Ka muliwai Atmospheric, ARkStorm, a me Pineapple Express: Orographic Rain-on-Snow Flood and Dam Spillway Erosion Evacuation¶

ʻO ka ** muliwai lewa (AR)** kahi alahele hoʻoneʻe wikiwiki o ka mahu wai ma ka troposphere haʻahaʻa (typically 400 to 600 kilometers / 250 to 375 miles wide a 2,000+ kilometers / 1,250+ miles long, e holo ana ma mua o ke alo anu o ka makani ino keu ma ke kahawai mokulele haʻahaʻa) e lawe ana i ka nui o ka wai ma ka lani i kēlā me kēia kekona e like me 15 a hiki i ka 25 manawa o ke kahe awelika o ka muliwai Mississippi ma kona waha (or up to 2.5 times the flow of the Amazon River). I ka wā e paʻi ai ka muliwai o ka lewa e like me ka "Pineapple Express" (ke kiʻi ʻana i ka ea mehana a hoʻomoʻa ʻia mai ka ʻāina kokoke i Hawaiʻi) i kahi pale mauna kahakai e like me Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges, Southern Alps of New Zealand, Chilean Andes, a i ʻole mauna ʻEulopa Komohana, ʻo ka ʻāina e hoʻokiʻekiʻe i ka muliwai o ka mahu i luna** (). Hoʻokuʻu ka ea hoʻoluʻu 150 a 500+ millimeters (6 a 20+ iniha) o ka ua i loko o 24 a 72 hola, aʻo kahi ʻano maʻamau ** pae maloʻo ma luna o 2,500 a 3,000 mika (8,200 a 9,800 kapuaʻi) e hoʻokuʻu i ka ua mehana nui (** ʻaʻole i ka hau nui [Rawpack-ROS]). ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pōʻino ** kahe ʻana o ka ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi, ke kau ʻana i nā ʻili o ka muliwai o ka ʻāina haʻahaʻa, a me ka hoʻokau ʻana i nā wai i uka i loko o ko lākou **ʻauwaha kōkua ulia pōpilikia **, kahi e hiki ai i ka cavitation kiʻekiʻe a me ka ʻāʻī ʻana i ke poʻo ke hoʻoweliweli i ka hāʻule ʻana o ka pā pōʻino (e like me ka hoʻohālike ʻana i ka **USGS ARkStorm0 mega mega [Atmospheric River] i hōʻike ʻia i ka wā o ka pilikia o Oroville Dam spillway 2017). Inā hāʻawi ʻia kahi AR Category 4 (Extreme) a i ʻole Māhele 5 (Exceptional) ʻino, he Flash Flood Emergency, kahi Post-Wildfire Debris Flow Warning, a i ʻole he Dam / Spillway Evacuation Order i hoʻopuka ʻia no kāu kīʻaha, e haʻalele koke i ka ʻāina kiʻekiʻe a kāhea koke i kou wahi. helu pilikia inā paʻa i ka piʻi ʻana o ka wai. No nā pilikia e pili ana i ka waikahe a me ka pali, e nīnau i kā mākou alakaʻi alakaʻi ma nā muliwai o ka lewa, ka haki ʻana o ka ʻili, a me ke kahe wai lōʻihi, kahe ʻana o nā ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi ahi, nā ʻōpala wai i puhi ʻia, a me nā pā aluvial, ʻO ka loko glacial ka puka ʻana mai o nā waikahe a me ka haʻalele ʻana i ka wai, a wai kahe.

No ka mea, he ARkStorm a i hope paha AR Family (he kaaahi o 3 a 9 mau muliwai lewa e ku ana i ka wai kahe like ma 2 a i 3 pule) pau loa i ka hoohana ana i ka lepo a me ka waiho ana i ka wai kahe ma mua o ka hiki ana mai o ka ino hope i uka, pili ke ola ma ka heluhelu Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT) nā wanana, radar pae hau, a me ka mālama ʻana i nā waihona wai ma uka vs. nā pākēneka hoʻopaʻa wai-wai-wai mau lā ma mua o ke kahe ʻana o ka papahele o ke awāwa.

E hana i kēia i kēia manawa¶

1. E haʻalele koke inā e noho ana ʻoe ma lalo o kahi ʻulaʻula ahi ahi (ʻā i loko o 1 a 3 mau makahiki i hala iho nei) a ua wānana ʻia ka nui o ka ua. 12 to 20 millimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inches) per hour. Mai kali ** ʻAʻole ** e ʻike i ka lepo a i ʻole ka wai i loko o kou pā, a ** mai hoʻāʻo e "hoʻomoe ma ka papahele ʻelua a i ʻole ka hale" ma kahi wahi kahe o ka ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi**. ʻAʻole like me nā kahawai wai wai, ʻo ke kahe ʻana o nā ʻōpala kuni he a 50 to 80 km/h (30 to 50 mph) ʻO ka paia o ka lepo ʻeleʻele, nā kumu lāʻau, a me nā pōhaku pōhaku 10-ton (with the density of wet concrete, -2.0 g/cm3) e ʻako ana i nā hale papa ʻelua e hoʻomaʻemaʻe i ko lākou mau kumu i kekona.
2. **Inā noho ʻoe ma kahi kahawai a i ʻole ke awāwa ma lalo o kahi pā nui a hoʻopuka nā luna i kahi Emergency Spillway / Dam Failure Evacuation Order, e haʻalele iā PERPENDICULAR (ma ka ʻaoʻao) i ke kahawai kahawai i nā paia o ke awāwa kiʻekiʻe koke. 20 to 50 kilometers per hour (12 to 30 miles per hour) a loaʻa i nā kaʻa kaʻa ma lalo o ke awāwa. E kalaiwa a piʻi pololei i ka ʻaoʻao ʻaoʻao kokoke loa i ka 15 a 30 mika (50 a 100 kapuaʻi) ma luna o ka papahele canyon.
3. E nānā i ʻelua helu koʻikoʻi ma mua o kēlā me kēia Māhele 3, 4, a i ʻole 5 Atmospheric River: the Storm Freezing Level (Snow Level) a me ka hiki o ka wai-wai-wai o ko Upstream Reservoir.
4. Inā piʻi ke kiʻekiʻe hau hau o ka ʻino mai 1,200 meters (4,000 feet) i 2,500+ meters (8,200+ feet), ua hoʻololi koke ʻia nā kaukani kilomika pāhaʻi o ka ʻeke hau mauna mai ka hoʻohu ʻana i ka hau a i ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana i ka wai nui Ka ua ma ka hau, e hoʻonui ana i ke kahe ʻana o ka muliwai 3-paila a 5-paila i loko o 6 mau hola.
5. Inā aia kāu waihona i luna ma > 90% to 100% ʻO ke kiʻekiʻe o ka wai hoʻomalu o ka wai / loko wai nui, pono e hoʻolei pololei ʻia kēlā me kēia mika kubiko o nā kahe mauna e hiki mai ana i lalo ma ke kahawai nui a i ʻole ka ulia pōpilikia.
6. Mai kaʻa a puni i nā pā "Road Closed" a i ʻole ma nā ala wai i lalo, nā alahele, a i ʻole nā ​​alanui ʻili (Turn Around, Don't Drown). ʻO 15 kenimika (6 ʻīniha) wale nō o ka wai holo wikiwiki e hoʻokuʻu i kahi kanaka makua mai ko lākou mau wāwae; 30 kenimika (12 iniha) lana i kahi kaʻa kaʻa; a ʻo 45 a 60 kenimika (18 a 24 iniha) kahiki i nā SUV kaumaha a me nā kaʻa ʻokiʻoki mai ke kahua ala i loko o nā kahawai wai hohonu.
7. **Inā ʻoe e noho ana ma hope o kahi ʻauwaha lepo i loko o kahi kīʻaha haʻahaʻa (e like me ke awāwa ʻo Sacramento-San Joaquin Central Valley, Fraser Valley, a i ʻole Rhine/Po plains) a ʻike ʻoe i ka wai lepo e hū aʻe ma kou pā a i ʻole ka ʻauwai ("sand boils"), e haʻalele koke. ʻilikai; hiki i ka pōʻino ma waena o ka ʻilikai ke hahai i loko o 15 a 60 mau minuke.
8. Mālama i ka lekiō NOAA Weather Radio, hiki iā WEA (Wireless Emergency Alerts) kelepona paʻa, a hoʻopaʻa iā Go-Bag ma kou wahi moe i ka pō o ka pae ʻāina AR. ʻO nā laina ʻino ma mua o ka muliwai o ka lewa (Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands [NCFRs]) a me ka hiki ʻole o ka mana o ka pō a me ka ulia pōpilikia AM. Inā hoʻopaʻa ʻia e ka wai kahe, e piʻi i kahi kiʻekiʻe loa o kahi hale maikaʻi maikaʻi (inā wale nō ma waho o kahi puʻupuʻu puʻupuʻu pōhaku) a kāhea aku i kou wahi. helu pilikia.

Meteorology & Hydrology: Orographic Lift, Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands (NCFRs), a me ka ARkStorm Scenario¶

====================================================================================
     PINEAPPLE EXPRESS ATMOSPHERIC RIVER: OROGRAPHIC LIFT & RAIN-ON-SNOW FLOOD
====================================================================================

   [ SUBTROPICAL MOISTURE PLUME (IVT > 750 to 1,250+ kg/m/s) ]
   * Low-Level Jet Wind (60 to 110 km/h) at 1 to 3 km altitude.
   * High Freezing Level: 2,800 to 3,200 m (9,200 to 10,500 ft) --> WARM RAIN
          |
          +---> [ OROGRAPHIC LIFT UP MOUNTAIN BARRIER ]
          |     * Air cools moist-adiabatically -> 200 to 500 mm (8 to 20 in) rain.
          |     * Latent heat of condensation melts deep snowpack (RAIN-ON-SNOW).
          |                                   /\
          |     ///////////////////////////  /  \  (Snow only above 3,000 m)
          |                                 /    \
          v   (Torrential Warm Rain)       /      \
       ~~~~~~~                            /   []   \ <-- Hydrophobic Wildfire
                                         /   /  \   \    Burn Scar -> Debris Flow
                                        /   /    \   \
                                       /   /      \   \
                     [ UPSTREAM DAM & RESERVOIR ]  \   \
                     * Flood Pool hits 100%         \   \
                     * Main & Emergency Spillways -->|   |
          ___________________________________________|___|______
         [ LOWLAND BASIN / VALLEY FLOOR: Levee Overtopping & Breach ]
====================================================================================

1. ʻO ka Ralph / CW3E Atmospheric River Scale (AR Cat 1 a i ka Cat 5)¶

2. He aha ka USGS "ARkStorm" (Atmospheric River 1,000) Megastorm Scenario?¶

Hoʻolālā ʻia e ka U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) a me 117 ʻepekema, ARkStorm ʻaʻole ia he manaʻo noʻonoʻo kuhiakau: he hana hou ia e pili ana i ka physics o ka mōʻaukala ** Great Flood o 1861 a i 1862** (ka mea i hoʻohuli i ke awāwa Waena o Kaleponi i kai uka 480 mau kilomita ka lōʻihi a me 30 kilomika ka laula mai lalo o 30 mau mika hohonu o ka wai. nā wā muliwai lewa o kēia wā (January 1969 and February 1986). - Ua hōʻike ʻia nā kohu sediment geologic mai nā kīʻaha kahakai a me nā varves ʻo Santa Barbara Basin i ka pā ʻana o ARkStorm-scale megastorms i ka ʻĀkau ʻAmelika Komohana ma kahi o ** i kēlā me kēia 100 a 200 mau makahiki** (an annual exceedance probability between 1-in-100 and 1-in-500). - No ke aha e hoʻopōʻino ai ka ʻohana AR: Aia ka ARkStorm i kahi 20-a-40 mau lā o ka back-to-back AR Cat 3, Cat 4, a me Cat 5 storms i hoʻopaʻa ʻia e kahi kuamoʻo pale ea. Hoʻopiha nā ʻino mua ʻelua i nā ʻāina mauna 100% hiki i ke kahua a hoʻopiha i nā loko wai i luna o ko lākou mau loko wai hoʻomalu wai; i ka wā e pā mai ai ka ʻino Pineapple Express mehana ʻekolu a me ka ʻehā i nā lā 15 a hiki i ka 25, kokoke 100 pākēneka o ka ua hāʻule a me ka hoʻoheheʻe hau e hoʻololi koke i ka wai kahe o ka ili.

ʻEkolu mau pōʻino ʻokoʻa mauna-a-awāwa i ka wā o ka muliwai Atmospheric¶

1. Kahe ʻana o nā ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi ma hope o ke ahi (Hoʻoulu ʻia e nā NCFR)¶

Ke hoʻopau ke ahi ahi i nā ululāʻau chaparral, pine, a i ʻole eucalyptus me ka ikaika nui, e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia nā waxes mea kanu vaporized 2 a 5 kenimika ma lalo o ka ʻili lepo, e hoʻomoʻa i kahi wai-repellent (hydrophobic) layer e hoʻokahe ai i ka wai ua e like me ke kahua asphalt. - Ka Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband (NCFR) Trigger: ʻOiai i loko o kahi ʻino AR Cat 2 a i ʻole Cat 3 haʻahaʻa, he ʻumi ʻumi (5 km wide) laina ʻino convective ma ke alo anu i kapa ʻia he NCFR hiki ke hoʻolei 15 to 40 millimeters (0.6 to 1.6 inches) of rain in just 15 to 30 minutes. - Ka Hoʻonui ʻia ʻana: Hōʻike ka paepae ua ma hope o ke ahi o ka USGS he 15 mau minuke ka nui o ka ua. 24 mm/hr (0.95 in/hr) ma kahi ʻili kuni hou (1 to 2 years post-fire) wehe i ka papa lepo luna holoʻokoʻa ma o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka pepa a me ka hili ʻana, e hoʻomāhuahua ana me ka lehu, nā lāʻau, a me nā pōhaku nui kaʻa i loko o kahi kahe ʻōpala (30 to 80 km/h) e poha ana mai loko mai o nā awāwa mauna ma waena o nā pā aluvial suburban (e like me ka mea i hana ʻia ma ka lethal January 2018 Montecito, Kaleponi kahe ʻōpala).

2. Heluhelu 'ana i nā pae o ka wai ma luna o ka wai a me nā 'ōlelo a'o no ka ho'okahe 'ana i ke alanui¶

I ka nānā ʻana i kou pā wai i uka i ka muliwai lewa (ma nā puka wai mokuʻāina/federal e like me California CDEC, USACE Water Management, a i ʻole USBR), e hoʻomaopopo i nā ʻāpana kū pololei ʻehā o kahi waihona a me ke ʻano o ka hāʻule ʻana o nā ala wai:

====================================================================================
       ANATOMY OF A DAM RESERVOIR POOL & SPILLWAY CAVITATION / EROSION FAILURE
====================================================================================

   [ DAM CREST (Top of Earthen / Concrete Dam: Overtopping = Total Dam Breach) ]
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   [ SURCHARGE / EMERGENCY POOL ] --> Flows over UNLINED EMERGENCY AUXILIARY WEIR
                                      >>> Risk: Headward gully erosion cuts back
                                          toward weir crest -> Uncontrolled release
  =================== [ TOP OF FLOOD CONTROL POOL (100% Gross Capacity) ] ==========
   [ FLOOD CONTROL POOL (Reserved empty in winter to catch AR flood inflows) ]
   * Discharged through Concrete PRIMARY SERVICE SPILLWAY (Radial Gates).
   * >>> Risk at high flow: Joint uplift / CAVITATION blows out concrete slabs ->
         High-pressure jet scours earthen dam abutment
  =================== [ TOP OF CONSERVATION POOL (Normal Winter Max Level) ] =======
   [ CONSERVATION / ACTIVE STORAGE POOL (Water Supply & Hydroelectric Turbines) ]
  ==================================================================================
   [ DEAD POOL (Sediment Storage & Low-Level River Outlet Works) ]
====================================================================================

• Pehea e loaʻa ai i nā ʻauwai paʻa i ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana-ka hoʻokiʻekiʻe ʻana a me ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻana: Ke kahe ka wai i lalo i kahi ʻauwaʻa kiʻekiʻe kiʻekiʻe ma 25 a 40 mau mika i kekona (55 a 90 mau mile i kēlā me kēia hola), ʻelua mau ikaika kino e hoʻouka i nā papa pōhaku:
• Stagnation-Pressure Hydraulic Jacking: Inā komo ka wai wikiwiki i kahi māwae liʻiliʻi o ka lauoho a i ʻole ka hui ʻana ma waena o ʻelua mau papa paʻa (even a 5-millimeter lip), ka ikehu kinetic o ka 30 m/s hoʻololi koke ka wai i ke kaomi hoʻokiʻekiʻe paʻa ma lalo o ka pā (hydraulic jacking), e ʻoki pololei ana i nā papa ʻiʻo 1 mika-mānoanoa i waho o ka papahele chute a hōʻike i ke kumu lepo palupalu ma lalo i ka ʻā ʻana.
• Vapor Cavitation Implosion: Ma kahi e kahe ai ka wai wikiwiki ma luna o ka puʻu a i ʻole ka māhā o ka chute, hāʻule ke kaomi wai kūloko ma lalo o ke kaomi mahu, e hana ana i nā miliona o nā ʻōmole mahu microscopic. He mau milikikona ma hope aku, i ka wā e komo ai kēlā mau ʻōhū i loko o ke kaomi ʻoi aku ka nui ma lalo o ke kahawai, pahū lākou ma ke ʻano supersonically, e puhi ana i nā nalu haʻalulu microscopic e nahu pololei ana i nā lua ma waena o ke koʻa paʻa i hoʻoikaika ʻia a me ke kila.
• Nā Hōʻailona Makaʻala Ma lalo o kahi Dam: Inā ʻike ʻoe e huli koke ka huehue keʻokeʻo ** ʻeleʻele a ʻalani-ʻulaʻula** (ʻo ia hoʻi, ua haki ka pahu wai ma ka ʻauwaʻa paʻa a e ʻeli ana i ka ʻaoʻao o ka puʻu lepo), a i ʻole e hoʻolaha nā luna hoʻomalu e piʻi ana ka waihona i kona unlineed emergency auxiliary spillway ** no ka manawa mua ma ka mōʻaukala o ka hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ʻana o ka pōʻai. piko.

Papa Hoʻohālikelike: Kaʻi ʻana o nā ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi vs. Dam Spillway / Breach Surge vs. Lowland Basin Levee Flood¶

lāʻau hoʻoholo hoʻoholo pilikia pilikia¶

flowchart TD
    A["AR Cat 3, Cat 4, a i ʻole Cat 5 Atmospheric River / Pineapple Express Forecast"] --> B{"E ʻike i kāu ʻāpana pōʻino o ka honua"}
    B -- "Wahi 1: Ma loko o 5 km ma lalo o <3 makahiki Wildfire Burn Scar" --> C["KA LETHALITY O KA OPI KIEKIE:: 1. Mai kali i ka ua; e hoʻokuʻu i ka wā e hoʻopuka ai i ka ʻōlelo aʻo ʻana/ke kauoha: 2. Mai noho ma ka papahele ʻelua a i ʻole ka hale (nā hale pōhaʻi pōhaku): 3. Inā paʻa i ka pō i ka leo ʻala: holo ma ka ʻaoʻao i luna e kū pono i ke kahawai."]
    B -- "ʻĀpana 2: Ma kahi kahawai a i ʻole ke awāwa ma lalo o kahi wai nui" --> D{"E nānā i ke kūlana o ka waiho ʻana o ka wai a me ke ala kahe"}
    D -- "ʻO ke awāwa nui (ʻulaʻula ʻulaʻula) A I ʻole ʻĀpana Kokua Hoʻopilikia e kokoke ana e piʻi" --> E["KA HELE ANA I KA PAPA IHO KOWAI:: 1. E ha'alele ma hope (kue i ka muliwai) i na paia o ke awawa (+15-30 m): 2. Mai holo i lalo ma ka papahele o ka muliwai: 3. E lawe i ka eke hele, na laau lapa'au, a me na holoholona mamua o ka paa ana o na alanui."]
    D -- "Paʻa paʻa ka waihona ma lalo o luna o ka wai hoʻomalu wai a me ke kahawai" --> F["Mākaʻikaʻi i nā hoʻokuʻu ʻana o ka pā; e noho ma kapa muliwai i ka wā e hoʻokuʻu ai nā cfs kiʻekiʻe"]
    B -- "Māhele 3: ʻAha ʻĀina Waiwai / Ma hope o nā ʻili o ka muliwai Earth" --> G{"Nānā i nā Levees & River Stage"}
    G -- "ʻO ka ʻili i luna, e hāʻule ana, a i ʻole nā ​​huka lepo lepo e hū ana ma hope o ka pā" --> H["1. E haʻalele koke i ke kīʻaha ma nā ala kiʻekiʻe: 2. Mai kaʻa i ka wai ma nā alanui: 3. Inā paʻa i ka piʻi wikiwiki ʻana: piʻi i luna (ʻaʻole e paʻa iā ʻoe iho i loko o kahi hale paʻa)"]
    G -- "Levees paʻa" --> I["E hoʻomākaukau no ka pau ʻana o ka mana o nā lā he nui, pani ʻia ke alanui, a me ka hoʻihoʻi ʻana o ka wai"]

Nā helu ulia pōpilikia a me nā ʻīpuka kiaʻi ʻana o ka muliwai Atmospheric / Dam¶

• ** ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa (Kaleponi, Oregon, Wakinekona, Alaska, Intermountain West):** Kāhea i ka 911 no ka hoʻopakele koke ʻana.
• Nā wānana AR & IVT: Nānā i ka CW3E (Scripps Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes) AR Scale wānana a me NOAA / NWS Weather Prediction Center (WPC) Excessive Rainfall Outlooks.
• Kahe ʻana o nā ʻōpala ʻōpala: E nānā i ka USGS Post-Fire Debris-Flow Hazard Assessments a me nā ʻōlelo aʻoaʻo ulia pōpilikia (Ready.gov / CalAlerts).
• Nā Wai a me nā Waiwai: Mākaʻikaʻi i ka mālama ʻana i ka manawa maoli a me nā kahe wai kahe ma o California Data Exchange Center (CDEC), USACE Access to Water, a me U.S. Keʻena Hoʻolaʻa (USBR).
• Kanada (British Columbia & Atlantic Canada): Kāhea i ka 911. E nānā i ka Environment and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) Nā helu ʻana o ka muliwai Atmospheric, BC River Forecast Center nā ʻōlelo aʻo, a me nā hoʻolaha Alert Ready.
• United Kingdom a me ʻIlelani: Kāhea i ka 999 a i ʻole 112. ʻIke ʻia nā muliwai ʻo Atmospheric Winter Atlantic (ke kuleana no ka hoʻopaʻa ʻana i nā kahawai Cumbrian, Welsh, a me Scottish) e ka Met Office, Environment Agency, SEPA, a me Natural Resources Wales.
• Uni ʻEulopa a me Norewai: Kāhea i ka 112. E hahai i nā ʻōlelo aʻo ma o Meteoalarm, NVE (Norway), a me nā lawelawe hydrological aupuni.
• Australia, New Zealand, Chile & Asia Hikina: Kāhea i ka 000 (Australia), 111 (New Zealand, MetService Westland/Southern Alps AR alerts), 131 / 132 (Chile SENAPRED), a i ʻole 119 (Japan JMA linear rainbands / *Senjo-Kousuitai) helu pilikia.

Nīnau pinepine¶

He aha ka ʻokoʻa ma waena o ka Māhele 1 a me ka muliwai Atmospheric Māhele 5 ma ka pālākiō NOAA / CW3E?¶

Hoʻonohonoho ka Ralph/CW3E Atmospheric River Scale i nā ʻino mai AR Cat 1 (Weak) a hiki i AR Cat 5 (Exceptional) ma muli o nā ana kino ʻelua ma kahi i hāʻawi ʻia: ʻo ke kiʻekiʻe Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT, ana ʻia i nā kilokani o ka mahu wai e kahe ana ma mua o kahi kolamu 1 mika-ākea ākea i kēlā me kēia kekona) a me ka nui o nā hola IV0/kg noho ma luna o kekona. Lawe ʻia kahi AR Cat 1 i ka 250 a 500 kg/m/s no ka liʻiliʻi ma mua o 24 mau hola a hoʻopuka i ka ua a me ka hau mauna. Mālama ʻo AR Cat 5 i kahi kahe mahu loa o 1,000 a 1,500+ kg/m/s no 24 a 72+ hola, e hoʻolei ana i 250 a 600 millimeters (10 a 24 mau ʻīniha) o ka ua ma nā mauna a me ka hoʻoulu ʻana i ka pōʻino o ke kahawai ākea ākea, nā hili ʻāina a me nā dam.

No ke aha i hoʻoheheʻe ai ka ʻino Pineapple Express mehana i nā ʻeke hau mauna i ʻoi aku ka wikiwiki ma mua o ka lā pūnāwai?¶

I loko o ka muliwai lewa Pineapple Express, pā mai ka ea wela 100-pakeneka-saturated ma luna o ka puʻu hau mauna i ka makani makani he 50 a 100 kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola me nā pae hau ma luna o 2,800 mika (9,200 kapuaʻi). ʻOiai e hoʻoheheʻe ʻia ka hau liʻiliʻi i ka mehana o ka hāʻule ʻana o ka ua, ʻo ka makani kūpilikiʻi e hoʻolele i ka condensation nui o ka mahu wai ma luna o ka ʻili hau anuanu. ʻO kēlā me kēia gram o ka mahu wai e hoʻokuʻu ana i ka hau e hoʻokuʻu i 2,500 Joules o ka wela huna, lawa ka ikehu e hoʻoheheʻe ai i 7.5 grams o ka hau. Hoʻohui pū ʻia me ka wela o ka makani, hoʻoheheʻe koke ʻia kēia ipukukui lewa i 50 a 150 millimeters o ka wai wai mai loko mai o ka pahu hau a ʻo 200+ millimeters o ka ua e hāʻule ana ma luna, pālua a ʻekolu paha mau piko kahawai.

No ke aha e hiki ʻole ai iā ʻoe ke ola i ka kahe ʻana o nā ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi ma ka piʻi ʻana i ka papahele ʻelua a i ʻole ka hale o kou hale?¶

I loko o ka wai kahe e pi'i mālie ana, pi'i i ka papahele lua a i 'ole ka hale e mālama ai 'oe ma luna o ka wai oiai e kū ana ka hale. ʻAʻole wai wai ka kahe ʻana o ka ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi: he slurry hyper-concentrated o 60 a 80 pākēneka o ka lepo, ka lehu, nā kumu lāʻau paina uhuki, a me 5-a-20-toni pōhaku pōhaku e holo ana ma 30 a 80 mau kilomita i kēlā me kēia hola me ka mānoanoa o ke keneta pulu (2.0 mau keneta pākēneka). I ka wā e kahe ai ka ʻōpala paʻa i ka pōhaku i ka hale lāʻau a i ʻole ka hale brick, ʻoi aku ka nui o ka ikaika o ka hopena ma mua o ka wai maʻemaʻe, e ʻako ana i ka hale holoʻokoʻa mai kona kumu a wili i ka papahele mua a me ka lua. Pono ʻoe e haʻalele i waho o ka ʻāpana kahe o ka ʻōpala ma mua o ka hiki ʻana mai o ka ua.

He aha ka Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband (NCFR), a no ke aha ʻo ia ka 30 mau minuke weliweli loa o ka muliwai lewa?¶

ʻO ka Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband (NCFR) he lipine ikaika, 3-a-8-kilomita-ākea o nā kahe nui a me ka ua convective nui i hoʻokomo ʻia ma ka ʻaoʻao o ke alo anuanu o ka muliwai lewa. ʻOiai ʻo ka ʻino holoʻokoʻa he AR Cat 2 a i ʻole Cat 3 haʻahaʻa wale nō, ʻo ka hele ʻana o kahi NCFR ma luna o kahi pali mauna e hoʻolei i ka 15 a 40 millimeters (0.6 a 1.6 iniha) o ka ua i loko o 15 a 30 mau minuke, i hele pinepine ʻia me 90 km/h makani makani a me nā puahiohio nāwaliwali. ʻO ka ua 15-minuke e pohā maʻalahi i ka paepae ikaika o USGS (24 mm/hr) e hoʻoulu ai i nā kahe ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi ahi a me ke kahe ʻana o ke kūlanakauhale.

Pehea i hiki mai ai ka pilikia o ke awāwa ʻo Oroville Dam i ka makahiki 2017, a he aha nā hōʻailona hōʻailona ma mua o ka hāʻule ʻole ʻana o ke kahawai ulia pōpilikia?¶

I Feberuari 2017, ma hope o nā pule he nui o nā muliwai o ka lewa i hoʻopiha ai i ka Lake Oroville o Kaleponi, ʻo ka pana ʻana o ka wai kiʻekiʻe i lalo o ke awāwa nui o ka ʻoihana paʻa ua komo i loko o kahi kīnā o ka hui ʻana, e wehe ana i kahi lua nui i loko o ka ʻauwaʻa paʻa a me ka ʻōpala ʻana i ka puʻu lepo. I mea e pale aku ai i ka luku ʻana i nā ʻīpuka nui, ua hoʻemi ka poʻe hana i nā kahe ʻana i ka wā e piʻi ana ka muliwai wela i loko o ka loko, e koi ana i ka wai e hoʻokuʻu i luna o ke ala wai kōkua pilikia ʻole no ka manawa mua mai ke kūkulu ʻia ʻana o ka wai i ka makahiki 1968. 188,000 poʻe ma lalo o ke kahawai. Ke hoʻokokoke ka waihona wai i ka 100 pakeneka ka nui o ka wai wai i ka wā i poino ai ʻole ʻia kona awāwa nui, pono nā kamaʻāina o lalo e hoʻomākaukau no ka haʻalele ʻana i ka ʻaoʻao.

He aha ka 'huka one' ma hope o ka pā kahawai, a no ke aha ʻoe e haʻalele ai inā ʻike ʻoe i kekahi?¶

Ke piʻi kiʻekiʻe ka muliwai i ka ʻili lepo no nā lā i ka wā o ke kaʻina o ka muliwai lewa, hoʻoikaika ka wai hydrostatic kiʻekiʻe i ka wai o ka muliwai i lalo ma nā papa ʻiliʻili one ma lalo o ke kumu o ka ʻili. Inā haki ka ʻili o ka lepo ma ka ʻaoʻao maloʻo o ka ʻili (ma ke kula, ka ʻauwai, a i ʻole ka pā hale), e hū aʻe e like me ka lua pele liʻiliʻi i hoʻopuni ʻia e ke one i holoi ʻia a i ʻole ka lepo lepo, i kapa ʻia ʻo ka paila one. He paʻa paha ka paila one e kahe ana i ka wai maʻemaʻe, akā ʻo ka paila one e pākuʻi ana i ka wai lepo a me nā ʻāpana one, ʻo ia hoʻi, ke ʻā nei ka ʻala o lalo o ka ʻāina ma lalo o ka pā, hiki ke hāʻule a haki ka lei o ka ʻili i loko o nā minuke.

Nā kumu a me ke alakaʻi kūhelu¶

• Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes (CW3E, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) & National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA, United States): He Scale to Characterize the Strength and Impacts of Atmospheric Rivers (Ralph et al., Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, AR Cat 1 IVT a me nā wehewehe lōʻihi).
• U.S. Ka Loiloi (USGS, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): Nānā ʻia o ka ARkStorm Scenario (USGS Open-File Report 2010-1312) a me USGS Post-Fire Debris-Flow Hazard Assessment Program (15 mau minuke ka nui o ka ua a me ka Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband dynamics).
• ** ʻOihana Hoʻokele Hoʻokele Federal (FEMA) a me US Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, ʻAmelika Hui Pū ʻIa): ** Alakaʻi Federal no ka palekana Dam, Hoʻolālā Hoʻolālā ʻĀpana (FEMA P-64), Spillway Cavitation/Stagnation-Pressure Uplift Mechanics, a me Levee Seepage/Sand Boil Response.
• ** Hōʻike Kūʻokoʻa Forensic Team (IFT) no ka Oroville Dam Spillway Incident (ASDSO / USSD, United States):** Forensic Analysis of Concrete Service Spillway Chute Uplift and Unlined Emergency Auxiliary Spillway Headcut Erosion.
• ** Ka Honua a me ka Hoʻololi Climate Canada (ECCC) & World Meteorological Organization (WMO):** Orographic Rain-on-Snow (ROS) Turbulent Latent Heat Flux Physics and River Basin Flood Forecasting.

Nā alakaʻi pili¶

• ʻO nā muliwai o ka lewa, ka haki ʻana o ka pā, a me ke kahe wai lōʻihi
• Kahe nā ʻōpala ma hope o ke ahi ahi, nā ʻōpala wai i puhi ʻia, a me nā pā aluvial
• Puka ka loko Glacial i nā waikahe a me ka hoʻokuʻu ʻana i ka wai
• Ka waikahe
• Kahinahina