Severe Sandstorms, Desert Windstorms, and Zero-Visibility Shelter¶

Severe sandstorms and synoptic desert windstorms, known regionally across the world's arid zones as the Simoom ("Poison Wind"), Khamsin, Shamal, Harmattan, Ghibli, Sirocco, and Karaburan ("Black Hurricane"), combine hurricane-force winds of 70 to 120+ kilometers per hour (45 to 75+ miles per hour) with a blinding, abrasive wall of bouncing quartz sand grains (saltation) and suspended fine mineral dust that drops visibility to zero for hours or days at a time. Unlike brief thunderstorm downdraft dust clouds (covered in our dust storms kple haboob survival guides), a synoptic desert sandstorm or Simoom thermal blast can raise ambient air temperatures to \(48^\circ\text{C}\) to \(54^\circ\text{C}\) (\(118^\circ\text{F}\) to \(129^\circ\text{F}\)) while dropping relative humidity below 5 to 10 percent, stripping 1.5 to 2.5 liters (1.5 to 2.6 quarts) of water per hour out of the human body and triggering fatal heatstroke and respiratory suffocation within 60 to 120 minutes.

According to the World Meteorological Organization (WMO) Sand and Dust Storm Warning Advisory and Assessment System (SDS-WAS), the United States National Weather Service (NWS), and military desert survival doctrine, desert sandstorms kill via four distinct mechanisms: high-speed highway chain-reaction collisions when drivers enter a zero-visibility sand drift, rapid hyperthermic heatstroke during hot Simoom / Khamsin gusts, acute airway choking and Coccidioides ("Valley Fever") or bacterial meningitis infection from inhaling concentrated dust, and fatal disorientation when hikers or motorists wander away from their vehicle or shelter during a multi-hour blackout.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. If driving when a sandstorm wall approaches: Pull completely OFF the highway pavement (>15 to 30 meters / 50 to 100 feet onto firm ground), set the parking brake, TURN ALL EXTERIOR LIGHTS OFF, and take your foot off the brake pedal. Execute the official NWS / Arizona DOT "Pull Aside, Stay Alive" protocol: never stop in an active travel lane, and never sit parked on the roadside shoulder with your taillights, hazard flashers, or brake lights glowing. Blinded drivers behind you will steer straight toward your glowing lights thinking you are moving in the traffic lane (the Moth Effect) and slam into the back of your parked car at highway speed.
2. Protect your airway and eyes within 30 seconds: Put on an N95 / FFP2 respirator (or wrap a damp keffiyeh / cotton scarf in 4 layers over your nose and mouth) and sealed non-vented goggles. Coarse quartz sand travels in the bottom 1 to 2 meters (3 to 6.5 feet) above the desert floor, blasting exposed skin and corneas like a commercial sandblaster, while fine silt (\(PM_{10}\) and \(PM_{2.5}\)) packs the nostrils and bronchioles. Moisten your breathing cloth with a small splash of drinking water if available: a damp cloth cools incoming \(50^\circ\text{C}\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}\)) Simoom air before it scorches your throat and traps 5 times more fine dust than dry fabric, while reducing respiratory moisture loss.
3. If caught on foot in open desert without a vehicle or building: Climb to the leeward (downwind) side of a solid rock outcrop, boulder, or high mound, NEVER shelter in a dry riverbed (wadi / arroyo) or under the steep slip-face of an active sand dune. Dry desert stream beds (wadis, washes, arroyos) can fill simultaneously with drifted sand and sudden uphill tsiɖɔɖɔ siwo dzɔna kabakaba, while the steep leeward slip-face (\(34\text{-degree}\) angle of repose) of a large sand dune can avalanche and bury a sleeping or crouching person under tons of sand in minutes. Sit or lie down with your back to the wind on firm, elevated stony ground, wrap your head and body tightly in a tarp, blanket, or coat, and shake yourself free of accumulating sand every 10 to 15 minutes so you are not buried.
4. Prevent "Convective Oven Heatstroke" during a scorching Simoom or Khamsin wind. Once the air temperature exceeds normal human body temperature (\(37^\circ\text{C}\) [\(98.6^\circ\text{F}\)]), and during a Simoom it reaches \(50^\circ\text{C}+\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}+\)), the wind no longer cools you down; instead, exposed wind acts like a convection oven, pumping heat into your skin while evaporating sweat faster than your body can produce it. Cover 100 percent of your skin with loose, full-length clothing (never strip down to shorts or a T-shirt in a hot desert wind, which accelerates dehydration and skin burns by 50 percent), and drink 0.5 to 1.0 liter (16 to 32 ounces) of water with electrolytes per hour.
5. Group companions and animals together using a physical rope tether and mark your position before visibility hits zero. If traveling with family, a work crew, or pack animals on foot, tie everyone together with a continuous cord or belt-to-belt loop before the sand wall engulfs you. Never let a child or coworker let go of your hand or tether inside a sandstorm.
6. Protect your vehicle engine and radiator after the storm before restarting. Driven sand packs tightly inside engine air filter boxes, radiator cooling fins, and alternator bearings, while shifting sand drifts bury exhaust pipes and differentials. Before driving out after a severe sandstorm, open the hood and knock the accumulated sand cake out of the pleated paper engine air filter, clear sand away from the radiator and exhaust manifold (packed desert weeds and brush blown against a hot catalytic converter ignite instant vehicle fires), and deflate tire pressure to 100 to 125 kilopascals (15 to 18 PSI) if you must drive out through newly drifted soft sand.

Desert sandstorm and zero-visibility survival decision flowchart¶

Use this field survival decision tree whether you are behind the wheel on a desert highway, caught on foot in open terrain, or sheltering inside a desert structure.

flowchart TD
    Start["Severe Sandstorm / Desert Windstorm Approaching:<br/>Simoom, Khamsin, Shamal, Haboob, or Karaburan"] --> LocationType{"Where are you located<br/>as the sand wall hits?"}

    LocationType -->|"1. DRIVING A VEHICLE ON A ROAD OR TRACK"| VehicleAction{"Can you exit the highway to a<br/>building before it hits?"}

    VehicleAction -->|"NO: Caught on Open Road"| PullAside["'PULL ASIDE, STAY ALIVE' PROTOCOL:<br/>1. Steer completely OFF pavement (>= 15 to 30 m / 50 to 100 ft right)<br/>2. Shift to Park, set Parking Brake, & take foot OFF brake pedal<br/>3. TURN ALL EXTERIOR LIGHTS OFF (headlights, brakes, & hazards)<br/>4. Close windows, set A/C to RECIRCULATE, & stay buckled inside<br/>5. If hot Simoom stalls A/C: Drape wet cloth over head & drink water"]

    VehicleAction -->|"YES: Safe Parking Lot / Building Ahead"| ExitSafe["Exit road immediately, park facing AWAY from wind<br/>(protects windshield & radiator from sandblasting), & go indoors"]

    LocationType -->|"2. CAUGHT ON FOOT IN OPEN DESERT"| FootAction["OPEN-TERRAIN FOOT SURVIVAL:<br/>1. Put on Sealed Goggles + Damp N95 / 4-Layer Keffiyeh Scarf<br/>2. Cover 100% of bare skin with loose clothing (blocks 50 C oven wind)<br/>3. Move to HIGH stony ground behind a solid rock or ridge<br/>4. NEVER shelter in a dry riverbed (wadi/wash) or steep dune slip-face<br/>5. Sit with back to wind, tether group with rope, & shake off sand every 10 mins"]

    LocationType -->|"3. INSIDE A BUILDING OR DESERT CAMP"| IndoorAction["INDOOR / TENT SHELTER PROTOCOL:<br/>1. Seal windows, doors, & vents with wet towels or duct tape<br/>2. Turn OFF outside-air Swamp Coolers (evaporative coolers pump dust inside)<br/>3. If in a tent during >80 km/h gale: Collapse tent poles flat on purpose<br/>   and wrap inside the anchored canvas so wind does not shred it"]

Comparing the 6 major global desert windstorms and sandstorms¶

Meteorologists classify major desert wind and sand events by their synoptic weather trigger, particle size, and thermal danger. Knowing whether you are facing a cold downdraft Haboob or a scorching \(52^\circ\text{C}\) Simoom / Khamsin determines how to manage body temperature.

Deep dive 1: The vertical physics of a sandstorm (Why standing up vs. crouching changes what hits you)¶

Understanding how wind transports desert sediment by grain size explains how to protect your body, your eyes, and your vehicle: 1. The Bottom 0 to 1.5 Meters (0 to 5 Feet) Is the "Sandblasting Zone" (Saltation and Creep): - True quartz sand grains (\(0.06\text{ to }2.0\text{ millimeters}\) in diameter) are too heavy to float high in the sky like smoke. Instead, winds above \(35\text{ to }45\text{ km/h}\) (\(22\text{ to }28\text{ mph}\)) lift sand grains up into a bouncing, ballistic trajectory called saltation within the bottom \(0.5\text{ to }1.5\text{ meters}\) (\(1.5\text{ to }5\text{ feet}\)) above the ground. - Every time a bouncing quartz grain slams back into the desert floor at \(60\text{ km/h}\), it ejects a splash of other sand grains and chips off microscopic fragments of silt and clay dust (\(<60\text{ micrometers}\)). - Tactical Implication: Almost 90 percent of the heavy, skin-cutting, cornea-pitting coarse sand mass moves within 1 meter (3.3 feet) of the ground. If you can climb 2 to 3 meters (6.5 to 10 feet) up onto a large rock outcrop, a flatbed truck roof, or the second floor of a building, you immediately escape the heaviest coarse sandblasting layer (though you are still immersed in the fine suspended dust cloud that rises \(1,000\text{ to }3,000\text{ meters}\) high). Conversely, if there is no high rock to climb and you must sit on the ground to avoid being blown over, you are sitting directly inside the maximum saltation zone and MUST wrap 100 percent of your head, eyes, and body inside a heavy tarp, coat, or blanket with your back facing the wind. 2. Triboelectric Static Electricity Charges (\(10,000+\text{ Volts}\)): - When billions of quartz sand and dust particles rub against each other in dry air (\(<10\%\) humidity), friction strips electrons between large and small grains (triboelectric charging), creating massive atmospheric electrical fields exceeding \(10\text{ to }100\text{ kilovolts per meter}\). - What This Does in the Field: Un-grounded wire fences, metal radio antennas, helicopter rotors, and insulated cars sitting on rubber tires build up dangerous static charges that can deliver painful electrical shocks, ignite fuel vapors if you attempt to pour gasoline from a jerrycan during a sandstorm, and completely blank out HF/VHF radio communications with "precipitation static" noise. Never refuel a vehicle with a gas can during an active sandstorm, and touch a tool to the ground/chassis before touching bare metal antennas.

Deep dive 2: Surviving the "Simoom" and "Khamsin" (50°C+ convective oven physics)¶

Ŋutinya me nuŋlɔɖi siwo tso Sahara kple Arabia dzogbewo ƒo nu tso mɔzɔla siwo kuna le Simoom me ŋu zi geɖe abe ɖe gas de aɖi wo ene. Egbegbe ŋutilãŋutinunya kple dzogbetikewɔwɔ (si ŋu United States Asrafowo ƒe Nutome Atikewɔwɔ Ŋuti Numekuƒe [USARIEM] kple Israel/Arabia ƒe lãmesẽŋutinunyalawo srɔ̃ nu tsoe vevie) ɖo kpe edzi be Simoom ƒe "aɖi" nye runaway convective hyperthermia si wotsɔ tsaka kple yaƒoƒomɔ̃ ƒe kuɖiɖi sesẽ:

Alesi Nàwɔ Axe Mɔ Na Yaƒoƒomɔ̃wo ƒe Kuɖiɖi Kple Ʋuʋudedi ƒe Ʋuʋu le Ahom Dzodzoe me¶

Ne ègbɔ \(50^\circ\text{C}\) (\(122^\circ\text{F}\)) ya si ƒe fafa le \(5\%\) si me tomenu nyuiwo ƒe ke yɔ fũ to nu si wometsyɔ o me la: 1. Ya dzodzoe si ƒu abe ƒu ene la naa tsi si le wò aɖe, aɖuɖɔtoe, yagbɔgbɔ, kple aɖuɖɔtoe me tsi si kpɔa ame ta la ƒuna enumake. 2. Anyigba nyui kple tsikpe ƒe ke tsakana kple wò aɖuɖɔ si le ƒuƒum kple aɖuɖɔtoe me ʋuʋudedi tsɔ wɔa anyigbaʋuʋu si le abe siminti ene le wò ŋɔti kple ŋɔti ƒe megbe, si wɔnɛ be wò ŋɔti kple ŋɔti ƒe megbe ʋuʋu sesĩe eye wòtsia dzodzodzoe (le ŋutinya me la, enye asrafo kple lãha siwo metsɔ nutsyɔnu o wula #1 le Karaburan kple Simoom). 3. Nu si Woɖɔ Ðo: - Gbɔ ya to wò ŊUTƆ me ɣesiaɣi (mègagbɔ ya kple nu si le ʋuʋu ɖi gbeɖe o) esime nèle 4-layer damp cotton head wrap (keffiyeh / shemagh / bandana) alo N95 mask me. - Do ŋgɔ tsɔ tsi ƒo avɔa ɖe wò nu kple ŋɔti dzi (alo le agbetsitsi ƒe nɔnɔme kpata si me mɔkpɔkpɔbuɖeame le me eye tsinono aɖeke susɔ o la, tsɔ tsi ɖesiaɖe si me aɖi mele o alo aɖuɖɔ gɔ̃ hã ƒo avɔa ƒe gota gome ale be ya si fa miamiamia nana vuvɔ nawɔ fafa eye wòana ya si gbɔna la nade tsi hafi wòadze wò lãkusiwo dzi, mèga no aɖuɖɔ gbeɖe o, si gblẽa nu le ayiku si me aɖi le wu ŋu kpododonu, gake tsidede gota gome vɔvɔli/avɔ si me gbɔgbɔ le zãa dzoxɔxɔ ɣaɣla si nye yaƒoƒo dedie). - No tsi sue aɖe aɖabaƒoƒo 10 va ɖo 15 ɖesiaɖe be ŋɔti me ʋukawo natsi ale be wò yaƒoƒomɔ̃ ƒe lãkusiwo nate ŋu akɔ ke ɖa ayi dzi.

Deep dive 3: Ʋu ƒe mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe agbetsitsi kple eɖokui ɖeɖe le ahom megbe le ke goglo me¶

Ke ƒe ahom sesẽ aɖe dzea ʋuwo dzi le ahom la me kple emegbe teti ne ʋukulawo dze agbagba be yewoaɖe yewo ɖokui ɖa le ke si ƒu kplakplakpla me:

1. Tɔdziʋu si dze ŋgɔ Adzɔge tso Ya gbɔ (Asike yi Ya me):
2. Ne ɣeyiɣi le asiwò nàtsɔ wò ʋu alo agbatsɔʋua aɖo mɔa dzi hafi \(100\text{ km/h}\) ƒe sandstorm naƒo la, fia asi ʋua ƒe megbeʋu/a megbeʋɔtru ɖe ya me ale be ŋgɔgbe ƒe ʋuƒo kple yaƒoƒo ƒe ahuhɔ̃e nadze ŋgɔ ya.
3. Quartz-ke si ƒoa \(100\text{ km/h}\) la doa do ɖe ŋgɔgbe ahuhɔ̃e ƒe yaƒoƒo ƒe ahuhɔ̃ea me vaseɖe esime wòdzena abe tsileƒe ƒe ahuhɔ̃e si xɔ dzo ene (si wɔnɛ be womate ŋu akpɔ nu to eme ne ɣea klẽ ɖe edzi le ema megbe o), eɖea amadede ɖa le ʋuƒoa ŋu, eye wòblaa nu sesĩe ɖe ŋgɔgbe radiator grille kple A/C condenser fins me.
4. Xɔ Mɔ na Engine Hydro-Lock / Dust-Lock ("Ke le Engine la ŋu"):
5. Le ke ƒe ahom si xɔa ɣeyiɣi didi me la, tsi nyui aɖe gena ɖe mɔ̃a ƒe yaxɔƒe ƒe aɖaka me eye wòzua abolo ɖe pepa si wobla mɔ̃a ƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃ dzi vaseɖe esime yaƒoƒomɔ̃a xe 100 le alafa me (ewɔa ya ƒe dɔ le mɔ̃a ŋu) alo pepa ƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃a mu yia eme le yaƒoƒo me eye wòtsɔa quartz ke ƒuƒu ƒu gbe tẽ ɖe turbocharger kple cylinderwo me, si gblẽa mɔ̃a le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me.
6. Ƒo asa na wò mɔ̃a ƒe dɔmawɔmawɔ gaƒoƒo geɖe le ɣeyiɣi si me ke sesẽ aɖe le dzadzam negbe ɖe wòhiã be nàna dzoxɔxɔ/fafa nanɔ ʋua me be wòaxe mɔ ɖe dzoxɔxɔ si ate ŋu ade wò agbe afɔku me alo dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ nu. Ne ele be nàwɔ mɔ̃a na A/C le \(50^\circ\text{C}\) dzoxɔxɔ me la, do go le yaƒoƒo ƒe akpa si le yaƒoƒoa me ŋuɖɔɖotɔe le miniti 45 ɖesiaɖe me (woblae ɖe ʋɔtrua ƒe asiléƒea ŋu) be nàkpɔe ɖa be ke medzo yi dzi be wòaxe ʋua te alo axe radiator ƒe yaxɔƒe o, eye nàƒo mɔ̃a ƒe yaƒoƒomɔ̃a wòakɔ ne ahom la nya ɖiɖi ko.
7. Alesi Nàku Ʋu Ado Le Ke Si Le Ʋuʋu Me Le Ahom la Megbe Evɔ Màku Ðokuiwò Ayi Axles Gbɔ O:
8. Le gaƒoƒo 3 ƒe ke ƒe ahom me la, ya kpaa yaƒoƒo ƒe ʋuʋudediwo ƒo xlã wò taya siwo wotɔ la eye wòtsɔa ke si le gbadzaa, falɛfalɛ si ya ƒona** la dana ɖe wò tasiaɖamfɔwo kple wò chassis te **\(30\text{ va ɖo }60\text{ sentimeta}\) (\(1\text{ vaseɖe }2\text{ feet}\)).
9. Mègaɖe afɔ ɖe gas ƒe afɔti dzi gbeɖe eye nàtrɔ wò tayawo le mɔ gã dzi taya ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si sɔ nu (\(220\text{ vaseɖe }250\text{ kPa}\) [\(32\text{ vaseɖe }36\text{ PSI}\)]): taya siwo ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sesẽ siwo le tsatsam wɔa dɔ abe aŋe goglo siwo kua tome tẽ le sɛkɛnd 3 me ene vaseɖe esime wò ʋua ƒe ga ƒodo ƒe agbaa nanɔ titina kɔkɔ ɖe edzi ke.
10. Afɔɖeɖe 4 ƒe Dzogbe ƒe Ke ɖeɖeɖa ƒe Ðoɖoa:
    1. Ku gbã: Klɔ ke si le ʋuʋum la ɖa le taya eneawo katã ŋgɔ kple megbe, eye nàɖe ke ɖesiaɖe si wobla ɖe ʋua ƒe vovototo kple eƒe ƒodo te la ɖa.
    2. Ya ɖe taya eneawo katã dzi va ɖo \(100\text{ va ɖo }125\text{ kilopascals}\) (\(15\text{ va ɖo }18\text{ PSI}\)): Ne èɖe ya le wò tayawo me la, edidia taya ƒe afɔɖoƒe (kadodo ƒe akpa ƒe didime) ɖe edzi 50 va ɖo 100 le alafa me, si wɔnɛ be rababa la te ŋu ƒua tsi le ke falɛfalɛ si le abe snodzizɔ ene dzi ɖe eteƒe sinking in. (Ʋu blewu, le \(40\text{ km/h}\) [\(25\text{ mph}\)] te tɔtrɔ ɖaɖɛ manɔmee, vaseɖe esime nàɖo afɔtoƒe eye nàte ŋu agbugbɔ ya aƒo ya).
    3. Zã traction boards, ʋu ƒe anyigbadziwuwo, alo brɔs: Tsɔ rababa ʋu ƒe anyigbadzivɔwo, ke ƒe atrakpuiwo, kpe gbadzawo, alo dzogbe brɔs ƒo ɖe ʋukuku ƒe tayawo ƒe ŋgɔgbe nuyi te tẽ.
    4. TSI Elektrɔnik Traction Control (TCS): Standard traction control ɖea mɔ̃a ƒe ŋusẽ dzi kpɔtɔna zi alesi tasiaɖamfɔ aɖe ƒu kplakplakpla le ke me, si xea mɔ na wò ŋusẽ; trɔ ɖe 4WD High/Low (alo tsi TCS le 2WD me) eye nàtsɔ gasɔ si le fafɛ, si nɔa te sesĩe la ade eme evɔ màtrɔ tasiaɖamfɔawo o.

Atikewɔwɔ ƒe gaƒoɖokui le sandstorm megbe: Valley Fever (Coccidioides) kple ŋkume ƒe ʋuʋu¶

Ne ètsi agbe le ke ƒe ahom si tu enumake me vɔ gɔ̃ hã la, lé ŋku ɖe atikewɔwɔ ƒe nɔnɔme eve siwo tsi megbe ŋu le kwasiɖa 1 va ɖo 3 siwo gbɔna me:

• Corneal Sand Foreign Bodies: Ne wò ŋkuwo se le wo ɖokui me be wole ʋuʋum, wole veve sem, alo kekeli le wo ŋu le ahom la megbe la, mègatutu wo o. He ŋkume ƒe akpa si le etame la blewuu ɖe ɖa siwo le ete dzi esime nèle ŋkumeɖonu si me dɔlékui mele o si me dze mele o alo tsi si le aŋetu me kɔklɔm atraɖii aɖabaƒoƒo 15; ne vevesese alo ŋku ƒe nukpɔkpɔ si me mekɔ o gakpɔtɔ li la, na ɖɔkta natsɔ fluorescein amadede nalé ŋku ɖe ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ƒe ŋkume ŋu be quartz nuku siwo wotsɔ de eme hã; kpɔ ŋku ƒe abixɔxɔ kpekpeɖeŋunadɔ gbãtɔ.
• Coccidioidomycosis ("Bali me Dzoxɔxɔ") le Amerika: Le United States ƒe dzigbeɣetoɖoƒe gome (Arizona, California ƒe Titina/Coachella/Antelope Baliwo, Nevada, New Mexico, Utah, Texas) kple dziehe/titina Mexico la, dzogbenyigba la dzraa lãvi sue si wokpɔna Coccidioides immitis / Coccidioides posadasii. Fungal spore ɖeka si le ya me gbɔgbɔ le sandstorm me ateŋu ahe Valley Fever vɛ le kwasiɖa 1 va ɖo 3 megbe (kɔdzi atraɖii, dzoxɔxɔ, fifia si le dodom le zã me, ɖeɖiteameŋu si gbɔ eme, akɔtave, kple nodules dzĩwo le afɔkpodzi si woyɔna be erythema nodosum). Gblɔ na wò ɖɔkta tẽ be dzogbe ƒe ke ƒe ahom aɖee lé wò ale be woado fungi ƒe dɔlékuiwutikewo kpɔ tsɔ wu be woabui vodadatɔe be enye dɔlékui ƒe aklãdɔ.
• Meningococcal Meningitis le Afrika Harmattan Belt: Le Ɣetoɖoƒe kple Sahara ƒe anyiehe Afrika la, Harmattan ke ƒe ahom ƒuƒu gblẽa nu le yaƒoƒomɔ̃ siwo le etame ƒe lãkusi ƒe mɔxenuwo ŋu eye wòhea dɔlékui ƒe taɖuame ƒe dzɔdzɔ vɛ; di kɔdzi enumake ne asrã sesẽ ɖesiaɖe si ado mo ɖa kpata, taɖuame sesẽ, kple kɔ sesẽ.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Nukatae woyɔ dzogbe "Simoom" ya le ŋutinya me be "Aɖiya," eye ɖe wòate ŋu awu wò ŋutɔŋutɔ le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me?¶

Nya Simoom tso Arabgbe me ke si nye samūm, si gɔmee nye "ya si me aɖi le," elabena zi geɖe la, mɔzɔla siwo wolé ɖe eme la dzea anyi hekuna kabakaba kple ŋutigbalẽ si ƒe amadede nye aŋutiɖiɖi eye womexɔ abi aɖeke le gota o, si na blema eteƒekpɔlawo xɔe se be aɖiya aɖe le yaa me. Egbegbe dzogbewo ƒe ŋutilãŋutinunya ɖo kpe edzi be atikewo ƒe aɖi aɖeke kura mele Simoom la me o; ke boŋ enye ya si wodo dzoe va ɖo $48^\circ\text{C}$ va ɖo $54^\circ\text{C}$ ($118^\circ\text{F}$ va ɖo $129^\circ\text{F}$) si ƒe fafa mede 5 le alafa me o. Esi ya la ƒe dzoxɔxɔ dea $17^\circ\text{C}$ ($30^\circ\text{F}$) wu amegbetɔ ƒe ŋutilã ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si sɔ ($37^\circ\text{C}$ [$98.6^\circ\text{F}$]) ta la, ya si le ɣli dom la wɔa dɔ abe dzodoƒe si me dzoxɔxɔ le si tsɔa dzoxɔxɔ kabakaba yia ŋutigbalẽ ɖesiaɖe si wometsyɔ o me esime wòle ya ƒom wòdea lita 2 fifia le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me, si hea dzoxɔxɔ si wua ame kple yaƒoƒomɔ̃wo ƒe ƒuƒu vɛ le miniti 60 va ɖo 90 teti me negbe ɖe wò ŋutigbalẽ kple yaƒoƒomɔ̃wo ƒe alafa memama 100 tsyɔ hafi.

Nukatae wòle dedie wu be woado abɔta legbe blibowo, pantalon legbewo, kple tatsyɔnu le dzogbe ƒe ke si ƒe home nye dɔlar 48^\circ\text{C}$ (\(118^\circ\text{F}\)) me wu awu kpui kple T-shirt?¶

Le dzomeŋɔli ƒe yame ƒe nɔnɔme fafɛ si mede $35^\circ\text{C}$ ($95^\circ\text{F}$) o me la, ŋutigbalẽ ƒuƒlu kpena ɖe ŋuwò be wò ŋutilã nafa elabena ya si ƒo xlã wò la fa wu wò ŋutigbalẽ. Gake ne dzogbe ƒe ya ƒe dzoxɔxɔ wu $37^\circ\text{C}$ ($98.6^\circ\text{F}$) le ke ƒe ahom sesẽ aɖe me ko la, ŋutigbalẽ ƒuƒlu xɔa dzoxɔxɔ gã aɖe si klẽna tso ɣea gbɔ kple dzoxɔxɔ si tsoa ya dzodzoe me tẽ, evɔ yaƒoƒo ƒuƒuwo ya ƒoa fifia tso ŋutigbalẽ ƒuƒlu me kabakaba ale gbegbe be wòzua ya le yame hafi wòna fa wò ʋu. Awu siwo me mekɔ o, siwo didi bliboe dodo kple tatsyɔnu nana ya si ƒe home nye $37^\circ\text{C}$ si ƒe vɔvɔli nɔa wò ŋutigbalẽ xa, xea mɔ na ya ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si nye $50^\circ\text{C}$, xea mɔ na quartz sandblasting dzobibi, eye wòɖea tsi si buna gaƒoƒo ɖesiaɖe dzi kpɔtɔna va ɖoa alafa memama 40 va ɖo 50.

Nukatae mele be nàbe ɖe tɔsisi si le dzogbenyigba ƒuƒui aɖe me (wadi, wash, alo arroyo) alo le ke si le togbɛ aɖe ƒe gɔme si le togbɛ dzi le ke ƒe ahom me gbeɖe o?¶

Dzogbe ƒe tɔsisi ƒuƒuwo (wadis alo washes) kple ke si le dɔ wɔm ƒe akpa si le yaƒoƒo me (si ƒe mo le ʋuʋum) nye dzɔdzɔme anyigba ƒe mɔ̃wo le yaƒoƒoɣi. Gbã la, ke si ƒona la ƒua du toa wadi siwo le anyigba dzi eye wòƒoa ƒu ɖe ƒuta goglowo me, evɔ dziɖegbe si hea kea vɛ le didiƒe kilometa 20 le towo dzi ate ŋu ana tsi si me tsiɖɔɖɔ kpata le ƒe gli kpata naɖiɖi ɖe tsi ƒuƒlu ma tututu ma ke me le ɣeyiɣi ɖeka me. Evelia, ke gã aɖe ƒe ya si le ɖiɖim la nɔa anyi ɖe ɖiɖiɖeme ƒe dzogoe vevi si nye dzidzenu 34 dzi; esime ke ƒe ahom le ke yeye tɔn geɖe ƒom ɖe togbɛa ƒe ta dzi la, togbɛ bliboa ate ŋu atso eye wòaƒu kplakplakpla ɖe amesiame si le bebeƒe le eƒe gɔme la dzi kpoo, eye wòaɖi wo agbagbee. Bebeƒe le kpe sesẽ aɖe si kɔkɔ dzi ɣesiaɣi le kpe sesẽ aɖe si do ɖe go alo ʋu aɖe ƒe akpa si ya ƒo xlãe.

Aleke ne èɖe asi le ya do le wò tayawo me (si ƒe ya ɖiɖi va ɖo 15 PSI) nana ʋu si tsi anyi la dona le dzogbeke si le ʋuʋum me?¶

Le mɔdodo gã dzi tayawo ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si sɔ (32 va ɖo 36 PSI / 220 va ɖo 250 kPa) nu la, ʋu ƒe taya sesẽna eye wòle kpuie, si nana ʋua ƒe kpekpeme bliboa nɔa afɔti sue aɖe si lolo abe wò asibidɛ ene dzi ale be taya si le tsatsam la lãna tẽe wòzua ke si me mekɔ o abe pizza lãnu ene. Ne woɖe ya le taya eneawo katã me va ɖo 15 va ɖo 18 PSI (100 va ɖo 125 kPa) la, enaa rababa ƒe axadzigliwo te ŋu bɔbɔna hedidia tayaa ƒe gɔme le anyigba, si wɔnɛ be taya la ƒe afɔtoƒe ƒe lolome dzina ɖe edzi zi gbɔ zi eve. De dzesii be ne èkeke afɔtoƒea la, menaa tayaa kekena boo tso axa ɖeka yi axa ke o; ke boŋ enaa taya ƒe afɔti didi wua ŋgɔgbe yi megbe zi gbɔ zi eve abe aʋawɔʋu ƒe afɔti alo snodzizɔzɔ ene, si ɖea anyigba ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu dzi kpɔtɔna afã ale be ʋua ƒoa xlã kea tame.

Wolé ŋku ɖe dzɔtsoƒewo ŋu¶

• Xexeame ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Habɔbɔ (WMO): Ke kple Ke ƒe Ahomya ƒe Nuxlɔ̃ame ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoɖo kple Dɔdamɔnu (SDS-WAS) ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋutinunya kple Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya Ŋuti Nuŋlɔɖi na Ke kple Ke ƒe Ahomya (Simoom, Khamsin, Shamal, Harmattan, kple Karaburan ƒe hatsotsowo).
• Dukɔa ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Dɔwɔƒe (NWS / NOAA, United States) kple Arizona Ʋuɖonyawo Gbɔkpɔƒe (ADOT): "He ɖe Axadzi, Nɔ Agbe" Mɔdodo Gãwo Dzi Ke/Ke Ahom Tsitretsitsi Dɔwɔna Kple Ke Ʋuʋu ƒe Nuxlɔ̃ame Ðoɖowo.
• United States ƒe Asrafowo ƒe Dɔwɔƒe / United States Yamesrafowo: FM 3-05.70 (FM 21-76) Agbetsitsi ƒe Mɔfiamegbalẽ, Ta 13: Dzogbe ƒe Agbetsitsi, Convective Thermal Balance le Dzogbe ƒe Ya Dzodzoewo me, kple Nutome ƒe Afɔkuwo.
• United States Asrafowo ƒe Numekuƒe si Kpɔa Nutome Atikewɔwɔ Gbɔ (USARIEM): Dzoxɔxɔ ƒe Dadasɔ kple Fifia ƒe Dzoxɔxɔ ƒe Seɖoƒewo ƒe Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya le Nɔnɔme Siwo Me Kuɖiɖi Sesẽtɔ Me (\(>45^\circ\text{C}\) Ya si Le Yame).
• Dɔlélenutsitsi Kple Mɔxexe Ðe Enu Dɔwɔƒe (CDC, United States) kple Xexeame ƒe Lãmesẽ Habɔbɔ (WHO): Coccidioidomycosis (Valley Fever) Le Ke/Ke ƒe Ahomwo Kple Meningococcal Meningitis Mɔxexe Ðe Enu megbe le Harmattan Belt.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Ke ƒe ahomwo: mɔdodo gãwo dzi dedienɔnɔ kple gbɔgbɔtsixetsixe takpɔkpɔ
• Haboobs kple dziɖegbe sesẽwo ƒe ke gliwo
• Dzoxɔxɔ si gbɔ eme kple dzoxɔxɔ ƒe ƒutsotsoewo ƒe agbetsitsi
• Dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dɔléle: dzoxɔxɔ ƒe ɖeɖiteameŋu kple dzoxɔxɔ ƒe kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ
• Nusiwo bu le gota: dzogbe kple gbedadaƒo ƒe agbetsitsi