Ɣe ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖo si Mewɔa Elektrikŋusẽ O ƒe Dodokpɔ: Class-T Fuse si Wofu, Fried Charge Controller, kple Battery Bank Gbugbɔgaxɔ¶

Ne elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ŋusẽ bu le xɔ si me elektrikŋusẽ mele o, ʋu si wotsɔa asaɖawo wɔe, aƒe sue aɖe, alo aƒe si le didiƒe ʋĩ me le dzomeŋɔli ƒe yame ƒe nɔnɔme si mede zero o me la, kpododonua nu sẽna kabakaba tso nusi mebɔ o dzi va zua agbe ƒe dedienɔnɔ ƒe kuxi. Ne DC batri ƒe ŋusẽ si nye volt 12, volt 24, alo volt 48 kple AC inverter ƒe ŋusẽ si nye volt 120 alo volt 230 meli o la, diesel ʋutɔɖoƒe dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃wo tsina le ɣeyiɣi ƒe domedome, vudo me pɔmpiwo kple tsidzɔƒe ƒe UV kɔklɔmɔ̃wo dzudzɔa sisi, CPAP gbɔgbɔtsixe kple oxygen-ƒomɔ̃wo tsia anyi, eye lithium iron phosphate (\(\text{LiFePO}_4\)) alo lead-acid batri gadzraɖoƒewo ate ŋu agblẽ nu le tsikpe me tegbee. Nusi gavloe wue nye be, agbagbadzedze be woagbugbɔ Battery Management System (BMS) si gbã la aɖo teƒe bubu alo aɖɔli fuse vevitɔ si ƒo le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe ɖoɖo si mesɔ o me ate ŋu ana ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ si ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 100 va ɖo volt 450 si le ʋuʋu ɖi si me buffer mele o la naɖo tẽ ɖe charge controller ƒe MOSFET transistors me, si agblẽ controller la le dzobibi ƒe tsidzadza me.

Batriki siwo me elektrikŋusẽ mele o (DC) dzraa vodada ƒe ŋusẽ gã aɖe ɖo: kpui kuku si to lithium batri si ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 12 alo volt 48 dzi ate ŋu ana ampere 3,000 va ɖo 10,000 si me elektrikŋusẽ si yia edzi le tẽ nado, si ana gakpo ƒe safui nazu ga si wotsɔ ƒoe le sɛkɛnd afã me eye wòatɔ dzo elektrik alo atike ƒe dzo si womate ŋu atsi o. Ne batridzraɖoƒe aɖe le atamanono nom vevie, le ɣli dom, le haidrodzin alo haidrofluoric gas si me aɖi le ɖem ɖe go, alo dzoxɔxɔ si tsoa dzoxɔxɔ si sina la le dodom la, do le ʋua me alo ʋua me enumake eye nàƒo ka na wò nutoa me xexlẽdzesi kpata (911 le United States kple Canada, . 112 le Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Habɔbɔa katã me la, . 999 le United Kingdom) alo nàlé ŋku ɖe míaƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo wozãna kpata nyatakakadzraɖoƒe. Ne èdi xɔtuɖaŋu ƒe kuxi siwo do ƒome kplii siwo mele elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ dzi o la, kpɔ ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ, tsi, kple gbeɖuɖɔ siwo mele elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ dzi o ƒe kpododonu, . van ƒe agbe kple ʋu ƒe nɔƒe ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo, kple elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutsotso na oxygen-ƒomɔ̃wo, yagbɔgbɔmɔ̃wo, kple CPAP.

Wɔ esia fifia¶

1. Kpɔe ɖa be batri ƒe dzoxɔxɔ si si dzo, dzo, alo aɖiya si le dodom le eme hã hafi nàka asi xɔ ɖesiaɖe ŋu. Ne èse ʋeʋẽ lilili vivi aɖe (si naa lithium electrolyte) alo azi gbegblẽwo (lead-acid hydrogen sulfide gas si le ƒoƒom), se lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ɣlidodo, alo kpɔ dzudzɔ si le dodom tso batri ƒe aɖaka me la, mègaʋu batri ƒe xɔa o. Lã ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ si le gota la ƒe kadodoa ɖa ne àte ŋu aɖoe tso gota, ʋu le ya si le dzi yim enumake, eye nàƒo ka 911 (112 alo 999).
2. Wɔ Golden Disconnect Rule dzi: TSI Solar PV Array Disconnect ƔESIAƔI HAFI nàɖe Battery Bank la ɖa le MPPT charge controller ŋu. Ne èɖe battery bank la ɖa esime ɣe ƒe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo gakpɔtɔ le ka ƒom ɖe charge controller la me la, eɖea controller la ƒe voltage sink ɖa, si wɔnɛ be solar open-circuit voltage (\(V_{oc}\)) la dzina ɖe edzi eye wòdoa eme le eme MOSFET-wo kple capacitors-wo.
3. Wɔ Golden Reconnect Rule dzi: ƔESIAƔI do Battery Bank la ɖe charge controller la ŋu GBÃTƆ, lala sɛkɛnd 30 hafi screen la nadze dɔ gɔme eye wòade dzesi 12V/24V/48V le eɖokui si, eye nàtsɔ Solar PV Array la aƒo ƒu MƆKPƆKPƆ. Ne ètsɔ ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo do ka kple multi-voltage controller si me ŋusẽ mele o hafi batri la naxlẽe la, ate ŋu ana be controller la naxlẽ vodadatɔe panel voltage abe 48-volt ɖoɖo ene eye nàtsɔ 58 volt aƒu gbe ɖe 12-volt batri gadzraɖoƒe.
4. Mègatrɔ batri ƒe ʋuƒo gã si wotu ɖe inverter si me dzo le dzi gbeɖe ne mèdo ŋgɔ na Capacitors gbã o. Watt 1,500 va ɖo 5,000-watt dzadzɛ sine wave inverter gãwo me DC bus capacitors gã ememetɔ siwo wɔa dɔ abe 0-ohm dead short ene le milisecond 50 gbãtɔwo me ne wodo ŋusẽe. Ne ètu batri ƒe ʋuƒoa evɔ mèdoe do ŋgɔ o la, hea 1,000-ampere inrush spike si gbãa wò lithium BMS la yia short-circuit lock-out me, welds switch contacts tsia, alo ƒoa wò Class-T fuse.
5. Ne wò inverter alo Class-T fuse vevitɔ ku le viviti si me tsikpe le me la, ka 12V/24V ƒe agbetsitsi ƒe agba veviwo (diesel dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃, LED-kaɖi, tsipɔmpi) ɖe batri ƒe nugbɔwo tẽ to ʋu ƒe blade fuse si le fli me dzi. AC inverter gblẽa watt 15 va ɖo 40 le gaƒoƒo ɖeka me esime wònɔa ɣli dom le dɔmawɔmawɔ me. Ne èto inverter kuku aɖe ŋu be wò diesel dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃ si ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 12 kple telefon ƒe charger natsi batri ƒe gadzraɖoƒe tẽ la, ekpɔa dɔwɔwɔ ƒe ɣeyiɣi si sɔ gbɔ wu zi gbɔ zi atɔ̃ le zã ɖeka me ta.
6. Mègadze agbagba gbeɖe be yeazi Lithium (\(\text{LiFePO}_4\)) batri si ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe dzoxɔxɔ le ememe mede 0 degree Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) o. Ne èdo \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) batri si wofa tsikpe me la, enaa ga lithium dendrites ƒoa agba ɖe carbon anode (lithium plating) dzi, si gblẽa lãmenugbagbeviwo ƒe ŋutete eye wòwɔa dzo ƒe afɔku si le ememe. Do dzo na batri ƒe xɔ si wu Celsius dzidzenu 5 (Fahrenheit dzidzenu 41) hafi nàtsɔ elektrikŋusẽ si woatsɔ axɔ dzoe la ade eme.

Nyametsotsoti: Ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe ɖoɖo si me do viviti si me elektrikŋusẽ mele o didi¶

flowchart TD
    A["Off-Grid Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe Nutsotso: Inverter Ku alo Cabin Viviti"] --> B{"Dzudzɔ, azi gbegblẽ alo atike vivi aɖe ƒe ʋeʋẽ, alo batri dzodzoe aɖe li?"}
    B -->|"Ẽ: Dzoxɔxɔ ƒe sisi alo gas"| C["MÈGAʋu batri ƒe aɖaka o; ʋu le ya me enumake eye nàƒo ka na 911 / 112 / 999"]
    B -->|"Ao: Vuvɔ kple ɖoɖoezizi"| D["Dzidze DC ƒe ʋuʋudedi le Battery Studs vs. Busbar to Digital Multimeter zazã me"]
    D --> E{"Nukae multimeter la xlẽna le batri ƒe nugbɔ?"}
    E -->|"0.0V va ɖo 2.5V le Lithium Batri dzi (alo 0V le Fuse megbe)"| F{"Kpɔ Main Class-T / ANL Fuse ƒe yiyi ɖa gbã"}
    F -->|"Fuse la le ya ƒom (Open Circuit) ."| G["1. TSI Inverter kple PV Array\n2. Kpɔ kaawo ɖa be woku kpuie\n3. Do ŋgɔ na charge Inverter Capacitors kple Resistor hafi nàde spare Fuse"]
    F -->|"Fuse intact: Batria ŋutɔ xlẽa 0V"| H["LiFePO4 BMS le Low-Voltage alo Short-Circuit Alɔ̃dɔdɔ Takpɔkpɔ me"]
    H --> I["Ðe agbawo katã ɖa; pre-charge inverter ALOO nàzã 13.6V wake pulse (ne batri > 0°C / 32°F ko)"]
    E -->|"Voltage si sɔ (12.8V / 25.6V / 51.2V) le Batri, Inverter Ku"| J["Kpɔ Inverter DC Breaker, Adzɔge On/Off jumper, alo Low Voltage Cutout ɖa"]
    J --> K["Ne Inverter woɖa: Bypass Inverter eye nàtsɔ ka 12V Diesel Heater kple USB Charger to 15A inline fuse dzi na batri"]
    E -->|"Batriki si le sue (<11.5V / 23V / 46V) kple MPPT Mexɔa agba le Ɣe me o"| L["1. Ðe PV Array ƒe kadodoa ɖa GBÃTƆ\n2. Kpɔ PV Breakers kple MC4 plugs ɖa\n3. Gbugbɔ do ka kple Batri GBÃTƆ, emegbe PV Array"]

Se 1: Tsitretsitsi si wobia tso wo si be woaɖe MPPT ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ dzikpɔlawo ƒe kadodo ɖa ahagbugbɔ wo aɖo wo nɔewo gbɔ¶

Le elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutsotso kpata me la, vodada si bɔ wu eye wòxɔa ga geɖe wu si amesiwo mele elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ dzi o wɔnae nye be wogbugbɔa MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) ɣe ƒe ŋusẽdzidzenu si wotu ɖe tsikpe me la gɔme to batri ƒe ʋuƒo vevitɔa tsitsi kple egbugbɔgaʋu esime ɣea le keklẽm ɖe xɔa tame ƒe akpawo dzi.

1. Nusitae batri la ɖeɖeɖa esime ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo le agbe fries MPPT dziɖula¶

Be nàse nusita ɖoɖowɔwɔ ɖe wo nɔewo yome le vevie gɔme la, lé ŋku ɖe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe vovototo si le wò xɔtaxɔ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo kple wò batri ƒe gadzraɖoƒe dome ŋu:

• Ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe ɖoɖo si wozãna le aƒeme alo xɔdɔme me si bɔ la nyea ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe ŋusẽ gã 2 va ɖo 6 siwo wotsɔ ka bla ɖe wo nɔewo yome, si naa 75 va ɖo 250 volts DC open-circuit (\(V_{oc}\)) (kple va ɖo 450 volts DC le hybrid inverter gãwo dzi).
• Le MPPT ƒe charge controller me la, buck-converter MOSFET transistors kple inductor coils siwo zɔna kabakaba la ɖea afɔ ma 150-volt panel input la dzi va ɖoa 14.4 volts (na 12V bank), 28.8 volts (na 24V bank), alo 57.6 volts (na 48V bank) si woɖo ɖi, zãa batri gadzraɖoƒea abe elektrik buffer ene be xɔa elektrikŋusẽ si le tsia me.
• Nukae dzɔna ne batri la tso le agba te: Ne ètsi batri ƒe kaƒoƒo ƒe ʋuƒo vevitɔ, alo ne wò \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) batri ƒe BMS ememetɔ ʋu le esi elektrikŋusẽ ƒe cell ƒe masɔmasɔ alo vuvɔ ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe nutsotso ta, esime dziɖula la le amper 40 tum vevie tso ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo gbɔ la, afi aɖeke mele elektrikŋusẽa si wòayi o. Le microseconds me la, magnetic field si le mumum le MPPT inductor me wɔa inductive flyback voltage spike si wu MOSFETs ƒe breakdown voltage rating, si ƒoa controller la ƒe ememe board alo nana 12V/24V DC bus voltage la ƒua du wu 60 volts eye wòtɔa dzo 12-volt mɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe (diesel heater motherboard, fridge compressor module, tsi pɔmpi, kple router) gakpɔtɔ do ƒome kple DC fuse block la.

2. Afɔɖeɖe ɖesiaɖe ƒe Shutdown kple Reboot ƒe ɖoɖo si sɔ pɛpɛpɛ¶

Lé ɖoɖo sia ɖe tame eye nàtsɔ dzesidenu si anɔ anyi ɖaa ade dzesii ɖe wò elektrik-gli dzi:

• Be nàtsi elektrikŋusẽ alo agbugbɔ aɖo Charge Controller la (SOLAR FIRST, BATTERY SECOND):
• Afɔɖeɖe 1: Trɔ OFF DC Loads / AC Inverter ale be elektrikŋusẽ kpekpewo nadzudzɔ sisi.
• Afɔɖeɖe 2: Trɔ TSI Solar PV Array Two-Pole DC Breaker / Isolator Switch (le ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo kple MPPT dziɖula dome). Mègatsɔ asibidɛwo aɖe MC4 ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe kadodowo ɖa gbeɖe esime elektrikŋusẽ le sisim le agba te o; 150V DC MC4 kaƒomɔ̃ si le agbe ƒe ka ɖeɖe ɖa hea plasma arc si nɔa anyi didi si naa plastic plug la ƒua gbe eye wònana arc la biã. Ne PV breaker mele asiwò o la, tsɔ avɔ si me mekɔ o alo kakɛ si le ɣie ƒu gbe ɖe ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃awo dzi gbã.
• Afɔɖeɖe 3: Lala sɛkɛnd 15 be MPPT dziɖula ƒe PV ƒe nyawo tsɔtsɔ de eme ƒe nuxexlẽ naɖiɖi va ɖo 0 Volts.

• Afɔɖeɖe 4: Trɔ TSI Battery Breaker / Disconnect Switch (le batri ƒe gadzraɖoƒe kple MPPT dziɖula dome). Lala sɛkɛnd 60 hafi controller LEDs katã nado viviti ale be microprocessor la nagbugbɔ aɖoe.

• Be Nàdo Ŋusẽ Na Charge Controller (BATTERY FIRST, SOLAR SECOND):

• Afɔɖeɖe 1: Kpɔe ɖa kple multimeter be wò batri gadzraɖoƒe ɖe ɖiɖiɖeme ƒe elektrikŋusẽ si le lãmesẽ me fia (si wu 10.5V na 12V, 21V na 24V, alo 42V na 48V).
• Afɔɖeɖe 2: Trɔ ON Battery Breaker / Disconnect Switch FIRST (tsɔ batri gadzraɖoƒea do ka kple MPPT dziɖula la tɔ BATT + kple BATT - terminals esime ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo gakpɔtɔ le kadodo me.
• Afɔɖeɖe 3: Lala Sɛkɛnd 30 blibo. Kpɔ MPPT ƒe screen alo Bluetooth dɔwɔnua ƒe gɔmedzedze eye nàkpɔe ɖa be dziɖula la tu ɖe ɖoɖoa ƒe elektrikŋusẽ si sɔ si woyɔna be nominal system (12V, 24V, alo 48V) kple batri ƒe chemistry profile si sɔ (LiFePO4 vs. AGM vs. Flooded Lead-Acid) dzi.
• Afɔɖeɖe 4: Trɔ ON Ɣe PV Array Eve-Pole DC Breaker MƆKPƆKPƆ. Le sɛkɛnd 10 va ɖo 30 me la, MPPT tracker la atutu panel la ƒe elektrikŋusẽ eye wòadze bulk charge wɔwɔ gɔme dedie.

3. Vuvɔ-yame ƒe nɔnɔme "Hyper-VOC" (Nusita ɣe ƒe ŋusẽdzidzenuwo dzona le ŋdi siwo ŋdɔ ʋuna -20°C)¶

Off-grid system geɖe wɔa dɔ le dzomeŋɔli kple adame katã, emegbe woɖaa woƒe MPPT charge controller alo tsɔa "Error 20 / PV Over-Voltage Fault" ƒua gbe le dzomeŋɔli ƒe ŋdi gbãtɔ si me kɔ, si me tsikpe le.

• The Physics of Cold Silicon: Ɣe ƒe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo wɔa ŋusẽ si lolo wu ne wole vuvɔm. Ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃ aɖe ƒe nyatakakadzraɖoƒe ŋlɔ eƒe Open-Circuit Voltage (\(V_{oc}\)) le nudokpɔƒe ƒe Standard Test Condition (STC) si nye +25 degree Celsius (+77 degrees Fahrenheit) me. Le dzidzenu ɖesiaɖe si dzoxɔxɔa ɖiɖina wu +25°C la, panel la ƒe elektrikŋusẽ dzina ɖe edzi 0.30 va ɖo 0.35 le alafa me le Celsius degree ɖeka me.
• Dzomeŋɔli ƒe Ŋusẽ ƒe Dzidziɖedzi: Ne -25 degree Celsius (-13 degrees Fahrenheit), ne 50°C ɖiɖi wu 25°C ƒe dzesi la, ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ si le ʋuʋu ɖi ƒe elektrikŋusẽ si le ʋuʋu ɖi dzina ɖe edzi 16 va ɖo 18 le alafa me wu nusi wotsɔ ŋlɔa nu ɖe ​​ʋuƒoawo ƒe megbe. Ne ètsɔ ka bla 45-volt panel etɔ̃ ɖe wo nɔewo yome (\(3 \times 45\text{V} = 135\text{V}\) le 25°C) ɖe 150V-rated MPPT controller (abe Victron SmartSolar 150/35 ene), le ŋdi si ŋdɔ ʋuna -25°C le sno ƒe gege tso glass la dzi vɔ megbe la, ƒuƒoƒo ma adzi ɖe edzi va ɖo 158 Volts DC, si wu dziɖula ƒe 150V dzisasrã eye wòwɔ kpuie na input protection diode.
• Emergency Field Fix on a Freezing Morning: Ne wò MPPT controller ɖe Over-Voltage Fault fia le ŋdi si mede zero o la, tsi PV breaker la enumake, yi anyigba-mount alo roof combiner box la me, eye ɖe panel ɖeka le series string la me hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe (trɔ 3-in-series string wòazu 2-in-series string) vaseɖe yame ƒe dzoxɔxɔ dzina ɖe edzi, alo lala vaseɖe ŋdɔ ga wuieve esime ɣe ƒe dzoxɔxɔ doa dzo na ahuhɔ̃e me lãmenugbagbeviawo eye woƒe elektrikŋusẽ naɖiɖi wu seɖoƒea.

Se 2: Alesi nàwɔ do ŋgɔ axɔ inverter capacitors ale be wò BMS kple Class-T fuse nagaku o¶

Tsɔe be wò lithium batri gadzraɖoƒea gbã eƒe ememe BMS le zã ɖeka me elabena agba aɖe na batri la tsi va ɖo eƒe 10.0V low-voltage cutoff. Le ŋufɔke la, èdzea agbagba be yeatrɔ batri ƒe tɔtrɔ ƒe ʋuƒo vevitɔa atrɔ ayi ON, eye ne ètrɔ switch la enumake la, SNAP sesẽ aɖe dona, batri BMS la trɔna yia 0.0V Short-Circuit Protection me enumake, alo wò 250A Class-T fuse vevitɔa ƒoa.

1. Nusita inverter kuku dzena abe short circuit kuku ene na Lithium BMS¶

DC-to-AC inverter ɖesiaɖe si ƒe ŋusẽ lolo (1,000W va ɖo 5,000W) me la, elektrikŋusẽ ƒe DC bus filter capacitors gãwo ƒe gadzraɖoƒe le eƒe positive kple negative input studs dzi be wòana AC waveform la nanɔ blɔ:

• Ne woɖe inverter la ɖa le batri ƒe ŋusẽ ŋu wu miniti 2 la, ememe capacitor mawo ƒe tsi ɖiɖina va ɖoa 0.0 Volts eye wowɔa dɔ abe 0.001-ohm dead short circuit ene le milisekɔnd 10 va ɖo 50 gbãtɔwo me ne wogade elektrikŋusẽa eme ake.
• 12.8V, 25.6V, alo 51.2V \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) batri ƒoƒo tẽ ɖe 0-volt inverter capacitors dzi hea inrush current si nye 800 va ɖo 3,500 amperes enumake.
• Wò batri ƒe dijitaal BMS chip kpɔa 2,000-ampere spike, tsɔe be kpuie kuku aɖe dzɔ, eye eɖea eƒe MOSFET ememetɔwo ʋuna le microseconds 200 me, si gblẽa wò system la ɖi wòku.

2. Mɔ etɔ̃ siwo le dedie siwo dzi nàto Pre-Charge wò inverter capacitors le agblea me¶

Ele be kɔ ("do ŋgɔ na charge") inverter la ƒe capacitors ɖe batri ƒe ŋusẽ dzi wu sɛkɛnd 5 va ɖo 10 to current-limiting resistor hafi nàtu batri ƒe switch vevitɔ alo bolting down cable lug mamlɛtɔ.

flowchart TD
    A["Hiahiã be Woagbugbɔ Battery Bank Do Ka Ðe Inverter si Woɖe Ðe Go Ŋu"] --> B["1. Trɔ Inverter ƒe Ŋusẽ ƒe Trɔtrɔ\n2. Ʋu Main Battery Switch (alo nàgblẽ Main Negative Cable Lug ɖi si wometsɔ bolt o) ."]
    B --> C{"Dɔwɔnu Kae Le Asiwò Do Ŋgɔ Na Fexexe?"}
    C -->|"Tiatia A: Tsitretsiɖeŋula si woɖo ɖi do ŋgɔ na agba (10 va ɖo 50 Ohm, 25W-50W)"| D["Lé Resistor kplɔlawo to Main Switch studs siwo le ʋuʋu ɖi la dzi hena sɛkɛnd 8"]
    C -->|"Tiatia B: 12V Ʋu Incandescent Dodokpɔ Akaɖi alo Halogen Tamekaɖi Bulb"| E["Touch Bulb kplɔa ame toa switch studs siwo le ʋuʋu ɖi la dzi: Bulb klẽna nyuie le gɔmedzedzea me, emegbe wòɖiɖina ne capacitors yɔ (sɛkɛnd 8) ."]
    C -->|"Tiatia C: Standard 120V Incandescent Lightbulb alo Basic Toaster Element"| F["Lé 120V Bulb alo Toaster plug ƒe asike 2 ɖe DC switch studs siwo le ʋuʋu ɖi la dzi hena sɛkɛnd 10"]
    D --> G["Capacitors yɔ fũ fifia 99% le Battery Voltage: Zero spark"]
    E --> G
    F --> G
    G --> H["Trɔ Main Battery Switch enumake ɖe ON (alo bolt down lug) dzi le sɛkɛnd 3 me"]

Wɔ ɖe afɔɖeɖe 4 ƒe gbeadziɖoɖo sia dzi:

1. Trɔ Inverter la ƒe ŋutilã me ON/OFF switch la ɖe OFF. .**
2. Tia tsitretsiɖeŋula si seɖoƒe li na fifia:
3. Nu nyuitɔ kekeake: A ceramic ka-abi tsitretsiɖeŋu si woɖo 10 ohms va ɖo 47 ohms (10W va ɖo 50W).
4. Dɔwɔnu si wowɔ 12V/24V: 12-volt incandescent ʋu ƒe brek-kaɖi ƒe akaɖi alo halogen H4/H7 ŋgɔgbekaɖi ƒe akaɖi (menye LED ƒe akaɖi o).
5. Dɔwɔnu si wowɔ le ʋua me si ƒe lolome nye 12V/24V/48V: ** dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe si metsi tre ɖe dijitaal ŋu o** si ŋu woʋu ON ƒe ʋuƒo ŋutɔŋutɔ, abe 60W incandescent lightbulb xoxo aɖe, toaster si menye elektrɔnik tɔ o, elektrik kettle, alo basic soldering iron (si ƒe AC plug ƒe nugbɔ eve le ene nichrome ƒe tsitretsiɖeŋula si ƒe didime nye ohm 12 va ɖo ohm 100).
6. Tsɔ dometsotso si le ʋuʋu ɖi la ɖa hena sɛkɛnd 8 va ɖo 10: Ne batri ƒe ka vevitɔ si nye positive la do ka eye rotary switch vevitɔ koe le ʋuʋu (alo negative inverter cable lug si nèlé ɖe asi si me asigɛ le me), te wò resistor, bulb, alo kettle plug ƒe ka ɖeka ɖe Battery Side stud la ŋu eye nàzi ka evelia ɖe Inverter Side stud la ŋu hena 8 va ɖo 10 sɛkɛnd blibo.
7. Do ʋuƒo vevitɔa enumake: Le sɛkɛnd 2 me tso esime nèɖe tsitretsiɖeŋula la ɖa la, trɔ batri ƒe ʋuƒo vevitɔa ɖe ON (alo nàbla kaƒomɔ̃a ɖe kaƒomɔ̃a ƒe ʋuƒoa ŋu). zero spark anɔ anyi eye wò \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) BMS anɔ internet dzi.

Se 3: DC fuse siwo me ya le tsɔtsɔ sɔ kple wo nɔewo kple wo ɖɔliɖɔli (Class-T vs. ANL vs. MEGA vs. MRBF) .¶

Ne wò multimeter ɖe 13.2V (alo 26.4V / 52.8V) fia le batri ƒe nugbɔwo, gake 0.0V le inverter ƒe akpa si le wò fuse vevitɔ ƒe nuléƒe la, ke wò fuse vevitɔa ƒo. Fuse ƒe dzeside vevi eve le esi: eƒe Continuous Amperage Rating (abe 200A) kple eƒe Amperage Interrupting Capacity (AIC), si nye elektrikŋusẽ si ku-kpuitɔ kekeake si fuse la ate ŋu atsi evɔ mawó azu plasma arc si nɔa anyi ɖaa o.

Se 4: Batri "Ku" (0.0V) \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) nyɔnyɔ le BMS Alɔ̃dɔdɔ ƒe Nɔnɔme me¶

Ne \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) batri ƒe tsi ɖiɖi va ɖo 0 le alafa me State of Charge (anɔ abe 10.0V le 12V, 20.0V le 24V, alo 40.0V le 48V), eƒe ememe Battery Management System (BMS) ʋua eƒe solid-state discharge switch. Emegbe batri ƒe nugbɔwo xlẽna be 0.0 Volts (alo phantom 1.2V va ɖo 3.8V), eye MPPT ɣe ƒe ŋusẽdzidzenu siwo me nunya le kple AC charger siwo me nunya le gbea ʋuʋu elabena ebia be woakpɔ 8.0V va ɖo 9.0V ya teti le nugbɔwo be woakpɔ batri si do ƒome kplii.

Agble mɔnu ene siwo dzi woato "Nyɔ" \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) BMS si le alɔ̃ dɔm¶

Gbã la, kpɔe ɖa be batri la ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ememetɔ le wu Celsius degree 0 (degree Fahrenheit 32), ɖe agba siwo katã le ʋua me la ɖa, eye nàzã mɔnu ene siawo dometɔ ɖeka:

• Mɔnu 1: Bluetooth App Ŋusẽ-Dze egɔme alo Ŋutilã me Reset Pinhole:
• Le Victron SmartSolar MPPT (esime ɣe le keklẽm) dzi la, ʋu VictronConnect App, yi Settings > Battery, eye nàtsɔ asi atu elektrikŋusẽ si woyɔna be voltage (12V, 24V, alo 48V) ɖe Auto teƒe; MPPT la atutu charge voltage ɖe terminals la dzi eye wòanyɔ BMS la le sɛkɛnd 5 me.
• Le server-rack batriwo (EG4, SOK, Pylontech, Epoch) dzi la, zi modzakaɖenu si wotsɔ de eme la dzi ** .RESET alo SW** pinhole kple paperclip hena sɛkɛnd 3 va ɖo 5 be nàtu MOSFET-awo hena sɛkɛnd 30 ale be wò charger nate ŋu aʋu.
• Mɔnu 2: Parallel Jump tso Ʋu Starter Battery (Na 12V Systems):
• Zã ʋu ƒe titri kawo (alo 12V lithium jump pack si wotrɔ ɖe "Manual Override / Boost Mode") nàtsɔ aƒo ʋu ƒe gɔmedzedze ƒe batri si le lãmesẽ me 12-volt nu ƒu ɖekae (+ be +, . - be -) le \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) batri ƒe nugbɔ siwo le alɔ̃ dɔm la dzi hena sɛkɛnd 10. BMS la ase 12.6V, atso eƒe MOSFET-wo, eye wòana wò ɣe ƒe ŋusẽdzikpɔmɔ̃ alo AC charger nadze charge gɔme.
• Mɔnu 3: "9-Volt Dzudzɔ Detector Batri + 3x AA Batri" Nyɔnyrɔ̃ Aɖaŋu:
• Ðeko nèhiã 12.5 va ɖo 13.5 Volts le 0.01 Amps hena sɛkɛnd 2 be nànyɔ 12V BMS sense circuit. Lé 9-volt dzogoe ene me batri si wozãna ɖaa tso wò dzudzɔkpɔmɔ̃ gbɔ ɖe wo nɔewo yome kple 1.5-volt AA alo AAA batri etɔ̃ (\(9\text{V} + 4.5\text{V} = 13.5\text{V}\)) eye nàka asi \(+13.5\text{V}\) kple \(-\) kplɔa ame yia 12V \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) si le alɔ̃ dɔm la gbɔ terminals esime wò ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ zazã ƒe mɔ̃wo le ŋdɔ me.
• Mɔnu 4: Dzoxɔxɔ na Vuvɔ-Cutoff \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) Batri si le 0°C (32°F):
• Ne wò batri xlẽ 12.8V va ɖo 13.1V eye wòdo ŋusẽ akaɖiwo, gake gbe be yemaxɔ charge aɖeke o la, BMS la le Low-Temperature Charge Protection (LTCP) me le 0°C (32°F) te. Mègazã dzo si le ʋuʋu ɖi alo propane-kaɖi ɖe batri ƒe nutunu dzi gbeɖe o. Tsɔ tsi ɖa le wò asaɖaa me dzodoƒe, de Nalgene tsigoe eve siwo wotu nu alo Mason-go siwo woxatsa ɖe afɔkpa ƒuƒu me me, da wo ɖe batriɖaka si me dzoxɔxɔ mele o si le batriawo xa la me, eye nàtu nutsyɔnu la. Le miniti 45 me la, dzoxɔxɔdzidzenu si le eme la akɔ wu +5°C (+41°F) eye wòagawɔ dɔ ake.

Se 5: Emergency 12V/24V direct-wiring bypass ne woɖa wò AC inverter alo MPPT dziɖula¶

1. To AC inverter kuku aɖe ŋu be wòawɔ agbetsitsi ƒe agbawo tẽ le DC dzi¶

Le dzomeŋɔli ƒe nɔnɔme kpata aɖe me la, wò agbetsitsi ƒe ɖoɖo veviwo (dzoxɔxɔ, kekeli, kple kadodowo) wɔa dɔ le wo ɖokui si le 12-volt alo 24-volt DC dzi:

1. Tsɔ AC inverter kukua ɖa keŋkeŋ le batri ƒe gadzraɖoƒe ale be mate ŋu awɔ batri la ƒe kpuiƒe alo ado tsi o.
2. Na ŋusẽ wò Diesel Parking Heater alo Propane Furnace Blower tẽ: Off-grid diesel ya dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃ (Webasto, Espar, Vevor) kple RV propane dzodoƒe yaƒomɔ̃wo zɔna tẽ le 12V DC (hea 10A va ɖo 12A hena miniti 3 le glow-plug ignition me, emegbe 1A va ɖo 2A yi edzi). Ka dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃a ƒe mɔ nyuitɔ kple vɔ̃wo tẽe yi 12V batri ƒe ʋuƒoawo gbɔ to 15-ampere alo 20-ampere inline automotive blade fuse me.
3. Ka 12V Socket si le kpata na Telefon, Atikewɔwɔ CPAP, kple Kɔmpiutadziɖoɖowo: Tsɔ ka 12V sigaret-kaɖi ƒe socket (si me inline 10A fuse le) tẽe ɖe wò 12V batri ƒe nugbɔwo ŋu be nàwɔ 12V USB-C PD ʋu ƒe charger alo **12V DC CPAP adapter ** (si zãa 50 le alafa me si mede nenema o batri ƒe ŋusẽ zã ɖeka wu CPAP ƒe dɔwɔwɔ to AC inverter dzi).

2. Wokpɔa asi pulse-charging dzi ne woɖa wò MPPT charge controller¶

Mègatsɔ ka aƒo ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe ƒuƒoƒo si ƒe ŋusẽ de ŋgɔ (\(80\text{V}\text{ vaseɖe }200\text{V}\)) tẽ ɖe 12V batri ŋu gbeɖe o. Gake le agbe alo ku ƒe nɔnɔme kpata si me MPPT dziɖunu kuku le me la, àte ŋu awɔ Supervised Manual Pulse Charge to elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ ɖeka si me elektrikŋusẽ mele o zazã me:

1. Ðe ka le series jumpers siwo le xɔta alo anyigba ƒe to dzi ale be nàzã Single Individual Solar Panel si ƒe elektrikŋusẽ sɔ kple wò batri ko (le nɔnɔme nyuitɔ me la, 12V nominal panel ɖeka si me \(V_{mp}\) anɔ abe 18V ene le 12V batri dzi, alo 36V-40V panel ɖeka le 24V batri dzi).
2. Ðe 12V/24V elektrɔnikmɔ̃ siwo katã sea veve ɖa le DC fuse block la ŋu esime nèle charge wɔm ale be raw panel voltage mate ŋu aɖo wò mɔ̃wo gbɔ ne BMS la gbã o.
3. Do ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃ ɖeka la ɖe batri la ŋu to 20A alo 30A DC breaker dzi esime nèle digital multimeter si wotso ɖe batri ƒe nugbɔwo dzi kpɔm. Batria ƒe elektrikŋusẽ enumake ɖoa 14.0V (na 12V), 28.0V (na 24V), alo 56.0V (na 48V), tsɔ asi trɔ ɣe ƒe ʋuʋudedi la OFF. Mègagblẽ ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ zazã ƒe mɔ̃ si ŋu womewɔ ɖoɖo ɖo o si do ka kplii la ɖi ame aɖeke manɔmee gbeɖe o.

Nutome ƒe xexlẽdzesi siwo ku ɖe nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo ŋu kple dɔwɔƒea ƒe ɖoɖowo¶

Ne elektrikŋusẽ si mele elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃a o ƒe gbegblẽ na batri bi, atikewo, alo agbetsitsidɔwɔnuwo ƒe nɔnɔme kpata la, zã nutomemɔ̃ siawo:

• United States kple Canada:
• Batri Dzo, Dzoxɔxɔ Sisi, alo Agbe-Kpekpeɖeŋunana Kpata: Yɔ 911. Na nyanya amedɔdɔ enumake ne dzoa ku ɖe Lithium-Ion / \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) batriwo alo Lead-Acid sulfuric acid / hydrogen gas ŋu.
• Elektrik Se & Off-Grid Dedienɔnɔ Dzidzenuwo: Kpɔ Dukɔa ƒe Elektrik Se (NEC) Se 690 (Ɣe ƒe Fotovoltaic Dɔwɔɖoɖowo) kple Se 706 (Ŋusẽ Dzraɖoƒe), kpakple ABYC E-11 / E-13 na asitelefon/ƒudzi DC ɖoɖo.
• Extreme Cold Shelter / Warming Center Triage: Ne wò off-grid dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃ do kpo nu le yame ƒe nɔnɔme si mede zero o me la, ƒo ka na 211 be woake ɖe dzoxɔxɔnaƒe si te ɖe ŋuwò wu le dzoxɔxɔ kpata me.
• Fiaɖuƒe Ðeka:
• Nu kpata: Yɔ 999 (Dzotsi kple Xɔname alo Dɔnɔdzikpɔla), alo 111 na atikewɔnuwo ƒe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe gbegblẽ ŋuti aɖaŋuɖoɖo siwo menye kpata o. Ŋlɔ ŋkɔ ɖe wò nutoa me ƒe Priority Services Register (PSR) alo nàƒo ka na wò NHS Home Oxygen dɔwɔƒea ƒe gaƒoƒo 24 ƒe kaƒomɔ̃ si kpɔa nudzɔdzɔ kpatawo gbɔ.
• Europa Dukɔwo ƒe Ðekawɔha:
• Nu kpata: Yɔ 112 le EU-dukɔwo katã me hena batri ƒe dzobibi, acid ƒe dzobibi, alo dzoxɔxɔ si nu sẽ ƒe xɔname. Dze IEC 60364-7-712 kple IEC 62619 yome.
• Australia kple New Zealand:
• Nu kpata: Yɔ 000 le Australia alo ** .111** le New Zealand. AS/NZS 5139 kple AS/NZS 5033 ye kpɔa dɔwɔwɔ siwo mele elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ dzi o dzi.
• India kple Asia-Pacific:
• Nu kpata: Yɔ 112 le India hena dzobibi kple atikewɔwɔ ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo.

Off-grid elektrik kpata spares kit checklist¶

Ele be xɔ ɖesiaɖe si me elektrikŋusẽ mele o, ʋu, tɔdziʋu, alo aƒe si me elektrikŋusẽ mele o natsɔ elektrik-mɔ̃ sia si wotsɔ ɖɔa elektrikŋusẽe kpata la ade aɖaka ƒuƒu si woŋlɔ ɖe edzi si le ʋuƒo gã la xa me:

• 1. Digital True-RMS Multimeter kple Spare Batteries: Ehiã be woado terminal voltage kple fuse ƒe yiyi ɖe edzi.
• 2. Spare Main Battery Fuses Eve (Class-T, MRBF, alo ANL) + Spare Blade Fuses (10A, 15A, 20A, 30A): Na spare fusewo nanɔ elektrik-kabinet la me.
• 3. Dedicated Pre-Charge Resistor (25-Ohm to 47-Ohm, 25-Watt Ceramic Wire-Wound Resistor): Klã ɖe wò batri ƒe ʋuƒo vevitɔ dzi hena sɛkɛnd 8 hafi nàʋu ʋuƒoa le BMS mɔzɔzɔ ɖesiaɖe megbe.
• 4. 12V/24V Alligator-Clip-to-Cigarette-Lighter Bypass Cord with Inline 15A Blade Fuse: Enaa ŋusẽ wò diesel dzoxɔxɔnamɔ̃, telefon charger, alo 12V CPAP tẽe tsia batri ƒe nugbɔwo ne wò busbar alo inverter do kpo dɔwɔwɔ.
• 5. Insulated 10mm, 13mm, 14mm, kple 17mm Box Wrenches Woxatsa ɖe 3 Layers of Electrical Tape: Exea mɔ na vo me tso terminal-to-terminal circuit circuits.

Nya siwo wobiaa amewo enuenu¶

Nukatae wòle be maɖe ɣe ƒe ŋusẽ zazã ƒe mɔ̃awo ɖa ɣesiaɣi hafi maɖe batri ƒe gadzraɖoƒea ɖa le nye charge controller ŋu?¶

MPPT ɣe ƒe ŋusẽdzidzenu zãa batri ƒe gadzraɖoƒe si do ƒome kplii abe eƒe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nufiame kple eƒe elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutrenu siaa ene tsɔ xɔa elektrikŋusẽ si sina toa eƒe ememe step-down inductors me. Ne èɖe batri la ɖa esime ɣe ƒe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo gakpɔtɔ le ŋusẽ tum ɖe mɔ̃a dzi la, agbaa ƒe bu kpata hea inductive voltage spike vɛ enumake si ate ŋu aƒo mɔ̃a ƒe MOSFET transistor siwo le eme eye wòana volt 50 va ɖo 150 naƒo ɖe volt 12 ƒe mɔ̃ ɖesiaɖe si gakpɔtɔ le ka ƒom ɖe DC bɔs la me.

Nukatae nye lithium batri BMS la ƒua du yia ametakpɔnu si le kpuie me ɣesiaɣi si medze agbagba be maʋu nye inverter ƒe ʋuƒoa?¶

DC capacitor gã siwo le ememe siwo sina va ɖoa zero volts ne woɖe kadodoa ɖa la le sine wave inverter gãwo me. Ne èʋu batri ƒe ʋuƒoa la, capacitor ƒuƒlu mawo wɔa dɔ abe 0-ohm dead short ene le milisekɔnd 20 gbãtɔawo me, eye wohea 1,000- va ɖo 3,000-ampere inrush spike si ʋãa lithium batri la ƒe nutome kpui takpɔkpɔ. Be nàxe mɔ ɖe esia nu la, lé ʋu ƒe akaɖi si ƒe ŋusẽ nye ohm 10 va ɖo ohm 50, ʋu ƒe akaɖi si ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 12, alo toaster vevi si menye dijitaal tɔ o ƒe plug prongs eveawo ɖe switch ƒe nugbɔ siwo le ʋuʋu ɖi la dzi hena sɛkɛnd 8 be nàdo charge na capacitors la do ŋgɔ hafi nàtrɔ switch la wòatu.

Aleke mawɔ anyɔ LiFePO4 batri si xlẽa 0.0 volts le multimeter dzi ne nye smart charger gbe be yemade dzesii o?¶

Ne LiFePO4 batri aɖe tsi va ɖo eƒe elektrikŋusẽ si mebɔ o ƒe cut-off la, eƒe ememe BMS ʋua eƒe solid-state switch ale be terminals xlẽa 0 volts, si xea mɔ na smart solar controllers kple AC chargers be woagakpɔe adze sii be batri aɖe kpe ɖe eŋu o. Gbã la, kpɔe ɖa be batri la xɔ dzo wu 0 degree Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit), ɖe agbaawo katã ɖa, eye emegbe nàtsɔ jumper cables siwo tso ʋu ƒe batri me, jump pack si le manual override mode me, alo force-charge ƒe ɖoɖo si le wò solar controller ƒe Bluetooth app me la awɔ wake pulse kpui aɖe si ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 12.6 va ɖo 13.6 le terminalawo dzi hena sɛkɛnd 5 va ɖo 10.

Nukatae nye MPPT charge controller tsɔ PV Over-Voltage ƒe vodada ƒu gbe le dzomeŋɔli ƒe ŋdi si me tsikpe nɔ wɔwɔm esime wòwɔ dɔ nyuie le dzomeŋɔli bliboa me?¶

Ɣe ƒe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe lãmenugbagbeviwo dzia woƒe elektrikŋusẽ si le ʋuʋu ɖi ($V_{oc}$) ɖe edzi abe 0.30 va ɖo 0.35 le alafa me ene le Celsius dzidzenu ɖesiaɖe si dzoxɔxɔ ɖiɖina ɖe anyi wu +25 degree Celsius (+77 degree Fahrenheit). Le dzomeŋɔli ƒe ŋdi si me ŋdɔ ʋuna nyuie si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ nye -25 degree Celsius (-13 degrees Fahrenheit) la, ʋuƒo siwo kplɔ wo nɔewo ɖo naa elektrikŋusẽ si lolo wu eƒe datasheet ƒe dzeside alafa memama 16 va ɖo 18, si ate ŋu atutu dzomeŋɔli ƒe volt 135 ƒe ƒuƒoƒo aɖe ato volt 150 ƒe mɔ̃dzikpɔmɔ̃ ƒe dzisasrã ŋu. Tsi PV breaker la enumake eye nàto panel ɖeka ŋu le series string la me hena ɣeyiɣi aɖe le vuvɔ si nu sẽ ŋutɔ ƒe snaps me.

Ðe mate ŋu atsɔ ʋu ƒe ANL alo MEGA fuse si ƒe asi bɔbɔ aɖɔli Class-T fuse si ƒo le lithium batri gadzraɖoƒea?¶

LiFePO4 batri gadzraɖoƒe gã aɖe ƒe ememe tsitretsitsi le sue ŋutɔ eye ate ŋu atsɔ amper 5,000 va ɖo 10,000 ade nutome kpui si ku me. Wotsɔa silica sand si tsia akasa nu si woɖo be woate ŋu atɔ te DC elektrikŋusẽ si ƒe didime nye amperes 20,000 dedie yɔa klass-T fusewo me, gake ʋu ƒe MEGA fuse siwo ƒe ŋusẽ nye volt 32 siwo wozãna ɖaa kple ANL fuse siwo ƒe asi bɔbɔ siwo ŋu ŋkɔ mele o ƒe vovototodedeameme ƒe dzidzenuwo le sue (amperes 2,000 alo esi mede nenema o) eye woate ŋu alé plasma arc ɖe te eye wòagbã dzo ne kpuie kuku aɖe dzɔ, vevietɔ le 24-volt alo 48-volt ƒe ɖoɖowo.

Nukatae afɔku le eme be woaxɔ lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) batri ƒe agba le tsikpe te, ne tsi le dodom blewu gɔ̃ hã?¶

Ne elektrikŋusẽ si nye tsi si le LiFePO4 lãmenugbagbevi me ɖiɖi va anyi wu Celsius degree 0 (degree Fahrenheit 32) la, lithium ions mate ŋu age ɖe graphite anode ƒe nusuekpɔmɔ̃wo me kabakaba ale gbegbe le dzoxɔxɔ me o. Ke boŋ ga lithium-gbadzɛwo nɔa anode la ƒe anyime tegbee, si gblẽa batri la ƒe ŋutete dome eye ga ƒe aŋe suesuesue siwo le ɖaɖɛ (dendrites) siwo ate ŋu ato ememe mama ƒe lãkusia eye wòana dzo nado le ememe si le kpuie la tsina. Do dzo na lithium batri si wofa tsikpe me ɣesiaɣi si ƒe dzoxɔxɔ wu Celsius 5 (Fahrenheit 41) hafi nàdo dzo.

Mɔfiame siwo do ƒome kplii¶

• Ɣe, tsi, kple gbeɖuɖɔ siwo mele elektrikŋusẽnamɔ̃ dzi o ƒe kpododonu
• Van ƒe agbe kple ʋu ƒe nɔƒe ƒe nɔnɔme kpatawo
• Elektrikŋusẽ ƒe nutsotso na oxygen-ƒomɔ̃wo, yagbɔgbɔmɔ̃wo, kple CPAP
• Agbadɔ kple tarp ƒe dzoxɔxɔ ƒe dedienɔnɔ: mɔxexe ɖe agbadɔ me dzo kple carbon monoxide nu

Dzɔtsoƒewo kple dziɖuɖumegãwo ƒe mɔfiame¶

• Dukɔa ƒe Dzotsidɔwɔƒe (NFPA): Dukɔa ƒe Elektrik Se (NEC / NFPA 70) Se 690 (Ɣe ƒe keklẽŋusẽ ƒe mɔ̃wo) kple Se 706 (Ŋusẽ Dzraɖoƒe).
• Amerikatɔwo ƒe Tɔdziʋuwo Kple Tɔdziʋuwo ƒe Aɖaŋuɖoha (ABYC): Dzidzenu E-11 (AC kple DC Elektrik Dɔwɔɖoɖowo le Tɔdziʋuwo Dzi) kple Dzidzenu E-13 (Lithium-Ion Batriwo: Ŋusẽ si Gbɔdzɔ ƒe Takpɔkpɔ Kple Tsitretsitsi Ŋutete ƒe Nudidiwo).
• U.S. Dɔwɔƒe si Kpɔa Ŋusẽnyawo Gbɔ (DOE) kple Dukɔa ƒe Ŋusẽ Yeyewo Ŋuti Nudokpɔƒe (NREL): Photovoltaic Array Open-Circuit Voltage Temperature Coefficient Engineering Guidelines.
• Dukɔwo Dome Elektrikmɔ̃ɖaŋu Dɔwɔha (IEC) kple Dzidzenuwo Australia: IEC 62619 (Dedienɔnɔ ƒe Nudidiwo na Lithium Lãmenugbagbevi Evelia kple Batriwo) kple AS/NZS 5139 (Batri ƒe Dɔwɔɖoɖowo Dede Dedienɔnɔ).