Dinyanguka dia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu ne nzembu: Fuse wa Class-T mufume, tshiamu tshia charge tshidi tshinyanguke, ne dipingaja dia banke wa batterie¶

Padi nzubu wa tshilala benyi udi kayi ne nzembu, mashinyi a tshitudilu, nzubu mukese anyi nzubu wa kule ujimija nzembu ya dîba mu tshikondo tshia mashika, dinyanguka edi didi divula lukasa kumbukila ku dipanga diakane too ne ku dinyanguka dia muoyo. Padiku kakuyi 12-volt, 24-volt, anyi 48-volt DC ne 120-volt anyi 230-volt AC inverter output, diesel parking heaters idi ijika munkatshi mua tshikondo, pompe ya tshina ne cistern UV purifiers idi ilekela kuenda, CPAP respirators ne oxygène concentrateurs idi yenda kayiyi yenza mudimu, liphothium liphote ne iron liphate (\(\text{LiFePO}_4\)) anyi banki ya batterie ya plomb-acid idi mu njiwu ya dibutuka dia kashidi. Tshidi tshibi menemene ntshia se: kuteta bua kupingaja tshiamu tshia Battery Management System (BMS) tshidi tshinyanguke anyi kupingana pa muaba wa tshintu tshinene tshidi tshinyanguke mu ndondo mubi wa nzembu kudi mua kutuma tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia 100-volt too ne ku 450-volt tshidi katshiyi tshibuikila buludiludi mu transistor ya MOSFET ya tshiamu tshia nzembu, tshibutula tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshipatuka mu tshimuenekelu tshia nzembu.

Bateri ya nzembu mikese (DC) idi ilama bukole bua bungi bua tshinyangu: tshitupa tshipi tshidi tshipita mu tshibutshilu tshia 12-volt anyi 48-volt tshia lithium tshidi mua kupatula 3,000 too ne ku 10,000 amperes ya nzembu kayiyi ijika, tshienza bua tshiamu tshia mitaku tshilue tshiamu tshikole ne tshitupa tshia sekonde tshidi katshiyi tshitema anyi tshidi katshiyi tshijima nzembu kapia ka tshimuma. Shi tshibutshilu tshia bateri tshidi tshifuma, tshienza mutoyi, tshipatula luya lua hydrogène anyi hydrofluore, anyi tshipatuka ne kapia kakole, umbuka mu nzubu anyi mu mashinyi diakamue ne ubikile ku nimero wa njiwu wa muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu matunga masanga a ku Mputu, 999 mu Royaume-Uni) anyi tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi tshilaminu. Bua bilumbu bia mudimu wa pambelu pa nzembu, bala dipanga dia nzembu, mayi, ne bintu bia bukoya, nsombelu wa mashinyi ne muaba wa kusombela wa mashinyi, ne dijimina dia nzembu bua biamu bia oxygène, bia ventilateur, ne bia CPAP.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Tangila ni batterie udi ne luya lua kapia, kapia, anyi luya lubi kumpala kua wewe kulenga tshintu nansha tshimue. Wewe mumvue mupuya mukole wa solvant (udi upatula electrolyte wa lithium) anyi mai mabole (mupuya wa plomb-acid hydrogène sulfure), umvua tuishi tua mu batterie, anyi umona muishi upatuka mu battery, ** kanunzuludi battery to tshitupa**. Kukosa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pambelu pikalaku mua kufika pambelu, umbuke diakamue mu lupepele, ne ubikile 911 (112 anyi 999).
2. Tumikila mukenji wa Golden Connect: MISANGU YONSO ujima Solar PV Array Disconnect KUMPALA kua wewe kupatula Battery Bank ku tshiamu tshia MPPT. Kukosa tshiamu tshia battery padi biamu bia nzembu bidi ne dîba bishala bibueja mu tshiamu tshia charge bidi biumusha tshiamu tshia nzembu, ne tshidi tshikebesha diunzulula dia nzembu ($_} bua kuela ne kuosha MOSFETs ne capacitors ya munda.
3. Tumikila meyi a Golden Reconnect: MISANGU YONSO, ela banke wa battery ku tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi charge kumpala kua dîba, windile sekonde 30 bua tshibuelelu tshituadije ne kumona 12V/24V/48V, ne ela Solar PV Array NDEKELU. Kulamakaja biamu bia nzembu ku tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia multi-voltage tshidi katshiyi ne nzembu kumpala kua tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi mua kuenza bua tshiamu tshia nzembu tshikale tshibala bibi nzembu ya tshilongo bu tshiamu tshia 48-volt ne kuela 58-volt mu tshibutshilu tshia bateri tshia 12-volt.
4. Kuena mua kuela tshintu tshinene tshia batterie tshikanga pa tshiamu tshia inverter tshidi katshiyi ne bukole to. Ma inverter manene a 1500-watt too ne ku 5000-watt adi ne capaciteur minene ya DC idi yenza mudimu bu 0-ohm mufue muipi bua 500 milimi ya kumpala idi ne bukole. Kukanga tshiamu tshia batterie kuyi muele tshiamu tshia 1,000-ampere tshidi tshifikisha BMS webe wa lithium ku dikanga dia circuit muipi, kukanga biamu bia tshiamu tshia batterie, anyi kubutula fuse webe wa Class-T.
5. Bikala inverter webe anyi fuse munene wa Class-T mufue mu mîdima mikole, ela nshinga ya 12V/24V (tshiamu tshia diesel, muendu wa LED, pompe wa mâyi) buludiludi ku biamu bia batterie ku diambuluisha dia fuse wa tshiamu tshia mashinyi. Inverter wa AC udi ujimija 15 too ne ku 40 watts ku dîba dionso padiye wenza mutoyi. Kupita pa inverter mufue bua kuenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshieba tshia 12-volt tshia diesel ne tshiamu tshia telefone buludiludi ku banke wa batterie kudi kulama misangu itanu ya bungi ya mudimu butuku bumue.
6. Kutetshi nansha kakese bua kuenzeja tshiamu tshia Lithium (\(\text{LiFePO}_4\)) tshidi ne luya lua munda mua 0 degrés Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit). Kuela tshiamu tshia \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) tshidi tshikole kudi kuenza bua dendrite ya lithium ya tshiamu tshikale pa anodendrite ya carbone (** anodendrite) plating**), kunyanga bukole bua selile ne kuenza njiwu ya kapia ka circuit muipi wa munda. Kaja tshiibi tshia batterie pa mutu pa 5 degrés Celsius (41 degrés Fahrenheit) kumpala kua kuela nzembu wa charge.

Mutshi wa mapangadika: Kukonkonona bulongolodi bua dîba budi kabuyi ne nzembu¶

flowchart TD
    A["Dijimina dia nzembu ya pambelu pa nzembu: Inverter mufue anyi mu nzubu mudi mîdima"] --> B{"Muishi, diyi dibole anyi mupuya wa tshintu tshitoke, anyi tshibombi tshia bateri tshidi ne kapia anyi?"}
    B -->|"Eyowa: Tshipupu tshia kapia anyi gaz"| C["KUKANGULA tshibombi tshia bateri to; umbuka mu lupepele diakamue ne ubikile 911 / 112 / 999"]
    B -->|"Tòo: Mashika ne mupuwe"| D["Pima bukole bua DC ku Battery Studs vs. Busbar ku diambuluisha dia Digital Multimeter"]
    D --> E{"Multimètre udi ubala tshinyi ku ndekelu kua bateri?"}
    E -->|"0.0V too ne ku 2.5V pa batile wa lithium (anyi 0V kunyima kua fuse)"| F{"Tangila kumpala mudi tshiamu tshia Main Class-T / ANL tshitungunuka"}
    F -->|"Fuse mmufume (Circuit mubulula)"| G["1. Jima Inverter ne PV Array\n2. Tangila nkamba bua kumona ni idi mifue\n3. Teka tshiamu tshia inverter ne tshiamu tshia nzembu kumpala kua kuteka fuse wa pa mutu"]
    F -->|"Fuse intact: Battery nkayende udi ubala 0V"| H["LiFePO4 BMS udi mu tshitupa tshia bukubi bua tulu tshia voltage mukese anyi tshia circuit muipi"]
    H --> I["Umbusha bintu bionso; tshintu tshia kumpala tshia kuela nzembu anyi kuela 13.6V wake pulse (anu pikala batterie > 0°C / 32°F)"]
    E -->|"Voltage wa pa tshibidilu (12.8V / 25.6V / 51.2V) ku batterie, inverter mmufue"| J["Tangila Inverter DC Breaker, Remote On/Off jumper, anyi Low Voltage Cutout"]
    J --> K["Shi Inverter mufuba: Bypass Inverter ne 12V Diesel Heater ne USB Charger kupityila ku 15A inline fuse ku battery"]
    E -->|"Batterie mukese (<11.5V / 23V / 46V) ne MPPT kena ukuata mudimu mu munya to"| L["1. Talula PV Array FIRST\n2. Tangila PV Breakers ne MC4 plugs\n3. Kumpala kua bateri, pashishe PV Array"]

Mukenji 1: Mulongo wa malu udi ne bua kuenzeka bua kumbusha ne kusangisha kabidi biamu bia mudimu bia MPPT bia nzembu¶

Mu tshimpitshimpi tshia dijimina dia nzembu, tshilema tshinene ne tshia mushinga mukole tshidi bantu badi kabayi mu nzembu benza ntshia kupingaja tshiamu tshia MPPT (Maximum Power Point Tracking) tshidi tshienza mudimu ne nzembu pa kujima tshiamu tshinene tshia nzembu ne kutshipingaja padi dîba dikenkesha pa bimanu bia kuulu kua nzubu.

1. Bua tshinyi kupatula batterie padi biamu bia nzembu bikale ne muoyo bidi bikuata tshiamu tshia MPPT¶

Bua kumvua bua tshinyi dilondangana didi ne mushinga, tangila dishilangana dia nzembu pankatshi pa tshiamu tshieba tshia kuulu ne tshibutshilu tshieba tshia bateri:

• Tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia MPPT tshia mu nzubu anyi tshia mu nzubu tshidi ne biamu bia nzembu bia nzembu 2 too ne ku 6 bidi ne bukole bua bungi, bidi bipatula 75 too ne ku 250 volts DC open-circuit (\(V_{oc}\)) (ne too ne ku 450 volts DC pa biamu binene bia hybrid).
• Munda mua tshiamu tshia MPPT, biamu bia lubilu lua bungi buck-converter MOSFET ne inductor coils bidi bipuekesha **14.4 volts (bua banke wa 12V), 28.8 volts (bua banke wa 24V), anyi 57.6 volts (bua banke wa 84V) udi wenza mudimu ne batteri wa ku nzembu buffer bua kuangata nzembu.
• Ntshinyi tshidi tshienzeka padi bateri upatuka padiye ne bujitu: Wewe mujime tshiamu tshinene tshia dikosolola dia bateri, anyi pikala BMS wa munda mua bateri webe wa \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) mubuluke bua dipanga dia bulongame dia tshiamu tshia nzembu anyi bua dipanga dia luya lua mashika, padi tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi mudimu tshienda tshikosa nzembu ya nzembu idi ifumina ku biamu bia nzembu bidi ne 40 kakuena muaba wa kuya to. Mu tusekonde tukese, bukole bua nzembu budi buenda bunyanguka mu tshiamu tshia MPPT budi buenza dibandila dia bukole bua nzembu didi dipita tshipiminu tshia dinyanguka dia MOSFETs, dibutula tshiamu tshia munda tshia tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi anyi tshienza bua nzembu wa bus wa 12V/24V DC apite pa 60 volts ne kuosha tshiamu tshionso tshia nzembu (12V karte ka mamu, tshitupa tshia tshiamu tshia frigo, pompe wa mayi, ne routeur) bidi anu bilamakaja ku tshiamu tshia DC.

2. Mushindu mulelela wa kujika ne kutuadija kabidi¶

Lama ne funda mulongolongo eu pa tshimanu tshieba tshia nzembu ne tshimanyishilu tshia kashidi:

• Bua kujikija anyi kupingaja tshiamu tshia kulombola nabi mudimu (SOLAR FIRST, BATTERY SECOND):
• Tshitupa 1: Tangila JIMA DC Loads / AC Inverter bua nzembu mikole ileke kuenda.
• Tshitupa 2: Tangila JIMA Solar PV Array Two-Pole DC Breaker / Isolator Switch (pankatshi pa biamu bia nzembu ne tshiamu tshia MPPT). Kulekedi nansha kakese biamu bia nzembu bia MC4 ne minu yebe padi nzembu wenda muinshi mua bujitu; kupatula tshiamu tshia 150V DC MC4 tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia plasma tshidi tshilengeja tshiamu tshia plastique ne tshienza bua tshiamu tshia arc tshioshe. Shi udi mupangile tshiamu tshia PV, ela tshilamba tshinene tshidi katshiyi tshimueneka anyi tshilamba tshia karton pa mutu pa biamu bia nzembu kumpala.
• Tshitupa 3: Bindile 15 secondes bua dibala dia PV dia tshilombodi tshia MPPT dipueka too ne ku 0 Volts.

• Tshitupa 4: Tangila JIMA Tshintu tshia kutshibula natshi bateri / Tshintu tshia kupatula natshi bateri (pankatshi pa tshibutshilu tshia bateri ne tshiamu tshia MPPT). Bindile sekonde 60 bua LED yonso ya tshiamu tshia mudimu ikale mifiike bua microprocesseur ikale upingana.

• Bua kufila bukole ku tshiamu tshia kulombola nabi mudimu (BATTERY KUMPALA, SOLAR SECOND):

• Tshitupa 1: Tangila ne tshiamu tshia bungi tshia se: tshibutshilu tshieba tshia batterie tshidi ne bukole bua dikisha (pa mutu pa 10.5V bua 12V, 21V bua 24V, anyi 42V bua 48V).
• Tshitupa 2: Teka TSHIA Tshintu tshia kutshibula natshi bateri / Tshintu tshia kupatula natshi bateri KUMPALA (kulamakaja tshibutshilu tshia bateri ku tshiamu tshia MPPT BATT + ne BATT - terminaux padi biamu bia nzembu bishala bishilangane).
• Tshitupa 3: Bindile 30 ya sekonde mijima. Tangila tshibuelelu tshia MPPT anyi tshiamu tshia Bluetooth tshidi tshituadija ne ujadike ne: tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi bintu tshidi tshilamakaja ku tshipiminu tshiakane tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu (12V, 24V, anyi 48V) ne tshia tshimfuanyi tshia tshiamu tshia batterie (LiFePO4 vs. AGM vs. Flooded Lead-Acid).
• Tshitupa 4: Teka ON Solar PV Array Two-Pole DC Breaker LAST. Mu masekonde 10 to ne ku 30, tshiamu tshia MPPT netshikose nzembu wa tshiamu ne netshituadije kukumbaja mudimu bimpe.

3. Mu tshikondo tshia mashika "Hyper-VOC" (Bua tshinyi biamu bia nzembu bidi bipatuka mu dinda dia munya wa -20°C)¶

Biamu bia bungi bidi kabiyi ku nzembu bidi bienza mudimu mu muvu wa été ne wa automne, pashishe bidi bikuata tshiamu tshiabu tshia MPPT anyi biela "Error 20 / PV Over-Voltage Fault" mu dinda dia kumpala dia mu muvu wa mashika.

• Mushindu wa malu a mubidi wa silicon wa mashika: Ma cellule a photovoltaïque a dîba adi apatula voltage wa bungi padiwu enda akola. Dibeji dia malu a tshiamu tshia nzembu didi dileja bukole bua tshiamu tshia nzembu (\(V_{oc}\)) ku laboratware Standard Test Condition (STC) wa +25 degrés Celsius (+77 degrés Fahrenheit). Ku tshitupa tshionso tshidi luya lupueka muinshi mua +25°C, bukole bua tshiamu budi buvula ku 0.30 too ne ku 0.35 pa lukama ku tshitupa tshionso tshia Celsius.
• Dibandila dia luya lua mu muvu wa mashika: Ku -25 degre Celsius (-13 degre Fahrenheit), dipueka dia 50°C muinshi mua tshipiminu tshia 25°C, luya lua tshiamu tshia nzembu ludi lubandila 16 too ne ku 18 pa lukama kupita tshimanyinu tshidi panyima pa biamu. Shi uvua muele biamu bisatu bia 45-volt mu mulongolongo (\(3 \times 45\text{V} = 135\text{V}\) ku 25°C) mu tshiamu tshia 150V-rated MPPT controller (bu mudi Victron SmartSolar 150/35), mu dinda dia -25°C panyima pa neje udi upatuka mu dikala, udi upatuka mu tshiamu tshia mitaku 158 Volts DC, kupita tshipiminu tshia 150V tshia tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi ne kuenza bua diode wa bukubi wa tshibuelelu ikale muipi.
• Dilongolola dia tshimpitshimpi mu dinda dia mashika: Shi tshiamu tshieba tshia MPPT tshileja Dipanga dia nzembu mu dinda dia muinshi mua zero, jima tshiamu tshia PV diakamue, ndaku ku kazubu ka disangisha dia bintu panshi anyi kuulu, ne **umbusha bua tshitupa tshîpi tshiamu tshimue tshia mulongolongo (tshidi tshikokangana ne mionji **3-3) 2-in-series string) too ne padi luya lukola, anyi kuindila too ne pa midi padi luya lua dîba lulengeja biamu bia makala ne bipuekesha bukole buabi kuinshi kua tshipiminu.

Mukenji 2: Mushindu kayi wa kuela capaciteur ya inverter kumpala kua dîba bua BMS ne fuse wa Class-T kabifumi¶

Fuanyikijabi ne: tshibutshilu tshieba tshia ma batterie a lithium ntshipangile BMS wende wa munda butuku bualu bujitu kampanda budi bujimije batterie too ne ku 10.0V low-voltage cutoff. Dituku diakalonda mu dinda, udi uteta bua kupingaja tshiamu tshia batterie tshidi tshinyunguluka ku ON, ne dîba diudi ushintulula tshiamu, kudi dîyi dikole dia SNAP, BMS wa batterie udi upingana diakamue mu 0.0V Short-Circuit Protection, anyi fuse webe munene wa 250A Class-T udi unyanguka.

1. Bua tshinyi inverter mufue udi umueneka bu circuit muipi mufue kudi Lithium BMS¶

Tshiamu tshionso tshia DC-to-AC (1,000W too ne ku 5,000W) tshidi ne tshibutshilu tshinene tshia DC bus filter capacitors mu bitupa biende bia input positive ne negative bua kulengeja AC waveform:

• Padibu bumbusha tshiamu tshia inverter ku bukole bua batterie munkatshi mua minite mipite pa 2, biamu bia munda abi bidi bipueka too ne ku 0.0 Volts ne bienza mudimu bu 0.001-ohm dead short circuit mu milisekonde 10 too ne ku 50 ya kumpala padibu bapingaja bukole.
• Kuela tshiamu tshia 12.8V, 25.6V, anyi 51.2V \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) buludiludi pa 0-volt inverter capacitors kudi kukoka inrush current wa 800 too ne ku 3,500 amperes.
• Tshiamu tshia BMS tshia tshiamu tshiebe tshia batterie tshidi tshimona tshibandilu tshia 2,000-ampere, tshidi tshiela meji ne: tshikondo tshipi tshidi tshifue, ne tshidi tshiunzulula MOSFET yende ya munda mu 200 microsecondes, tshishiya tshiamu tshiebe tshifue.

2. Mishindu isatu mimpe ya kulongolola tshiamu tshia inverter mu budimi¶

Udi ne tshia kuwuja ("pre-charge") capaciteurs ya inverter ku bukole bua batterie mu sekonde 5 too ne ku 10 kupitshila ku tshintu tshidi tshipangisha nzembu kumpala kua kukanga tshintu tshinene tshia batterie anyi kukanga tshiamu tshia ndekelu tshia cable.

flowchart TD
    A["Bidi bikengela kusangisha kabidi tshibutshilu tshia ma batterie ku inverter udi kayi ne makanda"] --> B["1. Kujima tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia Inverter\n2. Kangula tshiamu tshia batterie (anyi shiya tshiamu tshia nsongo tshidi katshiyi tshikanga)"]
    B --> C{"Ntshiamu kayi tshia kumpala kua kuela nabi mudimu tshiudi natshi ku bianza?"}
    C -->|"Mushindu A: Tshintu tshia kumpala tshia kuela nabi mudimu (10 too ne ku 50 Ohm, 25W-50W)"| D["Kuata nshinga ya Resistor pa tshiamu tshia Main Switch tshidi tshiunzulula mu sekonde 8"]
    C -->|"Tshia kuenza B: 12V Automotive Incandescent Test Light anyi Halogen Headlight Bulb"| E["Tenga ampule udi ulombola ku bipese bia tshiamu tshia nzembu: ampule udi ukenka bikole kumpala, pashishe udi ujika padi capaciteur uwuja (8 secondes)"]
    C -->|"Mushindu wa C: Ampule wa 120V anyi tshintu tshia kuenza natshi mampa"| F["Kuata 2 prongs ya 120V Bulb anyi Toaster plug pa tshiamu tshia DC tshidi tshiunzulula mu tusunsa 10"]
    D --> G["Biamu bia capaciteur bidi mpindieu biuwule tente ne 99% ku voltage wa batterie: Zero spark"]
    E --> G
    F --> G
    G --> H["Diakamue, ela tshintu tshinene tshia batterie ku ON (anyi tshiteke lug panshi) mu tusunsa 3"]

Londa tshienzedi etshi tshia 4-step:

1. Kudimuna tshiamu tshia ON/OFF tshia Inverter ku OFF.
2. Sungula tshintu tshidi tshipangisha nzembu:
3. Tshimpe: Tshintu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne 10 ohms too ne ku 47 ohms (10W too ne ku 50W).
4. Tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia 12V/24V: A 12-volt incandescent automobile brake-light bulb anyi halogen H4/H7 headlight bulb (ki ampule wa LED to).
5. Tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia 12V/24V/48V tshia mu nzubu: Tshiamu tshionso tshia tshidi katshiyi tshia tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi ne tshiamu tshia ON tshidi tshiteka, bu mudi 60W incandescent lightbulb, tshiamu tshia non-electronic toaster, kettle wa ku nzembu, anyi ** AC wa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu (tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu**) nsongo ya tshiamu idi yenza tshintu tshia 12-ohm too ne ku 100-ohm tshia nichrome resistor).
6. Kujika tshitupa tshidi tshiunzuluke munkatshi mua tusunsa 8 to ne ku 10: Padi tshiamu tshinene tshia batterie tshilamakaja ne anu tshiamu tshinene tshia tshiamu tshia inverter tshiunzulula (anyi tshiamu tshia inverter tshibi tshikuate mu tshianza tshiebe tshidi ne tshianza), fina tshitupa tshimue tshia tshiamu tshiebe tshia resistor, tshia ampule, anyi tshia tshiamu tshia kettle ku Battery Side stud ne tshiamu tshikuabu ku Battery Side stud bua 100 masekonde.
7. Kanga tshiamu tshinene diakamue: Mu masekonde 2 kunyima kua diumusha dia tshintu tshidi tshipangisha, kudimuna tshiamu tshinene tshia batterie ku ON (anyi kuela tshiamu tshia nzembu pa tshiamu tshia nzembu). Nekuikale zero spark ne \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) BMS webe neashale pa buloba.

Mukenji 3: Kufuanyikija ne kupingaja biamu bia DC bidi bifume (Class-T vs. ANL vs. MEGA vs. MRBF)¶

Shi tshipiminu tshieba tshileja 13.2V (anyi 26.4V / 52.8V) ku bipese bia bateri, kadi 0.0V ku luseke lua inverter lua tshitekelu tshiebe tshinene tshia fuse, fuse webe munene mmufume. Fuse udi ne bipedi bibidi bia mushinga: Amperage Rating wende udi utungunuka (bu mudi 200A) ne Amperage Interrupting Capacity (AIC), nzembu mutambe bunene udi fuse mua kujima kayi ututa mu arc wa plasma udi utungunuka.

Mukenji 4: Kujula "Mufue" (0.0V) \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) mu BMS Sleep Mode¶

Padi bateri wa \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) ujika too ne ku 0 pa lukama (pabuipi ne 10.0V pa 12V, 20.0V pa 24V, anyi 40.0V pa 48V), munda muende Battery Management System (BMS) udi unzulula tshintu tshiende tshia dijimija dia bukole. Bimanyinu bia bateri bidi bibala 0.0 Volts (anyi tshimfuanyi tshia 1.2V too ne ku 3.8V), ne biamu bia nzembu bia MPPT bia meji ne bia charger bia AC bia meji bidi bibenga kuenza mudimu bualu bidi bikengela kumona 8.0V too ne ku 9.0V ku bimanu bua kumanya bateri udi mubuejakaja.

Mishindu inayi ya "Wake Up" udi mulale \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) BMS¶

Tshia kumpala, tangila ni luya lua munda mua bateri ludi pa mutu pa 0 degre Celsius (32 degre Fahrenheit), umbusha bintu bionso bia mu nzubu, ne wenze mudimu ne umue wa ku mishindu inayi eyi:

• Mushindu 1: Bluetooth App Force-Start anyi Physical Reset Pinhole:
• Pa Victron SmartSolar MPPT (patudi mu munya), kangula VictronConnect App, ndaku ku Settings > Battery, ne ukanga ku bianza voltage wa pa tshibidilu (12V, 24V, anyi 48V) pamutu pa Auto; MPPT neatume nzembu ya tshiamu tshia nzembu ku biamu bia mudimu ne neajule BMS mu masekonde 5.
• Pa ma batterie a tshilaminu tshia bintu (EG4, SOK, Pylontech, Epoch), fina tshiamu tshia mpala tshidi tshibuikila RESET anyi SW tshina tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku mu tusunsa 3 to ne ku 5 bua kukanga MOSFETs mu tusunsa 30 bua tshiamu tshiebe tshia kuela natshi bintu tshikale tshikanga.
• Mushindu 2: Kututa mu mushindu wa muomumue ku bateri wa mashinyi (Bua biamu bia 12V):
• Wenza mudimu ne nkamba ya mashinyi (anyi tshiamu tshia 12V tshia lithium tshidibu bashintulule mu "Manual Override / Boost Mode") bua kulamakaja 12-volt vehicle starter battery mu mushindu wa muomumue (+ ku +, - ku -) mu tshitupa tshia \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) tshidi tshilala bua 10 sekonde. BMS neamanye 12.6V, neakanga MOSFET yende, ne nealekele tshiamu tshieba tshia nzembu anyi tshiamu tshia AC bua kutuadija kuela nzembu.
• Mushindu 3: "9-Volt Smoke Detector Battery + 3x AA Battery" Wake Trick:
• Udi anu dijinga ne 12.5 too ne ku 13.5 Volts ku 0.01 Amps bua sekonde 2 bua kujula tshijengu tshia 12V BMS. Kuata batile wa 9-volt wa mu tshiamu tshieba tshia kumanyisha natshi muishi mu mulongo ne batterie isatu ya 1.5-volt AA anyi AAA (\(9\text{V} + 4.5\text{V} = 13.5\text{V}\)) ne tenga \(+13.5\text{V}\)) ne \(13.5\text{V}\) bua kulala \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) terminals padi biamu biebe bia nzembu bidi mu munya.
• Mushindu 4: Kulengeja tshiamu tshia mashika \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) muinshi mua 0°C (32°F):
• Shi batile yebe ifunda 12.8V to 13.1V ne ifila nzembu, kadi ibenga kuitaba tshiamu nansha tshimue, BMS udi mu Low-Temperature Charge Protection (LTCP) muinshi mua 0°C (32°F). Kuena mua kuenza mudimu ne kapia ka kapia anyi kapia ka propane pa tshibombi tshia bateri to. Teka mayi pa tshioshelu tshiebe tshia tshitudilu, uwuje milondo ibidi ya mayi ya Nalgene mikanga anyi milondo ya Mason mibuikila mu tshilamba tshiume, uyiteka munda mua kazubu ka ma bateri kadibu basuike ku luseke lua ma bateri, ne ukanga tshibuikidiji. Mu minite 45, tshiamu tshia munda tshia luya netshibandile pa mutu pa +5°C (+41°F) ne netshituadije kabidi kuenza mudimu.

Mukenji 5: Tshienzedi tshia 12V/24V tshia tshimpitshimpi padi tshiamu tshieba tshia AC anyi tshiamu tshia MPPT tshiosha¶

1. Kupitshila ku inverter wa AC mufue bua kuenza mudimu ne bujitu bua muoyo buludiludi pa DC¶

Mu tshikondo tshia mashika, bintu biebe bia mudimu (kapia, butoke, ne dimanyishangana) bidi bienza mudimu ku 12-volt anyi 24-volt DC:

1. Umbusha tshiamu tshia AC tshidi tshifue ku tshibutshilu tshia ma batterie bua katshiyi mua kuenza circuit muipi anyi kujimija batterie to.
2. Ela tshiamu tshieba tshia diesel parking anyi propane furnace blower buludiludi: Off-grid diesel air heaters (Webasto, Espar, Vevor) ne RV propane furnace blowers bidi bienza mudimu buludiludi ku 12V DC (bikoka 10A too ne ku 12A mu minite 3 mu tshikondo tshia glow-plug ignition, pashishe 1A too ne ku 2A). Ela nshinga ya tshiamu tshia kapia tshimpe ne tshibi buludiludi ku biamu bia bateri bia 12V kupitshila ku 15-ampere anyi 20-ampere inline automotive blade fuse.
3. Ela tshiamu tshia 12V tshia lukasa bua telefone, CPAP ya luondapu, ne biamu bia ku bianza: Ela tshiamu tshia 12V tshia tshiamu tshia kutemesha natshi makanya (ne tshiamu tshia 10A tshidi mu mulongo) buludiludi ku biamu bia batterie wa 12V bua kuenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia **12V USB-C PD tshia mashinyi anyi tshiamu tshia DC 2 (tshidibu benza natshi mudimu 50 pa lukama ya bukole bukese bua bateri butuku bumue kupita kuenza mudimu ne CPAP ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia AC).

2. Dilombola dia tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia ku bianza padi tshiamu tshieba tshia MPPT tshienza mudimu¶

Kuena ne bua kuela tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu wa bungi (\(80\text{V}\text{ to }200\text{V}\)) buludiludi ku batterie wa 12V to. Ino, mu lufu nansha lufu na tshiamu tshia MPPT tshifua, udi mua kuenza Supervised Manual Pulse Charge ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshimue tshia voltage mukese:

1. Umbusha bintu bidi pa mutu pa nzubu anyi panshi bua wewe kuenza mudimu anu ne Single Individual Solar Panel udi ne voltage udi upetangana ne batterie webe (mu mushindu muimpe, panel umue wa 12V udi ne \(V_{mp}\) pabuipi ne 18V pa batterie wa 12V, anyi panel umue wa 36V-40V pa batterie wa 24V).
2. Umbusha biamu bionso bia 12V/24V ku tshiamu tshia DC patudi tuela charge bua mudi nzembu wa panneau kayiyi mua kufika ku biamu biebe pikala BMS mupangile.
3. Lamakaja tshiamu tshia nzembu tshimue ne tshiamu tshia nzembu ku diambuluisha dia 20A anyi 30A DC breaker paudi utangila multimètre wa tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshikosa ku biamu bia nzembu. Bukole bua bateri budi bufika ku 14.0V (bua 12V), 28.0V (bua 24V), anyi 56.0V (bua 48V), kujima tshiamu tshia nzembu ku bianza. Kulekedi nansha kakese tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi katshiyi tshilongolola tshilamakaja kakuyi muntu udi utshilama to.

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya bibambalu¶

Padi dinyanguka dia nzembu dia pambelu pa nzembu difikisha ku kapia ka batterie, dibuela dia bintu bia tshimpitshimpi, anyi njiwu ya tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidi tshikuatshisha muoyo, enza mudimu ne njila eyi:

• Etats-Unis ne Canada:
• Kapia ka bateri, dinyema dia kapia, anyi njiwu ya diambuluisha dia muoyo: Bikila 911. Umanyishe bena mudimu diakamue pikala kapia ka Lithium-Ion / \(\text{LiFePO}_4\) batteries anyi Lead-Acid sulfuric acid / hydrogen gas.
• Mukenji wa nzembu ne mikenji ya bukubi bua pambelu pa nzembu: Tangila Mukenji wa nzembu wa ditunga (NEC) Kanungu ka 690 (Mashinyi a nzembu a dîba) ne Kanungu ka 706 (Njila ya dilama dia nzembu), pamue ne ABYC E-11 / E-13 bua diteka dia mashinyi a DC/mashinyi a kuendesha.
• Muaba wa tshilala benyi wa mashika makole / Tshibambalu tshia luya: Shi tshiamu tshieba tshia mashika tshidi katshiyi ne nzembu tshinyanguka mu tshikondo tshia mashika, funda 211 bua kupeta muaba wa tshilala benyi udi pabuipi.
• Bukalenge buobumue:
• Tshilumbu tshia lukasa: Bikila 999 (Kapia ne dipandisha anyi Ambulance), anyi 111 bua mibelu ya dipanga dia nzembu ya biamu bia luondapu bidi kabiyi bia lukasa. Difundisha ku Priority Services Register (PSR) wa mu tshitupa tshienu anyi ubikile ku telefone wa NHS Home Oxygen supplier wa mêba 24 wa diambuluisha dia lukasa.
• Buobumue bua matunga a ku Mputu:
• Tshilumbu tshia lukasa: Bikila 112 mu matunga onso adi mu UE bua kapia ka bateri, kapia ka aside, anyi dipandisha dia bantu badi ne disama dia hypothermie. Londa IEC 60364-7-712 ne IEC 62619.
• Australie ne Nouvelle-Zélande:
• Tshilumbu tshia lukasa: Bikila 000 mu Australie anyi 111 mu Nouvelle-Zélande. Diteka dia bintu pambelu pa nzembu didi dilombodibua kudi AS/NZS 5139 ne AS/NZS 5033.
• India ne Asia-Pacifique:
• Tshilumbu tshia lukasa: Bikila 112 mu Inde bua kapia ne malu a luondapu.

Liste wa bintu bia mudimu bia nzembu bidi kabiyi ku nzembu¶

Nzubu yonso udi kayi ne nzembu, mashinyi, buatu, anyi nzubu yonso udi ne tshia kulama tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia nzembu mu tshibombi tshiume tshidi ne tshimanyinu ku luseke lua tshiamu tshinene:

• 1. Digital True-RMS Multimeter with Spare Batteries: Bidi bikengedibua bua kuteta voltage wa terminal ne dilama dia fuse.
• 2. Ma fuse abidi a batterie (Class-T, MRBF, nansha ANL) + Mafuse a pa mutu (10A, 15A, 20A, 30A): Lama mafuse a pa mutu makanga munda mua tshibuta tshia nzembu.
• 3. Tshiamu tshia kumpala tshia kuela nabi mudimu (25-Ohm to 47-Ohm, 25-Watt Ceramic Wire-Wound Resistor): Fila pa tshiamu tshieba tshinene tshia batterie bua sekonde 8 kumpala kua wewe kutemesha tshiamu etshi kunyima kua luendu luonso lua BMS.
• 4. 12V/24V Alligator-Clip-to-Cigarette-Lighter Bypass Cord with Inline 15A Blade Fuse: Ufila bukole ku tshiamu tshieba tshia diesel, tshiamu tshia telefone, anyi 12V CPAP buludiludi ku biamu bia batterie pikala busbar anyi inverter mupangile.
• 5. Biamu bia nzembu bia 10mm, 13mm, 14mm, ne 17mm bivua bibuikila mu bitupa bisatu bia bande wa nzembu: Bidi bipangisha bua kuenza circuit muipi wa mpukapuka.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Bua tshinyi ndi ne tshia kumbusha tshiamu tshia nzembu kumpala kua meme kupatula tshibutshilu tshia bateri ku tshiamu tshianyi tshia mudimu?¶

Tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia MPPT tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshibutshilu tshia bateri tshidi tshilamakaja bu tshimanyishilu tshia nzembu ne bu buffer bua nzembu bua kuangata nzembu udi upitshila mu biamu bia munda bia step-down inductors. Wewe mupatule batterie padi biamu bia nzembu bidi ne dîba bitshidi anu bifila bukole mu tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi mudimu, dijimija dia tshimpitshimpi dia bujitu didi mua kufikisha ku dikola dia nzembu didi mua kubutula transistor ya MOSFET ya munda mua tshiamu tshia nzembu ne kutuma 50 too ne ku 150 volts mu biamu bionso bia 12-volt bidi bitshidi bikuate ku mashinyi a DC.

Bua tshinyi bateri wanyi wa lithium BMS udi unyanguka mu tshibuelelu tshia circuit muipi dîba dionso dindi nteta bua kutemesha tshiamu tshianyi tshia inverter?¶

Ma inverter manene a onda sinusoïdale adi na capaciteur minene ya munda ya DC idi ipueka too ne ku zero volts padibu bayipatula. Paudi utemesha tshiamu tshia batterie, capaciteur idi kayiyi ne tshintu idi yenza mudimu bu 0-ohm mufue mu milisekonde 20 ya kumpala, idi ikoka 1,000- to 3,000-ampere inrush spike udi usaka batterie wa lithium bua kukuba circuit muipi. Bua kuepuka bualu ebu, ikala ne tshintu tshia 10-ohm too ne ku 50-ohm, ampule wa mashinyi wa 12-volt, anyi bipese bibidi bia tshiamu tshia kuela natshi mampa tshidi katshiyi tshia tshiamu tshia mashinyi ku nseke ya tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshiunzulula munkatshi mua sekonde 8 bua kuela tshiamu tshia nzembu kumpala kua kukanga tshiamu tshia mashinyi.

Mmunyi mundi mua kujula bateri wa LiFePO4 udi ubala 0.0 volts pa multimètre padi tshiamu tshianyi tshia mudimu tshibenga bua kumumona?¶

Padi batterie wa LiFePO4 ujika too ne ku tshipiminu tshia voltage mukese, BMS wende wa munda udi unzulula tshiamu tshiende tshia solid-state bua se terminaux ikale ubala 0 volts, bidi bipangisha biamu bia nzembu bia meji ne biamu bia AC bua kumanya ne: batterie mmulamakaja. Tshia kumpala, ikala ujadika ne: bateri udi ne luya lupite pa 0 degre Celsius (32 degre Fahrenheit), umbusha bintu bionso, pashishe wela 12,6- too ne ku 13,6-volt wake pulse mu bitupa bia mashinyi munkatshi mua tusunsa 5 anyi 10 ku diambuluisha dia nkamba ya jumper ya mu bateri wa mashinyi, tshiamu tshia kubandila natshi mashinyi, anyi tshiamu tshia kubandila natshi mashinyi anyi tshia kuenza natshi mudimu bua kutshiteka tshiamu tshia Bluetooth tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu.

Bua tshinyi tshiamu tshianyi tshia MPPT tshiakafila tshilema tshia PV Over-Voltage mu dinda dia mashika mu muvu wa mashika paditshi tshienza mudimu bimpe mu muvu wa été mujima?¶

Ma cellule a nzembu a nzembu adi avula bukole bua nzembu ($V_{oc}$) pabuipi ne 0.30 too ne ku 0.35 pa lukama bua degre yonso wa Celsius ne luya ludi lupueka muinshi mua +25 degre Celsius (+77 degre Fahrenheit). Mu dinda dia mu muvu wa mashika -25 degrés Celsius (-13 degrés Fahrenheit), mulongolongo wa biamu udi upatula 16 too ne ku 18 pa lukama ya voltage wa bungi kupita tshidibu bafila mu dibeji dia malu, tshidi mua kusaka tshiamu tshia 135-volt tshia mu muvu wa été kupita tshibandilu tshia 150-volt. Jima tshiamu tshia PV diakamue ne upitshishe bua tshitupa tshîpi tshiamu tshimue tshia mulongolongo mu tshikondo tshia mashika makole.

Ndi mua kupingaja fuse wa Class-T mu banke wa batterie wa lithium ne fuse wa mashinyi wa ANL anyi MEGA wa mushinga mukesa anyi?¶

Tshibutshilu tshinene tshia ma batterie a LiFePO4 tshidi ne bukole bukese bua munda ne tshidi mua kufila 5,000 too ne ku 10,000 amperes mu circuit muipi mufue. Biamu bia Class-T bidi biuwule tente ne nsenga ya silice idi ijika bimpe idi mua kupangisha 20 000 amperes ya DC current, kadi biamu bia MEGA bia mashinyi bia 32-volt ne biamu bia ANL bidi kabiyi ne dîna bidi ne tshitupa tshikese tshia dipangisha (2 000 amperes anyi muinshi) ne bidi mua kulama plasma ne kututa mu kapia kakese, nangananga pa biamu bia 24-volt anyi 48-volt.

Bua tshinyi bidi ne njiwu bua kuela batterie wa lithium iron phosphate (LiFePO4) muinshi mua mashika, nansha mudiye wenda bitekete bitekete?¶

Padi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi munda mua tshiamu tshia LiFePO4 tshipueka muinshi mua 0 degrés Celsius (32 degrés Fahrenheit), ions ya lithium kayena mua kubuela (kusesuka) lukasa mu bitupa bikese bia anode wa graphite padibu bawuja to. Pamutu pa nanku, biamu bia lithium bidi bibuela kashidi pa mutu pa anode, binyanga bukole bua batterie ne bikola nshinga ya tshiamu tshia mitaku (dendrites) idi mua kutapa tshilamba tshia munda tshia ditapulula ne kuenza kapia ka munda ka circuit muipi. Misangu yonso, ela bateri wa lithium mu mashika pa mutu pa 5 degrés Celsius (41 degrés Fahrenheit) kumpala kua kumuteka.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dipanga dia nzembu, mayi, ne bintu bia bukoya
• Muoyo wa mashinyi ne nzubu wa mashinyi
• Dijika dia nzembu bua biamu bia oxygène, bia ventilateur, ne bia CPAP
• Dikuba dia ntenta ne tshiamu tshia ntenta: dikuba dia kapia ka ntenta ne monoxide de carbone

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• Tshisumbu tshia ditunga tshia dikuba dia kapia (NFPA): Mukenji wa ditunga wa malu a nzembu (NEC / NFPA 70) Kanungu ka 690 (Mashinyi a nzembu a dîba) ne Kanungu ka 706 (Mashinyi a dilama dia nzembu).
• American Boat and Yacht Council (ABYC): Standard E-11 (AC ne DC Electrical Systems on Boats) ne Standard E-13 (Lithium-Ion Batteries: Overcurrent Protection and Interrupting Capacity Requirements).
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a nzembu tshia mu États-Unis (DOE) ne Tshibambalu tshia malu a nzembu tshia mu ditunga (NREL): Mikenji ya malu a nzembu ya tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshiunzulula.
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a nzembu tshia pa buloba bujima (IEC) ne mikenji ya mu Australie: IEC 62619 (Malu adibu balomba bua kulama biamu bia lithium ne mabateri) ne AS/NZS 5139 (Dikuba dia diteka dia mabateri).