Vacating a default judgment esime womesubɔ wò nyuie gbeɖe o (sewer service) .¶

Ne èva kpɔe be dukɔmeviwo ƒe ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe aɖe ŋlɔ ga ŋuti ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si bla wò alo be nànya wò le aƒea me esime mèxɔ ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe agbalẽ ɖeka pɛ hã kpɔ o la, enye ganyawo ƒe dzidziɖedzi dziŋɔ aɖe. Ne woxe mɔ ɖe woƒe gaxɔgbalẽvi si dzi womeda asi ɖo o nu zi ɖeka, woƒe dɔtɔ ƒe HR dɔwɔƒea tsɔ fetu 25 le alafa me ƒe gbeƒãɖeɖe si wòle be woaxe na wo la de asi na wo, alo aƒedola aɖe he gadodo ŋuti nyatakaka aɖe si ɖee fia be ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe gaxɔgbalẽvi si dzi womekpɔ dzidzɔ ɖo o la ko hafi amesiwo ŋu wowɔ dɔ madzemadzee ƒe akpa gãtɔ va nya. Le nuƒlelawo ƒe fe gbogbowo xɔxɔ, ʋu ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ ƒe afɔɖeɖewo, kple aƒetɔ kple aƒehayala ƒe nyawo me la, ɖoɖowɔla siwo mewɔa nu ɖe ​​ɖoɖo nu o tsɔa ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe ameyɔyɔwo ƒua gbe ɖe gbeɖuɖɔ me enuenu alo ɖoa wo ɖe xɔ aɖe si me amesi ŋu wotsɔ nya ɖo la do le ƒe aɖewoe nye sia me to posu dzi, eye emegbe wodea asi Affidavit of Service si woka atam, si ŋu woka atam le alakpatɔe te be yewo ŋutɔ yewotsɔ agbalẽawo de asi na amesi ŋu wotsɔ nya ɖo alo aƒemenɔla aɖe. Courts, regulators, and legal aid attorneys refer to this illegal practice as "sewer service."

Le dukplɔse ƒe gɔmeɖose vevi siwo nye Dɔwɔwɔ Nyuie le United States, Canada, United Kingdom, Australia, kple Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ me nu la, ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe mate ŋu awɔ ame ŋutɔ ƒe ŋusẽ (in personam jurisdiction) ɖe amesi ŋu wotsɔ nya ɖo si womegblɔ nya aɖeke na le se nu kpɔ tso nya la ŋu le se nu kpɔ o la dzi le wɔwɔ ɖe subɔsubɔ ƒe se siwo le se nu dzi pɛpɛpɛ o. Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si wowɔ le ɖoɖo nu si woxɔ le dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ si sɔ manɔmee la nye void as a matter of law (void ab initio), si fia be zi geɖe la, ɣeyiɣi aɖeke mele eŋu o be woaɖee ɖa eye woaɖe asi le eŋu ne ènya ɖo kpe edzi be subɔsubɔdɔa gblẽ ko. Ke hã, ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si mehiã o ayi edzi aɖe wò fetu ɖa eye wòatu wò gadzraɖoƒe ƒe gakɔntawo vaseɖe esime nàtsɔ atamkaka Sedede be woaɖe Nusi gbɔ wòtso / Nyaʋiʋli be woaɖe asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si me womewɔ naneke le o ŋu eye nàɖe asi le Dɔwɔna si Wowɔna le Dɔwɔnawo Ŋu ŋu aɖo kpe edzi na ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla.

Mɔfiame sia na afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe ƒe senyawo me dzodzro kpata si wotu ɖe Dukɔa ƒe Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Nyadɔdrɔ̃ ƒe Se (FRCP) ƒe Se 60(b)(4) kple Se 55© (United States), New York CPLR ƒe Akpa 5015(a)(4) kple 317, California Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Nyadɔdrɔ̃ ƒe Se (CCP) ƒe Akpa 473(d) kple 473.5, UK Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Nyadɔdrɔ̃ dzi Sewo (CPR Akpa 13), Canada nutome se siwo ku ɖe dukɔmeviwo ƒe nyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ ŋu, kple sedziwɔwɔ ƒe dzidzenu siwo tso Nuƒlelawo ƒe Ganyawo Takpɔha (CFPB) kple Dukɔa ƒe Asitsahabɔbɔ (FTC) gbɔ.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

Ne ɖeko nèke ɖe ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si me womewɔ naneke le o, gadzraɖoƒe ƒe gakɔnta ƒe mɔxexeɖedɔ, alo fetu si woxɔ le ame si tso nya aɖe si wometsɔ ɖe ŋuwò kpɔ o me ŋu teti koe nye ema:

1. He ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe nya ƒe agbalẽvi bliboa kple Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Atamkakagbalẽ si woka atam egbea. Ƒo ka alo yi ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla si woŋlɔ ɖe wò gaxɔgbalẽvi alo gadzraɖoƒe ƒe adzɔxexe ŋuti nyatakaka dzi (zã Nya / Docket / Index Number). Bia nuŋlɔɖi eve koŋ enumake: Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Agbalẽ / Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ ƒe Sedede si Womewɔ Ðe Ðoɖo Nu kple dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒea ƒe atamkaka Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Atamkaka (Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Kpeɖodzi / Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Trɔtrɔ). Màte ŋu aɖu ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si woɖo ɖi dzi ne mèxlẽ ŋkeke, gaƒoƒo, adrɛs, subɔsubɔmɔnu, kple ŋutilã me numeɖeɖe si ŋu dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒea ka atam na le alakpadada ƒe tohehe te o.
2. Mègaƒo ka na fenyilawo ƒe senyawo gbɔ kpɔƒe be woaxe fe ƒe akpa aɖe alo ade fexexe ƒe ɖoɖo aɖe me o. Fexexe ƒe senyawo gbɔ kpɔƒewo naa hehe telefonxɔlawo be woagbe be yewomaɖe gadzraɖoƒe ƒe mɔxexeɖenu ɖa o negbe ɖe nède asi Stipulation of Settlement te alo nèxe fe "good faith" enumake hafi. De asi sedede aɖe te alo lɔlɔ̃nu faa lɔlɔ̃ ɖe edzi kple fexexe ɖe ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃a ta le nuto geɖe me ɖea asi le wò ŋutɔ wò ŋusẽ taʋiʋli ŋu tegbee eye wòɖoa kpe ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si mehiã o si nàte ŋu atutu ɖa keŋkeŋ le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe hafi la dzi.
3. Ŋlɔ Nya kpata be woaɖe asi le ŋuwò be nàkpɔ wò gadzraɖoƒegbalẽvi alo fetu si woxe la ta enumake. Esi nèle wò nya si nètsɔ ɖe asi le ʋɔnudrɔ̃nyaa ŋu dzram ɖo la, kpɔ wò ga ta fifia. Le United States ƒe dziɖuɖu ƒe se 31 CFR Akpa 212 nu la, ele be gadzraɖoƒewo nakpɔ dukɔa ƒe viɖe siwo wotsɔ de eme tẽe ɣleti eve (Hadomegbenɔnɔ ƒe Dedienɔnɔ, SSI, VA nuwɔametɔnyenye) ta le wo ɖokui si, eye dukɔa ƒe ablɔɖenana ƒe sewo kpɔa agbenɔnɔ ƒe fetu veviwo, ɖeviwo ƒe gakpekpeɖeŋu, kple ga si wozãna le agbalẽvi dzi ta ne ètsɔ Claim of Exemption yi adzɔxela (sheriff alo marshal) gbɔ le 10 va ɖo 15 me ɣletigbalẽ dzi ŋkekewo ƒe freeze ƒe gbeƒãɖeɖea.
4. Ƒo nuŋlɔɖi ƒe kpeɖodzi siwo ŋu taɖodzinu le si tsi tre ɖe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒea ƒe Atamkaka si ku ɖe dɔwɔwɔ ŋu nu ƒu. Kpɔ ŋkeke, gaƒoƒo, kple ablɔdzi adrɛs si tututu woŋlɔ ɖe Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Atamkakagbalẽa dzi ɖa. Ƒo ame bubuwo ƒe nuŋlɔɖi sesẽ siwo ɖo kpe edzi be atamkakagbalẽa nye alakpa nu ƒu: aƒehaya ƒe fetu, nuzazãwo ƒe fetu, alo USPS ƒe adrɛs tɔtrɔ ƒe kpeɖodzi si ɖee fia be ènɔ adrɛs bubu kura dzi le ŋkeke ma dzi; dɔtɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣigbalẽviwo, akɔtagbalẽviwo tsɔtsɔ ƒu gbe, alo yameʋudɔwɔƒe ƒe yameʋuɖoɖo ƒe mɔɖegbalẽvi siwo ɖee fia be èle kilometa geɖe (kilometa) le aɖabaƒoƒo ma tututu me; alo wò ʋukugbalẽvi si ɖee fia be mèsɔ kple ƒe si nèxɔ, kɔkɔme, kpekpeme, ameƒomevinyenye, alo ɖa ƒe amadede si ŋu dɔdzikpɔla la ƒo nu tsoe o.
5. Kpe Sedede be Woaɖe Nusi Gbɔ Wòtso (alo Ex Parte Motion) Be Woaɖe Asi le Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si Womewɔ Ðo Ŋu la Ŋu kple Sedziwɔwɔ ƒe Tsitretsitsi Enumake. Mègatsɔ nya blewu, si bɔbɔ ɖe anyi si ŋu wowɔ ɖoɖo ɖo ŋkeke 60 le esime wole wò fetu xɔm la o. Yi ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla ƒe dɔwɔƒe (alo Ɣeyiɣi Tɔxɛ / Ex Parte ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla) eye nàtsɔ Sedede be woaɖe Nusi gbɔ wòtso (OSC) be nàɖe asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si me womewɔ naneke le o ŋu le Ame ŋutɔ ƒe Ŋusẽ ƒe Manɔmanɔ ta, si me Temporary Restraining Order (TRO) / Stay of Enforcement si wotu ɖe eme si atɔ te fetu ƒe gaxɔgbalẽviwo katã kple gadzraɖoƒe ƒe fewo enumake vaseɖe esime ʋɔnudrɔ̃la la nase wò ʋuʋu. Ne ame ŋutɔ ƒe dɔdzikpɔla alo ʋɔnudrɔ̃la aɖe va wò aƒeme eye wòdo ŋɔdzi na wò be yeawɔ ŋusẽ ŋutɔŋutɔ alo age ɖe wò aƒeme le mɔ si mele se nu o nu la, ƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata (911 le United States kple Canada, 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ bliboa me, 999 le United Kingdom) alo nàlé ŋku ɖe eŋu xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata.

flowchart TD
    A["Ke ɖe Default Judgment, Bank Freeze, alo Wage Garnishment si wɔ nuku la ŋu"] --> B["Xɔ Case File + sworn Affidavit of Service tso Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Agbalẽŋlɔla gbɔ enumake"]
    B --> C["Afɔɖeɖe si sɔ kple esia: Tsɔ nya si wogblɔ be woɖe asi le eŋu la yi na Sheriff/Marshal le ŋkeke 10 va ɖo 15 me be nàkpɔ gadzraɖoƒe ƒe ga ta"]
    B --> D{"Dzro Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Atamkakagbalẽa me: Nukatae mèxɔ agbalẽawo kpɔ o?"}
    D -->|"Process server da alakpa le pepawo tsɔtsɔ na wò ŋu alo tsɔ adrɛs xoxo aɖe na wò"| E["Ame ŋutɔ ƒe Ŋusẽkpɔɖeamedzi ƒe Manɔmanɔ: Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ nye ƲUƲU BE SE NYENYE (FRCP 60(b)(4) / CPLR 5015(a)(4) / CCP 473(d))"]
    D -->|"Woɖo substituted/mail service ɖe adrɛs nyuitɔ dzi le mɔ̃ɖaŋununya nu, gake mèkpɔe kpɔ o"| F["Nyatakaka ŋutɔŋutɔ ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ / Ðekematsɔleme si woate ŋu atsɔ taflatse (FRCP 60(b)(1) / CPLR 317 / CCP 473.5 / UK CPR 13.3)"]
    E --> G["Ƒo Alibi Kpeɖodziwo nu ƒu: Xɔhaya xoxo/yeyewo, nuzazãwo ƒe fewo, dɔtɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣigbalẽviwo, ʋukugbalẽvi ƒe nɔnɔmetata ŋutɔŋutɔ, GPS nuŋlɔɖiwo"]
    F --> H["Atamkakagbalẽvi si Woŋlɔ be Womegblɔ Nyatakaka ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖeke O + Ametakpɔkpɔ Si Sɔ (Se si Ku Ðe Seɖoƒe, Ga home Si Mesɔ O, Tsitretsitsi ƒe Manɔmanɔ)"]
    G --> I["File Sedede be woaɖe Nusi gbɔ wòtso afia / Motion be woaɖe asi le Default Judgment ŋu + Bia be Woatɔ Ðe Sedziwɔwɔ Me Enumake"]
    H --> I
    I --> J{"Ðe Nyadrɔ̃la la tsɔ nya ɖe wò atam si nèka be yemawɔ dɔ o ŋua?"}
    J -->|"Ao: Nyadrɔ̃la mewɔa nu ɖe nyaa ŋu o alo eɖoe be yeadzo"| K["Ʋɔnudrɔ̃la ɖea asi le ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ ŋu, ɖea asi le gadzraɖoƒe ƒe mɔxexeɖedɔa ŋu, eye wòɖea gbe be woagbugbɔ ga si wodzra ɖo la ana"]
    J -->|"Ẽ: Nyateƒenyaʋiʋli le subɔsubɔdɔa ŋu"| L["Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe sededewo Traverse Hearing (Kpeɖodzinyawo Gbɔkpɔkpɔ): Dzro process server ƒe GPS logs kple mɔɖegbalẽgbalẽ me"]

Semɔ eve siwo dzi woato aɖe asi le ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si womewɔ o ŋu: Void vs Excusable Neglect¶

Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe siwo le United States, United Kingdom, Canada, kple Australia godoo ma nya siwo wotsɔ ɖe ame ŋu be woaɖe asi le ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si womewɔ o ŋu ɖe senya eve siwo to vovo kura me. Vovototo si le Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si me mekɔ o (Ame ŋutɔ ƒe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Manɔmanɔ) kple Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si woate ŋu atsɔ agblẽ nu le ame ŋu / Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya ŋutɔŋutɔ aɖeke manɔmee dome gɔmesese nye vovototo ɖeka kolia si le vevie wu le aɖaŋuɖoɖo me le dukɔmeviwo ƒe nyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ me.

Afɔɖeɖe 1: Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Atamkakagbalẽa xɔxɔ kple eɖeɖe le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe¶

Hafi nàŋlɔ nyagbe ɖeka pɛ hã tso wò nya si nètsɔ ɖe asi le dɔ ŋu me la, ele be nàxɔ amesi tsɔ nya ɖe ame ŋu ƒe Atamkaka si ku ɖe dɔa ŋu (si woyɔna be Dɔwɔwɔ ƒe Kpeɖodzinya le California, Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Trɔtrɔ le Texas kple Florida, alo Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Ðaseɖigbalẽ le UK kple Canada) tso ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla ƒe nyadɔdrɔ̃ ƒe agbalẽ me.

Le dukɔa kple dukɔa ƒe se nu la, process server ƒe Affidavit of Service si wode asi te la wɔa prima facie susu be subɔsubɔdɔa dzɔ nyuie. Be nàɖu nukpɔsusu ma dzi eye nàɖu dzi le vacatur enumake alo azi amesi tsɔ nya ɖe eŋu dzi be wòawɔ kpeɖodzi Traverse Hearing la, màte ŋu aŋlɔ nya si me mekɔ o, si me nyagbe ɖeka le ko agblɔ be "Nyemexɔ agbalẽawo kpɔ o." Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒewo gbea nya siwo wotsɔ ɖe ame ŋu siwo me "gbegbe be womewɔ dɔ na yewo o" ko kpuie. Ke boŋ ele be gbe nutsotso tɔxɛ siwo nye nyateƒenyawo siwo wota ɖe Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Atamkakagbalẽa dzi la teƒe ɖesiaɖe.

Alesi woaxlẽ Affidavit of Service abe ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe numekula ene¶

He Subɔsubɔdɔ ƒe Atamkakagbalẽa tso ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ me (le Internet dzi to nutoame agbalẽŋlɔla ƒe e-filing portal dzi, alo ame ŋutɔ le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe nuŋlɔɖixɔa me) eye nàlé ŋku ɖe aɖaka kple agble adre siawo koŋ ŋu:

1. Subɔsubɔmɔnu si Server la bia:
2. Ame ŋutɔ ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ ("In-Hand Service"): Server la ka atam be yewotsɔ Summons kple Complaint la de asi na wò tẽ le ame ŋutɔ ŋkume [Date] le [Time] le [Address].
3. Subɔsubɔdɔ si Woɖɔli ("Ƒe Si Sɔ Kple Ŋutete"): Dɔwɔƒea ka atam be yewotsɔ pepaawo de asi na yeƒe kpeɖeŋutɔ alo ƒometɔ aɖe (si woŋlɔna zi geɖe be "Jane Doe, Co-Occupant" alo ƒometɔ si ŋkɔ woyɔ) le wò aƒe si me nèle fifia alo teƒe si nènɔna zi geɖe la me, eye wotsɔa kɔpi evelia ɖona ɖe wò to posu dzi.
4. Teƒe Subɔsubɔdɔ si dzena ("Nail and Mail" / Posting): Server la ka atam be yewote ame ŋutɔ ƒe dɔwɔwɔ kpɔ zi geɖe kple "due diligence" le ŋkeke kple gaƒoƒo vovovowo dzi, womete ŋu ke ɖe ame aɖeke ŋu le aƒeme o, yewolé pepaawo ɖe wò ʋɔtru nu, eye yewoɖo eƒe kɔpi ɖe wò to posu dzi.
5. Subɔsubɔ to Posu dzi / Posu si ŋu woɖo kpee / Dukɔa ƒe Agbalẽŋlɔla: Ebɔ le nya suewo, dɔdzikpɔkpɔ ƒe afɔɖeɖewo, alo dɔwɔƒewo ƒe nyadɔdrɔ̃wo me.
6. Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya ƒe Numeɖeɖe Block (The #1 Sewer Service Trap):
7. Dukɔa ƒe dukɔmeviwo ƒe nyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ ƒe se akpa gãtɔ (abe New York CPLR Se 306(b) ene) bia tso dɔdzikpɔla si be wòaŋlɔ amesi wosubɔ ƒe ŋutsu alo nyɔnu, ŋutigbalẽ ƒe amadede, ɖa ƒe amadede, ƒe si wòxɔ, eƒe kɔkɔme si gogo (le sentimeta alo afɔ kple inch me), kple eƒe kpekpeme si gogo (le kilogram alo pound me) ɖi.
8. Ne process server si to vovo bɔbɔ nɔ woƒe ʋu me hewɔ Affidavit of Service evɔ womekpɔ wò gbeɖe o la, wobua wò ŋutilã ƒe nɔnɔmewo. Ne atamkakagbalẽa ka atam be yewo ŋutɔwo tsɔ agbalẽwo na "Ŋutsu, si xɔ ƒe 35, sentimeta 183 (afɔ 6 kple sentimeta 0), kilogram 95 (pound 210), ɖa ɣi," eye le nyateƒe me la, èxɔ ƒe 62, sentimeta 165 (afɔ 5 sentimeta 5), kilogram 63 (pound 140) kple ɖa ɣi, . alo nyɔnu aɖe, alo ne woɖɔ "Jane Doe, nyɔnu xɔmehati, ɖa ɣi, ƒe 40" si meli o esime wò ɖeka nènɔ agbe keŋkeŋ la, èlé server la le alakpadada si woate ŋu aɖe afia me.
9. Ablɔdzi Adrɛs Kple Aƒe ƒe Xexlẽdzesi Si Sɔ:
10. Ðe process server la subɔ xɔ alo aƒe aɖe si me nèʋu le ɣleti 6 alo ƒe 3 do ŋgɔ na ŋkeke si dzi nèsubɔa? Le FRCP Se 4(e), NY CPLR 308(2), kple CA CCP 415.20 nu la, subɔsubɔdɔ si wotsɔ ɖɔ li alo "nail and mail" seɖoƒe li na wò nɔƒe ŋutɔŋutɔ si nèle fifia alo teƒe si nènɔna edziedzi le ŋkeke si tututu dzi nèwɔ dɔa dzi. Pepawo ɖoɖo ɖe wò adrɛs mamlɛtɔ si nènya dzi alo wo ŋɔŋlɔ ɖe kasɛt dzi ne èʋu xoxo vɔ megbe la mesɔ o 100 le alafa me eye mehiã o, ne èŋlɔ be be yeawɔ yeƒe adrɛs yeyee kple fenyilaa gɔ̃ hã.
11. Ðe nènɔ xɔ si me xɔdɔme geɖe le me (abe Apt 4B ene), eye Atamkakagbalẽa ɖe xɔdɔme ƒe xexlẽdzesi ɖa alo gblɔ be wotsɔ pepaawo lé ɖe ablɔdzixɔ si le gota ƒe ʋɔtru si wotu na amewo la ŋua? Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒewo ɖea asi le subɔsubɔdɔ si wolé ɖe xɔ ƒe gota ʋɔtru si dzi amesi ŋu wotsɔ nya ɖo mekpɔ ŋusẽ ɖo o ŋu edziedzi o.
12. Ŋkeke Kple Aɖabaƒoƒo Si Woawɔ Subɔsubɔdɔ:
13. Kpɔ ɣeyiɣi ƒe dzesi si tututu (le kpɔɖeŋu me, "Kuɖa, October 14 le 2:17 PM"). Ðe wotsɔ gaƒoɖokui ƒo wò le wò dɔwɔƒe si didi kilometa 25 tso afima gbɔ le Kuɖagbe ma ƒe ŋdɔ ga 2:17 mea? Ðe nènɔ kɔdzi, le dukɔa godo, alo le dukɔa godoa?
14. "Due Diligence" Agbagbadzedze ƒe Nuŋlɔɖi (Na Nail-and-Mail Service):
15. Le nutowo abe New York kple California ene me la, wode se ɖe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe aɖe nu be wòagatsɔ pepawo alé ɖe wò ʋɔtru nu ("nail and mail") o negbe ɖe wodze agbagba vevie gbã be yewoasubɔ wò le ame ŋutɔ ŋkume le ɣeyiɣi siwo me dɔwɔla aɖe anɔ aƒeme le susu me. Ne server la ƒe atamkakagbalẽa yɔ agbagbadzedze etɔ̃ siwo katã wodze le dɔwɔɣi siwo sɔ me le kwasiɖanuwuwuwo (le kpɔɖeŋu me, Memleɖa le ŋdi ga 10:15, Kuɖagbe le ŋdɔ ga 1:30, Braɖa le ŋdi ga 11:00) evɔ mèlé ŋku ɖe afisi nèwɔa dɔ le ŋu kpɔ o alo mète ŋdi kanya, fiẽsi, alo kwasiɖanuwuwu sasrãkpɔ zi ɖeka kpɔ o la, ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒewo ɖea asi le subɔsubɔdɔa ŋu le fe si womexe o ta veviedodonu.
16. Process Server ƒe Mɔɖegbalẽ Xexlẽdzesi kple GPS Metadata ƒe Nudidiwo:
17. Le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe gãwo (abe New York City le Dɔwɔnyawo ƒe Se ƒe Akpa 20-410 te, California le Asitsatsa Kple Dɔwɔwɔwo Ŋuti Se ƒe Akpa 22350 te, kple Illinois ene la, ele be woana mɔɖegbalẽ alo aŋlɔ dɔnyala bibiwo ƒe dɔwɔwɔ ŋuti dɔwɔƒewo, woalé ɣeyiɣikɔntabubu ƒe nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ siwo wobla ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu, eye le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒewo abe NYC ene la, woalé ame etɔ̃lia ƒe GPS ƒe nɔnɔmetata siwo wotsɔ nya ɣaɣlawo ŋlɔ kple foto siwo wotsɔ ɣeyiɣi de dzesii le subɔsubɔdɔ ɖesiaɖe si wodze agbagba.
18. Kpɔ dukɔa alo dugã ƒe mɔɖegbalẽnana ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒea hena dɔwɔƒea ƒe ŋkɔ. "Sewer service" ƒe asigɛ geɖe siwo xɔ ŋkɔ vɔ̃ɖi (abe Amerikatɔwo ƒe Senyawo Gbɔkpɔha si megali fifia o le New York, si to atamkakagbalẽ akpe ewo vɛ ene) ƒe mɔɖegbalẽwo xɔ woƒe mɔɖegbalẽwo le dukɔa ƒe Senyala Gãwo gbɔ.

Afɔɖeɖe 2: Wò "Hard Alibi" kpeɖodzi agbalẽvi la ƒoƒo ƒu¶

Be nàzi ʋɔnudrɔ̃la dzi be wòaɖe asi le ʋɔnudrɔ̃nyaa ŋu enumake le pepawo dzi alo wòaɖe gbe be woawɔ Traverse Hearing (ɖaseɖiɖi ƒe nyadɔdrɔ̃ si me wòle be amesi tsɔ nya ɖe ame ŋu la natsɔ dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒea ƒe dɔwɔƒea afia le ɖasefowo ƒe nɔƒea) la, ele be nàtsɔ nuŋlɔɖi siwo ɖo kpe edzi akpe ɖe wò atamkakagbalẽ si nèka atam ŋu.

Zã kpeɖodzigbalẽ sia si wotu ɖe vodada si nèkpɔ le Atamkakagbalẽa me dzi:

• Ne server la bia be subɔsubɔdɔa le adrɛs XƆXƆ aɖe dzi si nèʋu le xoxo:
• De asi ete Aƒemexɔhaya ƒe Nubabla alo Aƒe ƒe Nuwuwu Ŋuti Nyatakaka / Nuŋlɔɖi na wò aƒe yeye si ƒo nu tso ŋkeke si wogblɔ be wowɔ dɔa ŋu.
• Elektrik, Gas, Tsi, alo Internet Dɔwɔƒe ƒe Fewo le wò ŋkɔ me si ɖe subɔsubɔdɔ si le dɔ wɔm le wò adrɛs yeyea dzi fia (alo nutsotso mamlɛtɔ le adrɛs xoxoa dzi) le ŋkeke si dzi wogblɔ be wowɔ dɔa.
• USPS ƒe Adrɛs ƒe Tɔtrɔ ƒe Kpeɖodzigbalẽ (alo Royal Mail / Canada Post ƒe mɔfiame gbugbɔgaxɔ) si woŋlɔ do ŋgɔ na subɔsubɔdɔ si wogblɔ be wowɔ.
• Ʋukugbalẽvi, Dukɔa ƒe ID, Ametiatia ƒe Ŋkɔgbalẽvi, alo W-2 / Adzɔxegbalẽvi tso ƒe ma me si fia wò nɔƒe ƒe adrɛs ŋutɔŋutɔ.
• Moving Company Invoice alo U-Haul Rental Receipt si fia ŋkeke si dzi nèɖe asi le adrɛs xoxoa ŋu.
• Ne server la gblɔ be yewotsɔ pepawo de asi na WÒ LE AME ŊU, gake èle teƒe bubu:
• Dɔwɔƒea ƒe Ɣeyiɣikɔntabubugbalẽviwo, Fetu Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖiwo, alo Dɔdzikpɔla ƒe Lɛta si Woka Atam si ɖo kpe edzi be wotsɔ gaƒoɖokui ƒo wò ŋutɔŋutɔ le dɔwɔƒe le ŋkeke kple gaƒoƒo si woŋlɔ ɖe atamkakagbalẽa dzi.
• Google Maps Ɣeyiɣikɔntabubu Ŋutinya, Apple Teƒe Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖiwo, E-ZPass / Toll Transponder ƒe Nuŋlɔɖiwo, alo Uber/Lyft Xɔxɔwo si fia wò teƒe ŋutɔŋutɔ le gaƒoƒo ma me.
• Debit/Credit Card Bank Statements si ɖea ame ŋutɔ ƒe chip/PIN ƒle le du alo nuto bubu me le ŋkeke ma dzi fiana.
• Kɔdzixɔ/Dodoƒe ƒe Nuŋlɔɖiwo, Yameʋuɖoɖo ƒe Mɔɖegbalẽviwo, alo Mɔzɔgbalẽ ƒe Geɖe/Dodo ƒe Stampwo.
• Ne server la ƒe ŋutilã me numeɖeɖe tso ŋuwò (alo "Co-Occupant") nye alakpa le ŋutilã me:
• Wò Dziɖuɖu ƒe Ʋukugbalẽvi alo Mɔzɔgbalẽ ƒe amadede ƒe kɔpi si me kɔ si me nèɖe wò dzigbezã ŋutɔŋutɔ (ƒe si nèxɔ), wò kɔkɔme le sentimeta me (afɔ kple inch), ŋku ƒe amadede, kple foto fia.
• Atikewɔwɔ me dodokpɔ ƒe kpukpui si ɖe wò kɔkɔme kple kpekpeme fia le ŋkeke ma lɔƒo.
• Atamkakagbalẽ siwo tso wò aƒe me tɔ ŋutɔŋutɔwo katã gbɔ (alo wò aƒetɔ) si ɖo kpe edzi be wò ɖeka nènɔ agbe alo be ame aɖeke si sɔ kple "John/Jane Doe, Co-Resident" ƒe ŋkɔ, ŋutsu alo nyɔnu nyenye, alo ŋutilã ƒe nɔnɔme menɔ miaƒe dɔwɔƒea kpɔ o.

Afɔɖeɖe 3: Ʋuʋudedi la nu tsotso FIFIA (Gadzraɖoƒewo ƒe tsikpewo kple fetu ƒe mɔxexeɖedɔléle nu) .¶

Nya si wotsɔ ɖe ame ŋu be woaɖe asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si me womewɔ naneke le o ŋu tsɔtsɔ yi ʋɔnui xɔa ŋkeke geɖe va ɖo kwasiɖa geɖe hafi ʋɔnudrɔ̃la natso nya me le eŋu. Le ɣeyiɣi sia me la, ne kpovitɔ, gadzraɖoƒedzikpɔla, alo gadzraɖoƒe ƒe adzɔxedɔwɔƒe aɖe le wò ga lém vevie alo le atsyɔ̃ ɖom na wò fetu la, ele be nàwɔ ametakpɔnu eve siwo sɔ kple wo nɔewo le gaƒoƒo 24 va ɖo 72 me.

1. Alesi woawɔ "Sedede be woaɖe Nusi gbɔ wòtso" (OSC) Kpata kple Ɣeyiɣi kpui aɖe ƒe Nɔƒe¶

Mègatsɔ "Notice of Motion" si sɔ la ade agbalẽ me gbeɖe ne wotu wò gadzraɖoƒe ƒe gakɔnta fifia alo wole wò fetu dzram ɖo vevie o. Ðeko Nyatakaka si ku ɖe Nyametsotso ŋu si sɔ la tsɔa wò nyadɔdrɔ̃a dea ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe ɣletigbalẽ dzi ŋkeke 30 va ɖo 60 le etsɔme evɔ medzudzɔa gaxɔgbalẽvi dzi wɔwɔ le ɣeyiɣi ma me o.

Ke boŋ, bia ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla (alo Self-Help Center) be wòana "Sedede be woaɖe Nusi gbɔ wòtso (OSC) be woaɖe asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si Womewɔ O Ŋu" (alo le California/ɣetoɖoƒe nutowo me la, Ex Parte Application for Order Shortening Time and Stay of Execution kpe ɖe wò nyametsotso si nède dzesii ŋu; le UK la, Form N244 Application Notice kple biabia kpata be woatɔ te Writ/Warrant of Control alo Ame Etɔ̃lia ƒe Fenyinyi ƒe Sedede).

Kpɔ Sedede be Woaɖe Nusi Gbɔ Wòtso Fia ƒe axa si le etame. Enye sedede si te ʋɔnudrɔ̃la aɖe de asi tẽ le ŋkeke si dzi nètsɔe yi ʋɔnui alo le ŋufɔke, si me memama vevi aɖe le:

"WODE SE, be vaseɖe esime woase Nya sia eye woatso nya me le Nyametsotso sia si nye be woaɖe asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si me womewɔ naneke le o ŋu la, nya siwo katã woatsɔ atso Nyadrɔ̃la, Nyadrɔ̃la ƒe senyalawo, kple Sheriff, Marshal, Constable, Gadzraɖoƒe, alo Dɔdzikpɔla ɖesiaɖe ƒe akpa dzi hena Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si wogblɔ la dzi wɔwɔ alo exɔxlɔ̃ (si me Fetu ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ, Gakpɔkpɔ ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ, alo Gadzraɖoƒe ɖesiaɖe hã le Mɔxexeɖedɔa ƒe Nyatakaka/Adzɔxexe) le afisia WOTSƆ NU KPLE WODE AMEŊU."

Ne ʋɔnudrɔ̃la la de asi Sedede gbãtɔ si nye be woaɖe nusi gbɔ wòtso afia si ɖe mɔ ɖe Ɣeyiɣi aɖe ƒe Sedziwɔwɔ te ko la, tsɔ Fax, e-mail, eye nàtsɔ Sedede si wode asi be woaɖe Nusi gbɔ wòtso ƒe kɔpi siwo ŋu woɖo kpee la ayi na: 1. Adzɔxexe ƒe Dɔwɔla (Nutome Sheriff ƒe Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe, Dudzikpɔla, alo Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Dzɔla) si na gaxɔgbalẽvi alo gadzraɖoƒe ƒe amewuwu. 2. Wò Gadzraɖoƒe ƒe Sedede / Ameyɔyɔ ƒe Dɔwɔƒe kple wò Dɔwɔƒe ƒe Fetu Xɔxɔ/HR Dɔwɔƒe. 3. Ame si tsɔ nya ɖe ame ŋu ƒe Senyawo Gbɔkpɔƒe (wɔna ɖe dɔwɔwɔ ƒe mɔnu si ʋɔnudrɔ̃la si le OSC dzi de se na dzi pɛpɛpɛ).

2. Alesi nàwɔ akpɔ ga siwo ŋu woɖe asi le le wò gadzraɖoƒe si wotu ɖe tsikpe me ta (Ŋkeke 10 va ɖo 15 ƒe Ɣeyiɣi Mamlɛtɔ) .¶

Esi wò Nyametsotso be Woadzo le Dɔa Me le ŋgɔ gɔ̃ hã la, dukɔa kple dukɔa ƒe sewo xe mɔ na fenyilawo vevie be woagaxɔ ga si wokpɔ tso agbetsitsi me si woɖe asi le o.

Kpɔe ɖa be ablɔɖenana kawoe kpɔa wò ga ta fifia hã:

Afɔɖeɖe 4: Wò Nyametsotso be yeaɖe asi le Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si Wozãna Gbãtɔ Ŋu (Copy-and-paste template) .¶

Be nàɖu dzi le Motion to Vacate Default Judgment me la, ele be nàtsɔ motion package blibo aɖe ayi ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla si me akpa ene le: 1. Sedede be woaɖe Nusi gbɔ wòtso afia (alo Nyatakaka si ku ɖe nyadɔdrɔ̃ ŋu) ɖoɖo ŋkeke si dzi woadrɔ̃ nyaa kple edziwɔwɔ. 2. Wò Atamkakagbalẽ (alo Gbeƒãɖeɖe le Aʋatsoɖaseɖiɖi ƒe Tohehe te) si Do Alɔ Nyametsotso be Woaɖe Asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si Me Womewɔ Nu O Ŋu, tsɔ kpe ɖe wò Alibi Exhibits siwo ŋu xexlẽdzesi le (Exhibit A, . Exhibit B, kple bubuawo). 3. Ame Etɔ̃lia ƒe Atamkakagbalẽwo Kpekpeɖeŋunana (ne esɔ la, abe atamkakagbalẽ si tso ƒometɔ alo xɔmehati aɖe gbɔ si ɖo kpe edzi be dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe aɖeke meva ʋɔtrua nu kpɔ o ene). 4. Wò Ŋuɖoɖo si Woŋlɔ si Ŋu Woɖo Kpe Ðe Eŋu Kple Ametakpɔnu Siwo Woɖo Ðe Edzi (wotsɔe kpe ɖe eŋu abe ɖeɖefia mamlɛtɔ ene ale be ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea nakpɔ wò taʋiʋli si dze).

Le ete la, ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe nɔnɔmetata si wodo kpɔ na Amesi Wotsɔ Nya ɖe Ŋu ƒe Atamkaka / Nyagblɔɖi si Do Alɔ Nyametsotso be Woaɖe Asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si Womewɔ Ðe Eŋu O Kple Woaɖe Asi le Dɔwɔna si Wowɔ Ðe Dɔwɔwɔ Ŋu ŋu. Trɔ asi le agble siwo le axadzinuŋɔŋlɔ me ŋu [LIKE THIS] be wòasɔ kple wò nyateƒenyawo:

[COURT NAME] - [COUNTY OF ____________]
[PLAINTIFF NAME], Plaintiff vs. [YOUR FULL LEGAL NAME], Defendant | Case No.: [NUMBER]

DEFENDANT'S SWORN AFFIDAVIT / DECLARATION IN SUPPORT OF MOTION TO VACATE DEFAULT JUDGMENT

I, [YOUR FULL LEGAL NAME], being duly sworn, depose and state under penalty of perjury:

1. I am the Defendant in this action. I submit this Affidavit in support of my urgent Order to Show Cause / Motion to: (a) Vacate the Default Judgment entered on [DATE] as void for lack of personal jurisdiction (FRCP 60(b)(4) / CPLR 5015(a)(4) / CCP 473(d)), or in the alternative, for lack of actual notice and excusable default (FRCP 60(b)(1) / CPLR 317 / CCP 473.5); (b) Quash service and dismiss this action, or grant leave to file my attached Proposed Answer; (c) Immediately stay all bank levies and wage garnishments; and (d) Order full restitution of all funds seized under the void judgment.

2. I was NEVER served with the Summons and Complaint by personal delivery, substituted service, mail, or any other method. I first learned of this lawsuit on [DATE], when [my bank account was frozen / my employer notified me of a wage garnishment].

3. I immediately obtained the Court file and inspected the Affidavit of Service signed by process server [NAME], dated [DATE] (attached as EXHIBIT A). That Affidavit is demonstrably false for the following documented reasons:
   - [IF WRONG ADDRESS:] The Affidavit claims service on [DATE] at [OLD ADDRESS]. I permanently moved out of that address on [MOVE-OUT DATE], months/years before the alleged service. On the date of alleged service, my sole residence was [ACTUAL ADDRESS], as proven by my [Lease / Utility Bills / Driver's License / USPS Change of Address] attached as EXHIBIT B.
   - [IF FALSE PERSONAL DELIVERY:] The Affidavit claims in-hand delivery to me on [DATE] at [TIME]. At that exact hour, I was physically at [WORKPLACE / OTHER CITY], [X] kilometers ([Y] miles) away, as proven by my [Employer Timecard / Flight / Hospital Record] attached as EXHIBIT C.
   - [IF FALSE PHYSICAL DESCRIPTION:] The Affidavit describes a person of [Sex, Age, Height, Weight, Hair] that does not match my physical appearance (or describes a non-existent co-occupant when I lived alone), as proven by my Driver's License attached as EXHIBIT D.

4. Although a judgment entered without valid service is constitutionally void regardless of the merits (Peralta v. Heights Medical Center, 485 U.S. 80), I also have meritorious defenses set forth in my Proposed Verified Answer (EXHIBIT E), including Lack of Standing / Chain of Title, expired Statute of Limitations, and disputed accounting.

5. Plaintiff has seized $[AMOUNT] from my [wages / bank account] under the void judgment. Pursuant to CPLR 5015(d) / CCP 908, I request an Order directing Plaintiff to refund all seized funds within 14 days.

I declare under penalty of perjury under the laws of the State of [STATE] and the United States that the foregoing is true and correct.

Dated: [DATE]                           ____________________________________
                                        [YOUR SIGNATURE & PRINTED NAME]

Afɔɖeɖe 5: Dziɖuɖu le "Traverse Hearing" (Cross-dodokpɔ le dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒea) .¶

Ne ètsɔ Motion to Vacate si me kɔ si ŋu nuŋlɔɖi sesẽwo ƒe alibi kpeɖodzi ɖo kpee (Exhibits A through E), nu eve siwo adzɔ le ŋkeke si dzi woadrɔ̃ nyaa la dometɔ ɖeka:

1. The Debt Buyer Folds or Stipulates to Vacate (Most Common): Fenyinyi ƒe senyawo gbɔ kpɔƒe siwo xɔa fe gbogbo aɖewo lé fu kpeɖodzinyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ elabena fexexe na senyala si dze le gota kple yɔyɔ na process server be wòanɔ ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe gaƒoƒo ene bia ga geɖe wu esi gaxɔgbalẽvi si wotsɔ drɔ̃ ʋɔnui si ƒe home nye dɔlar 2,500. Zi geɖe la, ne wonya kpɔ wò hayahaya ƒe agbalẽvi, nuzazãwo ƒe fewo, alo dɔtɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣigbalẽvi si kpe ɖe eŋu ko la, amesi tsɔ nya ɖe ŋuwò ƒe senyala matsi tre ɖe wò nyametsotsoa ŋu o alo agblɔ be yeade asi Stipulation to Vacate Default Judgment te.
2. SE VEVIETƆ LE SEÐOÐOWO ŊU: Mègade asi nyadrɔ̃la ƒe Sedede si wota do ŋgɔ be Woadzo le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe xɔdɔme te gbeɖe o negbe ɖe nèxlẽ nya ɖesiaɖe ko hafi. Zi geɖe la, nudzɔla siwo mewɔa nuteƒe o tsɔa nya aɖe dea "Stipulation to Vacate" me si gblɔ be: "Amesi ŋu wotsɔ nya ɖo la to esia dzi ɖe asi le ametakpɔnuwo katã ŋu le eya ŋutɔ ƒe ŋusẽ te, elɔ̃ ɖe subɔsubɔdɔa dzi, eye wòlɔ̃ be yeagade ʋɔnudrɔ̃nyawo me ake ne Amesi Wotsɔ Nya ɖe Ŋu la mexe feawo o." De asi Sedede dzadzɛ aɖe te ko be: (1) Vacates the judgment outright, (2) Eɖea asi le gadzraɖoƒe ƒe adzɔxexe kple fetu ƒe gaxɔgbalẽviwo katã ŋu enumake, (3) Eɖea gbe be woatrɔ ga siwo katã wotsɔ xɔ asi va yi la vɛ, eye (4) Eɖea asi le nyaa ŋu ALOO enaa ŋkeke 30 wò be nàtsɔ wò Ŋuɖoɖoa ade agbalẽ me si alé ametakpɔnuwo katã ta.
3. Ʋɔnudrɔ̃la la de se be woawɔ "Traverse Hearing" (Evidentiary Hearing on Service): Ne nyadrɔ̃la ƒe senyala tsi tre ɖe wò nyametsotsoa ŋu eye wòte tɔ ɖe edzi be process server la gblɔ nyateƒe la, ʋɔnudrɔ̃la la awɔ ɖoɖo ɖe ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ sue tɔxɛ aɖe si woyɔna be Traverse Hearing ŋu.

Alesi woaɖu dzi le Traverse Hearing me le afɔɖeɖe 4 me¶

Le Traverse Nyadɔdrɔ̃ me la, kpeɖodzi ƒe agba le se nu le Nyadrɔ̃la la dzi 100 le alafa me be wòaɖo kpe edzi to kpeɖodzi siwo sɔ gbɔ wu me be wowu dɔwɔwɔ si sɔ nu ŋutɔŋutɔ.

1. Bia be Process Server Naɖi Ðase Live le Ame ŋutɔ me: Le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe akpa gãtɔ me la, ne process server la meva ŋutɔŋutɔ be yeaɖi ɖase eye woabia gbee le Traverse Hearing la me o (se ƒe mɔɖeɖe si sɔ abe ku alo ʋuʋu yi dukɔ bubu me ene manɔmee), nyadrɔ̃la la bu Traverse Hearing la le eɖokui si eye woɖe asi le nyaa ŋu le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe anyimanɔmanɔ ta. Tsi tre ɖe eŋu enumake le Nyasese ƒe susu ta ne amesi tsɔ nya ɖe ame ŋu ƒe senyala dze agbagba be yeaɖo ŋu ɖe pepa dzi Affidavit of Service ɖeɖeko ŋu le nyadɔdrɔ̃a me evɔ yematsɔ server la ade tsitrenu o.
2. Subpoena alo Bia Process Server ƒe Logbook, License, kple GPS Metadata: Bia ʋɔnudrɔ̃la si le nyadɔdrɔ̃a ƒe gɔmedzedze be wòabia tso process server si be wòawɔ:
3. Woƒe Process Server License si le dɔ wɔm (ne ehiã le wò du/nutome).
4. Woƒe Ɣeyiɣiwo ƒe Ðoɖowɔɖi ƒe Nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ si wobla na ŋkeke bliboa.
5. Woƒe GPS coordinate logs kple ʋɔtru ƒe foto siwo wotsɔ ɣeyiɣi de dzesii.
6. Cross-Examine the Server on Impossible Timelines ("Teleportation" Audits): Kpɔ server la ƒe nuŋlɔɖigbalẽ me hena nya siwo woŋlɔ do ŋgɔ teti na wò subɔsubɔdɔ si wogblɔ be yewɔ kple emegbe. Dɔwɔwɔ ƒe dɔwɔƒe gbegblẽwo ŋlɔa nu edziedzi be yewosubɔa ame ɖeka le ŋdɔ ga 2:10 me le dua ƒe dziehe gome eye yesubɔa wò le ŋdɔ ga 2:15 le kilometa 30 (kilometa 19) tso afima le dua ƒe dzigbe gome, si nye nusi mate ŋu adzɔ ŋutɔŋutɔ le dua ƒe ʋuwo ƒe zɔzɔ me o.
7. Bia nya Server la le Physical Layout Details of Your Home: Bia process server si le stand la dzi be: "Amadede kae le aƒea ƒe ŋgɔgbe ʋɔtrua ŋu? Atrakpuiwo li siwo kplɔa ame yia akpata la mea? Ðe intercom buzzer le xɔa me le vestibule la me alo egodoa? Xɔa ƒe akpa ka dzie Apartment 3B le?" Server si tsɔ sewer service tso woƒe ʋua me la manya ɖeka pɛ hã o xɔtuɖaŋu ŋuti nyatakaka tsitotsito le wò anyigba ŋu, evɔ wò ŋutɔ wò ŋgɔgbe ʋɔtru ƒe fotowo ya aɖe woƒe ɖaseɖiɖia afia be wowɔe.

Afɔɖeɖe 6: Ga si wofi xoxo xɔxɔ (Gbugbɔgaxɔ) kple nyadɔdrɔ̃ be woaxe fe ɖe FDCPA ƒe nusiwo dome gblẽ ta¶

Nukae adzɔ ne fenyilaa tsɔ dɔlar 1,800 tso wò fetu me xoxo alo kplɔ dɔlar 3,000 le wò gadzraɖoƒe hafi ʋɔnudrɔ̃la la ɖe asi le ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si wotsɔ ɖe wò fetu ŋu?

1. Biabia tso Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe Sedede be Woagbugbɔ Ga Siwo Woxɔ La Ana¶

Zi alesi woɖe asi le ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si me womewɔ naneke le o ŋu ko la, gome si le amesi tsɔ nya ɖe ame ŋu le se nu be wòalé gaku ɖeka pɛ hã si woƒo ƒu le ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya ma te la bu. Le se si bɔ ƒe nufiafia si nye Gbugbɔgadzɔ kple dukɔmeviwo ƒe nyawo gbɔ kpɔkpɔ ƒe se siwo me kɔ (abe New York CPLR 5015(d), California CCP 908, kple **Gbugbɔgagblɔ (Etɔ̃lia) si nye Gbugbɔgagbugbɔ kple Nu madzɔmadzɔ ƒe Kpekpeɖeŋunana ƒe Akpa 18) nu la, ŋusẽ le ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si ɖe asi le ʋɔnudrɔ̃nyaa ŋu tẽ be wòaɖe **Gbugbɔgagbugbɔɖoɖo ƒe Sedede ** si fia mɔe nyadrɔ̃la (kple woƒe senyalawo) be woagbugbɔ ga si wotsɔ ɖo atsyɔ̃ na alo esi woxɔ le wo si la ƒe alafa memama 100 ana wò, tsɔ kpe ɖe deme si le se nu ŋu. Bia ʋɔnudrɔ̃la si le nuŋlɔɖia me tẽ ɣesiaɣi be: "Wò Bubutɔ, fifia si woɖe asi le ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si womewɔ o ŋu la, mele biabiam be woawɔ ɖoɖo aɖe si me kɔ le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe Sededea me si fia mɔ Nyadrɔ̃la be wòagbugbɔ $[Ga home] si woɖe tso nye fetu/gadzraɖoƒe ƒe gakɔnta me la ana le ŋkeke 14 me."

2. Wò Gaxɔgbalẽviwo Ŋuti Nyatakaka Klɔ Kple Nuwo ƒe Agbalẽvi Siwo Le Asiwò Ðem Ðeɖeɖa¶

Ne woŋlɔ ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si woɖe le eme la ɖi abe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya ƒe Nuŋlɔɖi / Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya ƒe Kpuie le Nutome Nuŋlɔɖi alo Anyigba Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖi dɔwɔƒe (si tsɔ nusi wotsɔ de asi na wò aƒea dzi) la, xɔ Sedede si me woɖe asi le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Kɔpi si Ŋu Ðaseɖigbalẽ le tso ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe agbalẽŋlɔla gbɔ eye nàŋlɔe ɖe Nutome Nuŋlɔɖi ƒe dɔwɔƒea be wòatsi anyigba kple anyigba ƒe agbalẽ si wotsɔ de asi na amea. Ne ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃a alo gaxɔgbalẽvi si do ƒome kplii le nyatakaka nam le Equifax, Experian, alo TransUnion dzi si mesɔ o la, ke tsɔ nyaʋiʋli aɖe si wowɔ le se nu la kpe ɖe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea ƒe Sedede si Ðe Asi Le Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒea Ŋu (kpɔ míaƒe mɔfiame si ku ɖe... amewo ƒe ŋutinya me dzodzro si mesɔ o kple FCRA ƒe gaxɔgbalẽviwo ŋuti nyaʋiʋliwo).

3. Nyagbugbɔgadrɔ̃ na Fenyilawo Kple Dɔwɔnyawo Gbɔkpɔla Le FDCPA (15 U.S.C. 1692) te .¶

Le United States la, dukɔa ƒe nyagbugbɔgadrɔ̃ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒewo kple Consumer Financial Protection Bureau (CFPB) tso nya me enuenu be aʋatso Atamkaka si ku ɖe Subɔsubɔdɔ ŋu ("sewer service") tsɔtsɔ yi ʋɔnui kple gaxɔgbalẽvi xɔxɔ le ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si me womewɔ naneke le o ta la, eda le dukɔa ƒe Fexexe ƒe Nuwɔna Dzɔdzɔewo ƒe Se (FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. 1692e kple 1692f) kpakple dukɔa ƒe nu madzɔmadzɔ dzi kple ameflunuwɔnawo kple nuwɔnawo (UDAP) ƒe sewo (kpɔ Sykes v. Mel S. Harris and Associates LLC, 780 F.3d 70 (2d Cir. 2015)).

Le FDCPA te la, process servers bu woƒe se ƒe ablɔɖe ne wowɔ subɔsubɔdɔ eye woda alakpa ɖe atamkakagbalẽ me, si wɔnɛ be process server dɔwɔƒe kple fexexe ƒe senyawo gbɔ kpɔƒe siaa ƒe agbanɔamedzie wònye be woaxe fe na wò: - Va ɖo $1,000 le nusiwo dome gblẽ le se nu; - Wò nusiwo dome gblẽ ŋutɔŋutɔ ƒe alafa memama 100 (siwo dometɔ aɖewoe nye fe siwo nèxena ɖe ga si nèxɔ wògbɔ eme, fetu si bu, seselelãme ƒe fuɖename, kple ga si nèdona le kotoku me); EYE - Wò nuƒlelawo ƒe senyala ƒe senyawo ƒe fetu kple ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe gazazãwo ƒe alafa memama 100 (si fia be nuƒlelawo ƒe gomenɔamesiwo ŋuti senyala si wokpɔ to Dukɔa ƒe Nuƒlelawo Taʋlilawo ƒe Habɔbɔ, ConsumerAdvocates.org dzi, anɔ teƒewò zi geɖe le ga si woaxe ɖe kotoku me zero nu).

Dukɔwo dome tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo: Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ siwo wowɔna ɖaa ɖeɖeɖa le xexeame katã¶

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• United States ƒe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe Kɔkɔtɔ: Peralta v. Heights Medical Center, Inc., 485 U.S. 80 (1988) (Dukplɔsea ƒe sedede si ku ɖe ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si sɔ si bia be woaɖe asi le ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya siwo me womewɔa dɔ le o siwo wowɔ le ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si sɔ me eɖanye ametakpɔkpɔ si sɔ metsɔ le eme o), kple Mullane v. Central Hanover Bank & Trust Co., 339 U.S. 306 (1950).
• United States Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒewo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Dɔwɔnyawo Gbɔ: Dukɔa ƒe Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Nyadɔdrɔ̃ ƒe Sewo (FRCP ƒe Se 4, Se 55©, kple Se 60(b)(1)-(6)).
• Nuƒlelawo ƒe Ganyawo Takpɔha (CFPB) kple Dukɔa ƒe Asitsahabɔbɔ (FTC, United States): Fexexe ƒe Nuwɔna Dzɔdzɔewo ƒe Se (FDCPA, 15 U.S.C. 1692) Sedziwɔwɔ ƒe Afɔɖeɖewo ɖe Tsiɖɔɖɔ Dɔwɔƒe, kple Akɔntabubu Siwo Me Dukɔa ƒe Viɖe Fexexe Le la Xɔxɔ (31 CFR Akpa 212).
• New York Dukɔa ƒe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe Ðekawɔwɔ ƒe Ðoɖo Kple New York Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Dɔwɔnawo Ŋuti Se Kple Sewo (CPLR): CPLR ƒe Akpa 308 (Ame ŋutɔ ƒe Dɔwɔwɔ), 317 (Ame Si Womeyɔ Ame Si Wometsɔ Na Ame Ŋutɔ O ƒe Ametakpɔkpɔ), 5015(a)(1), 5015(a)(4) (Kpekpeɖeŋu tso Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya si Mehiã o me), 5015(d) (Gbugbɔgagbugbɔ), kple 5222-a (Gakpɔkpɔ Takpɔkpɔ Se si Woɖe Ðe Go).
• California ƒe Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoha: California Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Nyadɔdrɔ̃ ƒe Se (CCP) ƒe Akpa 415.20, 473(b), 473(d) (Ʋɔnudrɔ̃nya Siwo Mehiã O), 473.5 (Nyatakaka be woaɖe asi le ga si womewɔna o ŋu le esi womegblɔ nya ŋutɔŋutɔ o), 704.220 (Automatic Bank Account Exemption), kple 908 (Gbugbɔgadzɔ le Vacatur ŋu).
• HM Courts & Tribunals Service kple Ministry of Justice (United Kingdom): Dukɔmeviwo ƒe Nyadɔdrɔ̃ ƒe Sewo (CPR) Akpa 13 (Ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ si me womewɔ naneke le o la ɖeɖeɖa alo tɔtrɔ le Se 13.2 Sedziwɔwɔ kple Se 13.3 ƒe Nukpɔsusu ƒe Nyawo, Nuŋlɔɖi N244).

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Wosubɔe kple dukɔmeviwo ƒe nyadɔdrɔ̃: ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe ƒe ŋuɖoɖo kpata
• Ʋɔnudrɔ̃ƒe si drɔ̃a nya suewo, lɛta siwo wobia tso ame si, kple ʋɔnudɔdrɔ̃ siwo me womewɔa naneke le o
• Amewo ƒe ŋutinya me dzodzro si mesɔ o, nuvlowɔlawo ƒe nuŋlɔɖiwo ƒe tsakatsaka, kple FCRA ƒe nyaʋiʋli
• Deed fififi, aƒe ƒe ŋkɔ ƒe ametafatafa, kple aʋatso quitclaim deed defense
• Xexeame katã ƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo ku ɖe nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo ŋu