Katabatic Hurricane Yaƒoƒo (Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw): Nuheŋusẽ si Hea Nuheŋusẽ ʋãa Vuvɔ si Yia anyime¶

To vovo na foehn kple Chinook ya siwo xɔ dzo, siwo ƒu (siwo doa dzo to adiabatic compression me ne wozi ya dzi ɖe togbɛ aɖe dzi), katabatic ya (tso Helagbe me katabasis, si gɔmee nye "ɖiɖi") nye sesẽ, fafa si fa miamiamia, ya si ɖiɖina ɖe anyime si nuheŋusẽ ʋãna** si dzɔna ne tsita gã aɖe si me fafa le keklẽŋusẽ me, si le ɖiɖim ŋutɔ ya ƒoa ƒu ɖe tsikpe gã aɖe, tsikpe gã aɖe, alo to kɔkɔ aɖe tame eye wòkɔna ɖe gota abe tsi si le sisim ɖe tɔdzisasrã dzi ene. Esi katabatic-wo le du dzi yina to ƒuta bali siwo me togbɛwo le, tsikpeto siwo me tsikpewo le, kple todzimɔwo dzi le nuheŋusẽ ƒe hehe kple ƒuta ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu sue aɖe te la, ahomya ƒe duƒuƒu si tso Ƒomedodo 3 va ɖo Ƒomedodo 5 lia si nye 150 va ɖo kilometa 300 kple edzivɔ le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me (kilometa 95 va ɖo 190 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me) le aɖabaƒoƒo ʋɛ aɖewo ko me, eye zi geɖe la, wodzea egɔme tsoe dziŋgɔli si me kɔ nyuie, si me alilikpo mele o si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ aɖiɖi zi ɖeka tso Celsius 15 va ɖo 25 (Fahrenheit 27 va ɖo 45). Wonyae le nutoa me be Piteraq le Greenland, Bora (Bura) le Adriatic ƒuta le Croatia, Slovenia, kple Italy, Williwaw le Aleutian Ƒukpowo dzi, Alaska, kple Magellan/Tierra del Fuego Ƒukɔme, Mistral le France ƒe dzigbe, Tehuantepecer le Mexico ƒe dzigbe, kple Antarctic katabatic ahom siwo le Adélie Land kple McMurdo, ya siawo gbãa mɔzɔzɔ ƒe agbadɔwo, ʋua ʋu xɔŋkɔwo le ƒutamɔwo dzi, ƒoa tɔdziʋu siwo zɔa mɔ kple tɔƒodelawo ɖe woƒe atikpowo ƒe nugbɔwo ƒua gbe ɖe seke dzi, eye woɖia ƒutaduwo ɖe dzetsikpe si wotsɔ ƒua gbe alo anyigba ƒe ahomya te. Ne ame aɖe tsi katabatic ya siwo mede zero o me, xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe yaƒoƒo xɔ abi, alo ƒu tsi le ƒua dzi la, ƒo ka na wò nutoa me ƒe xexlẽdzesi kpata enumake (911 le United States kple Canada, 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔ bliboa me, 999 le United Kingdom) alo nàlé ŋku ɖe míaƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe si nye xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata. Ne èdi ya kple vuvɔ ƒe nɔnɔme kpata siwo do ƒome kplii la, xlẽ míaƒe mɔfiamegbalẽwo le Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, kple Diablo ƒe yaƒoƒo siwo le togbɛwo dzi, . anyigba dzi ahom sesẽwo, sno si le ƒoƒom, kple bebeƒe ƒe ka siwo wotsɔ blaa woe, . polar vortex, arctic ƒe dɔvɔ̃wo, kple yaƒoƒo ƒe vuvɔŋɔli ƒe agbetsitsi, kple dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ kple vuvɔ ƒe kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Ðo to nutoa me katabatic ya ƒe nuxlɔ̃amewo, siren ɖoɖowo, kple ƒuta tɔdzisasrãwo tutu enumake: Ne yame ƒe nɔnɔme ŋuti dɔwɔƒewo ɖe Piteraq Nuxlɔ̃ame (le East Greenland, si du ƒe siren kple akaɖi dzĩ siwo le keklẽm le Tasiilaq ƒe dzesi), Red Bora (Crveni Alarm / Bura) Nuxlɔ̃ame ɖe go le Croatia Adriatic ƒuta (si wotu A1 Maslenica Tɔdzisasrã, Krk Tɔdzisasrã, kple Jadranska Magistrala D8 mɔ gã), alo Ya sesẽ / Williwaw Nuxlɔ̃ame le Alaska alo Patagonia, ge ɖe xɔ me le xɔ si ŋu wodo ŋusẽe me hafi ŋgɔgbe si dze egɔme la nadze. Katabatic ya ƒona kabakaba tso fafa kuku (0 km/h) va ɖo 160+ kilometa le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me (100+ miles le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me) le ɣeyiɣi si mede miniti 10 o.
2. Ne èle asaɖa me ƒum ɖe tsikpe, tundra, alo togbɛ aɖe dzi ne ahom si woyɔna be katabatic gogo la, tu yaƒoƒo ƒe gli si le abe sɔ ƒe afɔkpa ene si wotsɔ xea mɔ na sno ɖe wò agbadɔa ƒe akpa si ya le dziƒo (si dze ŋgɔ tsikpe) enumake: Agbadɔŋkekenyui 4 ƒe geodesic mɔzɔzɔ ƒe agbadɔ gɔ̃ hã ƒe aluminum alo carbon-tiwo atso kilometa 180 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me (112 mph) Piteraq alo Williwaw ne wogblẽe ɖi wòɖee ɖe go bliboe. Kpɔ sno ƒe kpe gbadzɛ siwo me ya ƒo ɖo alo tsɔe ƒu gbe be nàtsɔ atu gli sesẽ aɖe si kɔkɔ yaƒoƒomɔ̃ meta 1.2 va ɖo 1.5 (afɔ 4 va ɖo 5) si woɖo ɖe agbadɔa ƒe dzigbe meta 1 va ɖo 1.5 (afɔ 3.3 va ɖo 5), ɖi "ame kuku" sno ƒe sekewo (ski, tsikpe fíawo, nukotoku siwo yɔ fũ kple sno si woɖi sentimeta 50 [20 inches] deep) le guyline ɖesiaɖe dzi, eye nàtsɔ gear kilogram 50+ (pound 110+) ade agbadɔa ƒe anyigba ale be bebeƒea mate ŋu adzo ne ati aɖe gbã o.
3. Ne wò agbadɔtiwo vuvu le katabatic blast me le zã me la, MÈGAÐE ʋɔa ƒe zip eye nàgblẽ agbadɔa ɖi le viviti me GBEÐE o: Nɔ agbadɔa ƒe avɔ si mu la me, he wò alɔ̃kotoku, alɔ̃dɔƒe si me dzoxɔxɔ mele o, dzodoƒe ƒe ami, kple nuɖuɖu siwo nètsɔna ƒo xlã wò la ɖe nylon-kplu si wotsɔ ga ƒo xlãe la me, eye nàzã agbadɔa ƒe avɔ si wotsɔ seke ɖo la abe kpata bivouac kotoku ene (bivy) vaseɖe esime ŋkeke ƒe keklẽ alo ya ƒe ɖiɖi na nàte ŋu aku sno ƒe do alo sno ƒe do. Azɔlizɔzɔ dzo le agbadɔ si mu gbɔ le anyigba ƒe ahom sesẽ si ƒona kilometa 150 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me la nana ame ƒe susu mewɔa dɔ nyuie o eye dzoxɔxɔa nu sẽna le miniti 15 me.
4. Ne èle tɔdziʋu si wotu ɖe fjord, bay, alo lee coast me ne Williwaw alo Bora va dze edzi la, MÈGABƆ ɖokuiwò ɖe togbɛ si dzi ʋuʋudedi le te tẽ o: Zi geɖe la, ƒudzidelawo wɔa vodada si wua ame be woaɖo seke ɖe agakpe si le togbɛ si dzi ya le ƒe gɔme tututu be "woado le ya me." Le Williwaw alo Bora me la, katabatic ya si sina toa toa ƒe togbɛa tame eye wògena ɖe anyi tsi tre kloe (70-to-80-degree downdraft angle) ɖe tsi si le agakpe la gɔme dzi, si wɔnɛ be vortex gusts (rotors) siwo trɔna siwo trɔa mɔ dzidzenu 180 le sɛkɛnd 5 me, tsɔa tɔdziʋu siwo wotsɔa ƒua tsii la ƒua du ɖe woƒe mastwo dzi (knockdown), eye nàhe sekewo ayi tsi goglowo me. Ðo seke ɖe ƒuta gbadza aɖe si le tsikpe ƒe tsidzɔƒea godo, tsɔ seke ƒe didime ƒe teƒe eve (7:1 va ɖo 10:1 sɔdola kple goglome ƒe sɔsɔme) kple snubber kple mɔ̃ veviedodotɔe ɖe yaƒoƒoawo me, alo nàtsi tre ɖe atsiaƒu ŋu.
5. Ne èle ʋu si ŋu ŋkɔ le (van, camper, box truck, SUV hem a trailer, alo motorcycle) kum ne katabatic crosswids ƒo ƒutamɔ alo tɔdzisasrã aɖe la, hee eye nàtɔ ʋua wòdze ŋgɔ ya la hafi nàɖo gorge alo viaduct si le ʋuʋu ɖi gbɔ: Mègadze agbagba gbeɖe be yeatso ƒuta tɔdzisasrã alo balia ƒe nu si le ʋuʋu ɖi le Bora, Mistral, alo Tehuantepecer ƒe yaƒoƒo ƒe ŋgɔgbe. Tsɔ ʋu ɖe mɔ gbadza gbadza si didi tso atiwo, elektrikkawo, kple xɔtaxɔe siwo le dzodzom gbɔ, fia ŋgɔgbe ʋuƒoa ɖe ya me tẽ ale be ya si le gbadzaa wu la nadze ŋgɔ yaƒoƒoa, eye nàɖo ʋutɔɖoƒe ƒe brek.
6. Tsɔ mo ƒe ŋutigbalẽ kple ŋku siwo woɖe ɖe go ƒe sentimeta ɖesiaɖe si le dzogoe ene me ta kple ski-goggles kple balaclava si me ya megena ɖo o: Esi katabatic ya ƒoa ya ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si mede zero o kple ya ƒe duƒuƒu 150+ km/h kpakple tsikpe ƒe kristalo alo dzoto ƒe tsikpe siwo le yame nu ƒu ta la, ya-fafa si sɔ kple dzoxɔxɔ la ɖiɖina ɖe anyi wu -50 va ɖo -70 degree Celsius (-58 va ɖo -94 degrees Fahrenheit), si naa ŋkume ƒe ŋkumeʋuʋu ƒuƒlu kple ŋgonu siwo woɖe ɖe go la sesẽna le sekɛnd 120 teti me.

Nyametsotsoti: katabatic downslope yaƒoƒo ƒe agbetsitsi¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Katabatic Yaƒoƒo si gbɔna kpuie: Bora, Piteraq, Williwaw, Mistral, alo Glacial Blast"] --> Location{"1. Afikae nèle ne nuxlɔ̃amea ɖi alo yaƒoƒo ƒe ŋgɔgbe ƒo?"}

    Location -->|"LE ARCTIC / ALPINE AGBALẼDZRAÐOƑE ME: Glacier, Ice Cap, alo Tundra"| TentProtocol["EXPEDITION TENT FORTIFICATION PROTOCOL: 1. Pitch Narrow Aerodynamic End Pointed Directly Into Up-Glacier Chute 2. Tsɔ Deadman Snow Anchors (Skis/Ice Axes/Snow Sacks) 50 cm (20 in) Goglo ɖe Guylines Katã Dzi 3. Tu 1.2-1.5 m (4-5 ft) Snow-Block Gli 1.2 m Upyand of Tent 4. Pack Snow Over All Perimeter Snow Flaps (Valances) 5. Ne Kpowo Ƒo: Nɔ Agbadɔŋkekenyui ƒe Avɔ si Mu la Me abe Bivy ene; Mègazɔ Adzo le Whiteout Gbeɖe O"]

    Location -->|"LE TƆƑU ALOO MELI ME: Fjord, Anchorage, alo Lee Coast"| BoatProtocol{"2. Ðe nèɖo seke ɖe agakpe gã aɖe alo bali si me tsikpewo le ƒe nu te tẽa?"}

    BoatProtocol -->|"Ẽ: Le Vertical Rotor / Williwaw ƒe Drop Zone me"| MoveBoat["SI LE CLIFF-BASE ROTOR ZONE: 1. Da Sails Katã Enumake eye nàdze Engine gɔme 2. Ne Dedie Hafi Peak Blast: Ʋu Do le Glacial Chute me Yi Flat-Shore Shelter alo Deep Sea Room 3. Ne Pinned le Anchor: Na Do 7:1 va ɖo 10:1 Scope, RigTandem/Kellet Anchor, kple Motor Forward Into Gusts to Relieve Sɔdolawo ƒe Teteɖeanyi"]

    BoatProtocol -->|"Ao: Wole edzi yim le Open Channel alo Coastal Sea me"| SeaProtocol["TSI ƲUƲU ƑE KNOCKDOWN & FREEZING SPRAY ƑE AGBE: 1. Bare Poles (Zero Sail) alo Storm Trysail Ko; Dedienɔnɔ Katã Loose Deck Gear 2. Kpɔ Tsikpe Ƒu Spray Tsikpe Accretion le Superstructure (Top-Heavy Capsize Afɔku) 3. Steer Quartering Yi Atsiaƒuwo Me eye Kpɔ Barometer Titri"]

    Location -->|"LE ƲU ALOO ƑUTADU ME: Mɔdodowo, Tɔdzisasrãwo, Alo Xɔwo"| TownProtocol["ƑUTA & MƆWO ƑE AGBENƆNƆ ƑE KPEKPEÐEŊU: 1. Ðo To Tɔdzisasrã Kple Ƒuta Mɔdodo Gãwo Katã Dzi (Mègatso Viaductwo Gbeɖe Le Camper/Van Me O) 2. Tsaɖibɔ si dze ŋgɔ Ya la Tsã Teƒe Tso Atiwo, Cranes, Kple Xɔtaxɔ Siwo Me mekɔ O Gbɔ 3. Le Piteraq/Arctic Duwo me: Kpɔ Siren/Red Light Signals, Shutter Windward Windows, kple Tether Gbedoxɔ me"]

Yame ƒe dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽŋununya si nye katabatic-ƒutsotsoe siwo nuheŋusẽ ʋãna¶

Nukatae ya fafɛ si le togbɛ alo tsikpe gã aɖe tame la ƒua du kabakaba wu ahom sesẽ si le hatsotso 4 lia me esime wòle sisim le togbɛ dzi? Dzɔdzɔmeŋusẽ etɔ̃ ƒoa ƒu le orographic hydraulic jump kple chute channeling me:

1. Kekeli ƒe ƒuƒoƒo kple tsi ƒe ʋuʋu manyomanyo (The Gravity Engine) .¶

1. High-Plateau Radiative Cooling: Le tsikpe si dzi sno xɔ (abe Greenland alo Antarctic tsikpe si didi meta 3,000 ene) alo karst-to kɔkɔ aɖe si ƒuta towo ƒo xlã (abe Dinaric Alps-to siwo le Croatia tame alo Patagonia Ice Field ene) dzi la, zã siwo fa miamiamia, siwo me kɔ nyuie la nana snoa nɔa anyigba dzi na dzoxɔxɔ si le yamenutome. Ya si bɔbɔ wu meta 50 va ɖo 300 (afɔ 165 va ɖo 1,000) si bɔbɔ nɔ tsikpeawo dzi la fa miamiamia va ɖoa -30 va ɖo -60 degree Celsius (-22 va ɖo -76 degree Fahrenheit).
2. Vovototo si le ʋeʋẽme si gbɔ eme: Ya fafɛ sɔ gbɔ wu ya dzodzoe sã (le -40 °C kple atsiaƒu ƒe kɔkɔme ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu me la, ya ƒuƒu ƒe kpekpeme nye kilogram 1.51 le kubik mita ɖeka me, ne wotsɔe sɔ kple kilogram 1.20 le kubik mita ɖeka me le +20 °C, si lolo wu 25 le alafa me). Le ɣeyiɣi ma ke me, le kilometa 30 va ɖo 80 (kilometa 20 va ɖo 50) tso toa ƒe anyime la, atsiaƒu me tsi si me tsikpe mele o nana ƒuta ya fa miamiamia (0 va ɖo +10 °C).
3. Nusita Adiabatic Compression Menaa Exɔ dzo O: Ne ya ƒe akpa ɖesiaɖe le ɖiɖim meta 1,000 (afɔ 3,300) le kɔkɔƒe la, yame ƒe nyaƒoɖeamenu si le dzidzim ɖe edzi la tea edzi hedoa dzoe le dry adiabatic lapse rate si nye 9.8 degrees Celsius le meta 1,000 ɖesiaɖe me (5.4 degrees Fahrenheit per afɔ 1,000). Le foehn alo Chinook ya me la, ya si dzea egɔme tso toa tame la fa miamiamia vie ko, eyata ne eɖiɖi meta 2,000 vɔ la, eva ɖoa ete wòxɔ dzo eye wòƒuna. Le katabatic ya me la, ya si dzea egɔme tso tsikpe kɔkɔa dzi la fa vevie ale gbegbe (-40 va ɖo -55 °C) ale gbegbe be ne exɔ dzo 15 va ɖo 20 °C le eƒe tsidzadza si le tsitrenu va ɖo atsiaƒu ƒe kɔkɔme me gɔ̃ hã la, egaɖoa ƒuta le Celsius dzidzenu 10 va ɖo 25 FƆ wu eye wòlolo wu ƒutaya si ƒo xlãe**, eye wòyia edzi le du dzi le ete negative buoyancy le tsia ƒe go kemɛ dzi tututu.

2. Venturi chute funneling kple hadrolik titri ƒe tɔtɔ¶

• Glacial Valley Venturi Acceleration: Esi ya fafɛ le sisim tso gbadzaƒea ƒe go kemɛ dzi la, egena ɖe tsikpe ƒe fjords gbadza siwo le abe V alo U ene me kple towo ƒe mɔwo dzi. Ne èmimi ya fafɛ ƒe tsidzɔƒe si keke kilometa 50 to fjord ƒe ŋɔti si keke kilometa 2 me la, ya ƒe duƒuƒu dzina ɖe edzi alafa memama 300 va ɖo 500.
• Lee-Slope Hydraulic Jump and Rotors: Esi ya fafɛ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si le vevie ŋutɔ la le tu dam ɖe ƒuta agakpe aɖe dzi la, egena ɖe atsiaƒua dzi eye wògagbugbɔna yia dzi le yame ƒe hadrolik titri sesẽ aɖe me. Le titri sia te tẽ le ƒuta kple fjord ƒe tsi ememetɔ dzi la, rotor vortices siwo le tsia dzi la ƒoa xlãe kple duƒuƒu kilometa 150 va ɖo 250 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me, eye woƒoa xɔwo kple tɔdziʋuwo yia anyime hafi trɔna ɖe mɔa ŋu le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo megbe.

Xexeame katã ƒe nyatakaka tso katabatic ya ƒe dziɖuɖu siwo wua ame wu le xexeame ŋu¶

Dzogbe kple ƒuta mɔzɔzɔwo ƒe agbetsitsi: agbadɔ aɖe tutu kple eɖeɖe le Piteraq alo Williwaw me¶

Le Greenland Ice Sheet, Svalbard, Baffin Island, Alaska, Patagonia, kple Antarctica dzi la, katabatic agbadɔ tsɔtsrɔ̃ wua ƒuta kple todzimɔzɔzɔ geɖe wu enu wu to crevasse falls me. Ne katabatic ƒe wowó si ƒe duƒuƒu kilometa 180 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me va dze asaɖa si womedzra ɖo o dzi la, mexɔa sɛkɛnd 60 hafi woate ŋu atso aluminum-tiwo, avuvu flysheet la, eye woaku alɔ̃kotokuwo ɖe viviti me o.

1. Do ŋgɔ na ahomya ƒe asaɖaa ƒe nɔƒe kple agbadɔdada ƒe nɔnɔme¶

1. Nya Katabatic Drainage Axis (Mègaƒu du le gbadzaa ɖe togbɛa dzi gbeɖe o): Katabatic yaƒoƒo ƒoa togbɛ dzi / yi anyime-tsikpe (tsɔ kpe ɖe 15-to-30-degree deflection yi ɖusime le Dziehe Hemisphere alo miame le Southern Hemisphere le Coriolis ŋusẽ ta). Ne ya aɖe le ƒoƒom yi dzi-bali me ne èƒu asaɖa anyi hã la, trɔ asi le wò mɔ̃a alo geodesic agbadɔa ŋu ale be eƒe afɔti si bɔbɔ wu, si le gbadzaa wu si me ya le la nadze LI dzi tẽe ɖo ta tsikpeto la ƒe ta gbɔ, eye agbadɔa ƒe ʋɔtrua nadze ŋgɔ dzidzenu 90 ɖe axadzi alo ya si le anyime. Mègadze ŋgɔ agbadɔ ƒe ʋɔtru si le to dzi ɖo ta tsikpe ƒe nugbɔ gbeɖe o: ne zip la ma sentimeta 2 le Piteraq me la, agbadɔa ya ya abe parachute ene eye wòwóa gota.
2. Tsɔ "Deadman" Snow Anchors (Veɖe aɖeke mele agbadɔ ƒe ʋuƒo siwo wozãna ɖaa ŋu o): V-stakes siwo ƒe didime nye sentimeta 15 (inch 6) siwo wozãna ɖaa la hea wo doa goe le sno me le yaƒoƒo ƒe agba si ƒe kpekpeme nye kilogram 100 te.
3. Le yaƒoƒo ƒe nuwuwu kple axawo dzi la, tsɔ ski siwo wotsɔ ʋu sentimeta 50 (inch 20) le tsitrenu ɖe snoa me, tsikpe fía siwo woɖi ɖe tsia dzi abe T-slot deadman ene sentimeta 45 (inch 18) goglo eye wotu afɔkpoe sesĩe ale be snoa natsi aɖabaƒoƒo 20 hafi aƒoe, alo nylon sno-fluke seke siwo woɖi ɖe gogloƒe.
4. Double-pole the sleeves: Ne wò polar tunnel tent ɖe mɔ nɛ la, tsɔ ka aluminium-ti eve ƒo ɖe abɔta ɖesiaɖe me be wòanye flexural rigidity zi gbɔ zi eve ɖe downward rotor blasts ŋu.
5. Seal the Perimeter Snow Valances (Snow Skirts): Avɔ gbadza gbadzawo (snow valances) le polar agbadɔ ɖesiaɖe ŋu ƒo xlã gota flysheet ƒe go si le ete. Tsɔ aŋe ƒo sno ƒe kpe gbadzɛwo ɖe snoa ƒe akpa siwo katã le dzidzenu 360 dzi eye nàtu wo sesĩe ale be sno si le tsatsam la mate ŋu aƒu du adze anyigba te o.

2. Alesi woatu Katabatic Snow-Block Yaƒoƒo Gli si sɔ¶

• Kɔkɔme kple Afɔɖeɖe ƒe Adzɔge: Zã sno ƒe aŋenu nàtsɔ atso yaƒoƒo ƒe kpe gbadzɛ siwo le ʋeʋẽm (\(40 \times 30 \times 20\text{ cm}\) [\(16 \times 12 \times 8\text{ in}\)]) eye nàtu gli si le goglo, si le abe sɔ ƒe afɔkpa ene** ɖe agbadɔa ƒe akpa si le togbɛa dzi (si le yaƒoƒo gome).
• Mɔ̃ɖaŋununya ƒe Se Vevi: Tu snogli la meta 1.0 va ɖo 1.5 (afɔ 3.3 va ɖo 5) le agbadɔa ƒe dzigbe, MELE asi agbadɔa ƒe avɔ ŋu o, eye mègatu gli la wòakɔ wu agbadɔa ƒe kɔkɔme ƒe alafa memama 75 va ɖo 80 (si kɔkɔ abe meta 1.2 [afɔ 4] ene).
• Nukatae? Snogli si wotu wòkɔ wu agbadɔa naa yaƒoƒo eddy drift si gena ɖe agbadɔa tame meta 2 (afɔ 6.5) tẽ le gaƒoƒo 2 me, si gbãa atikpoawo le sno ƒe kpekpeme te. Ne wotsɔ dometsotso si didi meta 1 le gli si kɔkɔ va ɖo akɔta kple agbadɔa dome la, ya si ƒona kabakaba la te ŋu kɔa dometsotsoa ŋu esime wòle ya ƒe ŋusẽ si gblẽa nu la hem yi dzi le agbadɔa ƒe fiakuku dzi.
• De aɖabaƒoƒo 60 ƒe Shoveling Watch: Le katabatic anyigba ƒe ahomya sesẽ aɖe si le dɔ dzi me la, ele be ƒuƒoƒoa me tɔ ɖeka si do ahomya ƒe awuwo, ski goggles, eye wòtso agbadɔa ƒe seke ƒe ka vevitɔ kple climbing harness kple 5-meter tether rope la nado go aɖabaƒoƒo 45 va ɖo 60 ɖesiaɖe be wòaɖe sno si ƒu tso xɔtaxɔ si le ŋgɔgbe la dzi.

3. Kpata "Agbadɔ si Dzi Woɖu" Drill¶

Ne ya ƒo sesĩe wu kilometa 160 va ɖo 200 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me eye agbadɔtiawo le bɔbɔm gbadzaa eye wole ŋeŋem to flysheet la me la: 1. Do afɔkpa, parka, mittens, goggles, kple harnesses le agbadɔa ME esime wògakpɔtɔ le tsitrenu. 2. Tsi dzodoƒewo enumake eye nàtre mɔ̃memi ƒe aŋetuwo nyuie. 3. Eɖoe koŋ ɖe atikpoawo le woƒe kpluawo me alo tsɔ wo ƒu gbe tso eme be nàna agbadɔa nadze gbadzaa ɖe snoa dzi hafi atiawo nagbã avɔa ahavuvu. 4. Ƒo gear kotoku kpekpewo nu ƒu ɖe agbadɔ si le gbadzaa ƒe go si dzi ya ƒo ɖo eye nàmlɔ agbadɔa ƒe go si mu la me le wò alɔ̃kotokuwo me ɖe foam pads tame, anɔ gbɔgbɔm to yadoƒe si le yaƒoƒo me vaseɖe esime Piteraq la naɖiɖi.

Ƒudzi agbetsitsi: Williwaws, Boras, kple Piteraqs gbɔ kpɔkpɔ le ƒua dzi kple seke me¶

Le asitsalawo ƒe tɔƒodelawo, tɔdziʋu siwo hea ʋu me dɔwɔlawo, kayak-ʋukula, kple ƒudzidela siwo le Alaska, British Columbia, Patagonia, Croatia, Greece (Meltemi lee-cliff gusts), kple Greenland gome la, katabatic-squals hea ƒudzinya kpata etɔ̃ vɛ:

1. De dzesi nukpɔkpɔ ƒe ŋgɔdonya: "Foehn/Bora Cap Cloud" si le toa ƒe ta dzi¶

Ne yame ƒe tame le blɔ klẽm gɔ̃ hã la, fɔ mo dzi kpɔ toa ƒe togbɛa dzi hafi nàge ɖe ƒuta aɖe me alo aɖo seke: - Ne èkpɔ alilikpo ɣi alo cap cloud (kapa le Croatia) si le tsitrenu, si le goglo la, wòlé ɖe togbɛa tame kple alilikpo suesuesue siwo le gegem ɖe agakpe si le yaƒoƒo me eye wòbu le afã me la, ya fafɛ ƒe tsitsetse si le abe katabatic ene le sisim le togbɛ ma dzi. - Kpɔ tsi si te ɖe agakpe ƒe gɔme ŋu ɖa: futukpɔ ƒe fli ɣiwo ("avũ ƒe afɔwo" si trɔna zua tsi ɣi si le dzudzɔ tum, si woyɔna be fumarea le Adriatic-ƒua dzi) duɖimekeke to atsiaƒua dzi de dzesi Williwaw alo Bora yaƒoƒo si ƒe duƒuƒu nye kilometa 120 va ɖo 180 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me (75-to-112 mph) ƒe ŋgɔgbe, si naa 30 va ɖo 90 sɛkɛnd ƒe nuxlɔ̃ame.

2. Nusita seke si te ɖe agakpe kɔkɔ aɖe te ŋu nana wòdzea anyi dzidzenu 180¶

Le ya si sɔ me la, seke si te ɖe ƒuta si ya ƒona ŋu la ɖea ƒutsotsoewo ƒe tsɔtsɔ dzi kpɔtɔna. Le katabatic Williwaw alo Bora me la, ya la ɖiɖina tso agakpe si didi meta 600 (afɔ 2,000) dzi le dzogoe si dzi wòɖiɖi ɖo dzi, ƒoa tsia meta 200 (afɔ 650) le ƒuta, eye wòma: wowó ɖeka ƒua du doa go yia atsiaƒu me esime reverse curl (eddy) sesẽ aɖe ƒua du yia megbe ɖo ta agakpe la ƒe mo. - Tɔdziʋu si wotsɔ seke ɖo ɖe afisi wòdze anyi le sia la, ya sesẽ aɖe si ƒe didime nye knot 70 ƒoe tso eƒe ŋgɔgbe, eʋuʋuna sesĩe, eye le sɛkɛnd 10 megbe la, wotsɔa ʋuƒo si ƒe didime nye knot 80 si yia anyime la ƒona ɖe eƒe akpa si le gbadzaa tso mɔ si to vovo na ema dzi, si naa tɔdziʋu aɖe ƒe ʋuƒoa ƒe ʋuƒoa dana ɖe tsia me gbadzaa (knockdown) ne womekɔ tɔdziʋua ƒe ʋuƒo zero (ti ƒuƒluwo) gɔ̃ hã. - Anchorage Mɔnu Nyuitɔ: 1. Mègatsɔ seke ɖo tsikpe ƒe tɔʋu alo bali ƒe nu si le abe V ene dzi tẽ gbeɖe o; tia sekeƒe aɖe le ƒukpo si le bɔbɔe, si tame le gbadzaa alo ƒukpo afã si fa tu megbe afisi katabatic sisi mate ŋu aƒu du aɖiɖi le chute me o. 2. Tsɔ kɔsɔkɔsɔ siwo katã li eye nàdoe (7:1 va ɖo 10:1 ƒe kekeme), rig a nylon snubber line, ɖo kellet kpekpe aɖe ɖe kɔsɔkɔsɔa ƒe afã me, eye na mɔ̃ gã la nanɔ dɔ wɔm le gear me kple gaƒoɖokuidzikpɔla si le ʋua kum yi ɖe yaƒoƒoawo me. 3. Le tɔdziʋu si wotsɔa ʋuʋudedi wɔe me la, ɖe taɖa siwo wotsɔa ʋuƒo ƒoa ƒui la ɖa alo ƒoa wo ɖe anyi kple webbing straps ale be Bora si zɔna kilometa 150 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me mate ŋu avuvu UV-nutsyɔnu la ahaʋu tɔdziʋua o.

3. Ƒumelã Siwo Wotsɔna Ƒua tsii (Overising) .¶

Ne Piteraq (-20 °C), Arctic Bora, alo Alaska Williwaw si mede zero o la wó to atsiaƒu me tsiwo dzi la, etsɔa dzetsi si fa miamiamia si fa wu la ƒua gbe ɖe yame. Tsi ɖesiaɖe si ƒona ɖe ʋua ƒe akpa si fa miamiamia, ʋuƒo, radar ƒe ʋuƒo, kple ʋua me la, tsikpe enumake zua ƒumelã si me tsikpe le. - The Top-Heavy Capsize Trap: Ne tsikpe sesẽ si kɔkɔ sentimeta 10 va ɖo 15 (inch 4 va ɖo 6) ƒo ƒu ɖe tɔƒodeʋu ƒe rigging kple tasiaɖamfɔwo dzi la, etsɔa kpekpeme tɔn ewo kpena ɖe eŋu le tɔdziʋua ƒe metacenter tame, si gblẽa eƒe ɖusibɔ vaseɖe esime tɔdziʋua naʋuʋu eye wòanyrɔ. - Afɔɖeɖe Enumake: Ðe yaƒoƒo ƒe duƒuƒu dzi kpɔtɔ alo nàtrɔ mɔ si dzi nàto ayi tsi si me woxe mɔ ɖo gbɔ be wòaɖe akplɔ ƒe tsidzadza dzi akpɔtɔ, eye nàdɔ ʋua me dɔwɔla siwo wobla le tsinyegoewuwo me ɖe gota kple ati baseball-ƒotiwo, ati-tiwo, alo fiberglass-fɔkpawo be woaƒo tsikpe tso xɔtaxɔ kɔkɔtɔ kekeake dzi gbã.

Nutome ƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo ku ɖe nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo ŋu kple dɔwɔƒea ƒe ɖoɖowo¶

• Greenland kple Denmark: Ƒo ka na 112 alo te ɖe nutoa me Kpovitɔwo / Joint Arctic Command (Arktisk Kommando) ŋu le VHF Channel 16. Monitor DMI (Danmarks Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe, dmi.dk / kala Nunaata Radioa KNR) na dziɖuɖua ƒe Piteraq Nuxlɔ̃amewo (Piteraq-varsel) eye nàwɔ ɖe Tasiilaq dudzikpɔƒe ƒe siren ƒe dzesiwo dzi.
• Croatia, Slovenia, kple Italy (Adriatic Bora Zone): Ƒo ka na 112 (alo 195 na MRCC Rijeka Ƒudzimɔwo Didi Kple Xɔname le Croatia; 1530 na Guardia Costiera le Italy). Kpɔ DHMZ (Državni tsi meteorološki zavod, 1999) ɖa. meteo.hr) kple HAK (Hrvatski ƒe ʋuɖoƒe, hak.hr) na ɣeyiɣi ŋutɔŋutɔ Red Meteoalarm Bora Nuxlɔ̃amewo kple ya ƒe nutsotso si wòle be woatu le A1 Mɔdodo Gã (Sveti Rok yi Posedarje / Maslenica), A6, Krk Tɔdzisasrã, Pag Tɔdzisasrã, kple D8 Adriatic Mɔdodo Gã dzi.
• United States (Alaska) kple Canada: Ƒo ka na 911 alo nàƒo ka na United States Ƒuta Dzɔlawo / Canada Ƒuta Dzɔlawo le VHF Channel 16 (alo nàwɔ 406 MHz EPIRB / PLB / Garmin inReach ŋudɔ). Kpɔ NOAA Dukɔa ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Dɔwɔƒe (NWS Anchorage / Juneau / Fairbanks) ƒudzinyawo gbɔgblɔ ɖi na Ahom-Ŋusẽ Ya ƒe Nuxlɔ̃amewo, Williwaw Squall Nuxlɔ̃amewo, kple Heavy Freezing Spray Nuxlɔ̃amewo.
• France (Mistral kple Tramontane Zone): Ƒo ka na 112 (alo 196 hena CROSS Méditerranée ƒudzixɔname). Kpɔkpɔ Météo-France (vigilance.meteofrance.fr) na Orange/Red Vigilance Vent Violent ƒe nuxlɔ̃amewo le Bouches-du-Rhône, Var, Vaucluse, Aude, kple Pyrénées-Orientales dɔwɔƒewo katã.
• Chile kple Argentina (Patagonian & Tierra del Fuego Williwaw Nuto): Ƒo ka na 137 (Armada de Chile Ƒudzi Xɔnameha) alo 106 (Prefectura Ƒudzisrafowo ƒe Argentina) eye nàlé ŋku ɖe VHF Channel 16 ŋu le Strait of Magellan kple Beagle Channel.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Vovototo kae le katabatic ya (abe Bora alo Piteraq ene) kple foehn alo Chinook ya dome?¶

Wo ame evea siaa nye towo ƒe ya sesẽ siwo ɖiɖina, gake dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dzesi kple ʋukuku ƒe mɔnu siwo tsi tre ɖe wo nɔewo ŋu le wo ŋu. **foehn alo Chinook ya** dzɔna ne ahom si woyɔna be synoptic storm zi ya si fa miamiamia si me tsi le vie dzi yi dzi kple to aɖe dzi; ya la ɖea eƒe tsi dzi kpɔtɔna ne tsidzadza alo sno dza le akpa si ya le ƒoƒom eye wòxɔa dzo to adiabatic compression me ne ele ɖiɖim le yaƒoƒo ƒe togbɛa dzi, eye wòva ɖoa ete wòxɔ dzo eye wòƒu. **katabatic ya (abe Piteraq, Bora, alo Williwaw)** dzea egɔme abe ya fafɛ si me fa miamiamia si me keklẽŋusẽ le (-30 va ɖo -60 degree Celsius) ƒe ta si fa miamiamia si mebɔ o si bɔbɔ nɔ tsikpe kɔkɔ alo anyigbagã ƒe gbadzaƒe aɖe tame ene. Togbɔ be ya sia xɔa dzo Celsius dzidzenu 9.8 le meta 1,000 ɖesiaɖe me ne ele ɖiɖim va ɖo atsiaƒu ƒe sɔsɔme hã la, edze egɔme vuvɔ le etame ale gbegbe be egaɖoa ƒuta dzidzenu Celsius 10 va ɖo 25 si fa wu eye wòsẽ wu ƒutaya, eye wòƒua du yia anyime le nuheŋusẽ te.

Nukatae Piteraq alo Bora ahom sesẽ aɖe si wua ame ate ŋu aƒo esime yame kɔ keŋkeŋ eye ŋdɔ le ʋuʋum?¶

Katabatic ya metsoa alilikpo siwo me dziɖegbe le alo ahom sesẽ siwo le teƒe xɔdzowo gbɔ o. Ya fafɛ si le kɔkɔƒe si naa nuɖuɖu ahom si woyɔna be katabatic la dzɔna kabakaba wu le zã siwo me fafa le eye yame kɔ nyuie me ne alilikpo aɖeke meli si alé dzoxɔxɔ ɖe tsikpe alo togbɛa tame o. Esi ya fafɛ ma si le ƒoƒom ɖe ƒuta eye wòle du dzi le ƒuta ƒe togbɛa dzi la, nutete si yi anyime la naa alilikpo ɖesiaɖe si le bɔbɔe la ƒuna, si wɔnɛ be "Bora si me kɔ" (*Jasna Bura*) alo Piteraq si me kɔ nyuie si me ya sesẽ siwo ƒe sesẽme nye kilometa 220/h (135 mph) ƒona le dziŋgɔli blɔ si le keklẽm alo ɣletiviwo te, si wɔnɛ be ya la zua ɣie le anyigba alo atsiaƒu ƒe sɔsɔme kple sno si woƒo ko (*anyigba dzi blizzard*) alo atsiaƒu me atike si wotsɔna ƒua gbe.

Ne meƒu asaɖa anyi ɖe tsikpe alo arctic tundra dzi la, afikae wòle be matu snodzigli le nye agbadɔa ƒe dzigbe gome, eye aleke gbegbee wòle be wòakɔ?¶

Tu gli si le goglo si le abe sɔ ƒe afɔkpa ene si wotsɔ sno siwo wotsɔ lãgbalẽ wɔe si le **meta 1.0 va ɖo 1.5 (afɔ 3.3 va ɖo 5) le yaƒoƒo nu** tso wò agbadɔa ƒe nuwuwu si ya ƒo, eye nàtue wòade wò agbadɔa ƒe kɔkɔme ƒe alafa memama **75 va ɖo 80 lɔƒo (anɔ abe meta 1.2 [afɔ 4])**. Mègatu gli la ɖe agbadɔa ƒe avɔa ŋu tututu gbeɖe o, eye mègatue wòakɔ wu agbadɔa tame gbeɖe o: sno ƒe gli si lolo akpa la naa ʋuʋudedi si me tɔtɔ le le megbe si tsɔa sno tɔn geɖe siwo le ʋuʋum la ƒua gbe ɖe wò agbadɔa tame tẽ, eye wògbãa atikpoawo le sno ƒe kpekpeme te le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me. Ne wogblẽ dometsotso si didi meta 1 ɖe gli si kɔkɔ va ɖo akɔta megbe la, ehea ya vevitɔ si ƒona ɖe agbadɔa dzi la yia dzi esime wòɖea mɔ na ya si ƒona toa dometsotsoa me.

Nukatae tɔdziʋu ƒe seke tsɔtsɔ ɖe togbɛ si dzi ʋuʋudedi le te tututu nye afɔku le Williwaw alo Bora ƒe ɣeyiɣiwo me?¶

Le ŋkeke si dzi fafa le dzi la, ƒuta aɖe si le agakpe si didi meta 600 (afɔ 2,000) te tẽ la dzena abe teƒe si bebeƒe le wu le fjord me ene. Gake le Williwaw alo Bora si nye katabatic me la, ya fafɛ si le ʋuʋum la tu ɖe agakpe la tame eye wògena ɖe anyi le tsitrenu kloe (le dzogoe si nye dzidzenu 70 va ɖo 80 me) ɖe tsi si le agakpe la gɔme dzi, eye wòtrɔna zua rotors siwo le tsia dzi ŋutasesẽtɔe. Tɔdziʋu aɖe si wotu ɖe agakpea te kpuie la ƒoa tso dziƒo eye ya sesẽ siwo ƒe didime nye knot 80 siwo trɔna ɖe mɔa ŋu dzidzenu 180 le sɛkɛnd ʋɛ aɖewo ɖesiaɖe me la ƒoa wo, eye wòƒoa tɔdziʋu siwo wotsɔa seke wɔe la ƒua gbe ɖe woƒe ʋuƒoawo dzi gbadzaa ne womeɖo seke aɖeke ɖe dzi o gɔ̃ hã eye wòvua sekewo doa goe le atsiaƒu gɔme si me kpewo le.

Nukatae manɔ nye agbadɔ me ne atiawo vuvu le ahom sesẽ aɖe si tu le katabatic titina gɔ̃ hã?¶

Le Piteraq alo Antarctic katabatic blizzard si zɔna kilometa 180 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me la, nukpɔkpɔ dzi ɖena kpɔtɔna va ɖoa meta 1 (zero-visibility whiteout) eye ya ƒe fafa ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ɖiɖina wu -60 degree Celsius (-76 degrees Fahrenheit). Numekuku siwo wowɔ tso amewuwu ŋu ɖee fia be toliala siwo ɖea agbadɔ si gbã ƒe zip eye wodzea agbagba be yewoazɔ ayi agbadɔ bubu me alo aku snodo le viviti me ka si wotsɔ blaa ka si woɖo ɖi manɔmee la le woƒe afɔwo dzi, womekpɔa asaɖaa le afɔɖeɖe 5 me o, eye dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ wu kuna le miniti 30 me. Zi alesi agbadɔa ƒe sno ƒe ʋuƒo siwo ƒo xlãe kple ame kukuwo ƒe sekewo lé avɔa ɖe anyi ko la, nɔ zip me le wò alɔ̃kotokua me le wò foam-ka dzi le agbadɔa ƒe avɔ si le gbadzaa la me, eye nàzã nylon-kplu la abe bivouac kotoku si ya megena ɖo o ene.

Kpekpeɖeŋu gbãtɔ kae hiã na amesi do go katabatic ya siwo mede zero o kple atsiaƒu me tsi si nu sẽ o?¶

Katabatic ya ƒe dodo hea **ya-fafa ƒe vuvɔ** vɛ le ŋɔti, ŋgonu, to, ŋkume ƒe ŋkume, kple asibidɛwo dzi le miniti 2 va ɖo 5 me, kpe ɖe ɖoɖowɔɖi ƒe **dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ** ŋu. Ʋu amesi ŋu wowɔ nuvevii la do goe le ya me enumake, ɖe gotagomewu siwo xɔ dzo alo tsikpe le wo ŋu ɖa, tsɔ wo xe mɔ ɖe futukpɔ siwo le ɣie dzi le alɔ̃kotoku ƒuƒuwo me, eye nàtsɔ asibidɛ alo afɔbidɛ siwo vuvɔ xɔ dzo la ade zɔhɛ ƒe akɔta si me dzo le (alo le tsi si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye Celsius 37 va ɖo 39 me zi ɖeka le tsilele si nɔa anyi ɖaa me xɔtutu, si metsɔa sno ƒoa ŋutigbalẽ si vuvɔ xɔ la gbeɖe o). Kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ kple CPR ƒe nusɔsrɔ̃ si ŋu woɖo kpee le gbedadaƒo tso Atitsoga Dzĩ Habɔbɔ, St John Ambulance, alo nutoa me dɔwɔƒe aɖe si naa kpekpeɖeŋu wò la dzraa wò ɖo be nàkpɔ nɔnɔme kpata siwo me vuvɔ le gbɔ.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Chinook, Foehn, Santa Ana, kple Diablo ƒe yaƒoƒo siwo le togbɛwo dzi kple dzoka xɔxɔ
• Anyigba dzi ahom sesẽwo, sno si le ƒoƒom, kple bebeƒe ka ƒe ka siwo wotsɔ blaa woe
• Polar vortex, arctic ƒe dɔvɔ̃wo, kple yaƒoƒo ƒe vuvɔŋɔli ƒe agbetsitsi
• Dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ kple vuvɔ ƒe dzesidede kple kpekpeɖeŋunana gbãtɔ

Dzɔtsoƒewo kple dziɖuɖumegãwo ƒe mɔfiame¶

• Denmark Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe (DMI, Danmarks Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Nusrɔ̃ƒe) kple Greenland Dziɖuɖu (Naalakkersuisut): Piteraq Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Nunya, Nyagblɔɖi, kple Hadome Kpata ƒe Ðoɖowo na Ɣedzeƒe Greenland (Tasiilaq Nuxlɔ̃ameɖoɖo).
• Croatia Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Kple Tsiŋutinunya Dɔwɔƒe (DHMZ, Državni hidrometeorološki zavod) kple Croatia Ʋu Habɔbɔ (HAK): Adriatic Bora Sesẽ (Olujna i Orkanska Bura) Dynamics, Rotor Turbulence, kple Ƒuta Tɔdzisasrã/Mɔdodo Gãwo ƒe Nutsotso ƒe Dzidzenuwo.
• Dukɔa ƒe Atsiaƒu kple Yame ƒe Dɔwɔƒe (NOAA) Dukɔa ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Dɔwɔƒe (NWS Alaska Nutome) kple United States Ƒuta Dzɔlawo (USCG): Ƒudzi ƒe Agbenɔnɔ Ŋuti Mɔfiamewo na Alaska Williwaw Downslope Squals, Gap Winds, kple Heavy Freezing Spray Vessel Icing.
• United States Antarctic Program (USAP / National Science Foundation) kple British Antarctic Survey (BAS): Agbledede ƒe Mɔfiamegbalẽ na Deep-Field Polar Camping: Katabatic Storm Tent Pitching, Deadman Snow Anchoring, Snow Gli Tututu, kple Bivouac Agbetsitsi.
• Xexeame ƒe Yame ƒe Nɔnɔme Ŋuti Habɔbɔ (WMO) kple Météo-France: Orographic kple Katabatic Ya ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖowo (Mistral, Bora, Piteraq, Tehuantepecer): Mesoscale Dynamics kple Nuxlɔ̃ame Kaba ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖowo.