Atmospheric River, ARkStorm, kple Pineapple Express: Orographic Tsidzadza-ɖe-Sno ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ kple Dam Spillway Erosion Evacuation¶

yame tɔsisi (AR) nye tsi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe mɔ si dzi woƒo ƒu ɖo, si zɔna kabakaba le yame ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe akpa si le anyime (typically 400 to 600 kilometers / 250 to 375 miles wide kple 2,000+ kilometers / 1,250+ miles long, si doa sɔ doa ŋgɔ na ahom sesẽ aɖe si le teƒe xɔdzowo ƒe ŋgɔgbe fafɛ le yameʋu si me tsi mele o me) si tsɔa tsi geɖe toa yame le sɛkɛnd ɖeka me wu Mississippi Tɔsisi si sina toa eƒe nu me le mama dedie nu ƒe teƒe 15 va ɖo 25 (or up to 2.5 times the flow of the Amazon River). Ne yamenutome tɔsisi aɖe si le teƒe xɔdzo abe "Pineapple Express" (si hea ya dzodzoe si me tsi yɔ fũ tso teƒe xɔdzo siwo te ɖe Hawaii ŋu tẽ) ƒo ƒu ɖe ƒuta towo ƒe mɔxenu abe Sierra Nevada, Cascades, Coast Ranges, Southern Alps of New Zealand, Chile Andes, alo Ɣetoɖoƒe Europa towo ene la, anyigba la zia yaƒoƒo ƒe tɔsisi ma dzi wòyia dzi sesĩe (orographic lift). Ya fafɛ tsɔa tsidzadza si ƒe didime nye milimeta 150 va ɖo 500+ (inch 6 va ɖo 20+) ƒua gbe le gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 72 me**, esime teƒe xɔdzowo tsikpe ƒe sesẽme si wu meta 2,500 va ɖo 3,000 (afɔ 8,200 va ɖo 9,800) naa tsidzadza dzodzoe sesẽ aɖe dzana ɖe to siwo me sno goglowo dzi tẽ (Tsidzadza-ɖe-Sno dzi [ROS] tsiɖɔɖɔ), si hea afɔku gã aɖe vɛ dzobibi megbe gbeɖuɖɔwo ƒe sisi, ƒoa tɔsisi siwo le anyigba xɔdzowo dzi, eye wòzia tsidzaƒe siwo le dzigbe dzi be woage ɖe woƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ siwo me tsi sina tona kpata me, afisi do siwo le sesẽm sesĩe kple tɔʋu ƒe ʋuʋu yi ta ate ŋu ade afɔku me na tɔdzisasrã ƒe gbagbã si gblẽa nu le ame ŋu (abe alesi wowɔ kpɔɖeŋui le... USGS ARkStorm [Atmospheric River 1,000] megastorm scenario eye woɖee fia le ƒe 2017 Oroville Dam ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe kuxia me). Ne woɖe AR Ƒomedodo 4 (Extreme) alo Category 5 (Exceptional) ahom, Flash Flood Emergency, Post-Wildfire Debris Flow Warning, alo Dam / Spillway Evacuation Order ɖe go na wò tsidzɔƒea la, ʋu le axadzi yi anyigba kɔkɔ dzi enumake eye nàƒo ka na wò nutoa me tɔ xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata ne tsi si le dzi yim la xe mɔ nɛ. Ne èdi tsiɖɔɖɔ kple togbɛ ƒe nɔnɔme kpata siwo do ƒome kplii la, bia mía nɔviwo ƒe mɔfialawo le tɔsisi siwo le yame, tɔdzisasrãwo ƒe gbagbã, kple tsiɖɔɖɔ si nɔa tsidzɔƒewo ɣeyiɣi didi, . dzobibi megbe gbeɖuɖɔ siwo sina, tsidzɔƒewo ƒe anyigbaʋuʋu siwo fiã, kple tsidzadza ƒe fesrewo, . tsiɖɔɖɔ si me tsikpe le ƒe gbagbã kple tɔdzisasrã ƒe gbagbã ƒe ʋuʋu, kple tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo dzɔna kabakaba.

Esi wònye be ARkStorm alo AR Ƒomea si kplɔa wo nɔewo ɖo (keteke si me tɔsisi 3 va ɖo 9 siwo le yamenutome si ƒoa tsidzɔƒe ma ke si me tsi yɔ fũu le kwasiɖa 2 va ɖo 3 me) ɖea anyigba ƒe xɔxlɔ̃ kple tsiɖɔɖɔdzikpɔƒe ƒe nudzraɖoƒe si le tsita me keŋkeŋ hafi ahom mamlɛtɔa va ɖoa anyigba gɔ̃ hã ta la, agbetsitsi nɔ te ɖe nuxexlẽ dzi Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT) nyagblɔɖiwo, sno-level radar, kple dzigbe tsitawo takpɔkpɔ vs. tsiɖɔɖɔ-ta me nudzraɖoƒe ƒe alafa memamã ŋkekewo do ŋgɔ na wò balia gɔme tsiɖɔɖɔ.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Miʋu enumake ne èle dzobibi ƒe abi (si fiã le ƒe 1 va ɖo 3 siwo va yi me) te eye wogblɔ be tsidzadza ƒe agbɔsɔsɔme agbɔ eme 12 to 20 millimeters (0.5 to 0.8 inches) per hour. Mègalala MELE be yeakpɔ anyigbaʋuʋu alo tsi le wò akpata me o, eye mègadze agbagba gbeɖe be "yebebe ɖe dzisasrã evelia alo xɔta" le dzobibi megbe gbeɖuɖɔwo ƒe sisi ƒe teƒe o. To vovo na tɔsisi siwo me tsi le ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔwo la, dzobibi ƒe abi ƒe gbeɖuɖɔ ƒe sisi nye a 50 to 80 km/h (30 to 50 mph) gli si wotsɔ anyikpe si le ʋeʋẽm, atiwo ƒe kewo, kple kpe gbadzɛ siwo ƒe kpekpeme nye tɔn 10 (with the density of wet concrete, -2.0 g/cm3) si lãa dziƒoxɔ eve ƒe xɔwo kɔa woƒe gɔmeɖoanyiwo ŋu le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo ko me.
2. Ne èle tɔsisi ƒe bali alo bali aɖe si le tɔdzisasrã gã aɖe te me eye dziɖuɖumegãwo ɖe Sedede si nye Emergency Spillway / Dam Failure Evacuation Order ɖe go la, ʋu le PERPENDICULAR (le axadzi) yi tɔsisia ƒe mɔa gbɔ yi balia ƒe gli kɔkɔwo gbɔ enumake. Mègaku ʋua MÈGA ʋu yi tɔsisia ƒe mɔ gã la dzi anɔ agbagba dzem be yeaƒu du aƒo ƒutsotsoe si woɖe le tɔdzisasrãa ƒe gbagbã alo esi woɖe asi le tsidzɔƒe kpata ŋu o, elabena ƒutsotsoe aɖe si gbãa tɔdzisasrã aɖe zɔa mɔ to bali aɖe me le 20 to 50 kilometers per hour (12 to 30 miles per hour) eye wòtoa ʋu siwo yɔ fũu le balia me ŋu. Ʋu alo lia togbɛ si le axadzi si te ɖe ŋuwò wu la tẽ va ɖo meta 15 va ɖo 30 (afɔ 50 va ɖo 100) ya teti tso balia ƒe anyigba.
3. Kpɔ xexlẽdzesi vevi eve ɖa do ŋgɔ na Yame ƒe Tɔsisi ɖesiaɖe si le Ƒomedodo 3, 4, alo 5 me: Ahom ƒe Tsidzadza ƒe Dzidzeme (Snow Level) kple wò Upstream Tsitsetse ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ-Tsiƒu ƒe Ŋutete.
4. Ne ahom la ƒe tsikpe ƒe sesẽme dzi ɖe edzi tso 1,200 meters (4,000 feet) va ɖo ** .2,500+ meters (8,200+ feet)**, todzi sno si ƒe lolome nye kilometa akpe geɖe le dzogoe ene me trɔna kasia tso sno xɔxlɔ̃ dzi va zua Tsidzadza ɖe Sno dzi ƒe sisi sesẽwo ɖeɖe ɖa, si wɔnɛ be tɔsisiwo ƒe sisi dzina ɖe edzi zi gbɔ zi zi gbɔ zi 3 va ɖo zi gbɔ zi 5 le gaƒoƒo 6 me.
5. Ne wò tsita si le dzigbe gome la le ** .> 90% to 100% ƒe Top of Flood Control Pool / Gross Pool**, ele be woatsɔ todzi tsi si gbɔna la ƒe kubik-meta ɖesiaɖe aƒu gbe ɖe tɔsisia ƒe anyime tẽ to tsiɖɔɖɔɖɔƒe gã alo esi me tsi sina tona kpata la dzi.
6. Mègaku ʋu aƒo xlã mɔxenu siwo nye "Road Closed" alo ato mɔ siwo le anyigba te, mɔ siwo dzi tsi tona, alo mɔ siwo dzi tsi yɔ fũu la dzi gbeɖe o (Turn Around, Don't Drown). Tsi si le zɔzɔm kabakaba si didi sentimeta 15 (inch 6)** pɛ ko ƒoa ame tsitsi aɖe tso woƒe afɔwo dzi; Sentimeta 30 (inch 12) tsɔa ʋu si me amewo tona la ƒua tsi; eye sentimeta 45 va ɖo 60 (inch 18 va ɖo 24) kplɔa SUV kpekpewo kple ʋu siwo tsɔa amewo tsoa mɔdodoa dzi yia tsidzɔƒe goglowo me.
7. Ne èle tɔsisi ƒe tɔdzisasrã si wotsɔ anyi wɔ megbe le anyigba xɔdzo aɖe dzi (abe Sacramento-San Joaquin Central Valley, Fraser Valley, alo Rhine/Po gbadzaƒewo ene) eye nède dzesii be tsi si me ʋuʋudedi le le ʋuʋum le wò akpata alo do me ("ke ƒo"), do le eme enumake. Anyigbaʋuʋu ke ƒoƒo si dona le tɔsisi aɖe megbe fia be tɔsisi ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu gã aɖe le dɔ wɔm pɔmpiwo kple mɔ̃wo ɖeɖe ɖa le gɔmeɖoanyia ƒe anyigba te le tɔdzisasrãa te; afɔku gã aɖe si to tɔʋua ƒe gbagbã ate ŋu akplɔe ɖo le miniti 15 va ɖo 60 me.
8. Dzra NOAA Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Radio si zãa batri ɖo, WEA (Wireless Emergency Alerts) smartphone nawɔ dɔ, eye nàbla Go-Bag ɖe wò aba gbɔ le zã me AR anyigbadzidzedzewo me. Yame ƒe tɔsisi ƒe vuvɔ-ŋgɔgbe ƒe ahomya ƒe fli siwo wua ame wu (Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands [NCFRs]) kple tɔdzisasrã ƒe tsidzadza ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo dzɔna le zã titina kple... 6:00 AM ne elektrikkaɖiwo kple cell-xɔ kɔkɔwo do kpo dɔwɔwɔ. Ne tsiɖɔɖɔ kpata aɖe xe mɔ na wò la, lia yi xɔ si ƒe xɔtunuwo sɔ ƒe ɖoƒe kɔkɔtɔ kekeake (ne èle kpe gbadzɛwo ƒe sisi ƒe tsidzɔƒe godo ko) eye nàƒo ka na wò nutoa me tɔ xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata.

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Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme & Tsiŋutinunya: Orographic Lift, Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainbands (NCFRs), kple ARkStorm Scenario¶

====================================================================================
     PINEAPPLE EXPRESS ATMOSPHERIC RIVER: OROGRAPHIC LIFT & RAIN-ON-SNOW FLOOD
====================================================================================

   [ SUBTROPICAL MOISTURE PLUME (IVT > 750 to 1,250+ kg/m/s) ]
   * Low-Level Jet Wind (60 to 110 km/h) at 1 to 3 km altitude.
   * High Freezing Level: 2,800 to 3,200 m (9,200 to 10,500 ft) --> WARM RAIN
          |
          +---> [ OROGRAPHIC LIFT UP MOUNTAIN BARRIER ]
          |     * Air cools moist-adiabatically -> 200 to 500 mm (8 to 20 in) rain.
          |     * Latent heat of condensation melts deep snowpack (RAIN-ON-SNOW).
          |                                   /\
          |     ///////////////////////////  /  \  (Snow only above 3,000 m)
          |                                 /    \
          v   (Torrential Warm Rain)       /      \
       ~~~~~~~                            /   []   \ <-- Hydrophobic Wildfire
                                         /   /  \   \    Burn Scar -> Debris Flow
                                        /   /    \   \
                                       /   /      \   \
                     [ UPSTREAM DAM & RESERVOIR ]  \   \
                     * Flood Pool hits 100%         \   \
                     * Main & Emergency Spillways -->|   |
          ___________________________________________|___|______
         [ LOWLAND BASIN / VALLEY FLOOR: Levee Overtopping & Breach ]
====================================================================================

1. Ralph / CW3E Yame Tɔsisi ƒe Dzidzenu (AR Cat 1 vaseɖe Cat 5) .¶

2. Nukae Nye USGS "ARkStorm" (Yame ƒe Tɔsisi 1,000) Megastorm Nɔnɔme?¶

U.S. Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Numekuku (USGS) kple dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunyala 117, ARkStorm menye nususugblɔ ƒe susu o: enye dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya dzi gbugbɔgatu si wotu ɖe ŋutinya me Tsiɖɔɖɔ Gã si dzɔ le ƒe 1861 va ɖo ƒe 1862 (si trɔ California ƒe Titina Bali wòzu ƒu si le anyigba me si didi kilometa 480 eye wòkeke kilometa 30, si nyrɔ Sacramento ɖe 3 te tsi ƒe meta) siwo wotsɔ lãgbalẽ ƒo ƒu tso egbegbe yamenutome tɔsisiwo ƒe ɣeyiɣi ŋutɔŋutɔ eve me (January 1969 and February 1986). - Anyigbaŋutinunya me tsiƒuƒu ƒe nuto siwo tso ƒuta tsidzɔƒewo kple Santa Barbara Basin varves ɖo kpe edzi be ahom sesẽ siwo ƒe lolome le abe ARkStorm ene la dzea Dziehe Amerika ƒe Ɣetoɖoƒeƒuta abe ƒe 100 va ɖo 200 ɖesiaɖe (an annual exceedance probability between 1-in-100 and 1-in-500). - Nusita AR Ƒome aɖe Gblẽa Nu Aleae: ARkStorm nye ŋkeke 20 va ɖo 40 ƒe ahom siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo AR Cat 3, Cat 4, kple Cat 5 siwo tsi tre ɖe yame ƒe mɔxenu ƒe togbɛ aɖe dzi. Ahom eve gbãtɔwo yɔa towo ƒe anyigbawo me fũ 100% agblemenukuwo ƒe ŋutete kple tsidzadza siwo le dzigbe gome la yɔ fũu va ɖo woƒe tsiɖɔɖɔdzikpɔƒewo tame; ne Pineapple Express ƒe ahom sesẽ etɔ̃lia kple enelia tu le Ŋkeke 15 va ɖo 25 dzi la, tsidzadza kple sno si le dzadzam ƒe alafa memama 100 kloe trɔna enumake zua tsiɖɔɖɔ si sina toa anyigba dzi.

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Afɔku Vovovo Etɔ̃ Siwo Tso To Yi Bali Me Le Yame Tɔsisi Me¶

1. Dzobibi megbe Tsivɔvɔ̃ ƒe Dzobibi-Abi ƒe Gbeɖuɖɔ Siwo Sina (NCFR-woe ʋãe) .¶

Ne dzo aɖe fiã chaparral, pine, alo eucalyptus avewo le ŋusẽ gã aɖe me la, numiemie ƒe wax siwo me ya le la ƒoa ƒu ɖe anyigba te sentimeta 2 va ɖo 5, eye woɖaa tsi-tsi (tsi-tsi) ƒuƒoƒo si kɔ tsidzadza ƒe tsi abe asphalt-mɔ ene. - The Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband (NCFR) Trigger: Le AR Cat 2 alo Cat 3 ahom si sɔ me gɔ̃ hã la, ahom si le tsɛ abe lãgbalẽŋudɔwɔnu ene (5 km wide) convective squall line le vuvɔ ŋgɔgbe si woyɔna be NCFR ate ŋu aƒu gbe ** .15 to 40 millimeters (0.6 to 1.6 inches) of rain in just 15 to 30 minutes**. - Runoff Amplification: USGS ƒe dzoxɔxɔ megbe tsidzadza ƒe dzidzenu ɖee fia be aɖabaƒoƒo 15 ƒe tsidzadza ƒe sesẽme wu 24 mm/hr (0.95 in/hr) le dzobibi yeye aɖe dzi (1 to 2 years post-fire) ɖea anyigba si le etame bliboa ɖa to sheetwash kple rill erosion dzi, eye wòtsɔa aŋɔ, atiwo, kple kpe siwo lolo abe ʋu ene ƒoa ƒu wòzua gbeɖuɖɔ siwo le sisim kabakaba (30 to 80 km/h) si dona tso towo ƒe baliwo me toa dugã godo ƒe tsidzadza ƒe yaƒoƒo (abe alesi wòdzɔ le January 2018 ƒe Montecito, California ƒe gbeɖuɖɔ si wu ame me ene).

2. Xexlẽ Upstream Dam & Reservoir Levels kple Spillway Cavitation Nuxlɔ̃amewo¶

Ne èle ŋku lém ɖe wò tɔdzisasrã si le dzigbe gome ŋu le tɔsisi aɖe si le yame ƒe nɔnɔme me (to dukɔa/dukɔa ƒe tsi ƒe mɔnuwo abe California CDEC, USACE Tsidzikpɔkpɔ, alo USBR) dzi la, se tsita ƒe akpa ene siwo le tsitrenu kple alesi tsi si kɔa tsiwo doa kpo nui gɔme:

====================================================================================
       ANATOMY OF A DAM RESERVOIR POOL & SPILLWAY CAVITATION / EROSION FAILURE
====================================================================================

   [ DAM CREST (Top of Earthen / Concrete Dam: Overtopping = Total Dam Breach) ]
  ----------------------------------------------------------------------------------
   [ SURCHARGE / EMERGENCY POOL ] --> Flows over UNLINED EMERGENCY AUXILIARY WEIR
                                      >>> Risk: Headward gully erosion cuts back
                                          toward weir crest -> Uncontrolled release
  =================== [ TOP OF FLOOD CONTROL POOL (100% Gross Capacity) ] ==========
   [ FLOOD CONTROL POOL (Reserved empty in winter to catch AR flood inflows) ]
   * Discharged through Concrete PRIMARY SERVICE SPILLWAY (Radial Gates).
   * >>> Risk at high flow: Joint uplift / CAVITATION blows out concrete slabs ->
         High-pressure jet scours earthen dam abutment
  =================== [ TOP OF CONSERVATION POOL (Normal Winter Max Level) ] =======
   [ CONSERVATION / ACTIVE STORAGE POOL (Water Supply & Hydroelectric Turbines) ]
  ==================================================================================
   [ DEAD POOL (Sediment Storage & Low-Level River Outlet Works) ]
====================================================================================

• Alesi Kɔkrit ƒe Kɔkɔƒe Gbãtɔwo Kpea fu le Stagnation-Pressure Uplift kple Cavitation me: Ne tsi da tu kɔkrit ƒe tsidzɔƒe si le togbɛ dzi le meta 25 va ɖo 40 le sɛkɛnd ɖeka me (kilometa 55 va ɖo 90 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me) la, ŋusẽ ŋutɔŋutɔ eve dzea kɔkrit ƒe kpe gbadzɛawo dzi:
• Stagnation-Pressure Hydraulic Jacking: Ne tsi si zɔna kabakaba ge ɖe taɖa ƒe gbagbãƒe sue aɖe alo offset joint si le kɔkrit-kpe eve dome (even a 5-millimeter lip), ʋuʋudedi ƒe ŋusẽ si le 30 m/s tsi trɔna enumake zua tsi ƒe kɔkɔme ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si nɔa anyi ɖaa le kpe gbadzɛa te (hydraulic jacking), si ɖea kɔkrit-kpe siwo ƒe titrime nye meta 1 doa goe tẽ tso chute la ƒe anyigba eye wònana anyigba falɛfalɛ si le ete la nate ŋu atutu ŋutasesẽtɔe.
• Vapor Cavitation Implosion: Afisi tsi sina kabakaba to do alo gbagbãƒe si le chute la dzi la, nutoa me tsi ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu ɖiɖina ɖe anyi wu yaƒoƒo ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu, si wɔnɛ be dzoxɔxɔ ƒe kuɖɔ suesuesue miliɔn geɖe. Le sɛkɛnd milisekɛnd aɖewo megbe, esi kuɖɔ mawo le ʋuʋum yi ɖe tsia ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si lolo wu me la, wogbãna le gbeɖiɖi si gbɔ gbeɖiɖi ŋu nu, eye wotɔa ƒutsotsoe suesuesue siwo ɖua dowo tẽ to kɔnkrit sesẽ si ŋu wodo ŋusẽe kple gakpo me.
• Nuxlɔ̃amedzesi Siwo Wokpɔna Le Tɔdzisasrã aɖe Te: Ne èkpɔ tsi si sina toa tsia me ƒe ʋuʋudedi ɣia wòtrɔ zi ɖeka muddy brown alo orange-red (si fia be tsi si le tsia me la gbã to kɔnkrit ʋuƒoa me eye wòle togbɛ si wotsɔ anyi wɔe la kum), alo ne nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo dzikpɔlawo ɖe gbeƒãe be tsidzraɖoƒea aƒo eƒe unlined emergency auxiliary spillway la tame zi gbãtɔ le ŋutinya me la, bla nu eye nàɖee le tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe teƒe si le anyime hafi tsiɖɔɖɔƒea ƒe ta kpata la naɖo.

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Tabla si Wotsɔ Sɔ Kple Wo Nɔewo: Dzobibi megbe Gbegblẽwo ƒe Sisi kple Dam Spillway / Breach Surge kple Lowland Basin Levee Tsiɖɔɖɔ¶

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Kpata ƒe Triage Nyametsotso Ati¶

flowchart TD
    A["AR Avũ 3, Avũ 4, alo Avũ 5 Yame Tɔsisi / Ananas Express Nyagblɔɖi"] --> B{"De dzesi Wò Anyigba ƒe Afɔku Teƒe Tɔxɛ"}
    B -- "Nuto 1: Le kilometa 5 me le < ƒe 3 ƒe Dzobibi ƒe Dzobibi ƒe Abi te" --> C["HIGH DEBRIS-FLOW LETHALITY:: 1. MÈgalala be tsi nadze egɔme o; evacuate when Evacuation Warning/Order issues: 2. Mègabe ɖe dzisasrã 2 lia alo xɔta gbeɖe o (kpewo gbãa aƒewo): 3. Ne anyigbaʋuʋu ƒe ɣlidodo xe mɔ na wò le zã me la: ƒu du yi dzi le axadzi le tsitre ɖe tɔʋua ŋu"]
    B -- "Nuto 2: Le Tɔsisi ƒe Do alo Bali si Le Tɔdzisasrã Gã aɖe Te me" --> D{"Kpɔ Tsidzraɖoƒe ƒe Nudzraɖoƒe & Spillway ƒe Nɔnɔme ɖa"}
    D -- "Main spillway eroding (brown plume) ALOO Emergency Auxiliary Spillway si le eƒe ta dzi yim" --> E["ƲUƲU ƑE TSITSI ƑE ƲUƲU ƑE ƲUƲU KPƆKPƆ:: 1. Ʋuʋu le AKPAKPA (si le tsitre ɖe tɔsisi ŋu) yi bali ƒe gliwo dzi (+15-30 m): 2. Mègaku ʋua yi anyime le tɔsisia ƒe balia ƒe anyigba gbeɖe o: 3. No go-bag, atikewo, kple aƒemelãwo hafi mɔ gãwo naxe mɔ"]
    D -- "Tsidzraɖoƒe si le ete Top of Flood Control Pool & spillway intact" --> F["Lé ŋku ɖe tɔdzisasrã siwo dziɖuɖua ɖena ɖe go ŋu; nɔ tɔsisiwo to le cfs ƒe dodo gãwo me"]
    B -- "Nuto 3: Tsiɖɔɖɔ si le anyigba xɔdzowo dzi / Anyigba Tɔsisi ƒe Tɔdzisasrãwo Megbe" --> G{"Kpɔ Levees & Tɔsisi ƒe Stage ɖa"}
    G -- "Levee overtopping, sluping, alo muddy Sand Boils si le ʋuʋum le tɔdzisasrã megbe" --> H["IMMINENT LEVEE BREACH:: 1. Miɖe ʋu le tsidzɔƒea enumake to mɔ siwo to anyigba kɔkɔ dzi dzi: 2. Mègaku ʋu to tsi me to mɔwo dzi gbeɖe o: 3. Ne ʋu si le dzi yim kabakaba la xe mɔ na wò: lia xɔta (mègatre ɖokuiwò ɖe dziƒoxɔ si wotu me gbeɖe o)"]
    G -- "Levees siwo lé wo ɖe asi" --> I["Dzra ɖo ɖe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutsotso ŋkeke geɖe, mɔwo tutu, kple tsi gbegblẽwo ƒe sisi ŋu"]

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Nutome Kpata ƒe Xexlẽdzesiwo kple Yame ƒe Tɔsisi / Tɔdzisasrãwo Dzi Kpɔkpɔ ƒe Agbowo¶

• United States (California, Oregon, Washington, Alaska, Intermountain West): Ƒo ka na 911 hena xɔname enumake.
• AR & IVT ƒe Nyagblɔɖiwo: Kpɔ CW3E (Scripps Center for Western Weather and Water Extremes) AR Scale ƒe nyagblɔɖiwo kple NOAA / NWS Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Nyagblɔɖi Dɔwɔƒe (WPC) ƒe Tsidzadza si Gbɔ eme ƒe Nyatakakawo.
• Burn-Scar Debris Flows: Kpɔ USGS ƒe Dzobibi megbe Gbeɖuɖɔ-Sisi ƒe Afɔku Ŋuti Numekuku kple nutoame Wireless Emergency Alerts (Ready.gov / . CalAlerts).
• Dam & Reservoir Levels: Kpɔ ɣeyiɣi ŋutɔŋutɔ me nudzraɖoƒe kple tsi si sina toa tsi si sina toa California Data Exchange Center (CDEC), USACE Access to Water, kple U.S. Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Nuwo Gbɔ (USBR).
• Canada (British Columbia & Atlantik Canada): Ƒo ka na 911. Kpɔ Nutoa me kple Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme ƒe Tɔtrɔ Canada (ECCC) Yame Tɔsisi ƒe dzidzedzekpɔkpɔ, BC Tɔsisi ƒe Nyagblɔɖi Dɔwɔƒe ƒe nuxlɔ̃amewo, kple Alert Ready ƒe nyadzɔdzɔwo.
• United Kingdom kple Ireland: Ƒo ka na 999 alo 112. Met Office, Nutoa Me Dɔwɔƒe, SEPA, kple Dzɔdzɔmenuwo Wales ye léa ŋku ɖe Atlantik-ƒua ƒe yame tɔsisi siwo le dzomeŋɔli (siwo gbɔ Cumbria, Welsh, kple Scotland tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo woŋlɔ ɖi ŋu) yome.
• Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ & Norway: Ƒo 112. Kpɔ nuxlɔ̃amewo yome to Meteoalarm, NVE (Norway), kple dukɔa ƒe tsiŋutinunya dɔwɔƒewo dzi.
• Australia, New Zealand, Chile & Ɣedzeƒe Asia: Ƒo ka na 000 (Australia), 111 (New Zealand, MetService Westland/Southern Alps AR ƒe nuxlɔ̃amewo), 131 / 132 (Chile SENAPRED), alo 119 (Japan JMA linear rainbands / Senjo-Kousuitai), alo kpɔe ɖa xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata.

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Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Vovototo kae le Yamenutome Tɔsisi si le Ƒomedodo 1 kple Ƒomedodo 5 dome le NOAA / CW3E ƒe dzidzenu nu?¶

Ralph/CW3E Atmospheric River Scale tsɔ ahom siwo tso AR Cat 1 (Gbɔdzɔgbɔdzɔ) va ɖo AR Cat 5 (Etɔxɛ) ɖo ɖe ɖoƒe si wotu ɖe dzɔdzɔmedzidzenu eve dzi le teƒe aɖe: Integrated Vapor Transport (IVT, si wodzidze le tsi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ kilogram siwo sina to sɔti si le tsitrenu si keke meta 1 ŋu le sɛkɛnd ɖeka me) kple gaƒoƒo agbɔsɔsɔme si kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo si IVT nɔa anyi wu 250 kg/m/s. AR Cat 1 tsɔa kilogram 250 va ɖo 500/m/s ɣeyiɣi si mede gaƒoƒo 24 o eye wònaa tsidzadza kple todzi sno si ɖea vi. AR Cat 5 léa yaƒoƒo si gbɔ eme si nye kilogram 1,000 va ɖo 1,500+ kg/m/s ɖe te gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 72+, etsɔa tsidzadza si ƒe didime nye milimeta 250 va ɖo 600 (inch 10 va ɖo 24) ƒua gbe ɖe towo dzi eye wòhea tsiɖɔɖɔ si gblẽa nu le tsidzɔƒea katã, anyigbaʋuʋu, kple tɔdzisasrã ƒe tsidzadza ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo vɛ.

Nukatae Pineapple Express ƒe ahom sesẽ aɖe nana towo dzi snowo ƒuna kabakaba wu kele me yame ƒe nɔnɔme si me ŋdɔ ʋuna le?¶

Le Pineapple Express yamenutome tɔsisi aɖe me la, ya si xɔ dzo eye wòyɔ fũu alafa memama 100 le teƒe xɔdzowo ƒona toa toa dzi sno si ƒo xlãe la dzi kple ahom sesẽ si nye kilometa 50 va ɖo 100 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me eye tsikpe ƒe sesẽme wu meta 2,800 (afɔ 9,200). Togbɔ be tsidzadza siwo le dzadzam ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ŋutɔ menaa sno ʋɛ aɖewo koe ƒuna hã la, ya si ƒona zitɔtɔa naa tsi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ gã aɖe si ƒoa ƒu ɖe sno si fa miamiamia la dzi tẽ. Tsi ƒe dzoxɔxɔ gram ɖesiaɖe si ƒo ƒu ɖe snoa dzi la ɖea dzoxɔxɔ ɣaɣla Joules 2,500, si nye ŋusẽ si sɔ be wòana tsikpe gram 7.5 naƒo. Ne wotsɔ ya ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si me susu le kpe ɖe eŋu la, yame ƒe dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃ sia tsɔa tsi si nye milimeta 50 va ɖo 150 ƒua gbe kabakaba tso snoa me esime tsidzadza milimeta 200+ dzana ɖe etame, si naa tɔsisiwo ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe taƒoƒo zi gbɔ zi eve alo zi gbɔ zi etɔ̃.

Nukatae màte ŋu atsi agbe le dzobibi megbe gbeɖuɖɔwo ƒe sisi me to wò aƒea ƒe dzisasrã evelia alo etame lialia me o?¶

Le tɔsisi ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ dzro aɖe si le dzi yim blewu me la, dzisasrã evelia alo xɔta lialia nana nènɔa tsia dzi esime aƒea gakpɔtɔ le tsitrenu. Dzobibi megbe abi ƒe gbeɖuɖɔ si sina menye tsi si nye tsi o: enye ʋuʋudedi si me ʋuʋudedi le si me ʋuʋudedi, aŋɔ, pine-ti siwo woɖe ɖa, kple kpe xɔasi siwo ƒe kpekpeme nye tɔn 5 va ɖo 20 le alafa memama 60 va ɖo 20 siwo zɔa mɔ kilometa 30 va ɖo 80 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me kple kɔkrit xɔdzo ƒe kpekpeme (gram 2.0 le kubik sentimeta ɖeka me). Ne kpe gbadzɛwo ƒe sisi va dze aƒe si wotsɔ ati tu alo anyikpe tu dzi la, ŋusẽ si wòtsɔ ƒoa xɔe la lolona wu tsi si me kɔ zi gbɔ zi 10 va ɖo 50, si wɔnɛ be aƒea katã lãa eƒe gɔmeɖoanyi eye wòtua dzisasrã gbãtɔ kple evelia ɖekae. Ele be nàʋu le teƒe si gbeɖuɖɔwo sina le hafi tsidzadza ƒe ka la nava.

Nukae nye Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband (NCFR), eye nukatae wònye aɖabaƒoƒo 30 si me afɔku le wu le tɔsisi si le yame?¶

Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband (NCFR) nye tsidzadza sesẽ aɖe si ƒe kekeme nye kilometa 3 va ɖo 8, si me tsidzadza sesẽ siwo ɖiɖina kple tsidzadza sesẽ si dzana le yame si ƒo xlã tɔsisi si le yame ƒe ŋgɔgbe fafɛ si le ŋgɔ la to tututu. Ne ahom bliboa nye AR Cat 2 alo Cat 3 si sɔ gbɔ ko gɔ̃ hã la, ne NCFR to to aɖe dzi la, tsidzadza si ƒe didime nye milimeta 15 va ɖo 40 (inch 0.6 va ɖo 1.6) ƒua gbe le miniti 15 va ɖo 30 pɛ ko me, eye zi geɖe la, ya si ƒoa sesĩe kilometa 90 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me kple ahom sesẽ siwo gbɔdzɔ kpena ɖe eŋu. Tsidzadza ma si xɔa miniti 15 la toa USGS ƒe sesẽme ƒe dzidzenu (24 mm/hr) si hea dzobibi megbe gbeɖuɖɔ siwo sina kple dugãwo me tsiɖɔɖɔ kabakaba vɛ la bɔbɔe.

Aleke ƒe 2017 Oroville Tɔdzisasrã ƒe tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe kuxia dzɔ, eye nuxlɔ̃amedzesi kawoe do ŋgɔ na tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe gbagbã kpata?¶

Le February 2017 me, esi tɔsisi sesẽ siwo le yame yɔ California ƒe Oroville-ta me kwasiɖa geɖe megbe la, tsi siwo nɔ du dzi sesĩe si nɔ tu dam ɖe kɔkrit subɔsubɔmɔ gã la me ge ɖe kpe gbadzɛ aɖe ƒe ƒunukpeƒe ƒe gbagbãƒe aɖe me, eye wòʋu do gã aɖe si le kɔkrit-tɔsisia me eye wòkɔ togbɛ si wotsɔ anyi wɔe la me. Be woaƒo asa na tsi si sina toa tsia ƒe agbo gãawo dome la, dɔwɔlawo ɖe tsi si sina toa eme dzi kpɔtɔ esime tɔsisi aɖe si me dzo le si le yame la nɔ gegem ɖe ta la me, si na tsi ƒo ɖe anyigba si me fli mele o si wotsɔ kpe ɖe tsi si sina kpata ŋu la dzi zi gbãtɔ tso esime wotu tɔdzisasrãa le ƒe 1968. Tsi si nɔ gegem ɖe eme la na tɔʋu gogloawo gbã kabakaba yi megbe ɖo ta kɔkrit ƒe tsidzɔƒe si dzi womate ŋu aɖu o la dzi Tsi ƒe gli si didi meta 10 eye wòzi ame 188,000 dzi be woaɖe wo le tɔsisia ƒe anyime. Ɣesiaɣi si tsidzaƒe aɖe gogo tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe tsidzɔƒe ƒe ŋutete 100 le alafa me esime eƒe tsiɖɔɖɔƒe gãtɔ gblẽ alo wotu gasɔ la, ele be tɔsisia ƒe anyime nɔlawo nadzra ɖo ɖe ʋuʋu le axadzi enumake ŋu.

Nukae nye ‘ke ƒe ƒoƒo’ si le tɔsisi ƒe tɔdzisasrã aɖe megbe, eye nukatae wòle be nàʋu ne èkpɔ ɖeka?¶

Ne tɔsisi aɖe nɔ kɔkɔƒe ɖe anyigba ƒe tɔdzisasrã ŋu ŋkeke geɖe le tɔsisi siwo le yame ƒe tsiatretsitsi me la, tsi ƒe tsi ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ zi tɔsisi me tsi dzi wòɖiɖi to kpe gbadzɛ siwo nye ke siwo le tɔdzisasrãa gɔme te. Ne tsi ma si sina toa anyigba te si me nyaƒoɖeamenu le la gbã to anyigba si le tɔdzisasrãa ƒe akpa si le anyigba ƒuƒui dzi (le agble, tsidzɔƒe, alo megbexɔ me) la, eƒona abe dzoto sue aɖe si wotsɔ ke si woklɔ yeyee alo ʋuʋudedi si me ʋuʋudedi le ƒe asigɛ ƒo xlãe ene, si woyɔna be ke ƒe ƒoƒo. Ke ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si le sisim le tsi si me kɔ ate ŋu ali ke, gake ke ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si le tsi si me ʋuʋudedi le kple ke ƒe nukuwo do goe fia be mɔ aɖe si le anyigba te le ʋuʋum vevie le tɔdzisasrãa te, si ate ŋu ana tɔdzisasrãa ƒe fiakuku namu eye wòagbã le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me.

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Dzɔtsoƒewo kple dziɖuɖumegãwo ƒe mɔfiame¶

• Ɣetoɖoƒetɔwo ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Kple Tsi Siwo Gbɔdzɔ ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (CW3E, Scripps Institution of Oceanography) & Dukɔa ƒe Atsiaƒu Kple Yame Ŋuti Dɔwɔƒe (NOAA, United States): Dzidzenu si woatsɔ ade dzesi Yame ƒe Tɔsisiwo ƒe Ŋusẽ Kple Ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi (Ralph et al., Bulletin of the American Meteorological Society, AR Cat 1 to Cat 5 IVT kple ɣeyiɣi didi ƒe gɔmesesewo).
• MÍ. Anyigbaŋutinunyalawo ƒe Numekuku (USGS, United States): ARkStorm ƒe Nɔnɔme ƒe Kpekpeɖeŋu (USGS Open-File Report 2010-1312) kple USGS ƒe Dzo megbe Gbegblẽwo-Sisi ƒe Afɔkuwo Ŋuti Numekuku Dɔwɔɖoɖo (aɖabaƒoƒo 15 ƒe tsidzadza ƒe sesẽme ƒe dzidzenuwo kple Narrow Cold-Frontal Rainband dynamics).
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) & U.S. Army Corps of Engineers (USACE, United States): Dukɔa ƒe Mɔfiamewo na Dam Dedienɔnɔ, Kpata ƒe Afɔɖeɖe ƒe Ðoɖowɔwɔ (FEMA P-64), Spillway Cavitation/Stagnation-Pressure Uplift Mechanics, kple Levee Seepage/Sand Boil Response.
• Independent Forensic Team (IFT) ƒe Nyatakaka tso Oroville Dam Spillway Nudzɔdzɔa ŋu (ASDSO / USSD, United States): Forensic Analysis of Concrete Service Spillway Chute Uplift kple Unlined Emergency Auxiliary Spillway Headcut Erosion.
• Nutoa me kple Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme ƒe Tɔtrɔ Canada (ECCC) & Xexeame ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Habɔbɔ (WMO): Orographic Rain-on-Snow (ROS) Turbulent Latent Heat Flux Physics kple Tɔsisiwo ƒe Tsiɖɔɖɔ ƒe Nyagblɔɖi.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Tɔsisi siwo le yame, tɔdzisasrãwo ƒe gbagbã, kple tsiɖɔɖɔ si nɔa tsidzɔƒewo ɣeyiɣi didi
• Dzobibi megbe gbeɖuɖɔwo sina, tsidzɔƒewo ƒe anyigbaʋuʋu siwo fiã, kple tsidzadza ƒe fesrewo
• Tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo me tsikpe le ƒe gbagbã kple tɔdzisasrã ƒe gbagbã ƒe ʋuʋu
• Tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo dzɔna kabakaba
• Tsiɖɔɖɔwo