Uruzi rwo mu kirere, ARkStorm, na Pineapple Express: Umwuzure w’imvura ku rubura n’ugukuraho ivyuka biva ku rugomero¶

Uruzi rwo mu kirere (AR) ni umurongo w’umwotsi w’amazi wiganje kandi wihuta cane mu gice co hasi c’ikirere (typically 400 to 600 kilometers / 250 to 375 miles wide na 2,000+ kilometers / 1,250+ miles long, igenda imbere y’igihuhusi gikomeye co hanze y’ibihugu vy’ubushuhe mu ruzi rw’indege ruri hasi) rutwara amazi menshi mu kirere ku segonda imwe, angana n’incuro 15 gushika ku 25 z’uruzi Mississippi rutemba ku munwa warwo (or up to 2.5 times the flow of the Amazon River). Iyo uruzi rwo mu kirere co mu karere k’ubushuhe nk’uruzi rwa "Pineapple Express" (rukura umuyaga ushushe, wuzuye ubukonje ruva mu bihugu vy’ubushuhe hafi y’i Hawaii) rutera mu misozi yo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga nka Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges, Alpes zo mu Burengero bwa Nouvelle-Zélande, Uburayi inguvu z’ubutaka zituma urwo ruzi rw’umwotsi ruja hejuru cane (orographic lift). Umuyaga ukonjesha utera imvura 150 gushika kuri 500+ milimetero (6 gushika kuri 20+ inches) mu masaha 24 gushika kuri 72, mu gihe urugero rw’ubukonje ruri hejuru ya metero 2.500 gushika kuri 3.000 (8.200 gushika kuri 9.800 feet) rurekura imvura ataco ihinduye snowpacks (Imvura-ku-Rubura [ROS] umwuzure), bitera akaga ibisigazwa vy’ibisigazwa vy’amazi inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, birengera ibidengeri vy’uruzi vyo mu misozi miremire, bigatuma ibidengeri vyo mu majyaruguru bija mu bibanza vyavyo vy’ugusesa amazi vyihutirwa, aho umuvuduko munini w’amazi ushobora gutera kunanirwa (nk’uko vyerekanwa mu USGS ARkStorm [Uruzi rwo mu kirere 1.000] igihuhusi gikomeye kandi vyerekanwa mu gihe c’ingorane y’amazi y’urugomero rwa Oroville mu 2017). Iyo AR Category 4 (Extreme) canke Category 5 (Exceptional) igihuhusi, Ivyihutirwa vy’Umwuzure, Imburi y’Ibisigazwa vy’Ibisigazwa vy’Inyuma y’Umuriro w’Ishamba, canke Itegeko ryo Gukuraho Ibisigazwa vy’Ibisigazwa vy’Ibisigazwa bisohowe ku bijanye n’igihuhusi co mu karere kawe, e inomero z'ivyihutirwa iyo ifashwe n’amazi ariko araduga. Ku bijanye n’umwuzure n’ivyihutirwa bijanye n’imisozi, raba abarongozi bacu b’abavukanyi kuri inzuzi zo mu kirere, ugusenyuka kw’imigende, n’umwuzure w’ibidengeri umara igihe kirekire, ibisigazwa vy’amazi biva inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, ibisigazwa vy’amazi vyaturitse, n’ibisigazwa vy’amazi, Ikiyaga c'urubura n'imyuzure n'urugomero rwo gusenyuka, na imyuzure.

Kubera ko ARkStorm canke AR Family ikurikirana (igariyamoshi y’inzuzi 3 gushika ku 9 zo mu kirere zitera mu gice kimwe c’amazi yuzuye mu kiringo c’indwi 2 gushika kuri 3) irusha rwose ukunywa kw’ubutaka n’ububiko bwo gucungera umwuzure w’ibidengeri imbere y’uko igihuhusi ca nyuma gishobora kurokoka. Ugutwara umwotsi (IVT)** ubuhanuzi, radar y’urugero rw’urubura, na ukubungabunga ibidengeri vyo mu majyaruguru n’ibice ijana vy’ububiko bw’ibidengeri vy’umwuzure imisi imbere y’uko umwuzure wo mu kiyaya cawe utera.

Ivyo ubikore ubu¶

1. Uce wimuka ubwo nyene nimba uba munsi y’inkovu y’umuriro w’ishamba (waturiwe mu myaka 1 canke 3 iheze) kandi imvura ikaba itegerezwa kurenga 100.000. 12 to 20 millimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inches) per hour. NTUKIRINDERE kubona ivyondo canke amazi mu rugo rwawe, kandi ntiwigere ugerageza "kwihisha mw'igorofa ya kabiri canke ku gisenge" ahantu ibisigazwa vy'amazi biva inyuma y'umuriro w'ishamba biva. Mu buryo butandukanye n’umwuzure w’uruzi, umugende w’ibisigazwa vy’inkovu z’umuriro ni 50 to 80 km/h (30 to 50 mph) uruhome rw’ivu ry’ibitoke, ibiti vy’ibiti be n’amabuye y’agaciro afise amatoni 10 (with the density of wet concrete, -2.0 g/cm3) iyo nzu y’amagorofa abiri igasukura imishinge yayo mu masegonda makeyi.
2. Nimba uba mu mwonga w’uruzi canke mu kiyaya kiri munsi y’urugomero runini maze abategetsi bagatanga itegeko ryo gukura abantu mu ruzi / urugomero rwananiwe, genda PERPENDICULAR (mu ruhande) ku mugende w’uruzi werekeza ku mpome ndende z’ikiyaya ubwo nyene. Ntu NTUgende mu nzira ndende y’umugezi w’uruzi umupfunda, kubera ko umupfunda w’amazi y’urugomero ugenda umanuka mu mwonga ku . 20 to 50 kilometers per hour (12 to 30 miles per hour) kandi irenga imiduga y’abantu benshi iri mu kiyaya. Mugende canke muduge mugororotse ku musozi wo mu ruhande uri hafi cane gushika nibura ku metero 15 gushika kuri 30 (amafuti 50 gushika ku 100) hejuru y’ivu ry’umubande.
3. Suzuma imibare ibiri ihambaye imbere y’uruzi rwo mu kirere rwo mu rwego rwa 3, 4 canke 5: Urugero rw’Igihuhusi (Snow Level) n’ubushobozi bw’Ikidengeri c’Imwuzure c’Ikigega cawe co mu Ruzi.
4. Iyo urugero rw’ubukonje bw’igihuhusi ruvuye kuri 1,200 meters (4,000 feet) ku 2,500+ meters (8,200+ feet), ibihumbi vy’ibilometero kare vy’urubura rwo ku misozi birahinduka bukwi na bukwi biva ku gufata urubura bikaja ku gusesa Imvura ku Rubura, bigatuma amazi y’uruzi yinjira incuro 3 gushika ku 5 mu masaha 6.
5. Nimba ikigega cawe co mu majyaruguru kiri ku > 90% to 100% of Top of Flood Control Pool / Gross Pool, metero kibe yose y’amazi yinjira mu misozi ategerezwa guterwa agororotse mu ruzi biciye mu nzira nyamukuru canke y’ivyihutirwa.
6. Ntukigere utwara imodoka ukikuza amabarabara "Ibarabara Rifunze" canke unyure mu nzira zica munsi y'ubutaka zirengewe n'amazi, mu nzira z'amazi, canke mu nzira z'amazi (Turn Around, Don't Drown). Masentimetero 15 (inci 6) gusa y’amazi yihuta cane aratera umuntu akuze ku birenge; Masentimetero 30 (inci 12) areremba imodoka itwara abantu; kandi amasentimetero 45 gushika kuri 60 (inci 18 gushika kuri 24) akubura imodoka zitwara abantu ziremereye n’ibinyabiziga bikomeye biva ku nzira y’amabuye bikaja mu migende y’amazi igera kure cane.
7. Nimba uba inyuma y’uruzi rw’ivu mu kiyaya co mu misozi miremire (nk’ikiyaya co hagati ca Sacramento-San Joaquin, ikiyaya ca Fraser, canke ibiyaya vya Rhine/Po) maze ukabona amazi y’ivu ariko araduga mu rugo rwawe canke mu mwobo (“umusenyi urabira”), uce uvayo ubwo nyene. umuvuduko w’uruzi uriko uratera amatiyo n’imigende kure y’ubutaka bw’umushinge munsi y’uruzi; igitero c’amazi gishobora gukurikira mu minota 15 gushika ku 60.
8. Ugumye iradiyo y’ikirere ya NOAA ikoreshwa na bateri, telefone ngendanwa ikoreshwa na WEA (Wireless Emergency Alerts), n’isaho ya Go-Bag iruhande y’igitanda cawe mu gihe c’ijoro AR itera. Imirongo y’umuyaga w’ikirere yica cane (**Imirongo y’imvura y’imbere y’uruzi n’imirongo y’imvura y’imbere n’iyindi [ mu gicugu n’isaha zitandatu z’ijoro iyo amabarabara y’amashanyarazi n’iminara y’amatelefone bicitse. Nimba wafashwe n’umwuzure, nuduge ku rugero rwo hejuru rw’inyubakwa ikomeye (niba gusa uri hanze y’aho ibisigazwa vy’amabuye biva) maze uhamagare uwo mu karere iwanyu . inomero z'ivyihutirwa.

Ivy’Ikirere n’Ivy’Amazi: Ivy’Iterambere ry’Igihugu, Imvura y’Imbere y’Igikonje (NCFRs), n’Igihuhusi c’Igihuhusi¶

====================================================================================
     PINEAPPLE EXPRESS ATMOSPHERIC RIVER: OROGRAPHIC LIFT & RAIN-ON-SNOW FLOOD
====================================================================================

   [ SUBTROPICAL MOISTURE PLUME (IVT > 750 to 1,250+ kg/m/s) ]
   * Low-Level Jet Wind (60 to 110 km/h) at 1 to 3 km altitude.
   * High Freezing Level: 2,800 to 3,200 m (9,200 to 10,500 ft) --> WARM RAIN
          |
          +---> [ OROGRAPHIC LIFT UP MOUNTAIN BARRIER ]
          |     * Air cools moist-adiabatically -> 200 to 500 mm (8 to 20 in) rain.
          |     * Latent heat of condensation melts deep snowpack (RAIN-ON-SNOW).
          |                                   /\
          |     ///////////////////////////  /  \  (Snow only above 3,000 m)
          |                                 /    \
          v   (Torrential Warm Rain)       /      \
       ~~~~~~~                            /   []   \ <-- Hydrophobic Wildfire
                                         /   /  \   \    Burn Scar -> Debris Flow
                                        /   /    \   \
                                       /   /      \   \
                     [ UPSTREAM DAM & RESERVOIR ]  \   \
                     * Flood Pool hits 100%         \   \
                     * Main & Emergency Spillways -->|   |
          ___________________________________________|___|______
         [ LOWLAND BASIN / VALLEY FLOOR: Levee Overtopping & Breach ]
====================================================================================

1. Urugero rw’uruzi rwa Ralph / CW3E (AR Cat 1 gushika kuri Cat 5)¶

2. Ni ikihe gihuhusi gikomeye ca USGS "ARkStorm" (Uruzi rw'ikirere 1.000)?¶

Ivyo vyakozwe n’ishirahamwe U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) n’abahinga 117, ARkStorm si ikintu c’ibinyoma: ni ugusubira kwubaka bishingiye kuri fizike kw’amateka Umwuzure Munini wo mu 1861 gushika mu 1862 (wahinduye ikiyaya co hagati ca California, kikaba ikiyaga c’imbere mu gihugu c’amakilometero 480 n’ikilometero30). 3 metero z’amazi) zidozwe hamwe zivuye mu bihe bibiri vy’ukuri vy’uruzi rwo mu kirere rwo muri iki gihe (January 1969 and February 1986). - Ivyimburwa vy’ibisigazwa vy’ubutaka biva mu binogo vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga no mu binogo vyo ku nkengera y’ikiyaga ca Santa Barbara vyerekana ko ibihuhusi bikomeye vy’urugero rwa ARkStorm bitera ku nkengera y’ikiyaga co mu Burengero bwa Amerika y’Uburaruko hafi inyuma y’imyaka 100 gushika kuri 200 (an annual exceedance probability between 1-in-100 and 1-in-500). - Igituma Umuryango wa AR Ushobora Gusambura Cane: ARkStorm igizwe n’urutonde rw’imisi 20 gushika kuri 40 rw’ibihuhusi AR Cat 3, Cat 4, na Cat 5 bikurikirana** bihagaritswe n’umurongo w’ikirere uzibira. Ivyo bihuhusi bibiri vya mbere vyuzuye ubutaka bwo ku misozi gushika ku . 100% ubushobozi bwo mu mirima no kwuzuza ibidengeri vyo mu majyaruguru gushika hejuru y’ibidengeri vyabo vyo gukingira umwuzure; igihe igihuhusi ca gatatu n’ica kane gishushe c’i Pineapple Express gitera ku musi wa 15 gushika ku wa 25, hafi 100 kw’ijana vy’imvura n’urubura bihinduka ubwo nyene bikaba amazi y’umwuzure yo hejuru.

Ivyago bitatu bitandukanye vyo kuva ku musozi gushika ku kiyaya mu gihe c'uruzi ruri mu kirere¶

1. Inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, ibisigazwa vy’inkovu z’amazi (biterwa n’ibinyabuzima bita NCFRs)¶

Iyo umuriro w’ishamba utwitse amashamba ya chaparral, pine canke eucalyptus ku buryo bukomeye cane, ibishashara vy’ibimera bihindutse umwotsi birafatanya n’amasentimetero 2 gushika ku 5 munsi y’ubutaka, bikagira igice kidashobora guterwa n’amazi (kidashobora guterwa n’amazi) gisesa amazi y’imvura nk’aho ari umuhanda w’amabuye. - Igitera imvura y’imbere y’imvura (NCFR): Mbere no mu gihuhusi c’imbere c’umuyaga AR Cat 2 canke Cat 3, igihuhusi gikomeye nk’inzobe (5 km wide) umurongo w'umuyaga w'umuyaga ugendagenda ku ruhande rw'imbere rw'ubukonje rwitwa NCFR rushobora gutera 15 to 40 millimeters (0.6 to 1.6 inches) of rain in just 15 to 30 minutes. - Runoff Amplification: Igitigiri c’imvura inyuma y’umuriro ca USGS kigaragaza ko Imvura y’iminota 15 irenga 24 mm/hr (0.95 in/hr) ku nkovu nshasha y’umuriro (1 to 2 years post-fire) ikuraho ubutaka bwose bwo hejuru biciye ku gusukura amabara n’ugusenyuka kw’imisozi, igatera ivu, ibiti n’amabuye angana n’imodoka bikagira ibisigazwa vy’ibisigazwa bigenda vyihuta (30 to 80 km/h) ivyuka biva mu binogo vyo mu misozi bica mu binogo vy’amazi vyo mu gisagara (nk’uko vyagenze mu gihe c’uruzi rw’ibisigazwa vy’amazi rwo mu gisagara ca Montecito, muri Californie, muri Mukakaro 2018).

2. Gusoma Ingero z'Urugomero n'Ibidengeri vyo mu Ruzi n'Imburi z'Imigende y'Imigende¶

Igihe uriko urakurikirana urugomero rwawe rwo hejuru mu gihe c’uruzi rwo mu kirere (biciye ku nzira z’amazi za leta/ntara nka California CDEC, USACE Water Management, canke USBR), tahura uturere tune duhagaze tw’ikidengeri n’ingene amazi aseseka adakora neza:

====================================================================================
       ANATOMY OF A DAM RESERVOIR POOL & SPILLWAY CAVITATION / EROSION FAILURE
====================================================================================

   [ DAM CREST (Top of Earthen / Concrete Dam: Overtopping = Total Dam Breach) ]
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   [ SURCHARGE / EMERGENCY POOL ] --> Flows over UNLINED EMERGENCY AUXILIARY WEIR
                                      >>> Risk: Headward gully erosion cuts back
                                          toward weir crest -> Uncontrolled release
  =================== [ TOP OF FLOOD CONTROL POOL (100% Gross Capacity) ] ==========
   [ FLOOD CONTROL POOL (Reserved empty in winter to catch AR flood inflows) ]
   * Discharged through Concrete PRIMARY SERVICE SPILLWAY (Radial Gates).
   * >>> Risk at high flow: Joint uplift / CAVITATION blows out concrete slabs ->
         High-pressure jet scours earthen dam abutment
  =================== [ TOP OF CONSERVATION POOL (Normal Winter Max Level) ] =======
   [ CONSERVATION / ACTIVE STORAGE POOL (Water Supply & Hydroelectric Turbines) ]
  ==================================================================================
   [ DEAD POOL (Sediment Storage & Low-Level River Outlet Works) ]
====================================================================================

• Uko amazi y’ibanze ya beton ashobora gushikirwa n’uguhagarara-umuvuduko w’amazi n’ugusenyuka: Iyo amazi arasa hasi mu nzira iteye igomwe cane ku metero 25 gushika kuri 40 ku segonda (ibilometero 55 gushika kuri 90 kw’isaha), inguvu zibiri z’umubiri zitera amabuye ya beton:
• Guhagarara-Umuvuduko w’amazi: Iyo amazi y’umuvuduko munini yinjiye mu gace gatoyi k’umurongo w’ubwoya canke mu nzira ihuriye hagati y’ibipande bibiri vya beton (even a 5-millimeter lip), inguvu z’inyigisho z’ 30 m/s amazi ahinduka ubwo nyene akagira umuvuduko wo gutera hejuru munsi y’ico gipande (hydraulic jacking), agatabura amabuye ya beton afise uburebure bwa metero 1 agororotse ava hasi mu nzira y’amazi maze agatuma umushinge w’ubutaka woroshe uri munsi y’ico gipande ushobora gukubitwa n’ubukazi.
• Vapor Cavitation Implosion: Aho amazi yihuta atemba hejuru y’igitutu canke hejuru y’igipfunsi kiri ku nzira y’amazi, umuvuduko w’amazi yo muri ako karere uragabanuka ukaja munsi y’umuvuduko w’umwotsi, ugatuma habaho amamiliyoni y’ibibumbano vy’umwotsi bitobito cane. Haciye amasegonda menshi, uko ivyo bibumbano bigenda bigenda bitera umuvuduko munini cane mu ruzi, bica biturika mu buryo burengeye ubw’ijwi, bikaba bitera imipfunda y’imipfunda mikeyi cane itagura imyobo igororotse biciye muri beton ikomeye n’ivyuma.
• Ibimenyetso vy’imburi biboneka munsi y’urugomero: Niwabona umugende w’amazi w’umweru uhinduka bukwi na bukwi umutuku w’ivu canke umutuku w’umuhondo (bisobanura ko umugende w’amazi waciye mu mugende wa beton kandi uriko urimba ku ruhande rw’umusozi w’ivu), canke iyo abajejwe ivy’ivyihutirwa bamenyesheje ko umugende w’amazi uzo**unxilld ku ncuro ya mbere muri kahise, gupakira no gukuraho ahantu h’umwuzure wo mu mazi imbere y’aho amazi asesa amazi y’ivyihutirwa.

Imbonerahamwe y'ukugereranya: Inyuma y'umuriro w'ishamba n'umwuzure w'ibisigazwa vy'urugomero / Ugusesa kw'amazi y'urugomero n'umwuzure w'urugomero rwo mu misozi yo hasi¶

Igiti c'Ingingo y'Ivyihutirwa¶

flowchart TD
    A["AR Cat 3, Cat 4, canke Cat 5 Uruzi rwo mu kirere / Inanasi"] --> B{"Menya ahantu h'akaga kawe"}
    B -- "Akarere ka 1: Mu bilometero 5 munsi y'inkovu y'umuriro w'ishamba y'imyaka < 3" --> C["UBWOBA BURI MU BIMENYETSO VY’IBIMENYETSO:: 1. NTUTEGEREZE imvura itanguye; evacuate when Evacuation Imburi/Itegeko: 2. Ntukigere wihisha ku rwego rwa 2 canke ku gisenge (amabuye amenagura inzu): 3. Iyo ufashwe mw’ijoro n’ugutonyanga kw’ivu: wiruke mu ruhande rwo hejuru uhagaze ku mugezi"]
    B -- "Akarere ka 2: Mu Kinogo c'Uruzi canke mu Kiyaya kiri munsi y'urugomero runini" --> D{"Suzuma ububiko bw'amazi n'imiterere y'amazi"}
    D -- "Inzira y'amazi y'amazi iriko irasenyuka (ibara ry'umuhondo) CANKE Inzira y'amazi y'inyongera y'ivyihutirwa iriko irasenyuka" --> E["GUHITA UBWO MU RUGOMERO:: 1. Gukura mu ruhande (uhagaze ku ruzi) hejuru y’inkuta z’ikiyaya (+15-30 m): 2. Ntukigere utwara imodoka uja hasi mu ruzi: 3. Fata go-bag, imiti, n’ibikoko vyo mu nzu imbere y’uko amabarabara manini afunga"]
    D -- "Ibiziga biri munsi y'Ikidengeri co Gucungera Umwuzure n'aho amazi asesa" --> F["Gukurikirana ibisohoka vy’urugomero ku butegetsi; Gumana kure y'uruzi mu gihe cfs nyinshi zisohoka"]
    B -- "Akarere ka 3: Ikiyaya c'umwuzure co mu misozi / Inyuma y'ibidengeri vy'uruzi rw'ivu" --> G{"Gusuzuma amazi n'uruzi"}
    G -- "Levee ipfutse, irasenyuka, canke ivumbi Umusenyi ubira inyuma y'uruzi" --> H["IMMINENT LEVEE BREACH:: 1. Uve mu gitereko ubwo nyene uciye mu nzira ziri hejuru: 2. Ntukigere utwara imodoka mu mazi hejuru y’amabarabara: 3. Niwafatwa n’uguduga vyihuta: duga ku gisenge (ntiwigere wifata mu nzu yo hejuru yugarijwe)"]
    G -- "Amazi afata" --> I["Nimwitegure amashanyarazi azomara imisi myinshi, amabarabara azofunga, n’amazi mabi azosubira inyuma"]

Igitigiri c'Ivyihutirwa vyo mu Karere n'Inzugi zo Gukurikirana Uruzi / Urugomero rwo mu Kirere¶

• Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika (Californie, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Uburengero bw’Imisozi): Hamagara 911 kugira ngo ubone gutabara vuba.
• Ivyiyumviro vya AR & IVT: Gukurikirana CW3E (Ikigo ca Scripps c’Ikirere co mu Burengero n’Ibihe vy’Amazi) Ivyiyumviro vy’Urugero rwa AR na Ikigo ca NOAA / NWS c’Ivyiyumviro vy’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere (WPC) vyerekeye Imvura nyinshi cane.
• Ibisigazwa vy'inkovu zituritse: Suzuma Isuzuma ry'akaga ry'ibisigazwa vy'umuriro rya USGS n'Imburi z'Ivyihutirwa zitagira Intsinga (Ready.gov / CalAlerts).
• Ivyiyumviro vy’ibidengeri n’ibidengeri: Gukurikirana ububiko bw’amazi n’amazi asohoka mu gihe nyaco biciye ku Ikigo co guhanahana amakuru co muri California (CDEC), Ugushika ku mazi kwa USACE, na U.S. Ibiro vy’Ivy’Isuku (USBR).
• Kanada (Kolombiya y'Ubwongereza na Kanada y'Atlantique): Hamagara 911. Gukurikirana Ibidukikije n’Imihindagurikire y’Ikirere Canada (ECCC) Ivyiyumviro vy’Uruzi rwo mu Kirere, Ikigo c’Iterambere ry’Uruzi rwa BC imburi, n’Itangazo ry’Imburi Iteguye.
• Ubwongereza na Irlande: Hamagara 999 canke 112. Inzuzi zo mu kirere zo mu kiyaga ca Atalantika mu gihe c’imbeho (zijejwe imyuzure myinshi cane yo muri Cumbria, Galles, na Ecosse) zikurikiranywa n’Ibiro vy’Ikirere, Ikigo c’Ibidukikije, SEPA, na Ibiro vy’Igihugu vy’Igihugu ca Pays de Galles.
• Ubumwe bw'Uburayi na Norvege: Hamagara 112. Gukurikirana imburi biciye ku Meteoalarm, NVE (Norvege), n’ibikorwa vy’igihugu vy’amazi.
• Ostraliya, Nouvelle-Zélande, Shili na Aziya y'Uburasirazuba: Hamagara 000 (Ostraliya), 111 (Nouvelle-Zélande, MetService Imburi z'Iburengero/Imisozi y'Amajyepfo AR), 131 / 132 (Shili SENAPRED), canke 119 mu Buyapani, canke usuzume inomero z'ivyihutirwa.

Ibibazo bikunda kubazwa¶

Ni itandukaniro irihe riri hagati y’uruzi rw’ikirere rwo mu rwego rwa 1 n’urwo mu rwego rwa 5 ku rugero rwa NOAA / CW3E?¶

Urugero rw’uruzi rw’ikirere rwa Ralph/CW3E rushira ku rutonde ibihuhusi kuva kuri AR Cat 1 (Igoyagoya) gushika kuri AR Cat 5 (Idasanzwe) bishingiye ku bipimo bibiri vy’umubiri biri ahantu kanaka: isonga ry’Ugutwara Umwotsi (IVT, ripimwa mu bilo vy’umwotsi w’amazi ugenda urenga amasegonda menshi) amasaha IVT iguma hejuru y’ibiro 250/m/s. AR Cat 1 itwara ibiro 250 gushika kuri 500/m/s mu masaha atarenga 24 kandi itanga imvura nziza n’urubura rwo mu misozi. AR Cat 5 ishobora gutuma haba umwotsi mwinshi cane w’ibilo 1.000 gushika ku 1.500+ kg/m/s mu kiringo c’amasaha 24 gushika ku 72+, igatera imvura y’imilimetero 250 gushika ku 600 (10 gushika ku 24 inches) ku misozi maze igatuma haba amazi menshi cane, ivyihutirwa.

Ni kubera iki igihuhusi gishushe c’i Pineapple Express gishongera ibipande vy’urubura vyo ku misozi vyihuta cane kuruta igihe c’izuba ryinshi mu mpera z’umwaka?¶

Mu gihe c’uruzi rwo mu kirere rwitwa Pineapple Express, umuyaga ususurutse kandi wuzuye 100 kw’ijana wo mu karere k’ubushuhe urahunga ujabuka urubura rwo ku misozi ku muvuduko w’umuyaga w’ibilometero 50 gushika ku 100 kw’isaha, kandi urugero rw’ubukonje rukaba ruri hejuru ya metero 2.800. Naho ubushuhe bw’amatonyanga y’imvura ubwabwo bushongera urubura rutoyi cane, uwo muyaga w’umuvurungano utuma umwotsi mwinshi cane w’amazi ushika ku ruhande rw’urubura rukanye. Igarama yose y’umwotsi w’amazi yinjira mu rubura, irekura ubushuhe bwihishije bugera kuri Joules 2.500, ni ukuvuga inguvu zihagije zo gusenyura garama 7,5 z’urubura. Iyo ifatanijwe n’ubushuhe bw’umuyaga bugaragara, iyo nkuru y’umuyaga yo mu kirere irafukura ningoga amazi y’amazi agera kuri milimetero 50 gushika kuri 150 ava mu gipfukisho c’urubura mu gihe imvura igera kuri milimetero 200+ igwa hejuru, igatuma uruzi rutera incuro zibiri canke zitatu.

Ni kuki udashobora kurokoka ibisigazwa vy’ibintu biva inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba mu kuduga kw’igorofa ya kabiri canke ku gisenge c’inzu yawe?¶

Mu ruzi rusanzwe rutera buhorobuhoro, kuduga mw’igorofa ya kabiri canke ku gisenge bituma uguma hejuru y’amazi mu gihe inzu iguma ihagaze. Inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba, ibisigazwa vy’inkovu z’umuriro si amazi ari amazi: ni amazi ateye igomwe cane, afise ivu ryinshi cane ry’ibice 60 gushika ku bice 80 kw’ijana, ivu, ibiti vy’imiberoshi vyaranduwe, n’amabuye y’agaciro afise amatoni 5 gushika ku 20, agenda ku bilometero 30 gushika ku bilometero 80 kw’isaha, afise uburemere bw’ibice vy’ibitoke ( centcreic per gram2bi). Iyo umuvumba w’ibisigazwa vy’amabuye uteye inzu y’ibiti canke y’amatafari, inguvu z’ugutera ziruta incuro 10 gushika ku 50 amazi meza, bigaca inzu yose ku mushinge wayo, bigasesa igorofa ya mbere n’iya kabiri hamwe. Utegerezwa guhunga uva aho ibisigazwa vy’amazi biva imbere y’uko umurongo w’imvura ushika.

Imvura y’imbere y’ikirere (NCFR) ni iki, kandi ni kubera iki ari yo minota 30 iteye akaga kuruta izindi zose mu ruzi rwo mu kirere?¶

A Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband (NCFR) ni umurongo w’ubukazi, w’uburebure bw’ibilometero 3 gushika ku 8, w’imvura nyinshi cane imanuka n’imvura nyinshi cane, ikaba iri ku ruhande rw’imbere y’uruzi rwo mu kirere. Naho igihuhusi cose coba ari AR Cat 2 canke Cat 3 gusa, iyo NCFR ica hejuru y’umusozi, itera imvura ingana na milimetero 15 gushika kuri 40 (0,6 gushika kuri 1,6 inches) mu minota 15 gushika kuri 30 gusa, akenshi ikaba iherekejwe n’inkubi y’umuyaga n’inkubi y’umuyaga 90 km/ we. Iyo mvura y’iminota 15 iturika ijabuka bitagoranye urugero rw’uburemere bwa USGS (24 mm/hr) rituma haba ibisigazwa vy’ibintu biteye akaga inyuma y’umuriro w’ishamba be n’umwuzure wo mu bisagara.

Ni gute ingorane y’ugusesa amazi ku rugomero rwa Oroville mu 2017 yabaye, kandi ni ibimenyetso ibihe vy’imburi bibanza gusesa amazi vyihutirwa?¶

Muri Ruhuhuma 2017, inyuma y’amayinga menshi inzuzi zikomeye zo mu kirere zuzuye mu kiyaga Oroville co muri Californie, amazi y’umuvuduko munini yariko ararasa mu nzira y’amazi y’amabuye y’agaciro, yaciye mu nzira y’amabuye y’agaciro, aca afungura ikinogo kinini cane cari mu mugende w’amabuye y’agaciro, maze apfukura umusozi w’ivu. Kugira ngo ntibasenyure amarembo nyamukuru y’amazi, ababikoresha baragabanya amazi asohoka mu gihe uruzi rwo mu kirere gishushe rwariko ruratera mu kiyaga, ivyo bikaba vyatumye amazi arengera amazi y’ivu atagira umurongo ku ncuro ya mbere kuva urugomero rwubakiwe mu 1968. gutera ubwoba uruhome rw’amazi rw’amametero 10 rutagenzurwa, no gutuma abantu 188.000 bari mu ruzi bamanuka biva aho hantu. Igihe cose ikidengeri cegereje ubushobozi bw’ibidengeri vy’umwuzure 100 kw’ijana mu gihe umugende waco mukuru wo gusesa amazi wononekaye canke uhagaze, abatuye mu ruzi rwo hasi bakwiye kwitegurira guhunga ubwo nyene mu ruhande.

‘Ikinogo c’umusenyi’ kiri inyuma y’uruzi ni iki, kandi ni kubera iki ukwiye kuvyikurako iyo ubonye?¶

Iyo uruzi rugumye ruri hejuru cane ku ruzi rw’ivu mu kiringo c’urutonde rw’uruzi rwo mu kirere, umukazo munini w’amazi utuma amazi y’uruzi amanuka biciye mu bipande vy’amabuye y’agaciro vy’umusenyi biri munsi y’ishimikiro ry’uruzi. Iyo iyo nzira y’amazi ivuye munsi y’ubutaka ikoresheje umukazo imenetse mw’ivu ryo hejuru ku ruhande rwumye rwo ku butaka rw’uruzi (mu murima, mu mwobo w’amazi canke mu rugo rw’inyuma), iravyuka nk’ikirunga gitoyi gikikujwe n’uruzitiro rw’umusenyi uherutse kwozwa canke rw’ivu ry’ibitoke, ryitwa umusenyi w’ibitovu. Igipfunsi c’umusenyi gitemba amazi meza gishobora kuba gihagaze neza, ariko igipfunsi c’umusenyi gipompa amazi y’ibitovu n’intete z’umusenyi bisigura ko umugende wo munsi y’ubutaka uriko urasenyuka cane munsi y’uruzitiro, ivyo bikaba bishobora gutuma igitsibo c’uruzitiro gisenyuka kigaca kimenagurika mu minota mikeyi.

Amasoko n'ubuyobozi buzwi¶

• Ikigo kijejwe ivy’imihindagurikire y’ikirere n’amazi yo mu Burengero (CW3E, Ikigo ca Scripps c’Ivy’Ikirere) & Ishirahamwe ry’Igihugu ry’Ikirere n’Ikirere (NOAA, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Urugero rwo kumenya inkomezi n’ingaruka z’inzuzi zo mu kirere (Ralph et al. Akayabu 5 IVT n’insobanuro z’igihe).
• TWEBWE. Ishirahamwe ry’ubushakashatsi ku butaka (USGS, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Iciyumviro c’ivy’igihuhusi ca ARkStorm (Raporo y’amadosiye yuguruye ya USGS 2010-1312) na *Porogarama ya USGS yo gusuzuma ingaruka z’ibisigazwa vy’umuriro (iminota 15 y’uburemere bw’imvura n’imirongo mikeyi y’ubukonje-imbere)mu Raporo y’Igihuhusi.
• Ikigo ca Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika kijejwe gucungera ibihe vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA) & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Ingingo ngenderwako za Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika zijanye n’umutekano w’ibidengeri, ugutegura ibikorwa vy’ivyihutirwa (FEMA P-64), ubuhinga bwo gusubiza amazi mu binogo vy’amazi n’ugukingira amazi asohoka,
• Raporo y’Ishirahamwe ry’Abahinga mu vy’Ivyagezwe ryigenga (IFT) ku vyabaye ku rugomero rwa Oroville (ASDSO / USSD, Leta Zunze Ubumwe za Amerika): Isesengura ry’abahinga mu vy’ubuhinga bwa none ku bijanye n’ugutera imbere kw’amazi y’urugomero rwa beton n’ugusenyuka kw’umutwe w’urugomero rw’amazi rw’infashanyo rudafise umurongo.
• Ibidukikije n'Ihinduka ry'Ikirere Canada (ECCC) & Ishirahamwe ry'Isi ry'Ivy'Imihindagurikire y'Ikirere (WMO): Imvura-ku-Rubura (ROS) Fizike y'Ubushuhe Buhishijwe n'Imwuzure wo mu Ruzi.

Inyobora zifitaniye isano¶

• Inzuzi zo mu kirere, gusenyuka kw’imigende, n’umwuzure w’ibidengeri umara igihe kirekire
• Inyuma y'umuriro w'ishamba, ibisigazwa vy'amazi vyaturitse, n'ibipfunsi vy'amazi
• Ikiyaga c'urubura caraturitse n'imyuzure n'uguhunga kw'urugomero
• Imyuzure
• Imyuzure