Ivyumba vy'umuyaga vy'amagorofa maremare, amabarabara y'ibirahuri agwa, n'ivyago vy'igihuhusi c'umunara¶

Iyo inkuba nyinshi cane, derecho, inkubi y’umuyaga yo mu karere k’ubushuhe canke inkubi y’umuyaga ikomeye cane y’amabombe yo hanze y’ibihugu vy’ubushuhe iteye mu kirere c’igisagara gikomeye, uruzitiro rw’inzu zikomeye cane rurahindura imiyaga y’akarere iringaniye ikaba indege zishobora gusenyura. Biciye mu ingaruka z’umuyaga wo mu gisagara no mu gusesa kw’amazi y’umuyaga, umuyaga w’ibilometero 75 kw’isaha (ibilometero 47 kw’isaha) ushobora kwihuta gushika ku bilometero **120 gushika ku 160 kw’isaha (ibilometero 75 gushika ku bilometero 100 kw’isaha hagati y’ibilometero 75 gushika ku bilometero 100 kw’isaha) abagenda n’amaguru bava ku birenge vyabo bakaja mu binyabiziga bigendagenda, bagatabura inzugi z’imbere zizunguruka kandi zifise amahembe ku bikoresho vyabo, kandi bagatuma habaho imikazo mibi cane y’ugunyota ishobora gukura ibirahuri vy’uruhome vy’amabarabara vy’amajana menshi n’ibipande vy’amabarabara vy’amabarabara bikomeye biva mu bibanza vyo hejuru. Ico gihe nyene, ama tower cranes ahagaze hejuru y’ibibanza vy’inyubako vy’amagorofa maremare ategerezwa gufungurwa kugira ngo ashobore guzunguruka ataco akora mu muyaga (weathervaning) canke akagira ingorane yo gusenyuka kw’imibumbe iyo umuyaga wo ku ruhande rwagutse urenze imipaka y’ibikorwa. Nihagira umuntu akubitwa n’ibisigazwa vy’imbere y’inzu bigwa, akavuzwa n’umuyaga mu nzira, canke akafatwa munsi y’ibitandara vyasenyutse, hamagara inomero y’ivyihutirwa yo mu karere kawe ubwo nyene (911 muri Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika na Kanada, 112 mu Bumwe bw’Uburayi bwose, 999 mu Bwongereza) canke urabe urutonde rwacu rw’isi yose rwo inomero z'ivyihutirwa. Kugira ngo witegurire igihuhusi mu buryo bwagutse, soma uburongozi bwacu ku derecho, umuyaga ugororotse, n’ukurokoka kw’ibiturika bitobito, inkubi y’umuyaga, inkubi y’umuyaga n’inkubi y’umuyaga, na crane tip-over, guhagarara kw'umuzigo, n'ugukorana n'umurongo w'amashanyarazi.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Umanuke mu nzira z’abantu zifunguye mu gisagara ubwo nyene maze wihishe mu nzu y’imbere y’inzu iri kure y’ibibanza vy’ibirahuri. Igihe umuyaga utangura kuvuza induru hagati y’iminara miremire canke ibisigazwa vyo mu nzira bitangura kuduga mu kirere, ntugerageze guca mu mfuruka z’amazu maremare. Injira mu bwinjiriro bw’inyubakwa bushingiye kuri beton canke amabuye buri hafi cane, unyure ku miryango y’inyuma y’ibirahuri y’imbere mu nzu y’imbere, winjire mu nzira y’imbere y’ibarabara y’imbere canke mu nzira y’ingazi yo hasi, kandi ntukigere wihisha munsi y’igisenge c’ibirahuri, ikiraro co mu kirere canke igisenge c’ibirahuri c’amagorofa menshi.
2. Guma kure y'aho "Curtain-Wall Drop Zone" mu kujabuka uja ku ruhande rw'umuyaga canke wihishe imbere iyo wumvise ibirahuri bitera, bivuza induru, canke bivuza induru hejuru. Iyo ikirahuri kimwe c'idirisha ry'igorofa ndende gimenaguritse ku nzu yo hejuru, umuyaga utwarwa n'inguvu z'ibiro n'ugugwa blowout** aho ibipande vy’ibirahuri amajana n’amajana bihanahanye bibura mu gukurikirana vyihuta. Ivyuma vy’ibirahuri bigwa ntibigwa bigororotse hasi; zigenda zinyerera kandi zigenda zizunguruka zijabuka ibarabara ku bicu bitera umuvurungano be n’ibipfunsi bitera umuvurungano ku buryo bifise uburebure bungana n’ibice 50 gushika ku 100 kw’ijana vy’uburebure bw’inyubakwa.
3. Guca wikubita hasi maze ufate igiti gikomeye c’igisagara, igishingo c’ibimenyetso, canke urugi rw’amabuye rwuzuye iyo umuyaga w’imfuruka utunguranye ukugukubita. Umuyaga ukomeye cane w’abagenda n’amaguru uba mu **metero 3 gushika kuri 10 (amafuti 10 gushika kuri 33) y’imfuruka y’umuyaga amabarabara ahuza inzira zihuye. Uburinganire bw’ukugenda kw’umuntu burananirwa burundu iyo imiyaga y’umuyaga itunguranye irenze ibilometero 90 kw’isaha (56 miles kw’isaha); gutera hasi ikibanza cawe c’uburemere bw’isi birabuza umuvuduko w’amazi utunguranye kugutera inyuma ukava ku nzira ukaja mu nzira za bisi canke z’ibikamyo.
4. Ntukigere urwana n’urugi rw’inyuma rw’ibirahuri rwuzuye umuyaga; koresha urugi ruzunguruka canke urindire ko urugi ruhagarara. Guhagarara kw’inguvu nyinshi ku ruhande rw’imbere rw’umuyaga canke ukunyota cane mu nzira ya Venturi birashobora gukoresha 400 gushika ku 1.200 newtons (90 gushika ku 270 pounds-force) ku ibabi ry’umuryango w’ikiyo c’ubudandaji risanzwe. Gusunika urugi ruzunguruka hanze mu nzira y’umuyaga y’amagorofa maremare bituma umuyaga utabura urugi mu minwe yawe, ugamenagura ibabi ry’ikiyo ku gipande c’ibuye canke ugaca intoke zifashwe ku ruhande rw’uruzitiro.
5. Nimba uri mu nzu canke ibiro vy’amagorofa maremare igihe amadirisho atangura gupfukama canke gusaduka, uce uva mu cumba co hanze ubwo nyene maze ufunge urugi rukomeye rw’imbere inyuma yawe. Ntukigere uhagarara hafi y’idirisha rinyiganyiga kuva hasi gushika hejuru kugira ngo ufate amasanamu y’igihuhusi, kandi ntukigere ugerageza gufata canke gufatanya ukuboko kwawe gupfukama n’ibirahuri vy’ibara ry’agahama. Gusubira mu bwogero bwo mu mutima, mu nzira y’imbere, canke mu nzira y’imbere y’imbere y’imbere no gufunga urugi rw’imbere birabuza uguturika kw’umuyaga wo mu mutima kwica iyo idirisha ry’umuyaga rivunitse ritera umuyaga w’inkubi y’umuyaga mu nzu maze rigatera amadirisho y’umuyaga canke inzugi z’ibarabara hanze.
6. Ntuhagarike umutima iyo ubonye umunara w’ubwubatsi udakoreshwa n’umuntu uzunguruka hejuru y’inzu y’ijuru mu gihe c’igihuhusi, kiretse iyo umunara w’ubwubatsi ugaragara ko ugoramye, ugatera inyubakwa iri hafi, canke ugaca ugenda udashobora gucungerwa. Kubera umugambi w’ubuhinga n’itegeko ry’umutekano rya OSHA / EN 14439, abakoresha barahindura imbere y’uko bahindura gukuraho igikoresho co gukura umunara imbere y’igihuhusi ku buryo iyo jib iringaniye ikora nk’igikoresho co gukingira ikirere, ikwerekeza umurizo wayo mutoyi mu muyaga kugira ngo igabanye ugukururwa kw’inyubako. Niwikure mu bibanza vy’igisagara bikikije iyo gusa igikoresho co gutwara indege gikingijwe ku ruhande rwagutse kugira ngo ntihagire umuyaga utera, iyo igikoresho co gutwara indege kibiri kitagifise uburenganzira bwo gukingira ugutombora, canke iyo igikoresho co gufatanya ivyuma ku giti c’inyubako cavuye ku gipande c’inyubako.

Igiti c'ingingo: kurokoka imigende y'umuyaga yo mu bisagara, ibirahuri vy'imbere bigwa, n'ivyago vy'ivyuma¶

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Inguvu z'amazi y'imigende y'umuyaga y'amagorofa maremare: igituma amabarabara y'amazu maremare atera umuyaga¶

Mu murima wo mu ntara wuguruye, ugushikana kw’isi gutuma umuyaga ugenda buhoro hafi y’isi mu gihe umuvuduko w’umuyaga wiyongera mu buryo bw’urugero rw’uburebure (umuvuduko w’urubibi rw’ikirere). Ku metero 200 gushika ku metero 300 hejuru y’igisagara, umuyaga urahunga vyihuta cane ku rugero rwa 50 gushika ku 80 kw’ijana kuruta uko uri ku rugero rw’ibarabara kubera ko ata n’imwe itera hasi kugira ngo igabanye. Iyo iyo miyaga yihuta cane yo mu kirere co hejuru itera mu ruhande rwagutse rw’inzu y’ikirere y’ibirahuri yo muri iki gihe, uburyo bune butandukanye bw’inguvu z’ikirere burahindura iyo nguvu yo mu kirere co hejuru maze bukayishira ku nzira y’abagenda ku maguru iri musi:

1. Ingaruka y'Ugukaraba n'Ifarasi Ihagaze¶

Iyo umuyaga uteye ku ruhande rwo hejuru rw’inyubakwa ndende ruringaniye, haca haba ahantu h’uguhagarara ku bice nka 70 gushika ku bice 80 kw’ijana vy’uburebure bw’iyo nyubakwa. Hejuru y’aho hantu, umuyaga uraduga ukaja hejuru y’igisenge; munsi y’aho hantu, umuyaga munini cane wo mu rwego rwo hejuru wihuta cane urahatirwa ugumanuka ugororotse mu maso y’imbere y’inzu y’ijuru werekeza ku nzira (downwash). Iyo iyo ndege imanuka iteye ku nzira y’abagenda ku maguru iri mu ntango y’uwo munara, irazunguruka imbere maze izunguruka impande zompi z’iyo nyubakwa nk’igihuhusi kinini giteye nk’igihuhusi gihagaze: igihuhusi gihagaze nk’igipfunsi c’ifarashi gikubura abagenda n’amaguru ku nzira y’amaguru kikabajugunya mu nzira.

2. Ingaruka y'Ukwihutisha kw'Imfuruka (Igitutu-Ukunyota)¶

Uko umuyaga umanuka n’umuyaga uringaniye bica ibice bikikuje imfuruka z’imbere zisongoye zifise degre 90 z’umunara w’amagorofa maremare, umuyaga utegerezwa guca mu nzira ndende igoramye ukikuza iyo mfuruka mu gihe uva ku gitutu kinini c’umuyaga mwiza ku ruhome rw’umuyaga ukaja ku gitutu gikomeye c’umuyaga (ugunyota) ku mpome zo mu mbavu. Kubera ingingo ngenderwako ya Bernoulli n’ugufatanya kw’imipaka, umuvuduko w’umuyaga uri hagati ya metero 3 gushika kuri 15 (amafuti 10 gushika kuri 50) y’imfuruka z’inyubakwa zijanye n’umuyaga wihuta ukagera ku incuro 1,5 gushika kuri 2,2 z’umuvuduko w’umuyaga wo mu nzira ukikije. Umuntu agenda n’amaguru agenda atuje ku ruhome rw’inyubakwa rwuzuye umuyaga, akarenga imfuruka akaja muri iyo nzira y’ugukemurwa, aca agira ikintu gikomeye co ku ruhande kimeze nk’uruhome.

3. Ingaruka y’umurongo wa Venturi (Ukwihutisha kw’Ikinogo n’Uguca)¶

Iyo inyubakwa zibiri ndende zihagaze hafi y’ibindi, canke iyo ibarabara ry’umusaraba ry’agahomerabunwa rihuje inzira y’umuyaga ifise umuvuduko munini n’inzira y’umuyaga ifise umuvuduko muto, umuyaga wose urafyeta biciye mu muhogo mutoyi uri hagati y’ivyo bibanza. Naho ingano ya Venturi y’imiyoboro yugarijwe ikora gusa igice kubera ko igisenge c’igisagara kifunguye hejuru, ivyigwa vy’ubuhinga bw’umuyaga (nk’ivya Lawson na Davenport vyerekana ko **ibihengeri bitobito hagati y’inyubakwa zishizwe ku mfuruka y’uburebure bwa 30-to-45m the winvaid- n’amazi, bitera umuyaga vyihuta birenze ibilometero 130 kw’isaha (ibilometero 80 kw’isaha).

4. Ivyiyumviro vy’ugukangura n’ugusesa amaraso (Ibarabara rya Von Karman)¶

Inyuma y’umunara muremure, umuyaga utandukanye ugira ibipfunsi bihinduka bihinduka bifise umuvuduko mutoyi bica ku ruhande rw’ibubamfu n’urw’iburyo rw’inyubakwa mu buryo bujanye n’ururirimbo (vortex shedding). Ivyo bituma isonga ry’inzu y’amagorofa 60 rizunguruka mu ruhande n’amasentimetero 30 gushika kuri 90 (amafuti 1 gushika kuri 3)** rihagaze ku muyaga mu gihe ritera imiyaga y’inkubi y’umuyaga idashobora kumenyekana, ihinduranya amabarabara n’amabarabara y’amasanganzira y’umuyaga.

Kugereranya ingorane z'igihuhusi c'amazu maremare n'urugendo rwo kurokoka¶

Kubera iki inkuta z’ibirahuri vy’amagorofa maremare zimenagurika be n’ingene worokoka iyo imbere y’inzu imenetse¶

Mu bihe vy’ibihuhusi bikomeye vyo mu bisagara (nk’igihuhusi Alicia i Houston, igihuhusi Mangkhut i Hong Kong, canke derechos zikomeye i Chicago, Toronto na Dallas), amadirisho ibihumbi n’ibihumbi y’amagorofa maremare yaravuye mu nyubakwa ndende mbere n’igihe umuvuduko w’umuyaga waguma uri munsi y’urugero rw’imiterere y’iyo nyubakwa. Gutahura uburyo butatu bwo gusenyuka kw’uruhome rw’amabarabara birakiza ubuzima bwo mu nzira no mu vyumba vyo hejuru:

1. Ugunyota kw'umuyaga ku "Corner Strip" (Ibirahuri bikururwa HANZE, ntibisunikirwamwo)¶

Abantu benshi biyumvira ko umuyaga umena amadirisho y’inyubakwa ndende cane mu kuyasunika imbere ku ruhande rw’inyubakwa ruja hejuru. Mu vy’ukuri, igerageza ry’imirongo y’umuyaga ryerekana ko ibirahuri bikomeye cane bishobora gusenyuka hafi y’imfuruka z’inkuta zo mu mbavu n’inkuta zo mu ruhande rw’umuyaga, aho ugutandukanya kw’imirongo y’imipaka bitera umuvuduko mubi cane (ugunyota kw’umuyaga). Ukwo kunyota gukwegera ikirahuri hanze mu nzira mu gihe umuyaga mwiza uva mu nzira y’imbere mu nyubakwa (HVAC system) usunika uvuye inyuma.

2. Igisenge c'amabuye y'agaciro¶

Igihe inkubi y’umuyaga itera hejuru y’ibisenge vy’inyubakwa za kera ziri hagati y’inzu, iraduza amabuye y’agaciro y’ibitoke, ibipande vy’amabuye y’agaciro vy’umuyagankuba n’ibipande vyo hejuru y’inzu bikaja mu kirere. Kubera ko igipande kimwe c’amabuye y’agaciro co hejuru gitera uruhome rw’ibirahuri rwo mu nzu yo hejuru ku giciro c’ibilometero 130 kw’isaha, kirarenga ubushobozi bwo gukomera kw’ibirahuri bikomeye canke bikomeye bikoresheje ubushuhe, bigatuma igipande co hanze gimenagurika. Idirisha rimwe rimaze gumenagurika rikarekura ibikoresho vyo mu nzu bikaja muri iyo nzira y’umuyaga, intebe z’ibiro ziguruka, amabarabara y’impumyi be n’ibipande vy’ibirahuri biratera iminara iri hasi mu muyaga mu buryo bw’uruhererekane.

3. Ivyuma vy’umuringa (\(\text{NiS}\)) n’uguca ibice kw’ubushuhe mu kiyo c’ibara ry’agahama¶

Mbere no mu gihe c’umuyaga uringaniye canke ubushuhe buhinduka vuba imbere y’imbere y’ikirere gikanye, ibipande vy’ibirahuri vy’ibara ry’agahama (ibipande vy’ibirahuri vy’umwirabura bihisha amabuye y’imbere ya beton n’ivyuma bikingira hagati y’amagorofa) birashobora gusenyuka ubwavyo. Ivyo bihimba vy’umubiri bifise nickel sulfide (\(\text{NiS}\)) bifunzwe mu kiyo gireremba mu gihe c’uguhingura buhoro buhoro birahinduka mu rwego rw’ikibiriti kuva ku rwego rwa alpha-phase rw’ubushuhe bwinshi gushika ku rwego rwa beta-phase rw’ubushuhe buke mu myaka 5 gushika ku 15, bikaba bigenda biragwira mu bwinshi **ibice 4 kw’ijana. Iyo umuyaga unyiganyiga igipande kirimwo ibuye \(\text{NiS}\) ririko riragwira riri mu gice co hagati c’ikirahuri gikomeye, ico gipande cose kiramenagurika ubwo nyene kikaba ibihumbi vy’ibipande bifatanye bigwa ku nzira y’abagenda.

Intambwe ku yindi y'ukurokoka nimba uri mu cumba co hejuru iyo ibirahuri bipfuye:¶

1. Menya ibimenyetso vy’imburi vy’uko ibirahuri biriko birasenyuka: Ivyuma vy’ibirahuri vy’ubuhinga bwa none (ibirahuri vy’ibirahuri bibiri canke bitatu) biragoramye bigaragara iyo umuyaga utera. Niwabona ikimenyetso c’inyubakwa ziri hafi kigoramye nk’indorerwamo y’inzu y’imyidagaduro mw’idirisha ryawe, wumva ivyuma bivuga cane biva ku bipande vy’ivyuma vy’aluminium, canke ubonye urusenga rw’igitagangurirwa rusadutse mu gice c’inyuma canke c’imbere, va mu cumba mu masegonda 5.
2. Funga kandi ufunge urugi rw’imbere mu gihe uriko urasohoka: Iyo idirisha ryo hanze rivuye (ku ruhande rw’umuyaga) canke rikanyobwa (ku ruhande/imfuruka y’umuyaga), umuvuduko uri imbere muri ico cumba uca ufunga ku muvuduko w’igihuhusi wo hanze.
3. Iyo icumba kiri ku ruhande rw’umuyaga** maze ugasiga urugi rw’imbere rwuguruye, umuyaga w’ibilometero 140 kw’isaha (87-miles-per-hour) uca mu cumba, ugatera mu bipande vy’imbere vy’uruhome rwumye, ugatera idirisha ry’imbere ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara ry’ibarabara. inyubakwa.
4. Ntukigere ugerageza gusunika urugi rw'imbere iyo idirisha ry'umuyaga ryamaze gusohoka: Inguvu z'umuyaga zica ku rugero rusanzwe \(0.9\umwandiko{-ku-}2.1\umwandiko{-meter}\) (\(3\umwandiko{-ku-}7\umwandiko{-ibirenge}\)) uburebure bw'umuryango bushasha (0703). pounds of force)**, gutera urugi n’umuvuduko uhagije wo gumenagura ibiganza, guca intoke canke guca igihanga.
5. Ubuhungiro mu mfuruka y’ivyuma bikomeye: Hafi inyubakwa yose y’ubu yubatswe ikikuje umurongo w’ivyuma vy’ivyuma wo hagati urimwo amasanseri, ingazi z’umuriro, amasanseri y’amaboko, n’ibibanza vy’ubudandaji. Niwimukire mu nzira y’imbere canke mu cumba co kwiyuhagira kiri imbere muri iyo nzira y’imbere, wicare ku ruhome rw’imbere kure y’inkuta zikingira ibirahuri, maze urindire ko umuyaga urenga.

Ivyuma vy'umunara mu bihuhusi bikomeye: uguhinduka kw'ikirere gusanzwe n'ugusenyuka kwegereje¶

Kubona umunara munini w’ubwubatsi uzunguruka hejuru y’aho umuntu ari hagati mu gisagara mu gihe c’igihuhusi, derecho canke igihuhusi c’urushana, biratuma abantu benshi bacika intege kandi bagahamagara ibihumbi n’ibihumbi kugira ngo bafate ivyihutirwa. Kumenya itandukaniro riri hagati ya uguhinduka kw’ikirere mu buryo butekanye n’ugusenyuka kw’imibumbe hafi bikubwira nimba woguma aho uri canke woca uhunga.

1. Kubera iki umunara w’inyundo (Jib uringaniye) UTEGEREZWA guzunguruka mu muyaga¶

Igikoresho co gutwara umunara gifise umutwe w’inyundo gisanzwe gifise igiti c’icuma gihagaze gifatanye n’iyo nyubakwa, igikoresho gizunguruka (slewing ring) kiri hejuru, igikoresho kirekire gikora gihagaze (jib, akenshi kikaba gifise uburebure bwa metero 50 gushika ku metero 165 gushika ku metero 260), be n’igikoresho kigufi co gupima . ibipimo vy’uburemere. - Imipaka y’umuyaga uri mu bikorwa n’iyitari mu bikorwa: Igihe igikoresho co guterura ibintu kiriko kiraterura imizigo n’uwugikoresha mu nzu, umuvuduko waco w’umuyaga wo guterura (igipimo c’umuyaga) ni **50 gushika kuri 72 kilometero kw’isaha (31 gushika kuri 45 miles kw’isaha)**ibilometero 31 gushika kuri 45 kw’isaha. Iyo imiyaga irenze iyo nzira, guterura birahagarara. - Uko weathervaning ikora: Kubera ko umuyaga muremure w’imbere ufise ahantu hanini cane h’umuyaga uri kure cane y’igiti c’inyuma kuruta umuyaga mugufi w’inyuma, umuyaga usunika cane umuyaga muremure. Imbere y’uko umuntu aduga amanuka imbere y’igihuhusi, uwukoresha crane araduza igipande c’urusenga gushika hejuru, akajana igitereko hafi y’igiti c’indege, maze arekura amafiriti y’uguhindura (ashira crane mu buryo bw’ugutera ataco bimaze / weathervane). - Igituma ivyo bibuza gusenyuka: Iyo igikoresho co guhindura umuyaga kifunguwe, umuyaga uhita uzunguruka igihimba kirekire c’imbere umuyaga wo hasi ku buryo iyo crane yerekana igihimba cayo c’imbere gitoyi mu muyaga nk’igikoresho co gupima ikirere c’inkoko kiri ku gisenge c’ikigega. Kwerekeza ku muyaga umanuka bigabanya igihe co guhindukira kw’umuyaga ku giti c’ubwato n’ibice 60 gushika ku bice 75 kw’ijana, ivyo bikaba bituma umunara w’ubwato uhagaze neza ushobora kurokoka umuyaga ushika ku bilometero 150 gushika ku 200 kw’isaha (ibilometero 93 gushika ku 125 kw’isaha).

2. Icoba ari ikibazo c’umunara wa Luffing-Jib (Igituma ibikoresho vyo mu bisagara bitandukanye bitandukanye)¶

Mu bisagara vy’abantu benshi cane (nk’igisagara ca New York, Londres, Toronto canke Sydney) aho inyubakwa ziteye igomwe ziri hafi y’aho zihagaze ku metero 20 gusa, igikoresho co gutera inyundo gifise umutwe w’inyundo kiringaniye ntigishobora guzunguruka mu nzinguzingu yuzuye y’amadegre 360 ​​kitakubise inyubakwa iri hafi. Abakozi bo muri ivyo bibanza bikomeye bakoresha ibikoresho vy’iminara vy’amabuye y’agaciro yitwa luffing-jib, ivyo bikaba bifise imfuruka ziteye igomwe zija hejuru cane zija mu kirere nk’ikinyabiziga gigendagenda. - Umutego w’Ikirere w’Ibarabara Ritoyi: Kugira ngo igikoresho citwa luffing-jib crane gishobore gutera ikirere mu gisagara gikomeye kitakubita inyubakwa ziri hafi, abagikoresha bategerezwa kuduza (luff) igikoresho co gutera imbere gushika mu mfuruka iteye igomwe imbere y’uko bafungura igikoresho co guhindura ikirere. - Ivyago vy’Igitero c’Igitero c’Igitero (nk’uko vyabonetse i Manhattan mu gihe c’Igihuhusi Sandy): Iyo igikoresho gikoreshwa n’amaguru gisigaye gihagaze mu mfuruka iteye igomwe cane (hafi y’aho gihagaze) maze umuyaga ukomeye cane uja hejuru ugatera munsi y’ico gikoresho caduzwe mu gihe ico gikoresho kiriko kirahindukira, umuyaga wose urashobora gutera inyuma gucapura imigozi y’ivyuma vy’amatoni menshi no gupfuka igiti c’icuma c’amatoni menshi gihindukiye hakurya y’ibarabara riri musi.

3. Amabendera atatu atukura abonetse asobanura ko utegerezwa kuva aho crane iri ubwo nyene:¶

Gukuraho uburebure bw’ubutaka bungana n’incuro 1,5 z’uburebure bw’inyubako yose hamwe hamwe n’igikoresho co gutwara ibintu niwaba ubonye kimwe muri ibi bikurikira: 1. Igikoresho ca crane gipfungiwe ku ruhande rwagutse (kigororotse) ku gihuhusi gikomeye kandi kigaragara ko kigobeka: Iyo frein y’uguhindura inaniwe kurekura canke ububasha bwatakaye imbere y’uko abakozi bashobora gufungura n’amaboko frein y’amazi, imiyaga yo mu ruhande rwagutse izogobeka igiti c’uruzitiro gushika igiti c’umuyaga gikomeye cane kigoramye. 2. Igiti gihagaze caratandukanye n'inyubako "tie-in collar": Ivyuma birebire biduga iruhande y'inyubakwa zikomeye cane bifatanywa n'ibipande vy'imbere vy'amabuye buri metero 30 gushika kuri 50 (100 gushika ku 165 feet) n'ivyuma bihagaze vyitwa collar**s tie-in. Iyo ikoti ry’ibara ry’agahama rivuye ku gipande ca beton, iyo nkoko ihagaze yigenga izokwifatanya. 3. Igikoresho co gutera ivyuma (luffing boom) carapfutse inyuma hejuru y'ibarabara canke kiriko kiratera imbere y'inyubakwa.

Inomero z'ivyihutirwa zo mu karere n'amategeko y'ibigo¶

Mu gihe c’ivyago vy’umuyaga bikomeye vy’amazu maremare, ivy’ibirahuri bigwa, canke ivy’ugusenyuka kw’ibikoresho vy’ubwubatsi, bwira abajejwe ivy’ivyihutirwa bo mu karere kawe be n’abajejwe umutekano w’inyubako zo mu gisagara:

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika: Hamagara 911 ubwo nyene kugira ngo umenyeshe ibirahuri vy’amagorofa maremare bigwa, ibikoresho vyo kwoza amadirisho bizunguruka, canke ibikoresho vy’iminara bishobora gusenyuka kugira ngo abapolisi n’abajejwe umuriro bashobore gufunga amabarabara. Municipal Ibisata vy’inyubako (DOB) (nk’Igisata c’Ivy’Ivy’Imibano ca NYC DOB canke Igisata c’Inyubakwa co muri Chicago) bishira mu ngiro amategeko agenga ivy’ugusuzuma imbere y’inzu (nk’Itegeko ry’Intara ya NYC 11 / FISP) n’amategeko yo gucungera ibikoresho vy’umuyaga mwinshi. Umutekano w’ibikoresho vy’ugutwara ibintu ku kazi utegekanijwe na OSHA (29 CFR 1926 Igice ca CC).
• Canada: Hamagara 911 kugira ngo ibarabara rifungwe vuba kandi umuriro/ugutabara. Inzego z’inyubako zo mu gisagara (nk’Inyubakwa za Toronto canke Iterambere rya Vancouver, Inyubakwa n’Uruhusha) be n’abajejwe gucungera ahantu h’akazi bo mu ntara (WorkSafeBC, Minisiteri y’Umurimo ya Ontario, CNESST muri Québec) barashira mu ngiro CSA Z248 Toranse (Itegeko ry’Igihugu) uturere.
• Ubwongereza: Hamagara kuri 999 canke 112 kugira ngo abapolisi n'abajejwe umuriro n'ubutabazi bacunge amabarabara. Umuyobozi w’ubuzima n’umutekano (HSE) na Ishirahamwe ry’abakodesha uruganda rw’ubwubatsi (CPA) Ishirahamwe ry’inyungu ry’ibikoresho vy’ubwubatsi barashira mu ngiro BS 7121 na EN 14439 amategeko agenga guhagarika umuyaga n’uguhindura ikirere ataco bimaze. Gukurikirana Ibiro vy’Ikirere Imburi z’Umuyaga w’Amber n’Umutuku.
• Ubumwe bw'Uburaya: Hamagara 112 mu bihugu vyose bigize Ubumwe bw'Uburayi. Ugutwara umuyaga mu nzu ndende n’ugukuraho ibihe vy’izuba bikoreshwa n’ibikoresho vy’umuyaga bitagikora bigenwa n’Eurocode 1 (RU 1991-1-4: Ibikorwa vy’umuyaga) na RU 14439 (Ivyuma vy’umuyaga - Umutekano - Ivyuma vy’iminara).
• Ostraliya, Nouvelle-Zélande, na Aziya-Pacifique: Hamagara 000 muri Australiya (canke 132 500 kugira ngo umenye inyishu y’igihuhusi y’Igihugu c’Ivyihutirwa [SES]) na 111 muri Nouvelle-Zélande; amabarabara y’umunara akurikira ITEGEKO 2550.4 / ITEGEKO 1418.4. I Hong Kong, hamagara 999 maze ukurikire Ikigo c’i Hong Kong (HKO) Ibimenyetso vy’Imburi z’Igihuhusi (T8, T9, T10) na Igisata c’Inyubako impanuro z’umutekano wo mu bihome; mu Buyapani, hamagara 119; muri Singapuru, hamagara kuri 995.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni kubera iki umuyaga uri ku rugero rw’ibarabara hagati y’inyubakwa zibiri ziteye igomwe akenshi ukomeye cane kuruta umuvuduko w’umuyaga wemewe uvugwa n’ikigo kijejwe ivy’ikirere?¶

Umuyaga w’ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere wemewe upimwa ku bibanza vy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere vyuguruye ku kibuga c’indege ku giti c’amafuti 10 ata kintu na kimwe kiwukikuje. Mu karere k’amazu maninimanini yo hagati mu gisagara, umunara w’ibirahuri w’amametero 250 (amafuti 820) urafata umuyaga wo mu kirere co hejuru uriko urahunga vyihuta cane ibice 50 gushika ku bice 80 kw’ijana kuruta umuyaga wo hejuru y’ikibuga c’indege be n’imigende itwara umuyaga wihuta ugororotse umanuka imbere yawo ukaja mw’ibarabara (downwash). Iyo iyo ndege imanuka izunguruka imfuruka z’inyubakwa zisongoye maze igaca mu binogo bitobito biri hagati y’iminara iri hafi, kenshi umuyaga wo mu mabarabara yo muri ako karere urenga incuro 1,5 gushika ku 2,2 umuvuduko w’umuyaga wo ku kibuga c’indege.

Noba nkwiye gucapura idirisha riri ku ruhande rw'umuyaga rwo hasi rw'inzu yanje y'amagorofa maremare kugira ngo "nganganize umuvuduko w'umuyaga" mu gihe c'igihuhusi canke c'umuyaga?¶

Ntukigere ufungura idirisha mu gihe c’umuyaga mwinshi kugira ngo ugereranye umukazo. Iyo nkuru y’imigani ya kera yarashizwe ahabona bimwe bishitse n’ubushakashatsi bwakozwe n’abahinga mu vy’umuyaga bwakozwe na FEMA, NIST be n’Ikigo c’Igihugu c’Ivy’Umuyaga co muri Kaminuza ya Texas Tech. Inyubakwa ntizikingira umwuka, kandi gufungura idirisha ry’umuyaga ntibigabanya umuyaga canke ngo bikingire ibahasha ry’inyubakwa; ahubwo iyo idirisha ry’umuyaga rivunitse canke urugi rw’ibarabara rwugurutse, idirisha ry’umuyaga ryuguruye rituma haba umuyaga utagira inzitizi ugororotse uca mu nzu yawe ugakuraho inkuta zo mu nzu n’ibikoresho vyo mu nzu.

Mbega gushiramwo umugozi wo gupfuka canke umugozi wo gupfuka amazi mu buryo bwa "X" ku madirisha y'amagorofa maremare vyoba bibuza gusenyuka?¶

Gutera amadirisha amabara nta co bimaze mu kwongerera inkomezi z’ibirahuri ku bijanye n’umuyaga canke ibisigazwa biguruka. Ikibi kuruta, gutera umugozi ku kiyo c’idirisha gikomeye canke gikomeye n’ubushuhe, bifatanya utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto twavunitse hamwe tukagira ibice bininibinini, biremerera kandi bifise amahembe, ivyo bikaba bituma umuntu agira ibikomere bishobora kwica cane iyo iyo kiyo gipfutse imbere. Aho gutera ibirahuri, nkurure hasi ibitutu bikomeye vy’uruzitiro canke ufunge ibipfukisho kugira ngo ufate utugingo ngengabuzima dutoduto tw’ibirahuri, ugende kure y’idirisha, hanyuma ufunge urugi rukomeye rw’imbere rw’ico cumba.

Nimba mu gihe c’igihuhusi, mu gihe c’igihuhusi, igisagara c’umunara kiri ubusa, ni kubera iki iyo boom izunguruka yonyene?¶

Igikoresho co gutera umunara gizunguruka mu gihe c’umuyaga w’igihuhusi kiriko kirakora neza na neza nk’uko abahinga bagihinguye kugira ngo kibeho. Imbere y’uko umuntu akuraho iyo crane iyo umuyaga urenze ibilometero 50 gushika ku 72 kw’isaha (31 gushika ku 45 miles kw’isaha), uwuyikoresha arafungura frein y’ibarabara ry’ibarabara (ashira iyo crane mu buryo bwo guca bugufi canke mu buryo bw’ibarabara ry’ikirere). Nka kurya kw’igikoresho co gupima ikirere kiri ku gisenge, umuyaga usunika umuyaga muremure w’imbere uja hasi ku buryo iyo crane yama yerekana igice cayo gitoyi kuruta ibindi vyose ku bihuhusi bihinduka, bikabuza ko igiti gihagaze kidatera.

Ni imfashanyo iyihe ya mbere notanga iyo umuntu agenda n’amaguru akubiswe n’ibirahuri vy’amagorofa maremare biguye mu nzira irimwo umuyaga?¶

Ica mbere, ntukirukire mu karere k’ibirahuri bikora munsi y’imbere y’urusengero rwavunitse kiretse ushobora gukwegera uwo muntu mu muryango wa beton canke munsi y’igipande gikomeye c’inyubako mu masegonda makeyi, kubera ko ibirahuri vy’ibirahuri biguma bigwa mu minota mikeyi inyuma y’aho bivunitse ubwa mbere. Igihe umaze gupfuka amaraso ashobora gutuma umuntu apfa, uce ubwo nyene ushobora guhagarika amaraso ava mu mitsi canke mu mitsi, ukoresheje igitambaro gisukuye canke igitambaro co gupfuka umuyaga, canke ukoresheje igikoresho co gukingira umuyaga gifise uburebure bwa santimetero 5 gushika ku 7 hejuru y’igikomere c’amaguru gica. Ntukigere ukura igice kinini c’ikiyo gimanitswe cane mw’izosi, mu gikiriza, mu nda canke mu maso, kuko ico kiyo coshobora kuba kiriko kirazibira umutsi munini w’amaraso; ahubwo, ushire igice c’umubiri mu kibanza caco ukoresheje ivyuma vyinshi maze urindire abaganga. Gufata inyigisho y’ugucungera amaraso n’ubutabazi bwa mbere iva ku Musaraba Mutukura, St John Ambulance, canke umuganga wo mu karere bigutegurira gushikirwa n’ihungabana rikomeye ryo mu gisagara.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Derecho, umuyaga w’umurongo ugororotse, n’ukurokoka kw’ibiturika bitobito
• Crane guhindukira, guhagarara kw'umuzigo, no gukorana n'umurongo w'amashanyarazi wo hejuru
• Ibirahuri vy'imeza vyamenetse, urugi rw'ibaraza runyerera, n'ugucika kw'imitsi
• Gucungera amaraso menshi no gukoresha igipfukisho

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA) n’Ikigo c’Igihugu c’Ivy’Imirongo Ngenderwako n’Ikoranabuhanga (NIST): Ishirahamwe ry’Igenzura ry’Ivy’Ivyihutirwa (MAT) Ritanga Raporo ku Bikorwa vy’Ibirahuri vy’Ivyumba Bikomeye, Ibisasu vy’Igisenge, n’Imiyaga Iterwa n’Ibisagara mu Bihuhusi Bikomeye.
• Ishirahamwe ry’abahinga b’ivy’ubuhinga bw’amazu ryo muri Amerika (ASCE 7): Imitwaro mikeyi y’imiterere n’ingingo zijanye n’inyubako n’ibindi bibanza: Uburyo nyamukuru bwo guhangana n’inguvu z’umuyaga (MWFRS) n’ibice n’ivy’ugupfuka (C&C) Inguvu z’ugunyota mu mfuruka.
• Ishirahamwe ry’Umutekano n’Ubuzima ku Kazi (OSHA 29 CFR 1926.1400) n’Ishirahamwe ry’Ubuhinga bwo Gukodesha Ibikorwa vy’Ubwubatsi (CPA, UK): Umutekano w’Ivyuma vy’Umunara mu Muyaga mwinshi, mu Mipaka y’Imiyaga iri mu bikorwa n’iyitari mu bikorwa, no mu Gutegura Ivy’Ikirere ku Buntu.
• Inama y'Inyubakwa ndende n'Ibibanza vy'Ibisagara (CTBUH) n'Ikigo c'Ivy'Imigende y'Umuyaga (Kaminuza y'Uburengero): *Ivyiyumviro vy'Impumurizo n'Umutekano w'Abagenda n'Imirongo (Imirongo ya Lawson & Davenport), Ivyuma vy'Imiyaga, n'Imirongo y'Imiyaga ($\text)
• Umusaraba Mutukura w'Amerika n'Ishure ry'Abaganga ry'Amerika (Stop the Bleed): Ingingo ngenderwako zo kugenzura amaraso ava imbere y'uko umuntu aja mu bitaro no gutuma ibintu bimanitswe biguma bimeze neza.