Mudilu wa rideau wa tshioshelu tshia kuinshi, mionji ya tshioshelu tshia muaba udi unyanguka, ne dipatuka dia kapia ka bungi¶

Bilondeshile tshisumbu tshia ditunga tshia dikuba dia kapia (NFPA) ne tshia U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC), biamu bia kukanga nabi kapia bidi kabiyi bishintuluka ne biamu bia kukanga nabi kapia bia mu nzubu bidi bishipa bantu mu muvu wa mashika, bidi bifikisha ku lufu lua bantu bapite pa 40 pa lukama mu kapia ka mu nzubu nansha mudibi bipatula tshitupa tshikese tshia kapia mu nzubu yonso. Bishilangane na ampule anyi televizion udi ukoka 50 too ne ku 200 watts misangu ne misangu, tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi mudimu tshia ku nzembu (mu Amerike wa ku Nord ku 120V) tshidi tshikoka 1 500 watts (12,5 amperes) misangu yonso munkatshi mua mêba a bungi, eku biamu bia 230V/240V mu Royaume-Uni, mu Australie, ne ku Mputu bidi bikoka 2000 ** 3,000 watts (8.5 to 13 amperes)** ne biamu bia nzembu bia 240V bidi ne nzembu bidi bikoka 500 to 2,500 watts. Dikoka dia nzembu dia bungi didi kadiyi dijika didi disaka bintu bia ku bimanu bia nzubu, biamu bia nzembu, ne biamu bia nzembu too ne ku tshitupa tshiabu tshia kapia eku bienza bua biamu bia tshiamu ne bintu bia nichrome bikale bikumbane bua kutemesha rido, bilamba bia bulalu ne bintu bia mu nzubu bidi mu 1 metre (3 feet).

Malu abidi mashilangane adi enzeka mu tshimpitshimpi ne biamu bia kuenza nabi kapia bia ku nzembu: dikuata dia kapia anyi dia kapia dia bilamba bidi pabuipi (padi bilamba bidi bifika panshi, tshilamba tshia bulalu tshituta mu tulu, anyi tshibungu tshia bilamba tshikuluka pa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi ne tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi katshiyi tshienza mudimu mu tshitupa tshidi katshiyi tshibuikila), ne dikuata dia nzembu ku tshiamu tshia nzembu anyi tshingoma (padi tshiamu tshia 1,500-watt tshia kapia tshibueja mu tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi ne nzembu ya bungi, tshingoma tshia 16-gauge tshidi tshienza mudimu mupepele, anyi tshintu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi tshinyanguke, tshienza bua mabeji a tshiamu tshia mitaku akenke bu tshikunze ku **300 degrés Celsius anyi 7500 degrés, bidi biumvuija ne: PVC insulation mu kapia ka nzembu). Kumanya mua kukosa nzembu ku tshiamu tshia 240V tshidi ne mitshi ibidi kumpala kua kuela kapia ka mu rido, kuena ne bua kukoka tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshipatuka mu tshimanu ku tshingoma tshiatshi paditshi ne bujitu to, ne kuenza mudimu ne 1-metre (3-foot) clearance zone udi usungila mioyo. Tangila ku nomba ya tshimpitshimpi, kapia ka nzembu ne kapia, kapia ka nzubu, ne kakuena luya mu muvu wa mashika bua kapia ne kapia ka mu muvu wa mashika.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Kima nzembu ku tshiamu tshinene tshia nzembu diakamue kumpala kua kulenga tshingoma tshia mudilu anyi kuela tshiamu tshia kujima nzembu pa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu. Bua tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu tshidi ne nshinga mikole, uteke **tshiamu tshia 240V (15A, 20A, anyi 30A) tshia mitshi ibidi (15A, 20A, anyi 30A) mu OFF **O; Kupuekesha patupu tshiamu tshia thermostat tshia ku tshimanu ku "Low" anyi "Off" pa thermostat wa baseboard wa mutshi umue kakuena mua kumbusha bukole bua 120V/240V ku nshinga ya tshiamu tshia kapia to. Bua tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshidi ne tshiamu tshia kuela natshi kapia, ela tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshia mu nzubu OFF kumpala kua kulenga tshiamu atshi; tangila kapia ka nzembu ne kapia.
2. KAKUELA mayi pa tshiamu tshia mudilu tshidi tshiosha, tshiamu tshia mudilu tshia muaba, anyi pa tshiamu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi tshitema padi mudilu utshidi anu ne mudilu. Mâyi adi apingaja mudilu mu musulu ne adi apuekesha plastike wa PVC anyi mafuta a kapia (mu biamu bia mudilu bidi ne mafuta) mu nzubu mujima. Wenza mudimu ne Class C anyi multipurpose ABC dry-chemical fire extinguisher (anyi tshintu tshia dioxide de carbone / clean-agent extinguisher) tshidi tshitangile ku nshindamenu wa kapia anu padi tshiibi tshieba tshia kupatuka tshijika panyima pebe.
3. Bikala rido, bilamba, anyi bilamba bia bulalu bikuate kapia pa mutu pa tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia, umbusha muntu yonso mu nzubu diakamue ne ukanga tshiibi tshia nzubu wa bulalu panyima pebe. Rido ya ku madidishi idi mimane idi yenza mudimu bu tshiamu tshia kapia; kapia kadi kafuma ku tshibandilu too ne ku plafond mu muinshi mua sekonde 15 to ne ku 30, bienza bua nzubu mujima ikale ne kapia mu minite 3; mona kapia ka nzubu.
4. Bikila nimero ya njiwu ya muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne Canada, 112 mu Union européenne mujima, 999 mu Royaume-Uni) pambelu pa nzubu, nansha wewe wela meji ne: kapia kavua kajime nkayaku pavuaye muele tshintu tshia kutshibula natshi. Padi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshibuela mu tshibumba anyi mu tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia tshidi tshiosha tshimanu tshidi tshikenka, ne mutshi wa carbone udi utema Nsinga ya Romex itu misangu ya bungi itungunuka ne kuela kapia munda mua tshimanu tshidi panyima pa tshiamu tshia nzembu; tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.
5. Bikala tshiamu tshia kapia tshipiatshipia anyi tshia kumpala tshia mu muvu wa mashika tshipatula mupuya wa lupuishi anyi tshitupa tshikese tshia lupuishi tshidi katshiyi ne kapia, jima tshiamu tshia thermostat/breaker, koka bintu bionso bia mu nzubu ne rido ku bule bua metre 1 (3 feet), ne utangile bipese bia aluminium ne toshete. Lupuishi ludi kaluyi ne njiwu mu tshikondo kampanda (ludi lujika mu tshikondo kampanda). 15 minite kunyima kua disukula dia mapapa) ku tshintu tshikuabu (tshintu tshia kunaya natshi tshia plastique, dibeji dia tshilamba, anyi tshilamba) tshilamakaja buludiludi ku tshintu tshidi tshifila kapia.
6. Tangila bantu bonso badi mu nzubu bua kumona ni badi bapuya muishi, cyanide/HCl gaz irritation udi ufuma ku kapia ka PVC, ne thermal burns. Ela muntu yonso udi ukokola anyi udi upuyakana mu lupepele luimpe lua pambelu diakamue ne ulengeje dikoba dionso didi difumina ku grilles ya kapia muinshi mua mâyi mashika a mu pompi munkatshi mua minite 20; mona wosha.

Mutshi wa mapangadika: tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia ne tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia tshia muaba tshidi tshienza mudimu ne nzembu¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Tshintu tshia kuenza natshi kapia anyi kapia ka muaba kapia / Tshilumbu tshia tshimpitshimpi tshia kapia"] --> Symptom{"Ntshinyi tshidi tshienzeka mpindieu?"}
    Symptom -->|"Rido, bilamba bia bulalu, anyi bintu bia mu nzubu bidibu batemesha ku tshiamu tshia kapia"| ActiveFire["1. Shi lubimbi lwa kapia ludi lubanda pa tshilamba tshitangile ku plafond: PUTUKA DIAMUE; 2. Kanga tshiibi tshia nzubu kunyima kuebe bua kujikija kapia ka oxygène; 3. Shi mudilo mukese ku nshindamenu ANYI: Ujime 240V/120V ku tshiamu; 4. Ela tshiamu tshia kujima natshi kapia tshia mulongo wa ABC / mulongo wa C kuinshi kua kapia ne ubikile ku nimero eyi: 911/112/999"]
    Symptom -->|"Tshintu tshia kuenza natshi kapia, tshiamu tshia nzembu, anyi tshiamu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi tshifuka / tshinyanguka"| MeltedPlug["1. KUANGATA tshintu tshia kuela natshi makanya anyi tshingoma tshia kuela nabi makanya ne bianza bitupu padiye ne bujitu to; 2. Ujime tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu ku tshiamu tshinene tshia nzembu diakamue; 3. Padiwu afua, umbusha tshingoma anu padi plastique mumane kukola; Tangila tshimanu bua kumanya ni kudi kapia; 4. Bikila bena mudimu ba kapia pikala muishi upatuka kunyima kua tshimanu"]
    Symptom -->|"Tshintu tshia kuenza natshi kapia tshia ku tshiibi tshidi ne kapia kakole ne katshiena mua kujima ku diambuluisha dia tshiamu tshia kapia tshia ku tshimanu to"| RunawayHeat["1. Relais wa thermostat muela anyi tshitupa tshipi tshia tshiamu tshimue; 2. Ndaku ku tshiamu tshinene tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu ne ujime tshiamu tshia 240V tshia tshiamu tshia 240V; 3. Umbusha bilamba bionso, malalu, ne bilamba mu bule bua metre 1 (3 feet) too ne padibi bikola; 4. Pingaja tshiamu tshia luya tshidi tshinyanguke ne tshiamu tshia luya tshia 240V tshidi ne mitshi ibidi"]
    Symptom -->|"Lupuishi lua kapia anyi mupuya mubi wa plastique kayi ne kapia kadi kamueneka"| SmellCheck["1. Jima tshiamu tshia kapia ne tangila bipese bia aluminium ku ndekelu too ne ku ndekelu ne torshete; 2. Umbusha mabeji onso adi makuluke, bintu bia kunaya nabi, masosete, anyi bibombi bia aérosol pabuipi ne grille; 3. Umbusha nsuki ne nsuki ya nyama ku mapapa a baseboard padi mashika"]
    ActiveFire --> PostCare["Longolola muishi mu lupepele luimpe ne lomba muena mudimu wa nzembu bua kutangila circuit munyanguke"]
    MeltedPlug --> PostCare
    RunawayHeat --> PostCare
    SmellCheck --> PostCare

Tshilejilu 1: Rido wa tshiamu tshia nzembu, bilamba bia bulalu, ne kapia ka bintu bia kunaya nabi¶

Mushindu kayi udi tshiamu tshia mudilu tshienza mudimu ne bua tshinyi tshiamu tshiatshi tshia bukubi tshidi mua kunyanguka¶

Tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia tshia ku nzembu (tshiamu tshia kapia tshia ku nzembu) tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshintu tshia kapia tshia nichrome tshidi ne bukole bua bungi tshikanga munda mua tshiamu tshia mitaku tshiuwule tente ne oxide de magnésium ne tshinyunguluka kudi bipese bia bungi bia aluminium heat-sink. Kapepe ka mashika ka mu nzubu kadi kabuela mu tshina tshidi kuinshi kua nzubu wa tshisasa, kabanda kupitshila ku mapapa a aluminium a kapia (adi afika ku luya lua munda lua 150 too ne ku 260 degre Celsius, anyi 300 too ne ku 500 degre Fahrenheit), ne kapatuka mu tshina tshia kuulu tshia louver ku diambuluisha dia luya lua pa buloba.

Bua kuepuka kapia pikala kapepe kakanga, biamu bia kapia bia matuku etu aa bidi ne tshiamu tshia kapia tshidi tshienda mu bule bua nzubu tshidi ne bua kunzulula tshijengu pikala tshiamu tshia mitaku tshipita kapia. Ino, mishindu isatu ya dipanga dia bushuwa idi itshimuna bukubi ebu mu muvu wa mashika wonso:

1. Tshilamba tshia kujika natshi (tshilamba anyi tshilamba tshia rido): Bikala tshilamba tshia kulala tshikole, tshilamba tshia kulala, anyi tshilamba tshia kuowa natshi tshia kuowela natshi tshikuluka pa mutu pa 15 too ne ku 20 santimetre (6 too ne ku 8 inches) wa tshiamu tshia 2,4-metre (8-foot) tshia kuowa natshi kapia eku tshitupa tshikuabu tshia kuowa natshi katshiyi tshibuikila mu nzubu wa mashika, anu pikala tshitekelu tshia bulalu tshia kale anyi tshia panshi tshintu tshia tshiamu tshibidi tshia ku ndekelu, tshibombi tshia kapia tshidi muinshi mua tshilamba tshidi tshifika ku luya lua kapia lua tshilamba anyi lua polyester (250 too ne ku 400 degrés Celsius, anyi 480 too ne ku 750 degrés Fahrenheit) ne tshidi tshituta kapia kumpala kua tshintu tshikuabu ku ndekelu kua tshitupa tshia luendu.
2. Bintu bia kapia bidi bipueka buludiludi munda mua tshina tshia mapapa: Bintu bia bana bia kunaya nabi bia plastique, crayon, mabeji, mabeji maume a mu muvu wa automne, anyi bibombi bia aérosol (spray wa nsuki, tshintu tshia kulengeja natshi kapepe, anyi bintu bia kutemesha nabi butane) bipueka mu tshina tshia 260-degree Celsius (500-degree) udi utemesha anyi ututa diakamue kumpala kua tshibuta tshia pambelu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku kufikatshi ku kapia.
3. Bua tshinyi kukudimuna tshiamu tshia luya tshia ku tshimanu ku "OFF" kakuena kushipa bukole to: Biamu bia kale bia ku nzubu bia ku nzubu bidi ne tshiamu tshia kapia tshia tshiamu tshimue tshidi anu tshitshibula umue wa ku maulu abidi a kapia a 120V a tshijengu tshia 240V. Nansha padibu bapuekesha tshiamu tshia thermostat too ne panshi, tshintu tshidi tshifila kapia munda mua tshitekelu tshidi tshishala ne bukole ku 120 volts too ne panshi, ne bikala biamu bia munda bia thermostat bikanga anyi padiku tshilema tshia panshi, tshiamu tshia thermostat tshidi tshienza mudimu ne bukole buonso too ne paudi ushintulula tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia nzembu tshidi ne nzembu ibidi ku tshiamu tshinene tshia nzembu.

Mukenji mukole wa 1-metre (3-foot) wa diumusha ne bua tshinyi rido ya ku madidishi idi njiwu mikole¶

Bibambalu bia malu a bukubi pa buloba bujima bidi bilomba 1-metre (3-foot) "Kid-Free and Fabric-Free Zone" pabuipi ne biamu bionso bia kuenza nabi kapia, ne nansha 30 centimètres (12 inches) ya tshitupa tshia pa mutu/kumpala ne 2.5 centimètres (1 inch) muinshi mua biamu bia kuenza nabi kapia bia nzembu:

• Kuena mua kuela bilamba bia bule bua panshi anyi rido mikole pa mutu pa tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia tshia ku nzembu to: Nansha mudi rido milengeja 15 centimètres (6 inches) pa mutu anyi kumpala kua tshitekelu padiyi mimane, tshipepele tshidi tshienda tshibandila tshia kapepe ka kapia kadi kafila lupepele ludi lukoka rido mipepele idi kayiyi ne bujitu bua bungi munda mua tshilamba tshia kujika natshi, anyi lupepele ludi lufumina ku dididishi didi panshi tshilamba buludiludi pa bipese bia aluminium. Ela anyi upingaje rido ya mu nzubu wa bulalu bua ikale mimane mutantshi wa santimetre 25 too ne ku 30 (10 anyi 12 inches) pa mutu pa tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia.
• Kuena ne bua kuela bulalu, tshitanda tshia bana anyi sofa bikole ku tshintu tshidi tshienza mudimu ne nzembu to: Paudi ulala, bilamba ne bilamba bidi bipueka ku muelelu wa matela ne bikuata bikole pankatshi pa luseke lua matela ne nzubu wa matela udi ne kapia.

Tshilejilu 2: Dilengeja dia tshiamu tshia mudilu, mionji ya dilengeja, ne dilengeja dia bimanu¶

Bualu bua fisike bua tshinyi tshiamu tshia 1,500-watt tshidi tshilengeja tshiibi tshia ku tshimanu katshiyi tshikosa tshintu tshidi tshikosa¶

Lukonku lumue ludi bena nzubu batamba kuela kunyima kua tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshimane kunyanguka mu tshimanu ntshia se: "Bua tshinyi tshiamu tshia 15-ampere anyi 20-ampere katshivua tshienze mudimu mu tshiamu tshianyi tshia nzembu kumpala kua tshiamu atshi kukuata kapia?"

Kumvua diandamuna kudi mua kusungila nzubu webe ku kapia ka nzembu:

1. Biamu bia dishipa nabi nzembu bidi bipima anu mudilu (amperes), ki mbipima luya lua muaba udibu basombele to (luya): Tshintu tshidi tshikosa nzembu tshia thermo-magnétique tshidi mu nzubu webe wa muinshi mua buloba tshidi tshienza bua kutshibuka anu pikala nzembu yonso udi upitshila mu tshiamu tshipita 15 amperes (anyi 20 amperes). Tshiamu tshia 1,500-watt tshidi tshienza mudimu ku 120 volts tshidi tshikoka 12.5 amperes (1,500 watts diabanya kudi 120 volts tshidi tshikumbanangana ne 12.5 amperes). Bu mudi 12.5 amperes muinshi mua tshipiminu tshia 15-ampere, tshintu tshidi tshikosa nzembu netshitungunuke ne kufila 12.5 amperes mu tshintu tshidi tshikenka, tshidi tshisunguluka katshiyi tshinyanguka.
2. Joule resistive heating at a loose or corroded brass plug blade: Mu tshibuelelu tshipiatshipia, tshikole tshia ku tshimanu tshia mushinga mukole, biamu bia munda bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi bikuata bikole mishiku ya tshiamu tshia kuowa nabi kapia, bienza pabuipi ne zero wa dikuba dia nzembu (pabuipi ne 0.001 ohms). Ino, mu nzubu wa bulalu wa kale anyi mu nzubu wa tshilala benyi mudibu babueje ne bapatule misangu nkama ne nkama, biamu bia munda bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi bipatuka, bitangalake anyi binyanguka.
3. Tshintu tshikese tshia 0.5-ohm tshidi tshikudimuna tshiamu tshia kuela natshi bintu: Padi 12.5 amperes ya nzembu ya space-heater mienzejibua bua kupita mu tshitupa tshidi katshiyi tshikole, tshidi ne 0.5 ohms ya ditantamena, muaba mukese au udi munda mua tshibuelelu tshia ku tshimanu udi upatula 78 watts ya nzembu mikole (), ditantamana didi difuanangane ne dîba dikumbane Tshiamu tshia 80-watt tshidi tshienza mudimu ne nkunyi munda mua kazubu ka plastique mu tshimanu tshiebe bua mêba 8 milondangane.
4. Thermal runaway: Padi tshintu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshienda tshikola kupita pa 150 degrés Celsius (300 degrés Fahrenheit), tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshijimija bukole buatshi buonso, tshidi tshilekela tshianza tshiatshi tshienda tshikola, tshivudija bukole buatshi, ne tshienza bua serie electrical arcing udi unyangakaja tshimanu tshia PVC, udi ulengeja mpala, ne udi utemesha mpala dibeji dia tshimanu tshiume ne tshiamu tshia mutshi.

Bua tshinyi mionji ya dilengeja ne ya nzembu idi ikuata kapia ne biamu bia kuenza nabi kapia¶

Kuenji mudimu nansha kakese ne tshingoma tshia kukolesha natshi anyi tshiamu tshia nzembu ne tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia bua malu asatu:

• Tshipimu tshia nshinga mikese (16 AWG anyi 18 AWG): Mionji ya mu nzubu (mionji ya muendu) idi yenza mudimu ne nshinga ya tshiamu tshia mitaku 16 AWG anyi 18 AWG idi ne bukole bua 10 too ne ku 13 amperes patupu. Kuela tshingoma tshidi tshipita muinshi mua tshilamba anyi dididishi kudi kulama kapia too ne padi tshilamba tshia vinyl tshinyanguka ne tshienza circuit muipi.
• Masangisha abidi a tshiamu tshia nzembu: Kusakidila tshingoma tshia dilengeja anyi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshivudija misangu ibidi bungi bua biamu bia nzembu bidi mua kuikala ne kapia kakole.
• Overloaded power-strip rocker switches: Tshiamu tshikese tshia rocker tshikunze tshidi tshienza mu tshiamu tshia 6-outlet tshidi tshienza mudimu ne bintu bikese bia tshiamu tshia arjan bidi bienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia arjan tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia arjan tshidi tshienza mudimu ne bujitu bua 1500 watt.

Diandamuna dia tshitupa ku tshitupa padi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia anyi tshiamu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi tshifuma anyi tshinyanguka¶

1. Teka tshiamu tshia mudilu tshia mu nzubu ku OFF anu wewe mua kuenza nanku bimpe kuyi ulenga tshintu tshidi tshipatula kapia; biyampe, ndaku buludiludi ku tshibumba tshinene tshia tshiamu tshia mashinyi ne uteke tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshia mu nzubu ku OFF.
2. Bua tshinyi? Wewe mupatule tshiamu tshia nzembu mu tshimanu padi 12.5 amperes ya nzembu ipita mu plastique musunguluke, kukoka nsongo kudi kutshibula circuit mu bujitu buonso ne kukoka flash wa arc wa nzembu udi ufofomija mêsu pa minu yebe padi plastique wa PVC mufuba ulamata ku dikoba diebe.
3. Indila minite 5 kunyima kua wewe mumane kujima tshiamu tshia kukosa natshi bua plastike musunguluke ikale mukole, anyi wenze mudimu ne bipese bia tshiamu tshia nzembu bua kupatula tshiamu tshia nzembu mu tshiibi tshidi tshifue.
4. Shi umo wa ku mishiku ya tshiamu tshia mitaku ya tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia udi mudisuike munda mua tshibuelelu tshia bintu ne mupatuke munda mua tshimanu paudi ukoka tshiamu atshi, shiya tshiamu tshia dikosa natshi nzembu tshikanga too ne padi muena mudimu wa nzembu upingana pa muaba wa tshiamu tshia nzembu.
5. Enza tshikebelu tshia luya lua tshimanu tshia panyima pa tshianza:
6. Teleja tshimanu tshia 10 too ne ku 30 santimetre (4 too ne ku 12 inches) pa mutu ne pabuipi ne kazubu ka tshiibi tshia kapia.
7. Shi tshimanu tshidi ne luya, shi udi umvua mutoyi mutekete munda mua tshimanu, anyi shi muishi anyi mupuya mubi udi utungunuka ne kupatuka mu miaba ya kupatuka kunyima kua tshiamu tshia kukosa natshi, bikila 911 / 112 / 999 diakamue. Bantu badi bajima kapia batu benza mudimu ne biamu bia foto bia luya (TIC) bua kumona ni tshiamu tshia nzembu ("tshia kunyima" anyi tshia nzembu tshidi munda mua kazubu) ntshitemeshe tshimanu tshia mabaya anyi tshiamu tshia selulose tshidi munda mua tshimanu.
8. Kukosa tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshidi tshinyanguke bua muntu nansha umue katshienzedi kabidi mudimu to: Padi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshienda tshikola bikole bua kuteketa anyi kuosha, mionji ya tshiamu tshia mitaku idi munda mua tshiamu tshia nzembu idi inyanguka ne inyanguka; kuena mua kuela tshiamu tshia kapia tshimue atshi mu tshintu tshikuabu to.

Tshilejilu 3: Radiateur muwule tente ne mafuta ne tshiamu tshia quartz tshia infra-rouge¶

Radiateur wa mudilu muwule tente ne mafuta udi upatuka ne utshibuka¶

Biamu bia nzembu bidi ne mafuta bidi bimueneka bu biamu bia kale bia tshiamu tshia mitaku, kadi bipese biabu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi biuwule tente ne mafuta a petrole a diathermique adibu batemesha kudi tshintu tshia nzembu tshidi kuinshi.

Shi thermostat wa munda ne tshiamu tshia thermo fuse bionso bibidi bipangile, mafuta adibu basuike adi atoka ne adiunda too ne padi tshitupa tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshipatuka:

1. Njiwu ya lupuishi lua mafuta a kapia: Radiateur muwule tente ne mafuta udi utshibuka udi wela mbila ne upuekesha lupuishi luimpe lua 150-to-200-degree-Celsius (300-to-390-degree-Fahrenheit) mafuta a petrole mu nzubu. Lupuishi lua mafuta elu ludi lumueneka bu luya lutoke, kadi ludi mua kutema kapia bikole ne ludi mua kutema bikole padilu lupetangana ne tshintu tshidi tshienza mudimu ne nzembu anyi muendu udi pabuipi apu.
2. Diandamuna dia lukasa:
3. KUTEKI tshintu tshia nzembu tshidi pa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshienza mutoyi (kubandisha tshiamu etshi kudi kuenza bua kapia munda mua ditutu dia luya lua mafuta).
4. Jima tshiamu tshia nzembu ku tshiamu tshinene tshia nzembu, patuka mu nzubu, kanga tshiibi, ne ubikile bena mudimu ba kapia pikala luya lua mafuta luwule mu nzubu.
5. Padi mashika, ela manyi a minerale adi apatuka panshi ne bintu bia mpushi anyi bicarbonate de soude; kuena ne bua kusukula mafuta a petrole mu milonda ya nzubu to.

Mulongo wa malu adi atangila mudimu wa tshiamu tshia kapia tshia mu muvu wa mashika ne tshia baseboard¶

• Ela buludiludi mu tshibombi tshia ku tshimanu: Misangu yonso ela tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia bulululame mu tshibuelelu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi tshikuata bimpe kuyi ne tshintu tshikuabu tshibueja mu tshibombi tshibidi tshia tshibombi atshi.
• Keba mukanda wa UL 1278 / CSA / CE / UKCA ne tshintu tshidi tshienza mudimu: Enza mudimu anu ne biamu bia kuenza nabi kapia bia matuku etu aa bidi ne tshintu tshidi tshikosa kapia ka bungi ne tshintu tshidi tshienza mudimu ne tshiamu anyi tshia ku mêsu tshidi tshishipa bukole dîba didi tshiamu tshienda tshipita pa 15 degrés.
• Jima biamu bia kukanga nabi kapia kumpala kua kuya kulala anyi kupatuka mu nzubu: Kuenza mudimu butuku bujima kakuyi muntu udi utangila ke tshidi tshikebesha lufu lua kapia ka kapia.
• Umbusha mapapa a baseboard a nzembu mu muvu wa automne kumpala kua mashika a kumpala: Jima 240V baseboard breakers ku panneau, umbusha tshiamu tshia kumpala tshidi tshibuikila, ne wenze mudimu ne broshe wa vacuum wa crevice bua kumbusha lupuishi ludi lusangisha, nsuki ya nyama, lint, ne bikunyibua bifue bidi pankatshi pa mapapa a aluminium.

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya bibambalu¶

Misangu yonso, ikala ubikila nimero ya njiwu ya tshibambalu tshia kapia tshia muaba unudi diakamue pikala tshiamu tshia kapia tshitemesha rido, pikala tshintu tshidi tshipatula muishi tshipatuka anyi tshipatuka, anyi pikala mupuya wa kapia utungunuka munda mua tshimanu panyima pa wewe mumane kukudimuna tshintu tshidi tshikosa kapia. Tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Bua tshinyi tshiamu tshianyi tshia kapia tshivua tshitema kapia ne tshibuela mu tshiibi tshia ku tshimanu pavua tshiamu tshia kapia tshienza mudimu bimpa?¶

Padi tshiamu tshia kukanga nabi kapia tshinyanguka ku tshiibi tshia ku tshimanu padi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshienza mudimu bimpe, lutatu ludi misangu yonso **tshiamu tshia kapia tshidi ne bukole bua bungi** anu muaba udi nsongo ya tshiamu tshia mitaku ituilangana ne biamu bia munda bia tshibuelelu tshia tshimanu, anyi munda mua tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia kapia tshienza mudimu. Bualu bua tshiamu tshia 1,500-watt tshidi tshikoka 12.5 amperes munkatshi mua mêba a bungi, nansha tshintu tshidi katshiyi tshikole anyi tshidi tshinyanguke munda mua tshibuelelu tshia ku tshimanu tshidi tshinyanguke tshidi tshienza bua se: muaba wa dilamakaja au ikale tshintu tshia 50-to-100-watt. Luya ludi luenda lupueka ku tshiamu tshia mitaku ne lulengeja tshiamu tshia plastique ne tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu kakuyi nansha dikoka dia nzembu mikumbane bua kupangisha tshiamu tshieba tshia 15-ampere anyi 20-ampere.

Ndiku mua kuenza mudimu ne tshingoma tshia 12-gauge anyi 14-gauge tshidi ne tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshia muaba anyi meme tshiyi ne tshiibi tshia pabuipi anyi?¶

Bibambalu bia malu a bukubi bu mudi NFPA, CPSC, ne Underwriters Laboratories (UL 1278) bidi bifila mibelu mikole bua kubenga kuenza mudimu ne **tshiamu tshionso** tshidi ne tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi mudimu tshia kuenza natshi mudimu, bualu mionji ya kubandila idi mitangalake mu nzubu, idi mibuikila muinshi mua maulu a bintu bia mu nzubu, mibuikila kudi bilamba bidi bikuata kapia, ne ipatula tshiamu tshikuabu tshidi tshipatuka tshidi tshipatuka mutantshi mule. Shi disangisha dia tshitupa tshîpi kadiyi mua kuepuka mu tshikondo tshia dijika dia luya lua tshimpitshimpi, udi ne tshia kuenza mudimu anu ne tshiamu tshipi, tshidi katshiyi tshinyunguluke, **tshikole tshia 12 AWG (anyi 14 AWG) tshia 3-prong tshiamu tshia kubandila natshi tshidi ne bukole bua 15 amperes / 1,875 watts**, tshilama tshiyi tshibuikila panshi, katshiyi tshilamakaja kudi tshintu tshikuabu ne uvua utangila dîba dionso ku bianza bua kumanya ni kudi luya ku nseke yonso ibidi.

Bua tshinyi tshiamu tshianyi tshia kuenza natshi mudimu tshia ku nzembu tshidi anu tshitema anyi tshintshinyisha nansha mumvua mupuekeshe tshiamu tshia thermostat tshia ku tshimanu too ne panshi?¶

Biamu bia kale bia nzembu bia 240-volt bia ku nzubu bidi ne nzembu kupitshila ku **thermostat wa mutshi umue** udi anu unzulula umue wa ku nzembu ibidi ya 120-volt idi ifila kapia. Nansha shi udi unyungulula tshiamu tshia thermostat tshidi ne mutshi umue too ne ku tshitudilu tshiatshi tshia kuinshi, tshiamu tshibidi tshia 120-volt tshidi tshishala anu munda mua nzubu wa tshiamu tshia kapia, ne pikala luya lua mu nzubu lupueka muinshi mua 5 too ne ku 7 degrés Celsius (40 to ne 45 degrés Fahrenh) anyi bimetale, tshiamu tshia thermostat tshidi tshilamakaja tshiamu tshia kapia tshidi tshipingana ku dia balume. Anu **tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi ne mitshi ibidi** tshidi ne muaba muimpe wa "OFF" ke tshidi tshitshibula nshinga yonso ibidi ya kapia, ne bua kuikala ne bukubi buonso mu tshikondo tshia disukula anyi tshia njiwu, udi ne bua kutshibula **tshiamu tshia 240V tshia mitshi ibidi** ku tshiamu tshinene tshia nzembu.

Tshintu tshianyi tshia kuenza natshi kapia tshidi tshinunkila bu lupuishi ludi luosha pandi ntshitemesha bua musangu wa kumpala mu muvu wa automne: tshidi pabuipi ne kukuata kapia anyi?¶

Padi tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia tshia ku nzembu katshiyi tshienza mudimu mu muvu wa printemps ne wa muvu wa été, lupuishi lua mu nzubu, lupuishi lua nyama, nsuki ya nyama, ne tusoso tua nsese bidi bibuela mu mapapa a munda a aluminium kupitshila ku miaba idi luya lupita. Musangu wa kumpala uudi utemesha tshiamu tshia kapia mu muvu wa automne, mapapa adi afika ku 175 degrés Celsius (350 degrés Fahrenheit) ne adi wosha tshitupa tshikese tshia lupuishi lua bintu bidi ne muoyo, ne adi apatula mupuya mubi, mupuya mukole munkatshi mua minite 15 anyi 30. Ino, kuena ne tshia kuela meji ne: mupuya wa kapia udi "anu lupuishi" kuyi mutangile to: ujime tshiamu tshia kuosha natshi kapia, uteke muendu wa toshete mu tshitupa tshionso tshia nzubu kumbukila ku ndekelu too ne ku ndekelu bua kujadika ne: kakuena dibeji, rido, bintu bia kunaya nabi bia plastike anyi masosete adi makuluke munda to, upuekesha mapapa padiwu mashika, ne tangila tshiamu tshia kapia bimpe menemene bua dîba dia kumpala dia mudimu.

Udiku mua kuela tshiamu tshia kapia mu tshiamu tshia GFCI (bu mudi mu nzubu wa kuowa mâyi anyi mu garage) anyi mu tshiamu tshia AFCI anyi?¶

Eyowa; mu bulelela, kuela tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia mu tshiamu tshia GFCI (Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupter) anyi AFCI (Arc-Fault Circuit Interrupter) tshidi tshilama kudi kukumbaja bukubi bua mushinga mukole bua kuepuka dikuma dia nzembu mu miaba idi ne mashika ne kapia ka nzembu. Ino, kuena ne tshia kuenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia kuowa natshi mu nzubu wa kuowa mâyi tshidi ne mâyi to, anu pikala tshiamu atshi tshikale ne **UL-listed for bathroom use** ne tshintu tshia ALCI/GFCI tshidi tshikuba ku tshingoma tshiatshi, ne udi ne bua kutshiteka kule ne bia kuowa mâyi, bia kuowa mâyi ne bia kusukuila nabi mâyi. Shi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi kapia tshidi tshinyanga misangu ne misangu tshintu tshidi tshikosa AFCI mu nzubu wa bulalu, kutshilenguludi anyi kutshiteka mu tshijengu tshidi katshiyi tshia AFCI to; tshiamu tshia AFCI tshidi mua kuikala tshimona dinyanguka dia nzembu munda mua tshibumba tshidi katshiyi tshienda anyi tshiamu tshia kapia tshinyanguke.

Mukanda ewu udi ufila mishindu ya kujima kapia mu tshimpitshimpi, ya kulama nzembu, ne ya bukubi mu tshikondo tshia mashika. Misangu yonso umbuka diakamue ne ubikile tshibambalu tshia kapia tshia muaba unudi pikala kapia kafika ku rido anyi ku bimanu, anyi pikala muishi upatuka kunyima kua miaba ya nzembu.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Kapia ka nzembu ne kapia
• Nsinga ya matamba a aluminium, bipese bia ku tshimanu bia kapia, bipese bia bintu bia kunyima, ne ngendu ya GFCI
• Kapia ka nzubu
• Kakuena luya mu muvu wa mashika to
• Tshintu tshia kapia tshia petrole, tshiamu tshia kapia tshia propane tshidi katshiyi ne luya, ne bukubi bua kapia ka mu nzubu

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• Tshisumbu tshia ditunga tshia dikuba dia kapia (NFPA, États-Unis): Luapolo lua kapia ka mu nzubu & NFPA 70 Code National Electrical (NEC) Article 424: Fix Electrical Space-Heating Equipment
• U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, United States): Portable Electric Heater and Baseboard Heater Fire Safety Alerts (1-Meter / 3-Foot Clearance and Extension Cord Prohibition)
• Underwriters Laboratories (UL, United States): UL 1278 Standard for Movable and Wall- or Ceiling-Hung Electric Room Heaters & UL 2021 Fixed Electric Room Heaters
• Tshia kumpala tshia bukubi bua nzembu (Royaume-Uni) & Tshibambalu tshia malu a bukola bua mubidi ne bukubi (HSE): Dikuba dia tshiamu tshia kapia tshia kumbula, dikumbaja dia nzembu ya BS 1363, ne njiwu ya kapia ya biamu bia nzembu bia bungi
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a tshimpitshimpi tshia mbulamatadi (FEMA) / Tshibambalu tshia kapia tshia mu États-Unis (USFA, États-Unis): Dikuba dia kapia ne dikuba dia kapia ka mu tshiamu tshia nzembu