Uruzi Ruratera Ibarafu, Umwuzure Uca Gusenyuka Bukwi na bukwi, n’Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu ryo Ku Nkengera y’Ikiyaga¶

Ibarafu ry’uruzi n’ibarafu ry’inkengera ry’ikiyaga riterwa n’umuyaga ni ingorane zitera vuba kandi zisambura mu bihe vy’ubukonje. Mu buryo butandukanye n’umwuzure w’urubura wo mu mpera z’umwaka ugenda uraduga mu misi myinshi, urubura rwo mu ruzi rwo mu buryo bw’ubuhinga canke urubura rwo mu ruzi rushobora gutuma amazi akonjera be n’ibipande vy’uruzi bifise uburebure bwa metero 1 (uburebure bw’amafuti 3,3) bishika mu mabarabara no mu mazu mu minota itarenga 15. Imiyaga ikomeye ivuye mu biyaga bimwebimwe vyashonze irashobora kandi gutuma inkuta z’urubura rwavunitse rushika ku metero 9 (amafuti 30) zishika ku nkombe, zigamenagura ibibanza vy’indege n’amazu yo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga ku rugero rw’amaguru.

Iyi nkuru iraguha amabwirizwa y’intambwe ku yindi ashingiye ku ngingo ngenderwako zizwi z’ubuhinga n’umutekano wo mu mazi akanye zivuye mu gisirikare ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (USACE) Ishirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi n’ubuhinga ry’intara zikanye (CRREL), Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Igihugu ry’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere ryo muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (NWS), Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ibidukikije n’Impinduka y’Ikirere ryo muri Canada na Red Cross Feti (IFRC). Ku bijanye n’ugutegura ibihe vy’urushana muri rusangi, soma ivyacu ubuyobozi bw'ibihuhusi vy'urushana. Ku bijanye n’ingene umuntu yokwirukanwa n’umwuzure, soma ivyacu Uburongozi bw'umwuzure na umurongozi w'umwuzure.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Uce wimuka ubwo nyene uja ahantu hejuru nibura metero 10 hejuru y’umugende w’uruzi iyo wumvise ijwi rirenga ry’ugusaduka, ry’ugusaduka, canke ry’ugusaduka rivuye mu ruzi canke mu kiyaga gikonje. Ntutegereze kubona amazi ariko araduga ku muryango wawe. Iyo urubura ruri hejuru y’uruzi ruhevye, rurekura umupfunda w’urubura ugenda umanuka ku bilometero 15 gushika ku bilometero 35 kw’isaha, utwaye amabuye y’urubura afise amatoni menshi aca ku bitandara vy’amazi no gumenagura inkuta.
2. Zima igikoresho cawe co gukoresha umuyagankuba, igikoresho ca gaze kavukire, canke igikoresho co hanze c’itangi rya propane iyo gusa ibirenge vyawe vyumye kandi amazi y’umwuzure atari yinjiye mu nyubakwa. Ntukigere utera intambwe mu mazi ahagaze kugira ngo ushikire igikoresho co gucapura amazi yo mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka. Ivyuma vy’urubura bigendagenda mu mazi y’umwuzure akenshi bitera ibipimo vya gazi vyahambwe be n’imirongo ya propane yo hanze, bikaba bitera ingorane yo guturika no gukubitwa n’umuyagankuba.
3. Uce uheba inzu yawe ubwo nyene iyo umuyaga utwarwa n’urubura rwo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga wegereye itongo ryawe ryo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga. Umviriza ijwi nk’iry’igariyamoshi y’ibicuruzwa iriko yegera canke ibirahuri bisya biva mu kiyaga. Nimwimure umuntu wese n’igikoko cose mu muryango w’inyuma (kure y’amazi) maze muduge mu misozi; urubura rwo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga rukoresha inguvu zishobora gutuma inzu iva ku mushinge wayo mu minota itanu.
4. Ntukigere utwara imodoka ujabuka ikiraro canke inzira yuzuye amazi igihe urubura rw’uruzi ruriko ruramenagurika canke ruriko rurafatanya n’ibitandara vy’ikiraro. N’amazi yihuta cane ashobora gukubura imodoka ku nzira, kandi amazi y’umwuzure ashobora gukubura imodoka.
5. Hamagara nimero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene nimba hari umuntu afashwe n’amazi y’urubura ariko araduga canke akubitwa n’urubura ruriko ruragenda. Hamagara 911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Canada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, canke 999 mu Bwongereza, canke urabe urutonde rwacu rw’amazi y’urubura ariko araduga. inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Bwira neza uwurungika ko ivyihutirwa birimwo umwuzure w’uruzi canke ugutera kw’uruzi ku nkengera y’ikiyaga rero barungike amashirahamwe yihariye y’ugutabara abantu mu mazi akanye no mu barafu.
6. **Tangira gusubira gushushanya ubwo nyene iyo umuntu yashizwe mu mazi, yinjijwe mu mazi, canke yinjijwe mu mazi y'umwuzure \(0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{F}\)). Uwo muntu umushire mu kibanza gishushe, ukureho impuzu zose zitose, umuzingire mu bitambaro vyumye bifise inzitizi y’umwotsi, hanyuma ukurikize ivyacu . kugwa mu nzira y'urubura na ubushuhe n'ubukonje.

Ibarafu ry'uruzi n'urubura rwo ku nkengera y'ikiyaga bisunika igiti c'ingingo yihutirwa¶

Koresha iki kigereranyo kugira ngo umenye ivyo ushobora gukora kugira ngo ukingire ubuzima bwawe igihe uba hafi y’uruzi, umugezi canke ikiyaga kinini mu gihe c’ubukonje, mu gihe c’ugukonja hagati mu rushana canke mu gihe c’ugusenyuka kw’impeshi.

flowchart TD
    Start["Ivyago vy'amazi mu karere gakanye vyabonetse:<br/>Ugusaduka kw'uruzi, uguhinduka kw'urugero rw'amazi,<br/>canke umuyaga mwinshi hejuru y'ikiyaga gifunguye igice"] --> HazardType{"Ni ikihe kintu c’urubura<br/>kiriko kiraba ubu?"}

    HazardType -->|"1. AMAZI Y'URUZI ARADUGA CANE<br/>Inyuma y'Ibarafu ry'Imanuka<br/>(Ibarafu ry'Inyuma)"| Backwater["IVYITURWA VY'UMWUZUME W'AMAZI Y'INYUMA:<br/>1. Gukura abantu mu bibanza vy’umwuzure biri hasi no mu bibanza vyo munsi y’ubutaka<br/>2. Kwimurira imodoka n'ibitungwa nibura metero 10 (33 ft) hejuru y'inzira y'amazi<br/>3. Zima gaz/propane n'umuyagankuba iyo vyumye<br/>4. Raba ibipande bininibinini vy'urubura bireremba mu mabarabara no mu bigo"]

    HazardType -->|"2. GUTONDA KW’URUZI MU BUTUNGANWA<br/>CANKE GUTONGORA MU RUZI<br/>(Ugusohoka kw’Ibarafu / Umupfunda w’Ikiyaga)"| SurgeWave["UMUGAMBI W'IBIMENYETSO / JAVE:<br/>1. Fata amazi atemba bukwi na bukwi canke ugutontomera cane nk’ugusenyuka kw’urugomero<br/>2. Niwiruke uduge mu musozi uhagaze ku mugende w’uruzi ubwo nyene<br/>3. Heba ibintu vyose kandi ntukigere ujabuka ibiraro biri hasi<br/>4. Nimwitege uruhome rw’amazi n’urubura rwo ku metero 2 gushika ku metero 6"]

    HazardType -->|"3. Ibarafu ryo mu kiyaga RISUNIKA KU NKOMBE<br/>Ijwi ry’Igare ry’Imiduga +<br/>Imiyaga yo ku Nkombe >= 40 km/h (25 mph)"| IceShove["UBURYO BWO KU RUGOMBA / IVU:<br/>1. Sohoka mu nyubakwa zo ku nkengera y'ikiyaga uciye mu muryango wo ku butaka (kure y'ikiyaga)<br/>2. Ntukigere uhagarara ku bibanza vy’indege, ku bibanza vy’indege, ku bihome vy’ikiyaga, canke ku vyumba vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga<br/>3. Zima ibidengeri vya propane vyo hanze canke ibidengeri vya gaze kavukire nimba bitekanye<br/>4. Kwimuka nibura metero 100 (amafuti 330) imbere mu gihugu no kuduga"]

    HazardType -->|"4. GUTANGA AMAZI MU MUNICIPALE CANKE MU NGANDA<br/>(Ugufunga kw’Ibarafu ry’I Frazil)"| FrazilClog["UBUZIMA BW'IBIMENYETSO VY'IBIMENYETSO:<br/>1. Uzuza ibikarabiro n’ibibindi vy’amazi yo kunywa ubwo nyene<br/>2. Nimwitege gutakaza umuvuduko w'amazi mu gisagara canke urugendo rw'uruganda rw'amashanyarazi<br/>3. Gumana amatiyo yo gushusha mu nzu hejuru ya 7 C (45 F) kugira ngo ntukonje<br/>4. Kurikiza amatangazo y'amazi ateka mu karere igihe umuvuduko uzoba ugarutse"]

Gutahura ingorane zitatu z'urubura rwo mu karere gakanye¶

Abanyagihugu benshi baba hejuru y’ibibanza vy’imyuzure vy’imyaka 100 vyo mu ci, barafatwa n’umwuzure w’urubura wo mu rushana no mu mpera z’umwaka. Dukurikije ibivugwa n’ishirahamwe ryitwa USACE Ice Engineering Group be n’ishirahamwe ryitwa Environment and Climate Change Canada, urubura rurahindura cane uburyo amazi agenda mu ruzi ku buryo uruzi rutwara kimwe ca gatatu gusa c’amazi asanzwe agenda mu ci rushobora guca hejuru y’ibidengeri igihe urubura ruzibiye uwo mugende.

1. Ibarafu rya Frazil n’ibitoke vy’umukara (mu ntango gushika hagati mu rushana)¶

Ivyuka vy’ubukonje bishika mu gihe c’ubukonje buri munsi ya zero mu mpera z’umwaka canke mu ntango z’urushana imbere y’uko habaho igipfukisho c’urubura gikomeye hakurya y’uruzi. - Ugukonja cane n'urubura rudakomeye: Iyo amazi y'uruzi ateye umuvurungano ashikiwe n'ubushuhe bw'ikirere buri munsi ya zero (munsi ya \(-6^\circ\text{C}\) [\(21^\circ\text{F}\)]) munsi y'ikirere gitomoye mw'ijoro canke umuyaga mwinshi, amazi arakonja cane n'amajana makeyi y'umutuku. (\(32^\umuzingi\umwandiko{F}\)). - Active frazil crystals: Kubera ko amazi azunguruka cane ku buryo atashobora gukora igipande c’ubutaka buringaniye, amamiliyoni y’ibisigazwa vy’urubura bimeze nk’idisiki kandi bimeze nk’urushinge vyitwa frazil ice birahinguranywa mu nkingi yose y’amazi. Naho amazi aguma akonje cane, urubura rwa frazil rurafatanya n’ibitandara, ku bibanza vy’ibiraro, ku bibanza vyo gutereramwo imyanda bikoreshwa n’amashanyarazi, ku bikingira amazi yo kunywa vy’ibisagara be no ku ruzi. - Ibarafu ry’inanga n’ibidengeri bimanitse: Iyo urubura rwa frazil rwuzuye ibwina ry’uruzi rudakomeye cane, ruca rugira urubura rw’inanga, rugatuma amazi azamuka metero 1 gushika kuri 2 (amafuti 3,3 gushika kuri 6,5) mw’ijoro ryose. Uko urubura rwa frazil rureremba rumanuka munsi y’urubura rwariho, rurarundanira ruja hasi ruja ku ruzi kugira ngo rube urugomero rw’urubura rumanitse rufise uburebure bwa metero 10 (amafuti 33) rutuma amazi akonjera hejuru y’inkengera.

2. Guca ibice vy’urubura n’ugurekura amazi (mu mpera z’urushana no mu mpera z’umwaka)¶

Ivyuka vy’ugusenyuka bishika mu bihe vy’ubushuhe bwo hagati mu rushana (nk’ibintu bishika mu muyaga wa Chinook canke Foehn, canke imvura y’umuyaga itunguranye ku rubura) canke mu gihe c’ugutonyanga kw’impeshi. - Ugusenyuka kw’ubushuhe n’ugusenyuka kw’ubuhinga: Mu ugusenyuka kw’ubushuhe, amayinga y’izuba ry’ubushuhe arashongera urubura rw’uruzi mu kibanza carwo gushika rusenyutse. Mu gusenyuka kw’ubuhinga (kw’inguvu), imvura nyinshi canke urubura rwihuta gusenyuka bituma uruzi rutera hejuru mu gihe urubura rwo mu rushana rukiri n’uburebure bwa santimetero 30 gushika ku 100 (inci 12 gushika ku 40). - Aho ivyuma bimenagura bifunga: Inkomezi z’amazi ziduga ziduza kandi zimenagura igipfukisho c’urubura co mu rushana kikaba ibipande vy’amabuye vy’amabuye bigenda bimanuka. Iyo ivyo bice vy’urubura bigendagenda bishitse ku mfuruka y’uruzi, ku mfuruka y’amabuye y’agaciro atari maremare, ku mfuruka y’uruzi, ku mfuruka y’uruzi, kw’izinga canke ku mfuruka y’uruzi rudasenyutse, ivyo bipande biraca bihinduka urugomero. - Imyuzure y'amazi y'inyuma n'ugusohoka kw'amazi ("Javes"): - Umwuzure w’amazi y’inyuma y’uruzi: Kubera ko urubura rwinjijwe ruzibira gushika ku bice 80 kw’ijana vy’uruzi rujabuka kandi rugatuma habaho ugushikana munsi, amazi yinjira arundanira inyuma y’uruzi rwinjiye. Amazi yo hejuru y’uruzi arashobora kuduga metero 1 gushika kuri 5 (amafuti 3,3 gushika kuri 16,4) mu kiringo kitarenga isaha, agasunika amabarafu y’amatoni menshi mu mabarabara no mu mazu. - Igitero c'amazi gica mu mazi (Ice Jam Release Wave canke "Jave"): Iyo umuvuduko w'amazi uri inyuma y'amazi y'urubura unesheje ugushikana, urubura rurananirwa. Nka kurya kw’urugomero ruturika, umupfunda urekura ice jam (canke "jave") uratera mu ruzi ku metero 5 gushika ku 10 ku segonda (ibilometero 18 gushika ku 36 kw’isaha), ugasesagura inkengera z’uruzi no gusenya ibibanza vyo mu biyaya vy’umwuzure.

3. Ivyuka vy'urubura vyo ku nkengera y'ikiyaga biterwa n'umuyaga ("Tsunami z'urubura" canke Ivu)¶

Ivyo bimenyekana n’imiryango y’Abanupiat n’Abayupik ku nkengera y’ikiyaga ca Arctique nk’ikiyaga ivu, kandi hakurya y’ibiyaga binini vyo muri Amerika y’Uburaruko, ibiyaga vy’ibiyaya vy’amashamba vyo muri Kanada, n’ibiyaga vyo mu buraruko bw’Uburayi nk’aho ari ugusunika kw’urubura, ugusunika kw’urubura, ugutera kw’urubura, canke ugutera kw’urubura nk’uko bitera cane. gusenyuka canke gukonja mu ntango z’urushana. - Fizike y'urubura rwo mu kiyaga: Iyo urubura rwo mu kiyaga ruvuye ku nkengera y'ikiyaga, umuyaga ukaba utera ibilometero 40 gushika ku 90 kw'isaha (ibilometero 25 gushika ku 55 kw'isaha) ukaba uhuha ku bilometero vyinshi vy'urubura rwo mu mazi, uwo muyaga uca ugenda urubura rwo ku butaka. - Gutera amabuye ku nkombe: Bitwawe n’umuyaga n’imipfunda, iyo barafu ireremba iratera ku nkengera y’ikiyaga. Inguvu zituma uruhande rw’imbere rumenagurika maze rukaduga ku nkombe, rukarundanya ibice vy’urubura n’ibipande mu ruhome rugendagenda rufise uburebure bwa metero 3 gushika kuri 12. Ico gihome c’urubura kija mu gihugu hagati ku metero 1 gushika ku 8 ku munota (amafuti 3 gushika ku 26 ku munota), kigaca ibiti, kigamenagura inkuta z’ikiyaga, kigaca ibiduga vy’amazi, kandi kigasunika amazu akava ku mishinge yayo gushika ku metero 150 (amafuti 500) mu gihugu hagati.

Kugereranya ivyihutirwa vy'uruzi n'ikiyaga¶

Koresha iyi mbonerahamwe kugira ngo umenye ingorane z’urubura zo mu turere dukanye zitera ubwoba aho uri be n’ingene wovyifatamwo.

Ibimenyetso vy'imburi ushobora kubona no kwumva uri ku nkombe¶

Ivyo bikoresho bipima uruzi bikoreshwa n’Ishirahamwe ry’Uburundi ryitaho ivy’ubutaka (USGS), Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ryitaho ivy’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere be n’Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ryitaho Ibidukikije n’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere ryo muri Kanada, akenshi birakemurwa n’uguhindura uruzi mu gihe c’ugusenyuka kw’uruzi. Raba kandi wumvirize ibi bimenyetso vy’umurima w’umubiri:

Ibimenyetso vy'imburi biboneka¶

1. Igutera bukwi na bukwi urugero rw’uruzi rumanuka: Nimba uba mu ruzi rwo mu ruzi rugoramye, ikiraro, canke uruzi rugoramye maze ukabona urugero rw’uruzi rugenda rugabanuka mu gihe c’ugutonyanga kw’impeshi, uruzi rwarapfutse hejuru y’uruzi, rukazibira uruzi. Muce muvayo ubwo nyene, kuko iyo jam yo mu majyaruguru iyo ivunitse, umupfunda w’amazi uzoshika ata n’umwe abimenyesheje.
2. Igipfukisho c'urubura giterura no gutandukana n'inkengera ("Imivyimba y'Inkengera" canke "Imivyimba y'Ibipfukisho"): Imbere y'uko uruzi rumenagurika, amazi aduga araduza hagati y'uruzi hejuru y'uruzi rwo ku nkombe rwakonje, agatuma habaho imivyimba yuzuye amazi y'uruzi ku nkengera zompi.
3. Ibarafu ry’uruzi ry’umwanda, ry’inzobe canke ry’ibisigazwa ry’uruzi rihindukira mu ruhande: Igihe ibice vy’uruzi bininibinini bitangura guhindukira, guhengamira ku ruhande, canke gutera hejuru y’ibindi, inguvu z’amazi ziriko ziregeranya ikibanza c’ubuhinga.
4. Amazi atera hejuru biciye mu myobo y’amazi n’imigende y’amazi y’igihuhusi inyuma y’ibidengeri: Kubera ko urubura ruduza umutwe w’amazi w’uruzi hejuru y’umwuzure w’amazi yuguruye w’uburemere bumwe, amazi y’uruzi akonje akenshi asubira inyuma biciye mu myobo y’amazi y’igihuhusi maze agaturika ava mu myobo y’amazi y’ibarabara inyuma y’umwuzure.

Ibimenyetso vy'imburi vy'amajwi¶

1. Ibisasu vy’imbunda n’ugutera ijwi ryinshi: Uko amazi ariko araduga apfukamira urubura rw’uburebure bwa santimetero 50 (uburebure bw’amasentimetero 20) aja hejuru, ugukomera kw’imbunda kuramenagura urubura n’amakuru avuga cane nk’ay’imbunda.
2. Ugunyiganyiga kw’isi n’ugutonyanga kw’incuro ntoya: Ibarafu rigenda rimenagurika canke umuvuduko w’urubura ugenda urasesagura amatoni amamiliyoni y’uruzi ku nkengera y’uruzi no ku nkengera z’uruzi, bigatuma haba urusaku runyiganyiga amadirisho ashika ku kilometero 1 (0.6 miles).
3. Ijwi ry’ibirahuri bimenagurika canke ry’igariyamoshi itwara ibintu ku nkengera y’ikiyaga: Ibarafu ryo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga rimenagurika rikagira ibice vy’urubura rw’amabuye y’agaciro n’ibipande vy’amasahani, rituma haba ijwi ry’ugusya n’ugutera ijwi ry’ivyuma uko uruhome rw’urubura ruduga ku nkengera y’ikiyaga.

Intambwe ku yindi amategeko yo kurokoka mu gihe c'umwuzure w'urubura¶

Intambwe ya 1: Hitamwo inzira yo guhunga iduga kure y'ibiraro n'ibihengeri vy'uruzi¶

Igihe ikigo c’igihugu kijejwe ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere Imburi y’umwuzure w’urubura canke imburi y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere, genda imbere y’uko amazi ashika mu nzira yawe. - Ntukigere ukoresha amazi make canke ibiraro vy’amabuye biri ku rugero rw’uruzi: Ivyuma vy’urubura bigendagenda birundanira ku ruhande rwo hejuru rw’ibitanda vy’ikiraro n’ibitanda vy’ibiraro biri hasi. Dukurikije ubuyobozi bw’imihanda mikuru ya Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (FHWA) na USACE, uguterura kw’amazi n’ugutera kw’amazi bishobora gutuma ibiraro vy’ivyuma n’ivy’amabuye biva ku bibanza vyavyo. - Irinde amabarabara y’uruzi n’amabarabara ajanye n’uruzi: Mugende canke mugende mugororotse (mu mfuruka y’amadegre 90) kure y’umugende w’uruzi muja ahantu hejuru. - Zana ikintu cawe co guhunga mu bihe vy’ubukonje: Kubera ko imyuzure y’urubura iba mu bihe vy’ubukonje buri munsi ya zero canke hafi y’ubukonje, gufatwa hanze ata n’aho wihisha birashobora kwica. Fata ivyawe umufuko w'ivyihutirwa, amaparka y’urushana y’inyongera, inkweto zikingira amazi, imifuko yo kuryamako be n’imiti.

Intambwe ya 2: Gukingira umuriro n’ibiturika vyo mu nzu imbere y’uko ugenda¶

Umuriro w’inyubako udashobora guhagarara ukikujwe n’amazi y’umwuzure akonje be n’ibirundo vy’urubura vy’amametero 3 (amafuti 10) bizibira moteri z’umuriro ni ingorane ikomeye y’inyuma mu gihe c’urubura canke urubura rwo gutera. - Zima ibidengeri vya propane vyo hanze n’ibipimo vya gaze: Iyo urubura ruriko ruragenda rukubita igikoresho co hanze co gupima gaze canke kigatera itangi rya propane ry’amalita 1.900 (amagaloni 500) ryo mu rugo rw’inyuma ku mabuye yaco, umurongo wa gaze urafunguka, ukarekura gaze y’inzu yawe ishobora guturika. Funga umupfundikizo mukuru wa gaze imbere y’uko usohoka. - Gushire nanga canke ushire hejuru ibidengeri vy’amavuta yo gushushanya vyo mu nzu n’ivyo hanze: Ivyombo vy’amavuta yo mu nzu canke vyo hanze bireremba hejuru iyo amazi y’inyuma y’urubura yinjiye mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka, agaca atera amatiyo y’amazi maze agasuka amavuta yo gushushanya mu nzu.

Intambwe ya 3: Ico wokora iyo ufunzwe mu nyubakwa n’amazi y’urubura atunguranye¶

Iyo umuyaga w’urubura utunguranye ukikuje inzu yawe imbere y’uko ushobora kwimuka, ukurikize iyi nzira yo kwimuka ihagaze: 1. Uce wimukira ubwo nyene ku rwego rwa kabiri canke rwo hejuru cane rw’iyo nyubakwa, maze usuzume ingene iyo nyubakwa ihagaze ugereranije n’urubura ruriko ruragenda: - Iyo amazi ari backwater agenda buhoro buhoro hejuru y’umugezi w’amazi, kuduga mw’igorofa ya kabiri canke mu nzu yo hejuru biratekanye. - Ntukigere winjira mu nzu yo hejuru yugarijwe ata shoka, igiti co guterako, canke idirisha ryo hejuru: Uzane igikoresho kiremereye, itara, ijaketi canke igitambaro kigaragara cane, n’igikoresho co kureremba (ijaketi y’ubuzima) ku muntu wese kugira ngo ushobore guca mu gisenge iyo amazi aduze. - Imbuzi ku bijanye n’ugutera kw’urubura: Nimba inzu yawe ari inzu y’ibiti canke inzu y’ibiti iri hanze y’uruzi aho urubura rw’amatoni menshi rutera inkuta, genda mu cumba co hasi (kija mu mazi) kiri mw’igorofa ryo hejuru, kure y’uruhome rwo hejuru rw’uruzi, gukura ubwato bw’ikirere. 2. Ambara uburinzi bw’amazi akanye yumye igihe uri mu nzu: Ambara umuntu wese mu bipande bitatu bishushe bitagira ipampa, ambara impuzu y’imvura canke igipfukisho kidashobora guterwa n’amazi kugira ngo ntushiremwo amazi, kandi ambara amajakete y’ubuzima (PFDs) hejuru y’amakoti yawe y’urushana mu gihe iyo mibumbe yohinduka.

Kurokoka urubura rwo ku nkengera y'ikiyaga canke ku nkengera y'ikiyaga¶

Ivyuka vy’urubura vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga vyigenza nk’ugusenyuka kw’isi canke nk’ugusenyuka kw’amabuye y’agaciro. Biboneka ku biyaga bitari kure cane, bishobora guterwa n’umuyaga, bifise ubwaguke buri hagati y’ibilometero 5 n’100, nk’ikiyaga Winnebago, ikiyaga Mille Lacs, ikiyaga Erie, ikiyaga Dauphin, ikiyaga Peipus be n’ibiyaga vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga ca Arctique.

Kumenya idirisha ry’iminota 30 ry’urubura¶

Gusunika urubura bisaba ibintu bitatu icarimwe: 1. Ibarafu ryononekaye canke riherutse gusenyuka (ry’uburebure bwa santimetero 15 gushika kuri 60) ryashonze ataco rivuye ku nkengera y’ikiyaga kugira ngo ibarafu rishobore kureremba no kwihuta kujabuka amazi. 2. Imiyaga ikomeye yo ku nkombe y’ibilometero 40 gushika kuri 80 kw’isaha ihuha ku bilometero 5 vy’urubura yerekeza ku nkengera y’ikiyaga cawe. 3. Inkengera y’ikiyaga itembagaye buhoro buhoro, uruzitiro rw’inzira, canke urutare ruri hasi rukora nk’uruzitiro ruteye igomwe, rugatuma uruhande rw’imbere rw’urubura runyerera ruja hejuru ku butaka.

Ibikorwa vyihuse iyo urubura rutangura kuduga ku nkombe¶

1. Ntuhagarare hafi y’amadirisho araba ku kiyaga kugira ngo ufate amasanamu y’urubura. Uko ikirundo c’urubura kigenda kirushiriza kugera ku metero 4 gushika ku 9 (amafuti 13 gushika ku 30) ku ruhome rujanye n’ikiyaga, ibirahuri biramenagurika imbere, bikarungika amacumu y’urubura afise amahembe mu cumba cose.
2. Uce usohoka mu ruhande rw’inzu rwo ku butaka ubwo nyene. Sohoka uciye mu muryango ureba kure y’ikiyaga maze ugende uduga canke uja mu gihugu hagati nibura metero 100 (amafuti 330) urenga umurongo wa mbere w’inzu.
3. Ntukigere ugerageza guhagarika urubura ruriko ruratera imbere n’ibinyabiziga canke ibikoresho bikomeye. Ibarafu ripima ibilometero 5 ku bilometero 5 (ibilometero 3 ku bilometero 3) n’uburebure bwa santimetero 30 (inci 12) ripima nk’amatoni miliyoni 7 y’Amerika**to (7.)7. Ikamyo canke traktere ihagaze imbere y’ibarabara ry’ibarabara rizosunikwa mu nzu yawe hamwe n’ibarabara.
4. Guma kure y’urutoke rw’ikirundo c’urubura umuyaga umaze gupfa. Inyuma y’aho urubura ruhagaze, ikirundo c’urubura rw’amabuye y’agaciro n’ibipande vy’amabuye vyavunitse vy’amametero 6 gushika ku 10 ntibishikama kandi birashobora gusenyuka ata n’umwe abimenyesheje.

Kwibika mu mazi akanye no gufatwa n'urubura ubutabazi bwa mbere¶

Mu gihe c’urubura, urahura n’ibintu bitatu bishobora kwica icarimwe: isaha yo kwibiza mu mazi akanye 1-10-1, ugumenagura kw’ubuhinga hagati y’ibipande vy’urubura bisya, n’ugukubura kw’amazi yo munsi y’urubura.

Iyo ugwiye mu mazi arimwo ibice vy’urubura bigendagenda .¶

1. Guma ibiganza vyawe n’amaboko yawe KURI ku mpande zihagaze z’ibipande vy’urubura bireremba: Iyo ibipande bibiri vy’urubura vy’amatoni menshi bigendagenda hamwe mu gihe ibiganza vyawe, amaboko canke umubiri wawe biri hagati yavyo, ivyo bipande bica bimenagura amagufa ubwo nyene. Gumana ibiganza vyawe bigororotse ku ubutaka buringaniye bwo hejuru bw’urubura runini kuruta izindi zose ushobora gushikako.
2. Gugenzura impwemu yawe mu masegonda 60 ya mbere (Igice c’Igikomere): Gutera amazi \(0^\circ\text{C}\) (\(32^\circ\text{F}\)) bitera umutima wo guhema ataco wipfuza. Gumana akanwa kawe n’izuru ryawe hejuru y’ivyo ukoresha, ufate ku ruhande rwo hejuru rw’urubura runini canke rw’igiti, hanyuma urindire amasegonda 60 kugira ngo impwemu yawe ihagarare.
3. Tera amaguru mu buryo buringaniye maze wikwegere ku rubura runini cane canke ku nkombe: Nimba udashobora gushika ku nkombe y’uruzi ikomeye, tera amaguru yawe hejuru inyuma yawe maze wikure mu buryo buringaniye ku hagati y’urubura runini kuruta izindi zose kugira ngo umubiri wawe ukure mu mazi n’aho uri hagati y’ibice vy’urubura. Gumana hasi ku nda yawe mu gihe uriko urasemerera kandi uzunguza amaboko kugira ngo ukizwe.

Gusubira gushushanya umurima w'uwarokotse umwuzure w'urubura¶

Igihe umuntu yarokotse akuwe mu mazi y’umwuzure y’urubura akaja mu kibanza gishushe: 1. Fata neza uwo muntu yakomeretse kandi umugumye ahagaze nimba amaze iminota irenga 15 mu mazi canke nimba uguhinda umushyitsi kwahagaze. Gufata umuntu afise ubushuhe bukomeye canke guhatira guhaguruka bituma amaraso akanye ava mu maguru yihuta asubira mu mutima (afterdrop), bikaba bituma umutima uhagarara. 2. Kata canke ukureho impuzu zitose imbere mu cumba gishushe hanyuma ushire urukoba rwumye n’ibitambaro. Ntukigere usiga urukoba rukanye canke rufise ubukonje. 3. Ubanze ushire ubushuhe bukora ku mutwe w’umubiri (izosi, uruhome rw’igikiriza, n’ibibero): Zingira umuntu mu gipfukisho c’umwotsi gikikujwe n’ibitambaro vyumye. Shira amacupa y’amazi asusurutse canke amapaki y’ubushuhe bw’imiti azingiwe mu bitambaro ku mpande z’igikiriza, amaboko, n’izosi, ntubanze ushire ku ruhu rudafise ikintu canke ku maguru akanye. 4. Umuhe amazi asusurutse, aryoshe, atagira inzoga, atagira caféine iyo gusa ari maso kandi ashobora kumira. Soma amategeko yacu yose y’ubuvuzi mu 2019. ubushuhe n'ubukonje ubutabazi bwa mbere.

Ibikorwa remezo vya komine bihungabana: Igihe urubura rwa frazil ruca amazi n’amashanyarazi vyo mu gisagara canyu¶

Naho inzu yawe yoba yicaye ku musozi udashobora guterwa n’amazi y’umwuzure, ivyihutirwa vy’urubura vyo mu ruzi birashobora gutuma amazi yo kunywa azima mu gisagara cose n’amashanyarazi azima mu majoro ataco akora.

Uko urubura rwa frazil ruri munsi y’ubutaka rufunga ibisagara¶

Amahinguriro y’amazi y’ibisagara be n’amahinguriro y’amashanyarazi akura amazi atagiramwo ibinure biciye mu bibanza vyo gufata amazi biri mu mazi biri ku metero 3 gushika ku 10 (amafuti 10 gushika ku 33) munsi y’uburebure bw’inzuzi n’ibiyaga. - Mu gihe c’umuyaga uri munsi ya zero imbere y’uko urubura rwo ku butaka rubaho, ukuvanga kw’imivurungano gutwara amazi akonje cane n’ibice vy’urubura bikora neza** bifatanye gushika ibwina ry’uruzi canke ikiyaga. - Iyo izo nkoko zitwa frazil zikoze ku bipande vy’icuma bikonje vy’ibikoresho vyo gutereramwo amazi, zica zikora uruhome rukomeye rw’urubura hejuru y’umuyoboro w’amazi mu minota 30 gushika kuri 60, zigafunga amapompa y’amazi y’igisagara n’ibikoresho vyo gukonjesha amashanyarazi.

Ukwikingira mu rugo ku guhagarara kw'amazi y'urubura rwa frazil¶

• Uzigame amazi yo kunywa yo mu nzu amasaha 72 mu gihe cose c’imbeho: Bika nibura litiro 4 (galoni 1) z’amazi yo kunywa ku muntu ku musi imbere mu kabati gashushe kugira ngo gufunga bukwi na bukwi amazi y’urubura ya frazil ntikwigere uva mu nzu yawe ata mazi.
• Kurikiza amatangazo y’amazi ateka inyuma y’aho abakozi basubiye: Igihe amazi ya komine agarutse inyuma y’ikibazo c’urubura canke frazil, urabe impanuro z’amazi ateka, kuko gusukura urubura ku nkengera y’uruzi bitera ibisigazwa vy’amazi n’amazi mabi aseseka; reba ivyacu umutekano w'amazi n'amatangazo y'ibitoke.

Ugukingira inyuma y’umwuzure: Gusubira i muhira igihe umutungo wawe wahambwe mu barafu y’uruzi¶

Imyuzure y’urubura isiga inyuma amabarafu y’uruzi afise amatoni menshi ashika ku metero 1,5 (amafuti 5) apfutse mu bigo, mu mabarabara no mu vyumba vy’uburaro, mu gihe amazi y’umwuzure akonjera akomeye hejuru y’imishinge.

1. Suzuma inyubakwa ko zidacitse imbere y’uko winjira¶

Amazi aragira ubushobozi bwo gutera hejuru, mu gihe umwuzure w’urubura utera inyubakwa zifise amatoni menshi akomeye. - Nimuze mugende hanze muri kure cane imbere y’uko mwegera umuryango. - Rondera amasahani y’ibaraza yahinduwe (aho ibiti vy’amabuye vyari biva ku ruhome rw’umushinge), amabuye yo munsi y’ubutaka yasadutse, inkingi z’ibaraza zacitse, canke ibipande vy’imfuruka vyacitsemwo ibice. - Iyo urubura rw’uruzi ruruhukiye ku ruhome canke mu cumba, ntiwinjire kandi ntukurure urubura ukoresheje traktere. Ico gipande c’urubura gishobora kuba kiriko kirashigikira uruhome canke igisenge gishobora gusenyuka kizosenyuka iyo kivuyeho.

2. Urabe imirongo y’amashanyarazi yamanutse, utuzu tw’impwemu tuzibiye, n’ivu ryanduye¶

• Imirongo y’amashanyarazi yamanutse ihambanywe mu binogo vy’urubura: Ibarafu rigenda rifata amabati y’amashanyarazi, risiga intsinga zikora zihambwe mu birundo vy’urubura. Kubera ko urubura rutose rujana umuyagankuba, kugenda ku kirundo c’urubura hafi y’urutsinga rwamanutse birashobora gutuma umuntu akubitwa n’umuyagankuba; Raba imirongo y'amashanyarazi yamanutse.
• Imirongo y’umuriro y’ifuru n’iy’amazi y’ishushe yazibiye: Suzuma hanze yose Imiyoboro y’umuriro n’iyo gusohoka mw’ifuru ya PVC, ivyuho vy’imfuru y’ivyuma vyuma, n’amadirisho yo mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka. Ivyuma vy’urubura n’ivy’amazi bikonje bifunga utuzu tw’inyuma, bikaba bituma carbone monoxide (\(CO\)) isubira mu nzu yawe iyo ubushuhe busubiye gutangura; Raba ubumara bwa monoxide ya carbone.
• Ibarafu n’ivu vyanduye: Ibarafu ry’uruzi ririmwo amazi mabi, amazi y’uburimyi, amavuta yo gushusha yamenetse, n’ivyuma vy’ibisigazwa. Ambara inkweto n’amaganzu bitagira amazi mu gihe co gusukura, kandi ntukigere ufunga urubura rwo mu ruzi kugira ngo unywe.

Urutonde rwo kwitegurira imbere y'igihe c'izuba ku bice vy'urubura n'ivy'ikiyaga¶

Uzuza uru rutonde imbere y'uko igihe c'izuba gikonja n'igihe c'izuba:

• Suzuma amateka y'itongo ryawe: Rondera Ice Jam Database ya USACE CRREL canke amakarata y'amateka y'ikigo cawe c'ubuhanuzi bw'uruzi. Ikarata y’umwuzure y’imyaka 100 isanzwe ibarwa hakoreshejwe ubuhinga bwo gukoresha amazi mu ci kandi akenshi igabanya uburebure bw’amazi y’urubura.
• Shiraho umupfunda wo gupima amazi y’inyuma ku murongo wawe munini w’amazi y’imyanda: Igikoresho co gupima amazi y’inyuma y’amazi y’imyanda yo mu murongo mukuru gihagarika amazi y’imyanda n’amazi y’uruzi akora neza biciye mu migende yo munsi y’ubutaka imbere y’uko amazi yo hejuru ashika mu nzu yawe; reba ububiko bw'amazi mabi.
• Duza ibikoresho vyo mu nzu yo munsi y’ubutaka n’ibidengeri vy’amavuta: Gushira hejuru ibipande vy’amazi, ibikoresho bishusha amazi, n’ibitoro hejuru y’urugero rw’amateka y’urubura, no gushiramwo ibidengeri vy’amavuta n’ivy’amavuta ya propane ku bipande vya beton kugira ngo urubura rureremba ntirushobore guca imirongo y’amavuta.
• Kuraho ibibanza vy’indege n’ibitereko vy’ubwato imbere y’uko igihe c’izuba gikonja: Ivyuma bihagaze bifata ibice vy’urubura bigendagenda maze bikarungika inguvu z’urubura zija mu bipande vy’urubura.
• Iporogarama y'amaradiyo y'imburi y'ikirere n'imburi z'inyandiko z'intara: Gumana iradiyo ikoreshwa na bateri itunganijwe n'imburi z'amazi ("Imburi y'umwuzure w'urubura"); reba itumanaho ry'ivyihutirwa ritari ku ruzitiro.
• Suzuma ubwishingizi bw’umwuzure imisi 30 imbere y’uko igihe c’impeshi gica: Amategeko asanzwe y’abafise inzu ntashiramwo umwuzure w’uruzi, kandi porogarama z’ubwishingizi bw’umwuzure z’igihugu zishiraho igihe co kurindira c’imisi 30.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni kubera iki uruzi rutera urubura rutera umwuzure mwinshi kuruta umwuzure wo mu ci ufise uruzi rumwe?¶

Dukurikije ikigo ca USACE kijejwe ubushakashatsi n’ubuhinga bwo mu turere dukanye (CRREL), urubura rwo mu ruzi ruraduza urugero rw’uruzi biciye ku guhinduka kw’ibice vy’uruzi no ku gukomera kw’amazi incuro zibiri. Ica mbere, igitigiri c’ibipande vy’urubura vyavunitse bishobora kuba bifise uburebure bwa metero 2 gushika ku 6, bikaba bifata igice kirenze ica kabiri c’ubunini bw’umugende nk’urugomero rwo mu mazi. Ubwa kabiri, mu ruzi rwuguruye, ugushikana gutuma amazi agenda buhoro gusa ku gitanda co hasi no ku nkengera; munsi y’urubura rufise amababa, uruhande rwo munsi rw’urubura rwavunitse ruratuma haba ugushikana kw’isonga ry’inkingi y’amazi na ryo nyene, rikagabanya umuvuduko n’ibice birenga 50 kw’ijana kandi rikatuma amazi agenda hejuru y’inkengera ku metero nyinshi.

Ni kuki amashirahamwe y’ivyihutirwa adatera amabuye y’agaciro mu ruzi kugira ngo umwuzure uhagarike?¶

Ivy’ubuhinga bw’amazi vyakozwe n’ishirahamwe USACE be n’ishirahamwe ryitwa Environment Canada vyerekana ko guturitsa urubura rwariho bidakunda gukora kandi akenshi bituma umwuzure urushiriza kuba mwinshi. Kugira ngo ibisasu canke ibikoresho vy’ugucukura bishobore gukuraho urubura, hategerezwa kuba hari amazi yuguruye mu ruzi rwo hasi be n’amazi ahagije yo gutwara ibice vyavunitse; ahandi ho, urubura rwaturitse rurasubira mu rugomero rw’amazi rwinshi cane ruri mu ruzi mu gihe imipfunda y’umuyaga yononekaza ibiraro n’ibidengeri. Ahubwo, abantu bakoresha uburyo bwo kwirinda imbere y’uko habaho amazi, nk’ibikoresho bicukura urubura bikoreshwa mu mazi, indege zigenda mu kirere, canke gutera umusenyi w’umwirabura ku rubarafu mu ntango z’impeshi kugira ngo binywe ubushuhe bw’izuba maze bigoyagoye urubura imbere y’uko amazi agenda araduga.

Ni itandukaniro irihe riri hagati y'uruzi rwuzuye urubura n'ikiyaga "tsunami y'urubura" (urubura rwo gutera)?¶

Ibarafu ry’uruzi riterwa n’uburemere bw’isi be n’amazi y’uruzi atemba: barafu y’uruzi imenetse iraca mu nzira igoramye canke igatera ikiraro, igatuma uruzi ruzibira maze igatuma amazi y’inyuma y’uruzi aseseka vyihuta maze ikarekura imiraba ku kiyaya. Ibarafu ryo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga (tsunami y’urubura canke ivu) ribera ku biyaga bininibinini canke ku biyaga vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga kandi riterwa n’umuyaga w’inkubi y’umuyaga (ibilometero 40 gushika ku bilometero 90 kw’isaha) uhuha ku bilometero vyinshi vy’amazi yuguruye be n’urubura rwo mu kiyaga rureremba. Ibarafu ry’urubura risunika uruhome rwumye rw’urubura rwajanjaguwe rufise uburebure bwa metero 3 gushika ku metero 10 gushika ku metero 40, rukaja ku nkengera y’ikiyaga rukaja mu nzu zo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga ata mazi aseseka.

Nomenya gute nimba uruzi rwanje ruzogira ubushuhe buteye amahoro canke ubukazi buzogira ubushuhe buteye akaga?¶

Igihe ubushuhe bw’ikirere co mu mpera z’umwaka bushuha buhorobuhoro mu kiringo c’indwi zibiri canke zitatu, izuba rikagwa n’imvura nkeyi, ivyo bikaba bituma urubura rugira umwiza, ubuki bugahinduka amabuye y’agaciro nk’ay’amabuye y’agaciro, maze bugasubira mu kibanza cayo mu gihe amazi atemba aguma ari hasi. Igitero c’ugusenyuka kw’ivyuma kiba igihe urushana rukanye rutera urubura rwinshi rw’ubururu n’umweru (rufise uburebure bwa santimetero 30 gushika ku 100) be n’urubura rwinshi cane, hanyuma hakaba ugushuha bukwi na bukwi ($10^\circ\text{C}$ gushika kuri $20^xt\}circ$$te $68^\circ\text{F}$]) n’imvura nyinshi (irenga milimetero 25) mu masaha 24 gushika kuri 48. Iyo amazi agenda apfutse uruzi imbere y’uko urubura rwinshi ruyoroha, birashoboka ko haba ugusenyuka kw’ivyuma.

Amasoko yasuzumwe¶

• Igisirikare ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika c'abahinga (USACE), Ikigo c'ubushakashatsi n'iterambere ry'abahinga / Laboratwari y'ubushakashatsi n'ubuhinga bwo mu turere dukonje (CRREL): Ubuhinga n'imiterere: Igitabo c'ubuhinga bw'urubura (EM 1110-2-1612) na *Igihugu c'ubuhinga bwa none
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe ivy'imihindagurikire y'ikirere (NWS / NOAA): Imigenderanire y'uruzi, urubura rwa Frazil, umwuzure w'urubura rwo mu mazi rwo mu mazi, n'insobanuro z'imburi z'amazi.
• Ibidukikije n’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere muri Canada (ECCC) n’Inama y’Igihugu y’Ubushakashatsi muri Canada (NRC): Ibarafu ry’uruzi rimeneka, Isuzuma ry’Ingaruka z’Umwuzure w’Ibarafu, n’Ingingo ngenderwako zo kugabanya Ibarafu ry’Ibarafu ry’Imihana.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Imyuzure y’Ibarafu: Intandaro, Ingaruka, n’Ingendo zo Kuzigabanya ku Barongozi b’Imyuzure n’Abafise Amazu.
• Igisirikare ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika gicungera inkengera y’ikiyaga (USCG) n’Ishirahamwe Mpuzamakungu ry’Ishirahamwe ry’Umusaraba Mutukura n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ukwezi Gutukura (IFRC): Ukurokoka mu kwibizwa mu mazi akanye (Ingingo ngenderwako 1-10-1), Amasezerano yo gutabara abantu mu barafu, n’ugucungera umurima w’ubushuhe burengeje urugero.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Imyuzure y'umuyaga: guhunga ubwo nyene no kurokoka
• Imyuzure: kwitegura, guhunga, no kugaruka ata nkomanzi
• Ibihuhusi vyo mu rushana n'ibihuhusi: kwitegura no kurokoka
• Kugwa mu barafu: kwikiza no kurokoka mu mazi akanye
• Hypothermie n'ubukonje bw'ubutabazi bwa mbere vyihutirwa