikurikira, kandi umukanda wawe w’umutekano w’intonde zitatu + igikoresho co gutwara umuriro c’icuma gishobora gufata umuriro abagenda n’amaguru.
3. Assume the rear-impact brace position: Kanda inyuma y’umutwe wawe ushikamye hagati y’aho umutwe uhagaze, urabe imbere ugororotse (guhindukiza umutwe wawe mu ruhande mu gihe c’inyuma bituma umugongo w’intanga ucika cane), ushire ibiganza vyawe hasi ku isaha ya 4 n’isaha ya 8 y’ijoro ryawe. ku mbaho zo hasi kure y’ibirenge.

Icigwa ca 2: Gufata ingingo y'igihe co kuguma mu modoka n'igihe co kuvayo¶

Koresha iri tegeko rikomeye, ry’ugutoranya ubuzima canke urupfu inyuma y’aho imodoka yawe ihagaze:

Icigwa ca 3: Aho wogenda umaze gusohoka mu modoka (Itegeko ry'"Ijuru ry'Umugezi Rirenze Ibarabara ry'Umurinzi")¶

Buri mwaka, abarokotse bahunga imodoka zabo batakomeretse mu gihe c’ikirundo c’igihu, barapfa haciye iminota mikeyi kubera ko bahagaze ahantu hatabereye ku ruhande rw’inzira.

1. Ntukigere uhagarara hagati y’imiduga, imbere y’igipfukisho cawe, canke inyuma y’igikapu cawe kugira ngo usuzume ivyononekaye canke ngo uhindure ubwishingizi: Mu gihu gikomeye cane, uwundi muvumba w’imiduga urashobora gutera inyuma y’ikirundo iminota 5 inyuma y’impanuka ya mbere, ugasunika akodeyoni yose y’imiduga 20 imbere na metero 15 (50 feet) maze ugamenagura bumper.
2. Imbere yo gusimbuka hejuru y’inzitizi y’ikiraro ca beton ataco ubona, banza URABA HASI hejuru y’urubibi: Ku biraro vy’amahasa vy’amahasa (nk’I-10 canke I-55 bica mu binogo vyo mu Kiyaga ca Mexique n’ibiyaga), ikinogo kiri hagati y’inzitiro y’amabuye y’agaciro n’iy’amabuye y’agaciro gishobora kuba outside canke **Kwisuka mu mazi maremare canke mu biti vy’imiberoshi vy’ibitovu vy’ibitovu vy’amafuti 15 gushika kuri 30. Mu bihe vyinshi vy’amateka vy’igihu, abatwara imodoka bari bateye ubwoba baraciye hejuru y’uruhome rw’ikiraro ata co babona biyumvira ko hari ivyatsi biri ku rundi ruhande maze baragwa barapfa. Nimba uri ku kiraro giteye hejuru gifise igitonyanga gihagaze munsi, guma ku nzira ndende y’abagenda n’amaguru inyuma y’uruzitiro canke ugende uja hejuru y’uruzi ukurikije uruhome rw’inyuma rw’inzitiro kure y’aho igitero gishobora gutera. (Gulf of Mexico)
3. Genda UPSTREAM (uja ku modoka ziza) rimwe gusa inyuma y'uruzitiro canke hejuru y'uruzi:
4. Imanuka (mu nzira umuduga uriko uragenda) ni aho ibisigazwa bishira: imodoka nshasha yose itera iyo pileup iratera amapine, moteri, n’imiduga izunguruka imbere (downstream) bamanuka ku ruzi.
5. Mu kugenda metero 50 gushika ku 100 (amafuti 165 gushika ku 330) UPSTREAM ku ruhande rutekanye rw’uruzitiro rwo kurinda (canke hejuru y’uruzitiro rw’umusozi), ugenda inyuma y’aho waguye mu gihe uzunguza itara ry’umuyagankuba canke igitambaro c’abashoferi kigaragara cane uva inyuma y’uruzitiro rwo hasi.

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo¶

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni itandukaniro irihe riri hagati y'igihu gisanzwe gikomeye n'igihu gikomeye cane?¶

Igihu gisanzwe c’imishwarara gikomeye kiva ku mwuka w’amazi meza ukora mu kirere gikonje c’ijoro kandi mu bisanzwe kigabanya ukuntu umuntu abona neza gushika hagati ya metero 100 na 400 (amafuti 330 gushika ku 1.300), canke kigaca ku metero 10 gushika kuri 30 mu gihu gikomeye c’i tule. Superfog ibaho gusa iyo umwotsi n’umwotsi mwinshi w’amazi uva ku bintu bifise ubuzima bitose bipfutse, nk’umuriro wo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga, umuriro wo mu binogo vy’ibitoke, canke umuriro w’ishamba upfutse, bivanze n’ikirere gikanye kandi cuzuye mw’ijoro mu gihe c’ubushuhe butari bwinshi. Ivyo bihimba vy’umwotsi bitobito amamiliyaridi bikora nk’imbuto z’amazi zipfutse amatonyanga y’amazi menshi cane ku buryo ukuntu umuntu abona bishobora gushika munsi ya metero 1 canke 3, ivyo bikaba bituma abashoferi bacika amaso.

Ni kubera iki igihu gikomeye cane kiba hagati y’isaha zibiri z’ijoro n’isaha umunani z’ijoro inyuma y’aho umuriro usa n’uwuriko urazima?¶

Mu gihe c’umuhingamo w’ubushuhe, umuriro ugurumana uratuma haba ubushuhe bukomeye butera umwotsi hejuru cane mu kirere kure y’isi. Nijoro, uko ubushuhe bugabanuka kandi ubukonje bukaduga, umuriro urava ku rubeya rushushe ukaja ku rubeya rushushe ruri hasi (`300 to 500 degrees Celsius`), irekura umwotsi mwinshi kandi utose ata n’umwe ashobora gutera hejuru. Hagati y’isaha zibiri z’ijoro n’izuba rirashe, ugukonja kw’imishwarara gutuma haba umutego w’ikirere gikanye kiri hasi (`a nocturnal inversion`), ukwegera uwo mwotsi utose ukawumanukana mu binogo vy’uruzi biri hasi, mu binogo no mu bice vy’inzira ndende aho uhinduka igihu gikomeye cane mu masaha y’urugendo rwo mu gatondo nyene.

Noba nkwiye gucana amatara yanje y’akaga igihe ndiko ndatwara imodoka canke igihe mpagaze mu gihu kidashobora kuboneka?¶

Koresha gusa amatara y’akaga iyo ugoberewe gukwegakwega buhoro buhoro mu murongo ukoreshwa canke ukaba ufunzwe uhagaze imbere mu murongo w’ibarabara ryinshi aho udashobora gusohoka. Igihe uzoba uvuye mu nzira y’amabuye ukaja ku rutugu canke ku ruhande rw’ivyatsi, utegerezwa kuzimya burundu amatara yawe y’akaga, amatara y’imbere n’ay’amaferemi. Mu gihe c'umuyaga w'agahomerabunwa, abashoferi bari inyuma yawe bafise ubwoba barashikirwa n'ingaruka y'inzoka: barafunga amaso yabo ku rumuri urwo ari rwo rwose rukayangana imbere, bakiyumvira ko imodoka yawe ihagaze iriko iramanuka mu murongo w'imiduga, maze bagaca bava mu nzira baja inyuma y'imodoka yawe ku muvuduko munini.

Iyo ndi mu nzira y’umuyaga mwinshi cane, vyoba vyiza ngume mu modoka yanje canke nkasohoka nkiruka?¶

Igihe cose imodoka yawe itariko irasha kandi itariko iravuza amavuta y’ibitoro iruhande y’imbeya, utegerezwa kuguma uboshe umukanda wawe wo kwikingira kandi ukaguma mu modoka yawe mu gihe ibindi binyabiziga biriko biratera bigukikije. Igikoresho co gukingira imodoka yawe, aho imodoka yawe ishobora gusenyuka, be n’ibikoresho vy’umuyaga birashobora gufata ibintu bishobora gutuma umuntu agenda n’amaguru ahagaze ku nzira yica ubwo nyene. Sohoka gusa mu modoka yawe iyo hariho uguhagarara gutomoye mu gutera inyuma kandi ushobora gushika ku ruhande rutekanye rw’uruzitiro rw’icuma canke rw’uruzitiro rurerure mu masegonda 2 canke 3, kandi wama usuzuma munsi imbere y’uko uduga hejuru y’uruhome ku kiraro giteye hejuru.

Ni kuki abajejwe ivy'ivyihutirwa babwira abarokotse pileup ngo bagende "baja hejuru" inyuma y'uruzitiro aho kugenda imbere?¶

Mu nzira ndende, imodoka ziza ziriko ziratera inyuma y'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara ry'ibarabara. Igihe cose ikamyo iremereye iteye ku kirundo, iratera imodoka zijanjaguritse, ivyuma bitabutse be n’amapine imbere, ikamanuka mu nzira ndende no mu migende y’amaja hasi. Mu kuduga hejuru y’uruzitiro rwo kurinda no kugenda metero 50 gushika ku 100 "mu ruzi" (usubira iyo imodoka ziriko ziraza ziriko ziraza ziva, mu gihe uguma utekanye inyuma y’uruzitiro canke hejuru y’umusozi), wishira inyuma y’aho ibisigazwa biguruka bidashobora kugushikako.

Ni kuki noshira umuyagankuba canke umuyagankuba w'imodoka yanje ku "Recirculate" iyo ngegereye superfog?¶

Mu buryo butandukanye n’igihu gisanzwe co mu mazi meza, igihu gikomeye cane ni umwotsi upfutse igice uva ku guturika kw’ibitoke, ibitoke vy’ibitovu canke ibitovu vy’amashamba bidatunganye kandi bifise ubushuhe buke. Uwo mwotsi upfutse urimwo umwotsi mwinshi cane witwa carbone (`CO`), imyuka y’ibinyabuzima ijana n’ivyo bita cyanide, formaldehyde be n’ibindi bihimba vy’umubiri vyihariye . `PM2.5` umukungugu upfutse amatonyanga y’amazi afise aside. Guhindura ubuhinga bwa HVAC bwo mu modoka yawe kugira ngo busubire gukoresha umuyaga wo mu mutima imbere y’uko winjira mu gipfukisho bituma umwotsi w’ubumara udasohoka mu nzu yawe, cane cane iyo uhejeje uhagaze mu muduga uri imbere mu gisagara c’igihu.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Igihu c'imishwarara y'isupu y'ibitoke, igihu c'ibitoke, n'ibirundo vy'imiduga myinshi
• Umuriro wo mu binogo vy’ibitoke, umwotsi w’amakara yo munsi y’ubutaka, n’imitego yo munsi y’ubutaka
• Umwotsi w'umuriro w'ishamba n'uburinzi bwo guhumeka ivu
• Impanuka z'imodoka: umutekano wo ahantu, gukuraho, no kwirinda umugongo
• Ubutabazi bwa mbere bwo guhumeka umwotsi w'umuyagankuba

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Igisata c’Uburimyi ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USDA) Igisata c’Ibidukikije - Ikigo c’ubushakashatsi co mu Bumanuko n’Ikigo c’Ubuhinga bw’Umuriro wo mu Mashamba yo muri Pasifike: Fizike y’Igihugu Gikomeye, Inguvu z’Ubukonje Buvuye Umwotsi, n’Ivy’Imigenderanire y’Ibidukikije n’Imihanda Mikuru.
• Ikigo c’Igihugu kijejwe ivy’Ikiyaga n’Ikirere (NOAA) - Ikigo c’Igihugu kijejwe ivy’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere (NWS, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Impanuro ku bijanye n’umwotsi mwinshi, Ubutegetsi bw’Ikigereranyo c’Ikirere gikomeye, n’Ingingo ngenderwako z’Umutekano w’Abatwara Modoka Baboneka Hasi.
• Inama y’Igihugu y’Umutekano w’Ivy’Itwara abantu n’ibintu (NTSB, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Raporo zidasanzwe z’itohoza ry’imiduga myinshi ku bijanye n’ugutombokana kw’imiduga myinshi n’ingene ibiraro biterana.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe amabarabara (FHWA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ivyuma bimenyesha ko umuntu abona neza, ibikoresho bimenya igihu/umwotsi, n’amategeko yo kwirinda impanuka.
• Ibiro vy’Ikirere vy’Ubwongereza n’Imihanda Mikuru y’Igihugu (Ubwongereza): Kutwara imodoka mu gihu gikomeye n’umwotsi wo mu misozi: Itegeko ry’Imihanda Mikuru Itegeko 226 gushika kuri 236 (Imirongo mike, Amatara y’Igihu, n’Imihanda Ikomeye).