Midilu ya tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pa mutu pa nzubu, bilema bia tshiamu tshia inverter, ne dinyanguka dia kapia ka batterie wa ku nzubu¶

Biamu bia nzembu (PV) bia mu nzubu ne Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) bidibu bateka mu garage, bitubu babikila misangu ya bungi ne: bimanu bia nzembu bia mu nzubu anyi nzembu ya nzembu ya mu nzubu mujima, bidi bishintulula nzubu kumbukila ku muena mudimu wa nzembu udi kayi wenza mudimu to. Nansha mudi biamu bia nzembu ne bia bateri biteka bimpa bienza mudimu bimpe munkatshi mua bidimu bia bungi, bidi bifila njiwu ibidi ya nzembu ne ya bintu bidi bienza mudimu bishilangane bikole ne ya nzembu ya nzembu mu tshikondo tshia njiwu: **dienza dia nzembu wa nzembu (DC) didi dienda dikola dîba dionso didi butoke bufika pa mutu pa nzubu, ne batterie wa lithium udi unyema.

Padi muena nzubu wela tshiamu tshienda tshia nzembu tshia 200-amp mu OFF mu tshikondo tshia kapia ka mu nzubu, nshinga yonso idi munda mua bimanu idi ifua. Mu nzubu udi ne nzembu ya dîba, kuena mua kujima dîba to. Nansha wewe mumane kukudimuna tshiamu tshia AC Solar Breaker mu tshiamu tshieba tshinene ne ujima tshiamu tshia inverter, biamu bia nzembu bidi pa mutu pa nzubu bidi bitungunuka ne kupatula 300 too ne ku 600 volts ya Direct Current (DC) pikala butoke bua munya, anyi nansha miendu ya muaba udibu bajima kapia, ikenkesha pa biamu bia makala, pa kumbusha pikala tshiamu tshia Rhutdown (RD) tshia tshiamu etshi tshidi tshikumbane udi usaka bua kupuekesha bukole bua nzubu muinshi mua 30 volts. Padi MC4 plug connectors kayiyi ipetangana anyi milekelela, nshinga ya squirrel-chewed array, anyi DC isolator switches idi minyanguke idi ifila DC arc fault, nzembu udi utungunuka udi ulama plasma wa 3,000-degree-Celsius (5,400-degree-Fahrenheit) udi kayi muanji kusabuka voltage wa zero, bu mudi current wa zero, bimanu bia aluminium ne bimanu bia kuulu bia asphalte bidi bifila kapia. Mu kitatyi kimo, pikala tshimanu tshia batterie wa nzubu wa lithium-ion wa 10-30-kilowatt-hour mu garage tshipeta lutatu lua tshitupa tshia munda anyi tshibuela mu mayi a mvula, tshidi tshipatula matutu makole a luya lutoka ludi ne mupuya muimpe (hydrogène, monoxide de carbone, ne hydrogène fluide) ludi mua kunyangakaja garage bu mudi mupuya muimpe bombe ya mafuta ne lupepele kumpala kua kapia kadi kamueneka. Kumanya mua kukuma tshiamu tshia pambelu tshia PV Rapid Shutdown, bua tshinyi kuena ne bua kubanda pa mutu pa nzubu anyi kuela mâyi a mu budimi padi kapia ka nzembu ka dîba, ne mushindu wa kupatuka diakamue padi tshimanu tshia bateri tshia mu nzubu tshiela mbila anyi tshipatula luya lutoke kudi kusungila mioyo ya bantu.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

Wewe mumone muishi, kapia, anyi lubimbi lua kapia lufuma ku biamu bia nzembu bidi pa mutu pa nzubu webe, ku kazubu ka tshiamu tshia inverter tshidi ku tshimanu tshiebe, anyi ku tshilaminu tshia ma batterie a lithium-ion mu nzubu webe wa mashinyi anyi mu nzubu wa mudimu, enza malu asambombo aa diakamue:

1. KUbanda pa mutu pa nzubu anyi kuela tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia mu budimi ku tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshiosha anyi tshia inverter: Ma nzembu a nzembu ne tshiamu tshia DC tshidi muinshi muatshi tshidi tshishala ne bukole bua 600 volts DC dîba dionso didi butoke bufika ku biamu abi. Kutuma mayi makole a mu pompi afumina mu tshina tshia mu budimi pa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia 600-volt DC tshidi tshipanduluke, tshidi tshifikisha nzembu wa lufu mu musulu wa mayi mu bianza biebe, tshienza bua se: tshiadi tshikale tshikole anyi tshikanga mifuba yebe ku tshina tshia mayi.
2. Bikala tshimanu tshia bateri tshia mu nzubu mu garage webe tshienza mutoyi, tshituta, tshivula, anyi tshipatula luya lutoke/lutoke, TUPATA DIAMUE ne kuyi uya kudi bateri bua kukudimuna tshintu tshiende to: Bateri wa ku nzubu udi wenza mutoyi anyi ufuma udi mu thermal runaway ne udi uwuja garage ne ditu dia gaz wa hydrogène (\(2\)) udi ututa monoxide de carbone (\(CO\)), ne fluoride de hydrogène corrosif (\(HF\)). Paudi uya ku tshibuta tshia ma batterie bua kufina butone bua mudilu udi ukuteka buludiludi mu tshitupa tshia dibutuka dia dibutuka dia matutu a luya didi pabuipi.
3. Lekela tshiibi tshinene tshia nzubu wa mashinyi tshiunzulula pikalatshi tshiunzulula, anyi patuka ku tshiibi tshia kumpala kuyi mufina tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia kukangula tshiibi tshia nzubu wa mashinyi: Shi bateri webe wa mu nzubu wa mashinyi udi upatula gaz mutoke mu nzubu wa mashinyi mukanga, kufina butone bua tshiibi tshia garage tshidi ne motere kudi kuenza bua nzembu ikale anu ku plafond muaba udi gaz wa hydrogène udi wenda ubanda udisangisha. Patula muntu yense mu nzubu ku tshiibi tshia kumpala ku makasa ne ikala kule ne tshiibi tshia garage (tshidi tshienza mudimu bu tshiibi tshia dibutuka dia kapepe pikala gaz utema).
4. Bikala bualu bua tshimpitshimpi budi anu pa mutu pa nzubu anyi pa INVERTER (ne ki mbua batterie udi ufuma gaz pabuipi ne biamu bia kuenza nabi mudimu to), enza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia Solar Rapid Shutdown (RSD) tshia pambelu ne AC Solar Disconnect: Enda ku tshitupa tshiebe tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pambelu. Ela tshintu tshikunze tshia mushroom PV Rapid Shutdown Switch (anyi koka AC Solar Disconnect lever wa pambelu mu muaba wa OFF). Pa biamu bia matuku etu aa bidi bilonda mikenji (NEC 690.12), dikosa dia nzembu ya AC anyi dikuma dia butone bua Rapid Shutdown didi dijimija nzembu ya tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi pa mutu pa nzubu, ne dipuekesha dia nzembu ya tshiamu tshia nzembu muinshi mua 30 volts mu masekonde 30.
5. Bikila bena mudimu ba tshimpitshimpi ku bule bua metre 30 (100 feet) ne ambila muena mudimu ne: udi ne SOLAR PV anyi HOME BATTERY WALL wa tshimpitshimpi: Bikila muaba uudi musombele nomba ya tshimpitshimpi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu matunga masanga a ku Mputu, 999 mu Royaume-Uni). Amba patoke ne: "Tudi ne [mudilu wa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pa mutu pa nzubu / kapia ka tshiamu tshia inverter / kapia ka mu nzubu wa lithium-ion] ku [adresse]; nzubu udi ne tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pa mutu pa nzubu ne [tshimanyinu/kWh] tshiamu tshia kulama natshi nzembu mu [garage / nzubu wa muinshi mua buloba / tshimanu tshia pambelu]."
6. Lama bena mu diku diebe bonso, nyama ya mu nzubu, ne bena mutumba ku lupepele pambelu pa muishi: Muishi udi ufuma ku tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshiosha (tedlar/fluoropolymers) ne electrolyte wa batterie wa lithium-ion udi ne hydrogen fluoride (\(HF\)) gaz ne bintu bia tshiamu tshikole. Kupuya nansha kakese ka luya lua batterie kudi kufikisha ku disama dia tshimpitshimpi dia mu mikolo (mashi adi mu mikolo); keba diakamue luondapu lua munganga pikala muntu mukuabu mupuekeshe luya.

Mutshi wa mapangadika a budimu bua PV ya dîba ne ya bateri ya ku nzubu¶

Ingidija mutshi wa dipangadika dia mudimu eu bua kuandamuna bimpe ku kapia ka dîba ka pa mutu pa nzubu, ku tshilema tshia arc wa inverter/isolator, anyi ku dinyanguka dia kapia ka mu tshilaminu tshia batterie wa mu nzubu kuyi upeta njiwu ya nzembu anyi ya dibutuka.

flowchart TD
    Start["Muishi, tshipepele, dibutuka, mupuya wa bintu bia tshimpitshimpi, anyi lubimbi lua kapia mu PV wa dîba anyi mu tshiamu tshia bateri tshia ku nzubu"] --> Source{"1. Ntshitupa kayi tshidi tshinyanguka?"}
    Source -->|"A. Tshimanu tshia bateri tshia ku nzubu (BESS) Tshidi tshienza mutoyi, kapia, anyi luya lukole"| NoApproach["KUSEMEYI KU BATTERI: Hydrogène udi ututa ne gaz HF udi ne buanga"]
    NoApproach --> EvacHouse["Patula bantu bonso badi mu nzubu ne nyama ya mu nzubu ku tshiibi tshia kumpala (KUENJI mudimu ne tshiamu tshia kukangula natshi tshiibi tshia garage tshia ku nzembu to); enda 30m+ (100 ft+) mu lupepele"]
    EvacHouse --> MeterClear{"Tshiamu tshia pambelu tshia nzembu / tshiamu tshia Rapid Shutdown tshidi pa tshimanu tshikuabu tshidi katshiyi ne muishi wa bateri anyi?"}
    MeterClear -->|"Eyowa: Pambelu Mutoke Bionso"| PullMeter["Koka AC Solar / ESS Connect Lever ku OFF ne ufina Button wa Red Rapid Shutdown"]
    MeterClear -->|"Tòo: Munda mua nzubu wa mashinyi anyi pabuipi ne muishi"| LeaveSwitches["Lekela bintu bionso kabiyi bilenga; bindila HazMat wa tshibambalu tshia kapia ne bena mudimu ba motere"]
    Source -->|"B. Nzubu ya nzembu ya pa mutu pa nzubu anyi inverter wa ku tshimanu udi ufuma/kuenza tshijengu"| StayOffRoof["1. KUbanda pa mutu pa nzubu anyi kuela mayi a mu budimi pa biamu bia nzembu<br/>2. Patula bena mu dîku pambelu"]
    StayOffRoof --> ShutSolar["Ku tshimanu tshia metre tshia pambelu (bikalabi kabiyi ne kapia):<br/>1. Slap Red PV Rapid Shutdown Switch<br/>2. Koka AC Solar Disconnect Lever OFF<br/>3. Kumbusha tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia dîba mu tshiamu tshinene"]
    ShutSolar --> TurnOffDC["Anu pikala Inverter kayi ufuma/wenza: Ela tshiamu tshia DC Isolator tshidi tshinyunguluka pa Inverter ku OFF"]
    PullMeter --> Call911["Bikila ku 911 / 112 / 999: Umanyishe muena mudimu wa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pa mutu pa nzubu ne bateri wa lithium"]
    LeaveSwitches --> Call911
    TurnOffDC --> Call911

Matrice wa difuanyikija: miaba isatu idi bulongolodi bua dîba bunyanguka ne njiwu yabu ya pa buayi¶

Tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia mu nzubu tshidi ne bitupa bisatu bishilangane bia nzembu. Tshitupa tshionso tshidi tshinyanguka mu mushindu mushilangane ne tshidi tshikengela tshilele kampanda tshia kuditapulula.

Dibuela dia muinshi mua buloba 1: Kapia ka tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia kuulu kua nzubu, MC4, ne bua tshinyi nzembu wa DC udi ne lufu lua bungi¶

Malu adibu bakonkonone panyima pa kapia adibu benze kudi BRE National Solar Center (United Kingdom), Fraunhofer ISE (Germany), ne UL Solutions (United States) adi aleja ne: 70 pa lukama ya kapia ka nzembu ka pa mutu pa nzubu kayena ituadija munda mua biamu bia nzembu bia makala to; badi batuadija mu Nsinga ya DC, biamu bia MC4 bia mu budimi, ne biamu bia DC bia pa mutu pa nzubu bidi muinshi mua biamu.

Bua tshinyi tshiamu tshia direct Current (DC) tshidi tshiosha bu muendu wa soudure¶

Mu nzubu wenu wa 120-volt anyi 230-volt Alternating Current (AC) wiring, voltage udi ushintuluka misangu 50 anyi 60 ku sekonde yonso, upitshila mu zero volts misangu 100 too ne ku 120 ku sekonde. Dîba dionso didi nzembu wa AC upitshila ku zero, kapia ka nzembu kadi kajika nkayaku bua milisekonde umue, bienza bua se: AC ikale muipi ne bipepele bua biamu bia dikosa nabi nzembu kubikosa.

Mushindu wa nzembu (DC) udi ufumina ku tshiamu tshia nzembu kawena mua kupita zero volts to. Padi tshintu tshia MC4 tshidi muinshi mua tshiamu tshia nzembu tshikoka kakese bua divulangana ne dipuekesha dia kapia (dikuata too ne ku 70°C / 158°F mu mapingaja onso ne dikala dia mashika butuku), anyi padi mbua utafuna mu tshiamu tshia nzembu tshifiike tshia PV 40-40 nshinga wa nshinga: - Bukole bua nzembu budi butungunuka budi bupita tshitupa ne bufika ku tshiamu tshia plasma tshia DC ku 3 000 degre Celsius (5 400 degre Fahrenheit), bipetangana ne fisike wa muena mudimu wa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia DC. - Tshiamu etshi tshidi tshisunguluja nzubu wa plastique wa MC4, tshienza bua tshiamu tshia mitaku tshikale bu luya, tshisunguluja mu tshibumba tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia aluminium, ne tshipueka tshiamu tshitoka tshikole buludiludi pa mabeji maume, pa nzubu ya nyunyi, ne pa mabue a kuulu a asphalte adi muinshi mua tshibumba.

Mushindu kayi wa kumbusha bukole bua tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi panshi (tshitupa ku tshitupa)¶

Muena nzubu yense udi ne nzembu ya kuulu udi ne tshia kupeta tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia pambelu kumpala kua bualu bua tshimpitshimpi kuenzeka. Bilondeshile dîba divuabu bateke tshiamu tshiebe ne ni tshidi tshienza mudimu ne Microinverters, DC Power Optimizers with a String Inverter, anyi Older Unoptimized String Inverter, kukanga tshiamu etshi kudi kuenza mudimu mushindu eu:

   [EXTERIOR SOLAR EMERGENCY SHUTDOWN SEQUENCE]

   Locate Utility Meter Wall on Outside of House:

   +------------------------+     +------------------------+
   | [Red Mushroom Button]  |     |  [Metal Lever Box]     |
   |  PV RAPID SHUTDOWN     |     |  AC SOLAR DISCONNECT   |
   |  (Push Inward)         |     |  (Pull Handle DOWN)    |
   +-----------+------------+     +-----------+------------+
               |                              |
               +--------------+---------------+
                              v
      Drops Rooftop Voltage to <30V in 30 Seconds
      on Modern Code-Compliant Systems (NEC 690.12)

1. Tshitupa 1: Enza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia pambelu tshia PV tshidi tshijika lukasa / AC Solar Disconnect:
2. Enda pambelu ku tshipiminu tshieba tshinene tshia nzembu. Ku luseke lua tshipiminu, keba kazubu ka tshiamu kadibu bafunde ne: "PV SYSTEM DISCONNECT" / "AC SOLAR DISCONNECT" ne/anyi tshintu tshikunze tshidi tshifunda ne: "RAPID SHUTDOWN SWITCH FOR SOLAR PV SYSTEM."
3. Fina butone bua Rapid Shutdown munda ne koka tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshidi pa kazubu ka AC Solar Disconnect buludiludi panshi mu muaba wa OFF.
4. Tshidi bualu ebu buenza pa biamu bia matuku etu aa (biteka kunyima kua 2017 too ne 2020 mu Amerike wa ku Nord):
   • Shi tshisasa tshieba tshienza mudimu ne Microinverters (mudi tshiamu tshionso tshia nzembu tshikudimuna DC ku AC anu muinshi mua tshiamu), kukoka tshiamu tshia AC Solar Disconnect kudi kuenza mudimu diakamue ne microinverters' anti-islanding relay, kujika dienza dia nzembu ku tshiamu tshionso tshia kuulu mu mutantshi mukese wa sekonde umue.
   • Shi tshisasa tshieba tshienza mudimu ne DC Power Optimizers anyi Rapid Shutdown Receivers, dikosa dia tshimanyishilu tshia AC didi dienza bua kazubu konso ka tshiamu tshia kuulu tshipuekeshe bukole buatshi ku 1 volt ku tshiamu tshionso (muinshi mua 30 volts mu tshibungi mu tshitupa tshijima) mu tusunsa 30.
5. Tshitupa 2: Tangila "Solar / PV Breaker" munda mua Main Electrical Panel webe:
6. Kangula tshibombi tshieba tshinene tshia mu nzubu. Kuinshi menemene kua tshiamu tshia busbar (mutangilangane ne tshiamu tshinene tshia 200A), keba tshiamu tshia nzembu tshibidi tshidi ne tshimanyinu tshikunze tshidi tshifunda ne: "SOLAR PV DISCONNECT" / "BACKFED SOLAR BREAKER" ne utshikudimune ku OFF.
7. Tshitupa 3: Teka tshiamu tshia Rotary DC Disconnect Switch pa Inverter ku OFF (ANYI pikala inverter nkayende muikale mutoke ne kayi munyanguke):
8. Kuinshi anyi ku luseke lua kazubu ka tshiamu tshia inverter kudi tshiamu tshifiike anyi tshikunze tshidi tshifunda ne: DC DISCONNECT (ON / OFF).
9. MUYUKI WA BUALU BUA KUDIMUENA: Shi kazubu ka inverter anyi tshiamu tshia DC tshidi tshinyunguluka tshidi tshifuma, tshienza mutoyi, tshinunkila bu plastike muosha, anyi tshileja dishintuluka dia dikala dia kapia, KUTSHITEKI to. Kukudimuna tshiamu tshia DC tshidi tshinyanguke ne tshinyanguke kudi luya muinshi mua bujitu kudi mua kuenza bua bintu bia munda bikuate anyi bibutuke mu tshipepele tshikole. Bu muudi mumane kujima tshiamu tshia AC mu tshitupa 1 ne 2, tshiamu tshia inverter tshidi kale ku zero amperes (zero current flow), tshidi tshiimanyika luya lua bungi kuyi ulenga tshiamu tshia DC.

Dibuela dia muinshi mua buloba 2: Tshimanu tshia bateri tshia ku nzubu (BESS) tshidi tshipatuka kapia ne dibutuka dia luya lua mu nzubu wa mashinyi¶

Bantu binunu ne binunu badi na nzubu badi benza mudimu ne nzembu ya pa mutu pa nzubu ne Lithium-Ion Battery Energy Storage Systems (BESS) idi kayiyi ishintuluka idi mibangile ku 10 too ne ku 40+ kilowatt-hours (kWh) miteka pa bimanu bia nzubu wa mashinyi, nzubu ya muinshi mua buloba anyi pambelu pa nzubu. Bua kufila bukole bua nzembu mu mushindu muimpe: tshimanu tshimue tshia 13.5 kWh tshia bateri tshia mu nzubu tshidi ne nzembu mifuanangane ne 450 ya bateri ya portable miteka mu tshibuta tshimue tshia tshiamu.

LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate) vs. NMC (Nickel Manganese Cobalt) mu thermal runaway¶

Bimanu bia bateri bia mu nzubu bidi bienza mudimu ne tshimue tshia ku bintu bibidi bia lithium-ion: NMC (Lithium Nickel Manganese Cobalt Oxide) anyi LFP (Lithium Iron Phosphate). Nansha mudi ma batterie a LFP mikale ne luya lua bungi lua kutuadija ne adi atema bikole kupita selile ya NMC, mateta a kapia manene a UL 9540A adi aleja ne: padi ma batterie a LFP apita mu thermal runaway kayiyi itemesha diakamue, adi apatula bungi bunene bua hydrogène (\(H_2\)) ne carbone monoxide ($) bidi bienza kapia kakole menemene njiwu ya dibutuka dia muaba mukanga munda mua nzubu wa mashinyi.

Tshipepele tshikole ne dibuela dia mayi a bungi mu bimanu bia nzubu¶

Kunyima kua bipupu bia ku muelelu wa mâyi bia mu Golfe wa Mexique ne ku muelelu wa mbuu wa Atlantique, kapia ka bungi ka mu nzubu ya mashinyi kakatema mêba anyi matuku panyima pa mâyi a mvula mamane kujika pavua mâyi a mukele mawuje bimanu bia nzubu ya mashinyi ne mashinyi a ku nzembu. (Gulf of Mexico) - Bua tshinyi mayi a mukele adi afila kapia ka batterie: Mayi a mukele adi ne bukole bua bungi bua nzembu. Padi mayi a mvula abanda pa mutu pa tshimanu tshia kuinshi kua tshimanu tshia bateri tshidi tshiteka mu garage (tshitubu bateka pa bule bua santimetre 60 too ne ku 120 / 2 anyi 4 feet panshi), mayi a mukele adi apita adi alamakaja biamu bia DC bia voltage munene ne adi anyanga biamu bia Battery Management System (BMS). Electrolyse udi upatula gaz wa hydrogène eku luya lua circuit muipi ludi kaluyi lujika ludi lufikisha selile idi muinshi mua mâyi ku dinyema dia kapia, imue misangu mêba 24 too ne ku 72 panyima pa mâyi mamane kupatuka. - Mukenji wa mvula: Bikala mayi a mvula malenga anyi mabuikile tshitupa kampanda tshia tshiamu tshiebe tshia kulama ma batterie anyi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia dîba: 1. Kubuedi nansha kakese mu nzubu wa mashinyi muwule tente ne mayi (mayi adi mua kuikala ne bukole bua 400V DC). 2. Kutetshi nansha kakese bua kupingaja batterie padi mayi ajika. 3. Bikila 911 / 112 / 999 diakamue wewa mumvue mutoyi, mutoyi, anyi mumone luya/muishi upatuka mu bateri mutoke, ne yukila ne mulongo wa diandamuna dia tshimpitshimpi wa muenji wa bateri bua kuenza bua muena mudimu wa hazmat alekele mudimu ne umbusha tshiamu tshidi tshinyanguke.

Dibuela dia muinshi mua buloba 3: Njiwu ya panyima pa kapia, aside wa hydrofluorique (\(HF\)) udi ne buanga, ne bukole budi kabuyi bujika¶

Nansha kunyima kua ba-pompier bamane kujima kapia ka pa mutu pa nzubu udi ne nzembu ya dîba anyi bamane kuosha tshimanu tshia nzubu tshidi tshiosha, njiwu ibidi mikole ya panyima pa bualu ebu idi mishale pa lupangu luebe:

1. Bukole bua nzembu budi bupangile ne dipingaja dia kapia:
2. Pa mutu pa nzubu: Biamu bia nzembu bivua binyanguke kudi kapia, bivua ne makala avua manyanguke bidi anu bipatula ** nkama ya volts ya nzembu ya DC idi mua kushipa bantu** dituku didi dilonda diakamue padi dîba dipatuka. Kutengi nansha kakese biamu bia nzembu bidi bikuate kapia, nshinga idi milengeja, anyi milonda ya tshiamu panyima pa kapia ka kuulu kua nzubu. Muena mudimu wa nzembu udi ne bukenji bua kuenza mudimu ne nzembu udi muvuale bianza bia 1000-volt bidi ne tshiamu tshia arc-flash udi ne tshia kukosolola, kuela tshilamba, ne kubuikila anyi kumbusha bintu bidi binyanguke.
3. Mu tshimanu tshia bateri: Ma bateri a lithium-ion adi ne bipese bia bungi bia selile. Nansha mudi kapia ka batterie kamueneka bu mashika pambelu, kapia kadi munda mua tuzubu tudi katuyi tuosha kadi mua kuenza bua dinyema dia kapia dibidi dia panyima pa mêba 12 too ne matuku a bungi pashishe. Bantu badi bajima kapia batu batangila bimanu bia bateri bidi bioshe ne biamu bia foto bia luya too ne padi tshisumbu tshia bantu badi bapeta bintu bia njiwu tshibuela mu mâyi anyi tshipatula bintu abi pambelu.
4. Acide hydrofluorique corrosif (\(HF\)) ne mabue a bujitu:
5. Mabeji onso abidi a tshiamu tshia nzembu (polyvinyl fluoride / Tedlar) ne lithium-ion battery electrolyte (\(LiPF_6\), lithium hexafluorophosphate) adi apatula hydrogen fluoride (\(HF\)) gaz padiwu wosha, adi anyanguka mu mayi a kujima kapia bua kuenza hydrofluoric acid.
6. Kuena mua kulenga lupuishi lua bateri, lupuishi, anyi mayi adi pabuipi ne bateri anyi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshiosha ne bianza bitupu to. Acide hydrofluorique udi ubuela mu dikoba kayi ne kanyinganyinga ka lukasa, pashishe udi ulamakaja calcium ne magnésium mu mifuba ya munda ne mashi, bienza bua mifuba ikale ne disama dikole ne disama dia hypocalcémie cardiaque. Lomba bamanyi ba mudimu wa dilongolola dia bintu bia njiwu kumpala kua kusukula nzubu wa mashinyi anyi nzubu wa kuulu kunyima kua kapia ka batterie anyi ka dîba (tangila kuosha bikole ne disukula dia bintu bia tshimpitshimpi).

Mulongo wa malu a kuepuka kapia ka muena nzubu ne nzembu ne bateri¶

Umbusha malu adi akebesha bilema bia tshiamu tshia nzembu ne dinyanguka dia luya lua bateri pa kujikija mudimu wa dikonkonona ne dilongolola dia malu asambombo:

• Teka tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshilama nyama mu nseke yonso ya tshiamu tshieba tshia nzembu tshia kuulu: Nsengu, nyunyi ya nkutshi, ne mpuku batu banange kuenza nzubu mu tshitupa tshia 10-centimetre (4-inch) tshidi tshikuba muinshi mua biamu bia nzembu bia kuulu ne kukolesha meno abu adi enda akola pa 600-volt DCPV cables. Enza bua muena mudimu webe ateke aluminium anyi PVC-coated steel wire critter-guard mesh ku luseke luonso lua pambelu lua tshisumbu bua kupangisha nyama ne mabeji a lupepele.
• Teka ndongamu wa dikonkonona dia drone / tshiamu tshia foto tshia infra-rouge tshia bidimu 3 too ne ku 5: Bintu bia MC4 bidi kabiyi bikumbane, diode ya bypass idi kayiyi yenza mudimu bimpe, ne "mabala a kapia" (adi afumina ku tuishi tua nyunyi, bipendu bikese, anyi mundidimbi mukole) bidi bimueneka bimpe pa tshiamu tshia foto tshia infra-rouge ngondo ya bungi kumpala kua kutshibueja mu tshilamba tshia panyima.
• Lama muaba wa 1-metre (3-foot) "Zero Combustibles" pabuipi ne inverters ne bimanu bia batterie: Kuena ne bua kuela bibombi bia karton, bibombi bia peinture, biamu bia kukosa nabi bisonsa bia esanse, anyi bintu bia kulengeja nabi nzubu ku tshimanu tshia batterie tshia mu garage anyi ku inverter wa nshinga. Teka tshiamu tshia mitaku tshikole tshia bimanu bia mashinyi kumpala kua ma bateri adibu bateka mu garage bua mashinyi adi abuela mu garage kaayi mua kukuma ne kutshibula tshibuta tshia ma batterie to.
• Teka tshiamu tshia kumanyisha natshi luya (mu nzubu wa mashinyi) ne tshiamu tshia kumanyisha natshi muishi/CO (mu nzubu): Biamu bia kumanyisha nabi muishi bia mu mashinyi bitu misangu ya bungi bifila dimanyisha dia dishima dia mu mashinyi adi afumina mu nzubu ya mashinyi, nunku mikenji ya nzubu (IRC R309 / NFPA 855) idi ileja **135°F/194°F ne tshipiminu tshia luya tshidi katshiyi tshishintuluka tshiamu tshia kumanyisha natshi bintu mu nzubu wa mashinyi tshidi tshilamakaja ne biamu bionso bia mu nzubu bia mu nzubu ne bia kapepe ka carbone bua bena mu dîku diebe bajuke diakamue pikala bateri wa mu nzubu wa mashinyi mupite bukole pa dîba 3:00 wa dinda.
• Tangila bimanyinu bia didimuija bia "SOLAR PV / BATTERY STORAGE" bidi bimueneka kashidi ku tshipiminu tshiebe tshia nzembu: Tangila ni tshipiminu tshiebe tshia pambelu ne tshibumba tshinene bidi ne bimanyinu bikunze bidi kabiyi binyanguka bifunda ne tshiamu tshifunda anyi UV-stable bidi bileja muaba menemene udi tshiamu tshiebe tshia Rapid Shutdown ne tshiamu tshionso tshia mu nzubu tshidi tshilamina batterie bua kulama kapia mîdima.
• Tangila mikenji ya bukubi ya muenji wa inverter webe, DC isolator, ne battery wa ku nzubu: Bintu binene bia pa buloba bia ma batterie a lithium-ion a mu nzubu (kusangisha ne LG Energy Solution RESU units ne mikuabu) ne rotary DC isolator switches mbilue kuenza mudimu ne lukasa lua CPSC, OPSS (OPCC), ne AC (Australia). Tangila nomba yebe ya mulongolongo ku cpsc.gov ne ikala ne Wi-Fi wa ku Enternete wa batterie webe wenza mudimu bua muenji wa tshiamu atshi ateke tshiamu tshia BMS tshia kuenza natshi mudimu.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Miaba mifumina¶

• Tshisumbu tshia ditunga tshia dikuba dia kapia (NFPA, mu États-Unis): NFPA 70 (Kanungu ka 690.12 ka meyi a nzembu a mu ditunga: Dikanga dia lukasa dia biamu bia PV mu nzubu), NFPA 855 (Mukenji wa diteka dia biamu bia kulama nabi nzembu bidi kabiyi bienda), ne Firefighter Solar & PVISS-Training Lithional Lithion.
• Underwriters Laboratories / UL Fire Safety Research Institute (UL FSRI, United States): UL 9540A Test Method for Evaluating Thermal Runaway Fire Propagation in Battery Energy Storage Systems and Residential Garage Degragration Studies.
• Tshibambalu tshia kapia tshia mu États-Unis (USFA / FEMA, États-Unis): Diandamuna dia lukasa ku biamu bia nzembu (bia dîba) ne biamu bia kulama nabi bukole bia bateri ya lithium-ion kunyima kua mvula wa mâyi a mukele.
• BRE National Solar Center and Institution of Engineering and Technology (IET, United Kingdom): Fire and Solar PV Systems: Investigations and Guidance on DC Arc Faults, MC4 Connectors, and Isolator Switches.
• Tshisumbu tshia bena mudimu ba kapia ka pa buloba bujima (IAFF) ne mikenji ya kapia ya pa buloba bujima (IFC tshitupa tshia 1205 / 1207): Biamu bia nzembu bia dîba ne bia kulama nabi nzembu ya mu nzubu ya dipingaja, dilengeja dia luya, ne mikenji ya difunda.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Bateri ya lithium-ion idi itema: makalu a nzembu, telefone, ne mashinyi a nzembu
• Midilu ya nzembu ne miaba ya kupatula kapia
• Tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshienza bu tshiamu tshia nzembu ne tshidi tshipita luya
• Dikuba dia kapia mu nzubu ne dipatuka dia bantu
• Diambuluisha dia kumpala dia nzembu ne dipandisha dia nzembu
• Mukanda wa nomba ya tshimpitshimpi