Basumbishe mashinyi a kale adi ne tshikandakanda tshia mâyi manene/tshia kusungila, tshipiminu tshia kilometre tshidibu bapingaje panyima, anyi VIN muenza bu wa Clone: Legal Recourse¶

Kumanya matuku anyi mbingu kunyima kua disumba dia mashinyi a kale ne: mashinyi au avua mamanyike bu avua majimine bikole anyi avua manyanguke, avua ne kilometre 100 000 (62 000 miles) mikosolola ku tshiamu tshia mashinyi, anyi mashinyi avuabu bibe avua ne nomba wa mashinyi wa dishima wa nomba 17 (VIN) tshilongo tshidi tshikebesha lutatu lua lukasa lua malu a mfranga, a biamu ne a mikenji. Mu nsombelu mibi menemene, mashinyi adibu basukule adi ne bipese bia luya bidi kabiyi ne 2.2-ohm bidi bikuba ku tshiamu tshia Supplemental Restraint System (SRS) tshingoma bua kushima muendu wa didimuija dia ku tshiamu tshia mashinyi, tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshinyanguke tshisangisha pamue ku bipupu bibidi bishilangane ("dikosa"), anyi dimanyisha dia mashinyi adibu bibe kudi bampulushi badi balamakaja ku nomba wende mulelela. Bikala mashinyi aleja dinyanguka dia tshimpitshimpi, dijimija dia frein, anyi ditapuluka dia kazubu ka mashinyi, lekela kuendesha diakamue ne tangila mulombodi wetu pa Lemon Law udi ne bilema bia mashinyi, dishima dia basumbishi, ne dilomba dia kusumba tshiakabidi. Shi nzubu wa dilongolola dia bintu bidi bikuata mashinyi udi mukuate mashinyi padiye utangila mudiwu manyanguke, tangila mu nzubu wa dilongolola dia mashinyi, dilomba dia makuta ne dilekedibua dia replevin, anyi shi udi dijinga ne kulongolola mukanda wa tshilumbu tshia mikenji, tangila kabadi ka bilumbu bikese, mikanda ya dilomba, ne mapangadika a tshianana. Wewe mumone ne: mashinyi adi mafunda bu maiba anyi bikala mupanyi ukutshinyisha ne tshikisu padibu bakumona, ubikile nimero wa njiwu wa muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu matunga masanga a ku Mputu, 999 mu Royaume-Uni) anyi tangila mukanda wetu wa matunga a bungi wa nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Fuanyikija tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshia kuinshi tshia mashinyi VIN dibeji pa tshimanu tshia kapia/tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku VIN ne tshiamu tshia munda tshia nzembu OBD-II Tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi motere (ECU) VIN mpindieu: Kueyemenyi anu tshiamu tshia rivete tshidi tshimueneka ku dididishi dia kuinshi dia muendeshi wa mashinyi to. Kangula tshiibi tshia muendeshi bua kutangila tshimanyishilu tshia mbulamatadi tshidi tshileja ne: kudi tshinyangu, keba tshimanyishilu tshia die-stamped VIN pa tshimanu tshia kapia tshia tshiamu anyi pa tshibumba tshia muinshi mua tshilamba, ne kuela tshintu tshionso tshia 20-dollar (OBD-II) scanner mu tshiibi tshia muinshi mua dash (Mode $09, PID $02) bua kubala tshiamu tshia ordinatere tshidi ne code mikole VIN uvua muoshe mu Powertrain Control Module (PCM/ECU) ne tshitupa tshia dilombola dia dituma (TCM). Shi OBD-II anyi tshiamu tshia mashinyi VIN kena upetangana ne tshiamu tshia mashinyi ne mukanda wa dibeji, lekela kuendesha diakamue: udi mua kuikala ne mashinyi maiba a "VIN-cloned".
2. Koka tshiamu tshia mbulamatadi tshia ditunga tshia malu a mashinyi (NMVTIS) luapolo pa kumbusha miyuki ya Carfax ne ya AutoCheck ya bungenda: Luapolo lua malu a bungenda lutu misangu ya bungi lupua makuta a assurance a dijimija dia bintu bionso adi afumina kudi bena assurance ba mu bitupa bia matunga ne kudi mazuwa adi badisungila nkayabu. Mbulamatadi mulomba NMVTIS luapolo (vehiclehistory.bja.ojp.gov) udi ulomba tshibambalu tshia mashinyi tshia ditunga (DMV) bimanyinu bia bintu, dipana dia bintu (Copart, IAAI), ne nzubu ya bintu bia bukoya mu ditunga dijima mu tshikondo tshilelela, bileja "disukula dia bintu" muvua mashinyi avua manyanguke ku mvula anyi avua ne bintu bia bukoya avua mapita mu mikalu ya ditunga bua kupeta mukanda wa bumfumu wa pa mabeji mukezuke.
3. Ela nkonko ya mashinyi adi kaayi a tshisumbu tshia nzembu (ABS, SRS Airbag, TCM, ne BCM) bua kujadika dipingana dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre tshia ku bianza: Biamu bia mushinga mukesa bia kulongolola nabi kilometre bia ku bianza bivuabu basumbishe ku Enternete bidi bifunda pa tshitupa tshia kilometre tshidi tshimueneka (EEPROM) munda mua tshisumbu tshia biamu bia mudimu, kadi misangu ya bungi batu bapangila bua kufunda kabidi bungi bua kilometre budibu bafunde munda mua Anti-Lock Braking System (ABS), tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi luya (SRS), Tshitupa tshia dilombola dia dituma (TCM), anyi tshiamu tshia nzembu. Lomba muena mudimu udi kayi ne bumfumu anyi mumanyi wa malu a dipima dia masama bua kupatula luapolo lua kilometre ya bungi lua biamu bia bungi ne luapolo lua kilometre lua malu adi aleja dishilangana.
4. Lama tshijadiki tshionso tshia dimanyisha dia kumpala kua disumbisha kumpala kua mupanyi kutshibutula: Diakamue wangata tshimfuanyi tshia dibeji dijima, utshipatule ku PDF, ne kulama HTML source anyi Wayback Machine archine of the Facebook Marketplace, Craigslist, Autotrader, CarGurus, anyi dealership web listing. Angata mu bule ne mu butshiama kilometre idibu bamanyishe, meyi onso adi aleja ne: "tshintu tshimpe," "katshiena mu njiwu nansha kakese," anyi "muena tshintu umue," nimero ya telefone ya mupanyi, URL wa profil, ne mesaje onso anyi mesaje a WhatsApp.
5. Tangila tshikandakanda tshia pa mabeji ne mukanda wa dipana bua kumanya "tshitupa tshia bumpianyi" (curbstoning): Tangila kumpala ne panyima pa mukanda wa bumfumu udi mupanyi mukupeshe. Shi muntu uvua muangate makuta eba ki muena nzubu udibu bafunde kumpala kua mukanda (ne ki mmuena mudimu udi ne bukenji bua kuenza mudimu udi ukumbaja mukanda wa dishintulula dia bintu), mupanyi uvua muenze bualu budi kabuyi bulonda mikenji (budibu babikila kabidi ne: dibuela dia bintu biunzulula anyi curbstoning) bua kuepuka bitadi bia dipana, mikenji ya dianyisha ya dipana dia bintu, mikenji ya dianyisha ya dipanyishila bintu, ne dianyisha dia tshiala tshia mbulamatadi.
6. Tuma mukanda wa dimanyisha dia dishipa dia dianyisha (muinshi mua UCC § 2-608) ne Federal Odometer Act Demand via Certified Mail, ne manyisha mufidi webe wa mashinyi anyi mufidi wa karte ka mfranga diakamue: Kuena ne bua kuyukila ne muena dishima anyi muena mudimu wa dishima to. Fila mukanda wa dimanyisha dia mikenji udi uleja dishipa dia dipana, ulomba dipingaja dia makuta onso a disumba, bitadi, ne bitadi bia 100 pa lukama, ne uteka banke yonso wa makuta mu dimanyisha dia mbulamatadi bilondeshile FTC Holder Rule (16 C.F.R. Part 433) ne difuta dia mfranga yonso didi dikokangana bua dishima mu tshienzedi.

Mutshi wa mapangadika: kusungula dishima dia bintu, dipingaja dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre, anyi VIN mufuka¶

Ingidija mudimu wa disungula dia malu a mikenji mu mêba 24 a kumpala a diela meji ne: uvua muenze malu a dishima mu mashinyi bua kukanga bijadiki bia ku mubidi ne kuenza mudimu ne mikenji idi ne bukole bua bungi:

flowchart TD
    Start["Dishima dia mashinyi a kale: Dinyanguka dia mashinyi masokoka/Mvula wa kabutu, dinyanguka dia mashinyi a bungi anyi kilometre mikese, anyi dipanga dia bulongame"] --> VinCheck{"Tshitupa 1: VIN wa Dashboard udiku upetangana ne OBD-II ECU VIN (Mode 09) ne Stamped Frame VIN anyi?"}

    VinCheck -->|"NO: VIN wa ku nzembu anyi wa tshitampi mmushilangane"| Cloned["MUSHINDU WA KUENZA: Motoka muibe / VIN Plate muenza bu uvua mupeta"]
    Cloned --> ClonedAction["Teka mashinyi pa nzubu wa muntu nkayende diakamue, sangisha tshijadiki tshia difuta/dimanyisha, yukila ne bena mudimu badi benza mudimu wa buivi bua mashinyi ne lomba banke bua kupingaja makuta anyi kuimanyika"]

    VinCheck -->|"EYOWA: VIN yonso idi ipetangana"| HistoryCheck{"Tshitupa 2: Enza NMVTIS + Carfax + Google 17-Digit VIN String bua Salvage Auction Photos"}

    HistoryCheck -->|"Disungila dia kumpala, Mvula wa kabutu, bintu bia bukoya, anyi bintu bia mu tshisalu bivua bipetekibua pa mukanda mukezuke"| TitleWash["Mutu wa bualu Washing / Salvage Concealment Fraud Confirmed"]
    HistoryCheck -->|"Dipueka dia kilometre mu luapolo anyi ECU/ABS/TCM kilometre mipite ya Dash"| OdoFraud["Dishipa dia mikenji ya ditunga dia Odometer (49 U.S.C. Nshapita wa 327)"]

    TitleWash --> SellerType{"Nnganyi uvua mukusumbishe mashinyi?"}
    OdoFraud --> SellerType

    SellerType -->|"Muena mudimu udi ne bukenji anyi muena mudimu udi udisunguila nkayende"| DealerPath["Bila UCC 2-608 dijimija dia dianyisha, UDAP/Fraud Act, Federal Odometer Act (3x Damages + Attorney Fees), & Claim Against Dealer Surety Bond"]
    SellerType -->|"Makuta ku diambuluisha dia mfranga ya mashinyi milongolola kudi muena mudimu"| HolderRule["Enza mukenji wa FTC Holder (16 CFR 433): Ujadike malu onso a dishima adibu balomba kudi mufidi wa mashinyi bua kumbusha dibanza ne kupingaja makuta"]
    SellerType -->|"Musumbishi wa pa nkayende / Muena mudimu (Mutu wa tshiena bualu)"| CurbPath["Fila tshilumbu tshia dikumbaja dia mikenji ya muena mudimu wa DMV, luapolo lua dishima dia tshibawu, ne tshilumbu tshia dishipa dia mikenji + Treble Odometer Damages"]

Tshitupa 1: Dikonkonona dia mashinyi (dijadika dia dishima mu minite 30)¶

Shi udi wenza mudimu ne muena mudimu udi kayi ne bululame anyi muena mudimu udi udileja bu mupanyi wa pa nkayende pa Facebook Marketplace, bua kutshimuna tshilumbu tshia dipingaja dia makuta diakamue anyi tshia difutu dia misangu isatu bidi bikengela tshijadiki tshia malu a mikenji tshidi katshiyi mua kubenga tshia se: bumuntu bua mashinyi, malu avua menzeke anyi kilometre ivuaye muenze bivua bia dishima kumpala kua kutshisumbisha.

1. Bintu 4 VIN Dikonkonona dia bulelela (Kumanya tshintu tshienza ne tshiamu tshia mitaku VIN)¶

Mu tshikebelu tshia VIN cloning, tshisumbu tshia buivi tshia mashinyi tshilongolola tshidi tshiiba mashinyi adibu balomba bikole (bu mudi mashinyi manene a ndekelu, SUV, anyi sedan wa mushinga mukole), tshidi tshikopolola nomba 17 VIN ku mashinyi adibu bafunde mu mikanda ya mikenji, a mushindu umue anyi a dikala dimue adi mashika mu ditunga dikuabu, udi wenza tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshia dishima VIN dibeji ne dibeji dia dishima didi dienza mudimu ne tshintu tshikezuke atshi VIN, ne udi usumbisha mashinyi adibu bibe bua kupeta makuta anyi tsheke mujadika.

Enza tshikebelu tshia 4 tshia ku mubidi ne tshia ku Enternete diakamue:

2. Google tshikebelu tshia nomba 17 VIN bua kupeta binjinjimbi bia bintu bisokoka¶

Umue wa ku mishindu ya lukasa ne mikole ya kujadika ne: mupanyi uvua musokoke njiwu mikole anyi dinyanguka dia mvula i dikonka dia tshiamu tshia dikebulula dia nomba 17 VIN: - Padi kumpanyi wa assurance wamba ne: mashinyi mmajimije ne utuma ku tshisalu tshia bintu bia kusungila (Copart anyi Insurance Auto Auctions / IAAI), makumi a site ya bantu bakuabu badi basangisha bintu bia kusumbisha idi ikosolola ne ifunda kashidi 17-digit VIN, mushinga wa dilomba dia ditshimuna, kode wa kumpala wa dinyanguka (Flood/Water, Frame Damage, Rollover, Biohazard), dibala dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre mu tshisalu, ne binjinjimbi 10 too ne ku 15 bia mashinyi avua manyanguke anyi avua mawule tente ne mâyi avua mu lupangu lua disungila bintu. - Lemba nomba 17 milelela VIN mu tshikebelu tshia binjinjimbi mu Google ne Bing. Nansha shi muibaki anyi muenji wa njila "musukula" tshiena bualu mu mikalu ya ditunga bua tshiena bualu tshia mukanda wa DMV wa ditunga tshimueneke tshikezuke, kupeta foto ya Copart mifunda ne tshikondo idi ileja tshiudi mulelela VIN udi mu mayi a bitotshi too ne ku tshiamu tshia mashinyi anyi ne tshiamu tshia kumpala tshikosa matuku 60 kumpala kua wewe kumusumba udi tshijadiki tshia tshisokomenu tshia dishima tshia bingoma bia kuela nabi makanya.

3. Kujadika dinyanguka dia mvula ne "disukula dia bintu" mu mikalu ya ditunga¶

Disukula dia mikanda didi dienza mudimu ne bilumbu bidi mu mushindu udi matunga mashilangane a mu États-Unis, provense ya mu Canada, anyi mikanda ya ku Mputu yumvuija ne ifila bimanyinu bia mikanda: - Mushindu udi disukula dia bintu dienza: Mashinyi adi apeta tshipepele tshikole tshia mayi a mukele anyi mvula wa mayi mimpe mu Texas, Floride, anyi Louisiana (bu mudi ku muelelu wa Golfe wa Mexique) anyi dikuluka dikole mu provense kampanda. Kumpala kua muena mudimu wa tshishimbi kulongolola tshimanyishilu tshia dijimija dia bintu bionso, anyi pa kutuma mashinyi ku diambuluisha dia ditunga didi ne tshimanyishilu tshikole (anyi ku diambuluisha dia mushindu wa dishima dia mecanicien / abandoned-vehicle title), mupanyi wa bintu bia bungi udi kayi ne bululame udi upeta mukanda mupiamupia wa Certificat of Title udi kayi uleja (Gulf of Mexico) SALVAGE, FLOOD, anyi JUNK tshimanyinu. - Dikonkonona dia malu a mvula: Wewe wela meji ne: mashinyi a mvula avua masukuke, enza tshikebelu tshia bintu 5 ne wangate foto ya bintu bionso: 1. Diteta dia dikoka dia mukaba wa bukubi: Koka mikaba yonso inayi too ne ku tshitudilu tshia kuinshi. Bantu badi bibaka badi basukula tshitupa tshia kuulu tshia mukaba tshidi tshimueneka, kadi tshitupa tshia kuinshi tshia santimetre 30 (12 inches) tshidi tshibuikila munda mua tshiamu tshia B-pillar tshidi tshilama bipese bia matope biume, mabala a mâyi ne mupuya wa tshisuku. 2. Biamu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi kabiyi bilengeja: Temesha muendu kunyima kua tshiamu tshia frein ne tshiamu tshia kuendesha natshi mashinyi ku tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi katshiyi tshilengeja. Luya lukole kalutu lutamba kufikisha ku dinyanguka dia bintu to, kadi dibuela dia mâyi a mukele anyi a bitotshi didi difikisha ku dienza dia oxidation wa orange umue ne dibueja dia buloba mu miaba idi mitangalake. 3. Muaba wa tshiamu tshia mashinyi ne tapis wa mu tshibombi: Umbusha tshilamba tshia panshi tshia mashinyi panshi ne utangile tshiamu tshia muinshi menemene tshidi muinshi mua tshiendedi tshia mashinyi bua kumona ni kudi milongo ya buloba buume, bimanyinu bia mâyi, anyi tshilamba tshia muinshi mua tshiamu tshia rattle-can tshipiatshipia tshidibu bapuekeshe bua kusokoka milongo ya mâyi. 4. Biamu bia kukanga nabi nzembu ne bibombi bia nzembu: Kangula bibombi bia nzembu bia muinshi mua mashinyi ne bia mu nzubu wa mashinyi ne umbusha tshiamu tshimue tshia nzembu tshidi panshi (muinshi mua nkuasa wa kumpala, udimuke bua kubenga kupatula tshiamu tshia jaune SRS tshibombi tshia luya tshidi tshibuela padi bateri mubueja). Keba dinyanguka dia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshitoka ("verdigris") munda mua bipese bia tshiamu tshia mitaku ne matope adi munda mua tshiamu tshia plastike tshidi ne milonda.

4. Kujadika dipingana dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre ("clocking")¶

Mashinyi a matuku etu aa kaena ne tshiamu tshia odometer tshidi tshinyunguluka to, kadi dishima dia odometer didi pa mutu pa bionso bualu 150-dollar handheld OBD-II bafundi ba programe badi mua kushintulula tshiamu tshia odomètre mu masekonde 60. - Mushindu wa kukuata tshiamu tshia kupima natshi kilometre tshidi tshipingajibua: 1. Cross-module EEPROM lukonku: Mashinyi a matuku etu aa adi alama ntanta mivule idibu benze mu biamu bia bungi bia kulombola nabi mudimu (ECUs): Tshisumbu tshia bintu bia mudimu (IPC), Module wa dilombola dia motere (ECM/PCM), Transmission Control Module (TCM), Anti-Lock Brake / Stability Control Module (ABS/ESC), Module wa dilombola dia mubidi (BCM), ne pa bintu bia bungi bia ku Mputu ne bia mushinga mukole (BMW, Mercedes-Benz, Audi, Porsche), munda mua Smart Key Fob nkayende. Padi muena tshinyangu wenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia mushinga mukesa bua kupingaja tshiamu tshia mashinyi IPC ku 240,000 km (149,000 miles) ku 85,000 km (52,800 miles), the TCM anyi ABS module utu anu ufila luapolo 240,000 km (149,000 miles) anyi udi ufunda kode wa lutatu lua kashidi (DTC) ne tshitampi tshia kilometre tshia tshiamu tshia mashika tshia 238,500 km (148,197 miles). 2. Mêba a mudimu a motere: Mavule PCM modules log Total Engine Operating Hours (Engine Run Time). Abanya kilometre ya odometer idibu baleje ne mêba onso a motere: - Diendesha dia pa tshibidilu mu tshimenga/mu njila minene didi dienza kilometre 40 too ne ku 65 ku dîba (25 too ne ku 40 miles ku dîba)** mu matuku onso a muoyo wa mashinyi. - Shi tshipiminu tshiebe tshia kilometre tshidi tshileja 50,000 miles (80,467 km), mêba a motere weba adi ne tshia kuikala pabuipi 1,250 to 2,000 hours. Shi OBD-II tshikandakanda tshidi tshileja 5,800 engine hours pa mashinyi a bantu (adi kaayi mashinyi a mpulushi anyi ambulanse), kuvudija 5,800 hours x 30 mph udi uleja ne mashinyi adi ne 174,000 miles (280,000 km). 3. Service sticker ne inspection history audit: Tangila tshitupa tshia kuulu tshia tshilamba tshia kumpala, nzubu wa filtre wa mafuta muinshi mua tshilamba tshia mashinyi, ne muaba wa tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshia pa mutu bua kumanya ni udi ne bimanyinu bia lube-shop bivuabu bapue muoyo, bimanyinu bia dishintulula dia tshilamba tshia dîba, anyi mikanda ya dikonkonona dia bintu bidi bipatuka mu mashinyi idi ileja kilometre mipite bungi kupita idibu baleje ku tablo wa mashinyi lelu.

Tshitupa 2: Bingoma biebe bia nikleyere (Mukenji wa Odometer wa mbulamatadi, Diumusha dia UCC, ne Mukenji wa FTC Holder)¶

Bantu ba bungi badibu bakengesha badi bela meji ne: kutua tshiala pa tshimanyishilu tshia "AS-IS / NO WARRANTY" (tshikandakanda tshia FTC Buyers Guide) kudi kubanyanga bukenji buonso bua mikenji. Abi bidi bia dishima. Muinshi mua mikenji ya mbulamatadi ne ya ditunga mu États-Unis, Canada, UK, ne UE, "As-Is" anu dibenga kuitaba dia malu adi aleja dishindika dia kueyemena dia biamu; tshitupa tshia "As-Is" katshiena tshikuba mupanyi ku malu a dishima, dinyanguka dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre, tshisokomenu tshia disungila/tshia mvula, anyi dipanga dia kufila mukanda wa mushinga udi kauyi muibibua to.

Tshitupa 3: Tshienzedi tshia tshitupa ku tshitupa bilondeshile tshienzedi¶

Tshilejilu A: Uvua musumbe kudi tshisalu tshidi ne mukanda wa dianyisha (mukanda wa bintu bia mushinga mukole anyi tshipiminu tshia kilometre tshipingajibue)¶

1. Sangisha bijadiki biebe bia malu a mikenji:
2. Tampa NMVTIS luapolo, luapolo lua Carfax/AutoCheck, ne dipana dia bintu bionso (Copart/IAAI) binjinjimbi bipetekibua ku diambuluisha dia tshikebelu tshia Google tshia VIN.
3. Peta luapolo lua tshikebelu tshifunda ne tshiala tshiala pa mutu pa mukanda wa tshisalu kudi muena mashinyi udi ne bukenji bua ASE anyi kudi muena mudimu udi ne bukenji bua kuenza mudimu udi uleja mudi kazubu ka mashinyi kanyanguke, dinyanguka dia mvula, bipese bia luya bidi kabiyiku, anyi OBD-II dishilangana dia kilometre ya module.
4. Kopa tshipungidi tshieba tshia dipana dia bintu, tshimanyishilu tshia ku dididishi tshia FTC Buyers Guide, dimanyisha dia Odometer wa mbulamatadi, ne bimfuanyi bia dimanyisha dia pa buloba dia mupanyi.
5. Keba ngumu ya Surety Bond ya mupanyi ku diambuluisha dia DMV wa ditunga diebe:
6. Tangila tshibambalu tshia mashinyi tshia mu provense wenu (DMV), Secrétaire d’État, anyi Motor Vehicle Dealer Board portal ne ukebe nomba wa mukanda wa dianyisha wa tshisalu, muena mudimu mufundisha, ne Dîna dia Société wa Surety Bond ne nomba wa mikenji ya bond (etshi ntshimanyinu tshia patoke mu matunga onso 50 a mu États-Unis).
7. Tuma mukanda wa dilomba ne dijimija dia mukanda kudi bantu basatu:
8. Mupeta 1: Muena tshisalu ne muena mudimu mufundisha.
9. Mupeta 2: Tshiapu tshia mfranga ya mashinyi / Banque tshidi tshifunda mu tshipungidi tshieba tshia mfranga (tshidi tshileja patoke Mukenji wa muena FTC, 16 C.F.R. Part 433).
10. Mupeta 3: Tshibambalu tshia dilomba dia bintu tshia Surety Bond Company wa muena mudimu (udi uteka mufidi wa bintu pa dimanyisha dia mbulamatadi dia dilomba dia bintu bua dishima dia mikenji ne dishipa dia mikenji ya bumfumu/odometer).
11. (Padi kumpanyi wa tshipungidi tshia dipanyishila bintu ne muena mudimu nende wa makuta a dilomba dia mashinyi bapeta bijadiki bia dishima dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre anyi dia malu a kale adi kaayi malelela, badi bakanga diakamue dibanza dia mupanyishi dia nzubu anyi batshinyisha bua kumbusha tshipungidi tshiabu tshia dipanyishila bintu - bienza bua mupanyishi alekele tshipungidi ne kukupingajila makuta ebe mu matuku makese bua kushala mu mudimu)

Tshilejilu B: Uvua musumbe kudi "Curbstoner" (musumbishi wa pa nkayende uvua mupuekele)¶

Curbstoner udi muena mashinyi udi kayi ne mukanda wa dianyisha udi usumba mashinyi adi manyanguke, mapite bungi, anyi adi ne kilometre ya bungi, wenza mudimu wa dilengeja dia bintu, ne udi udileja bu muntu nkayende pa Facebook Marketplace anyi Craigslist ("udi usumbisha mashinyi a kakuanyi" anyi "udi uya ku babende"). Bu mudibu kabayi bafunda mashinyi mu dina diabu nkayabu bua kuepuka difuta dia bitadi bia dipana ne kushiya dina diabu mu tshilaminu tshia bintu bia mbulamatadi, badi bakupesha "open title" (jumped title) mufunda ngondo ya bungi kumpala kudi muena mashinyi wa kumpala.

1. Bua tshinyi dibuela dia muanzu didi dikupesha bukole bua bungi: Dibandila dia muanzu (open title transfer) ne kuenza mudimu bu mupanyi wa mashinyi udi kayi ne mukanda wa dianyisha udi bibawu bikese anyi bibi mu bitupa bionso bia ditunga, bidi ne bitadi bia bungi bua mashinyi onso pamue ne bitadi bia dibenga kufuta bitadi.
2. Londa bumuntu bulelela bua muena mudimu kumpala kua kumutangila:
3. Shi uvua mufute ku diambuluisha dia Zelle, Venmo, Cash App, dituma dia makuta, anyi tsheke wa tshibutshilu, mukanda wa makuta a ku banke udi ne dina dilelela dia muena konte wa ku banke ne lumu lua banke lua KYC (Know Your Customer) ludi mua kufika ku dibikila.
4. Keba kabidi nimero ya telefone ivuabu batumine mesaje (manya ni i mulongo wa telefone mulelela anyi Google Voice/TextNow), ulame nomba yonso ya Facebook/Marketplace (facebook.com/profile.php?id=...].
5. Funda tshikebelu tshia muena mudimu udi kayi ne mukanda wa DMV wa ditunga / Curbstoning ne dilomba dia dishipa dia mikenji:
6. Bibambalu bia dilama dia mikenji bia DMV bia ditunga / bakebuludi bidi bifunda ne tshikisu bantu badi benza mudimu ne bantu badi batua mianzu. Fila dilomba dia DMV Investigator, ne ufila kudi mupanyi ne dilomba dia dipingaja dia lukasa dia bintu bionso kumpala kua difunda dia tshilumbu tshia mbulamatadi muinshi mua 49 U.S.C. § 32710 (Mukenji wa Odometer wa mbulamatadi, udi utangila ne bukole buonso kudi bapanyi ba pa nkayabu ne kudi bantu badi bashima anyi balekela dimanyisha dia odometer pa mukanda udibu bafunde).

Tshilejilu C: Uvua mufute makuta onso anyi tshitupa tshia makuta a kumpala ku karte ka mfranga, ku karte ka mfranga anyi ku banke¶

• Makuta a kumpala a karte ka mfranga (Fair Credit Billing Act, 15 U.S.C. § 1666i): Wewa muteka $2,000 ku $10,000 wa difutu diebe dia kumpala dia karte ka Visa, Mastercard, American Express, anyi Discover, funda tshilumbu tshia difuta dia bitadi / dipingaja dia makuta diakamue bilondeshile mikenji ya dishima dia karte ka karte ("Bintu kabiyi anu mudibi bileja / Dishima dia dishima dia mukanda wa mashinyi anyi dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre"). Lamakaja NMVTIS/Carfax luapolo lua dipandisha anyi OBD-II tshikandakanda tshia kilometre tshidi tshipatuka buludiludi ku tshiudi ufila.

Tshilejelu tshia kufunda ne kuela: Dimanyisha dia dishipa dia dianyisha, Dilomba dia mikenji ya Odometer, ne Dimanyisha dia mikenji ya muena FTC¶

Tuma dimanyisha edi ku diambuluisha dia Certified Mail with Return Receipt Requested (ne mukanda wa PDF) kudi muena mudimu, kudi mufidi wa makuta, ne kudi kumpanyi wa tshijadiki tshia muena mudimu:

VIA CERTIFIED MAIL (RETURN RECEIPT REQUESTED) AND EMAIL

Date: [Insert Date]

TO SELLER / DEALERSHIP:
[Dealership or Seller Legal Name]
[Address]

COPY TO FINANCING ASSIGNEE (PURSUANT TO FTC HOLDER RULE, 16 C.F.R. PART 433):
[Name of Auto Loan Bank / Finance Company, Legal & Dispute Dept.]
[Address]
Account / Loan Number: [Insert Loan Number]

COPY TO DEALER SURETY BOND COMPANY:
[Name of Surety Bond Insurance Company - Bond Claims Dept.]
Bond Number: [Insert Dealer Surety Bond Number]

RE: FORMAL NOTICE OF REVOCATION OF ACCEPTANCE (UCC § 2-608), BREACH OF WARRANTY OF TITLE (UCC § 2-312), AND DEMAND FOR RESCISSION
Vehicle: [Year, Make, Model]
Advertised / Paper Title VIN: [Insert 17-Digit VIN]
Date of Purchase: [Insert Date]
Total Contract / Purchase Price: $[Insert Amount]

Dear Seller, Financing Assignee, and Surety Bond Claims Administrator:

PLEASE TAKE FORMAL LEGAL NOTICE that pursuant to Uniform Commercial Code (UCC) § 2-608 (Revocation of Acceptance), UCC § 2-312 (Warranty of Title), the Federal Motor Vehicle Information and Cost Savings Act / Odometer Act (49 U.S.C. § 32701 et seq.), and applicable State Unfair and Deceptive Acts and Practices (UDAP) statutes, I hereby REVOKE MY ACCEPTANCE of the above-referenced motor vehicle and demand the immediate rescission and unwinding of this transaction.

FACTUAL BASIS FOR REVOCATION AND STATUTORY FRAUD:
Subsequent to the purchase on [Date], independent forensic and title history inspection revealed material, non-disclosable fraud and non-conformity that substantially impairs the value and safety of this vehicle, specifically:
[Select and customize applicable findings:]
1. UNDISCLOSED SALVAGE / FLOOD / STRUCTURAL FRAME DAMAGE: Official NMVTIS / auction records and physical inspection confirm that prior to sale, this vehicle suffered [total-loss flood immersion / structural frame damage / salvage auction declaration on Date], which was concealed from me during the sale.
2. FEDERAL ODOMETER ACT VIOLATION (49 U.S.C. § 32710): While the odometer disclosure statement and dashboard indicated [X] miles at sale, electronic interrogation of the vehicle's [PCM / TCM / ABS] module and historical service records confirm actual mileage of at least [Y] miles. Under 49 U.S.C. § 32710, odometer fraud carries mandatory treble (3x) actual damages or $10,000 (whichever is greater), plus mandatory attorney's fees and costs.
3. BREACH OF WARRANTY OF TITLE / CLONED VIN / OPEN TITLE: [Describe title defect, e.g., ECU VIN mismatch or unlawful open-title jumping].

Note that any purported "AS-IS" disclaimer on the Buyers Guide is legally void as a defense against affirmative misrepresentation, fraudulent concealment, breach of statutory warranty of title (UCC § 2-312), and violations of the Federal Odometer Act.

NOTICE TO FINANCING LENDER UNDER THE FTC HOLDER RULE (16 C.F.R. PART 433):
Pursuant to the mandatory preservation of consumer claims and defenses clause in the Retail Installment Sales Contract, the financing assignee is subject to all claims and defenses asserted herein. I demand that the lender immediately freeze negative credit reporting, cancel the Retail Installment Sales Contract, and refund all payments made to date.

DEMAND FOR IMMEDIATE RELIEF WITHIN TEN (10) CALENDAR DAYS:
To resolve this matter before I file a formal civil action seeking treble damages and statutory attorney's fees, a formal claim against Dealer Surety Bond #[Bond Number], and an enforcement complaint with the State DMV Investigator Division and Attorney General's Office, Seller and/or Assignee must within ten (10) days of receipt of this notice:
1. Confirm in writing the full rescission and cancellation of the sales contract and any associated retail installment loan;
2. Issue a full refund of $[Insert Total Down Payment, Trade-In Value, Taxes, Registration, and Payments Made] via certified funds; and
3. Arrange at Seller's expense to retrieve the vehicle, which is currently parked safely at [General City/Location] with [Exact Current Odometer] miles and held subject to my statutory buyer's security interest under UCC § 2-711(3) until full refund is tendered.

Govern yourselves accordingly.

Sincerely,

[Your Signature]
[Your Printed Name]
[Your Mailing Address, Email, and Phone Number]

Enclosures:
1. NMVTIS / Vehicle History & Salvage Auction Photographic Evidence
2. Independent Diagnostic / ECU Odometer & Structural Inspection Report
3. Copy of Sales Contract, Odometer Disclosure, and Pre-Sale Advertisements

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya bibambalu¶

Shi udi mukengeshibua kudi disukula dia mukanda, dinyanguka dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre, anyi diiba/difuanyikijibua VIN, manyisha tshibawu ne ukebe dikumbaja dia mikenji ku diambuluisha dia bibambalu bia ditunga bidi mu bukokeshi buebe:

• États-Unis ne Canada:
• Tshilumbu tshia lukasa / Tshinyangu tshia mashinyi mabi: Ela 911 shi mupanyi udi utshinyisha bua kukuenzela malu a tshikisu, anyi yukila ne tshibambalu tshia bampulushi tshia muaba unudi Auto Theft Task Force tshidi katshiyi tshia njiwu pikala tshiebe OBD-II / tshikebelu tshia tshimfuanyi tshidi tshileja tshintu tshiiba VIN.
• Tshibambalu tshia bukubi bua njila ya ditunga (NHTSA) Odometer Fraud Hotline (United States): Umanyishe dinyanguka dia odometer buludiludi kudi mbulamatadi NHTSA Office of Odometer Fraud Investigation (1-888-327-4236 anyi nhtsa.gov), udi ulondolola malu adi atangila dishintuluka dia kilometre ya munkatshi mua matunga ne tshibambalu tshia malu a mikenji tshia mu États-Unis (DOJ).
• Tshiamu tshia ditunga tshia ngumu ya mashinyi (NMVTIS) (États-Unis): Koka malu a mbulamatadi a mbulamatadi adi atangila bintu bia mushinga mukole ku diambuluisha dia malu adibu bitabe NMVTIS bafidi ba bintu badi mu vehiclehistory.bja.ojp.gov.
• Kasumbu ka malu a bungenda mushinga ka mbulamatadi (FTC) & Balombodi ba ditunga: Bala luapolo lua bienzedi bia dishima bia basumbishi ne dishipa dia mikenji ya FTC Holder ku ReportFraud.ftc.gov ne tshibambalu tshienu tshia dikonkonona dia basumbishi ba DMV.
• Canada (Balombodi ba dipana dia mashinyi ne RCMP): Tangila VIN tshiibi tshia tshianana mu Centre d'information des polices du Canada (CPIC) (cpic-cipc.ca), ne kufila dilomba dia dishima dia muena mudimu / dijimija dia bumfumu kudi Ontario Motor Vehicle Industry Council (OMVIC, 1-800-943-6002) (udi ulombola tshibutshilu tshia difutu dia basumbishi ba mashinyi too ne $45,000 CAD), Tshibambalu tshia dipana dia mashinyi tshia BC (VSA), anyi Kasumbu ka Alberta Motor Vehicle Industry Council (AMVIC).
• Bukalenge bua ditunga:
• Dimanyisha dia malu a tshimpitshimpi / dia bampulushi: Ela 999 mu bualu bua tshimpitshimpi, anyi 101 (ne Action Fraud ku 0300 123 2040) bua kufila luapolo lua mashinyi adibu bafunde ("ringed") anyi "clocking" wa kilometre.
• Consumer Rights Act 2015 & Citizens Advice / Trading Standards: Paudi usumba kudi musumbishi wa mashinyi wa mu UK, Consumer Rights Act 2015 udi ukupesha matuku 30 a matuku makese a kubenga bua kupingajila makuta 100 pa lukama pikala mashinyi kaayi mimpe, kaayi makumbane, anyi kaayi makumbane (ne adi kaayi makumbane (ne adi kaayi makumbane) dibenga/dipuekesha dia mushinga mu ngondo 6 ya kumpala). Dilama dia kilometre ne disokoka dia Category S (Structural) anyi Category N (Non-Structural) write-off bidi bilema bilondeshila Consumer Protection Confair Trading Regulations 2008, applied by Trading Standards (0808 223 1133). Shi uvua mufute nansha £100 wa mushinga udi pa karte ka mfranga ka mu UK (bua mashinyi adi ne mushinga wa pankatshi pa £100 ne £30,000), udi ubikila Tshitupa tshia 75 tshia mukenji wa mfranga ya basumbishi 1974 bua kulomba kumpanyi wa karte ka mfranga bua kuikala ne bujitu bua mushinga mujima wa disumba.
• Buobumue bua matunga a ku Mputu:
• Midimu ya tshimpitshimpi: Ela 112 mu matunga onso adi mu UE.
• Mukenji wa dipana dia bintu bia UE ((EU) 2019/771) & Criminal Odometer Laws: Muinshi mua mikenji ya UE, bantu badi basumba mashinyi a kale kudi muena mudimu wa bungenda badi ne tshijadiki tshia bidimu 1 too ne ku 2 tshia diumvuangana dia mikenji**, ne bujitu bua bijadiki bidi bipingana mu ngondo 12 ya kumpala. Mu matunga bu mudi Allemagne (§ 22b StVG - Straßenverkehrsgesetz), France, ne Belgique (Car-Pass system), kunyangakaja tshiamu tshia kupima natshi lubilu lua mashinyi ntshilema tshisunguluke tshidi mua kuikala mu buloko ne tshidi tshipesha musumba bukenji bua kumbusha tshipungidi tshia mashinyi diakamue (Rücktritt vom Kaufvertrag muinshi § 437 BGB bua dishima dia dishima / arglistige Täuschung muinshi § 123 BGB).
• Australie ne Nouvelle-Zélande:
• Midimu ya tshimpitshimpi: Ela 000 mu Australie anyi 111 mu Nouvelle-Zélande.
• Mukanda wa bintu bia muntu nkayende (PPSR) & Mikenji ya bena Australie ya badi basumba bintu (ACL): Misangu yonso lombola mbulamatadi PPSR kutangila (ppsr.gov.au mu Australie, ppsr.govt.nz mu NZ) bua kujadika mukanda wa mashinyi adibu bafunde (WOVR) nsombelu ne tshiena bualu tshitoke. Muinshi mua mukenji wa bena Australie wa basumbishi (ACL) ne New Zealand Consumer Guarantees Act (CGA) / Fair Trading Act, bangenda mushinga badi ne tshia kufila tshijadiki tshia bumfumu bujalame ne mushinga muimpe; dinyanguka dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre ("dipingana panyima") didi difila bitadi binene bia mikenji ne mikenji ya difutu ku diambuluisha dia bibambalu bia disumbisha dia bintu biakane bia ditunga (NSW Fair Trading, Consumer Affairs Victoria) anyi Kabadi ka bilumbu bia mashinyi (MVDT) mu Nouvelle-Zélande.
• India ne Asia-Pacifique:
• Midimu ya tshimpitshimpi: Ela 112 mu India.
• Vahan National Register & Consumer Protection Act, 2019 (India): Verify chassis (VIN) ne nomba ya motere kumpala kua tshibambalu tshia njila ne njila minene Parivahan / mParivahan (vahan.parivahan.gov.in) tshilaminu tshia bintu ne tshibambalu tshia malu a tshinyangu tshia ditunga (NCRB) tshibuelelu tshia mashinyi mabi. Fila bilumbu bua dishima dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre anyi malu masokoka a mvula anyi dijimija dia bintu bionso ku diambuluisha dia National Consumer Helpline (1915) ne Kasumbu ka dilumbuluisha dia bilumbu bia basumbishi ba bintu (e-Daakhil).

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Kutua tshiala pa mukanda wa "AS-IS / NO DEALER WARRANTY" kudiku kunpangisha bua kufunda mupanyi anyi mupanyi wa pa nkayende uvua mupingaje tshipiminu tshia kilometre anyi musokoke mukanda wa dipandisha anyi wa mvula anyi?¶

Tòo. Mu matunga onso a mu États-Unis (ne mu Canada, mu Grande-Bretagne, ne mu Australie), tshitupa tshia "As-Is" tshidi muinshi mua Uniform Commercial Code (UCC § 2-316) anu udi ubenga bijadiki bia disumbisha dia bintu (tshilejilu, shi mashinyi a bululame a bidimu 12 apeta dinyanguka dia alternateur mu mbingu ibidi kunyima kua disumba). Tshimanyishilu tshia "As-Is" nansha kakese udi ulama mupanyi ku dishima dia mikenji ya bantu bonso, disokoka dia tshinyangu dia mvula udi mujimije bintu bionso anyi tshiamu tshia mitaku, dishipa dia mikenji ya tshijadiki tshia bumfumu (UCC § 2-312), dishipa dia mikenji ya mbulamatadi ya malu adi kaayi makane ne a dishima (UDAP) bienzedi, anyi dibanza dikole muinshi mua Mikenji ya ditunga dia Odometer (49 U.S.C. § 32710).

Mmunyi mudi mashinyi mua kuikala ne "Mukanda wa bukezuke" mufila kudi DMV wa ditunga dianyi ne luapolo lua Carfax lukezuke bikalawu bushuwa manyanguke mu mvula anyi mu njiwu minene?¶

Bibambalu bia malu a bungenda bu mudi Carfax ne AutoCheck bidi bimanyine pa mishindu ya difila dia luapolo ya budisuile ne kabiena bipeta ngumu kudi kumpanyi yonso mikese ya assurance, mashinyi a kufutshila adibu badisungila nkayabu, mashinyi a mu tshimenga, anyi nzubu ya dipanyishila makuta idi kayiyi mifunda to. Tshidi ne mushinga wa bungi ntshia se: bena tshibawu batu benza mudimu ne disukula dia titre: badi basumba mashinyi adi mu mayi anyi manyanguke kumpala kua tshimanyishilu tshia kumpanyi wa assurance tshituma kudi DMV wa ditunga, anyi badi bafila bumfumu ku diambuluisha dia matunga adi ne diumvuija dia tshimanyishilu didi dibengangana (anyi bafunda mukanda wa dishima wa mecanicien) bua ditunga dipiadipia dipatule mukanda wa bumfumu mukezuke. Kulombola mbulamatadi wa mbulamatadi NMVTIS lapolu ne kukeba tshitupa tshia 17 tshia tshianana VIN pa binjinjimbi bia Google bua kupeta binjinjimbi bia Copart anyi IAAI bidi bikuata misangu ya bungi mashinyi adibu basukule adi Carfax mupangile.

Ntshinyi tshidi mua kuenzeka meme mupeta ne mashinyi andi musumbe ku makuta adi ne VIN muenza ne udi bushuwa mashinyi mabi?¶

Shi OBD-II ordinatere (PCM/TCM) anyi tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshileja nomba 17 mishilangane VIN kupita tshilamba tshia kumpala tshia mashinyi ne mukanda wa dibeji, mashinyi adi pabuipi ne kuikala bintu biiba. Muinshi mua dilongesha dia mikenji ya buloba bujima dia Nemo that quod non habet (musangisha ne UCC § 2-403), muivi kena mua kufila bumfumu bua tshintu tshidibu bibe to, nansha kudi musumba wa ditabuja dimpe udi kayi ne bualu uvua mufute makuta onso. Padi bampulushi bajadika ne: mashinyi mmaiba, nebaakuate ne nebaapingaje kudi muenawu wa kumpala anyi kudi kumpanyi wabu wa assurance. Dilumbuluisha diebe dia mikenji didi kudi mupanyi (ne mupanyi yonso, muena tshisalu, anyi banke wa makuta udi mu bualu ebu) bua dishipa dia mikenji Tshijadiki tshia mukanda (UCC § 2-312), divuluka dia tshimpitshimpi dia makuta a ku banke, dipingaja dia makuta ku karte ka mfranga, anyi dilomba dia dianyisha dia tshishima tshia mukanda webe wa assurance pikalabi bienzeke.

Bua tshinyi mikenji ya FTC Holder (16 C.F.R. Part 433) udi ne bukole bua bungi bu meme mufute mashinyi ku diambuluisha dia tshisalu anyi?¶

Pa tshibidilu, wewe muangate dibanza dia pa nkayebe bua kusumba tshintu kampanda ne mupanyi ukushima, banke udi anu utekemena bua wewe kufuta dibanza edi paudi ulonda mupanyi ku kabadi. Ino, padi nzubu wa dipana mashinyi ulongolola makuta eba ne ukupesha tshipungidi tshia dipana dia mashinyi (RISC) kudi mufidi wa mashinyi, Mukenji wa muena FTC (16 C.F.R. Tshitupa 433) udi ubuela. Udi uteka banke wa makuta a mashinyi mu tshitupa tshia mupanyi wa dishima: dikuba dionso anyi dilomba dionso diudi nadi kudi mupanyi (bu mudi dijimija dia dianyisha dia mukanda wa mvula mutoke anyi tshipiminu tshia kilometre tshidibu bapingaje) didi mua kuikala dijadikibua buludiludi kudi banke bua kumbusha makuta onso adi mashale ne kuenzeja banke bua kukupingajila makuta onso auvua mufute bilondeshile tshipungidi.

Netuambe tshinyi bikala nzubu wa dipanyishila mashinyi uvua munsumbishe mashinyi avua masukula anyi avua mapingajibue panyima mupatuke mu mudimu anyi mubenge kufuta tshibawu?¶

Ke bualu kayi udi ne tshia kutangila diakamue ne kumanyisha bena mudimu Muena mudimu wa mashinyi udi ne tshijadiki tshia kumpanyi kupitshila ku DMV wa ditunga dienu anyi kudi tshibambalu tshia mashinyi. Mikenji ya ditunga idi ilomba basumbishi ba mashinyi badi ne mikanda ya dianyisha bua kuikala ne tshipungidi tshia tshijadiki (pa tshibidilu $25,000 ku $100,000 bilondeshela ditunga) mufunda kudi kumpanyi wa assurance udi kayi ufuta makuta bua kufuta bantu badi bajimija makuta bua dishima dia mukanda wa dipana dia bintu, dinyanguka dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre, anyi dipanga dia kufila mukanda wa dianyisha udi mukumbane. Nansha mudi nzubu wa dipanyishila bintu mua kushipa LLC wende anyi kujimina butuku bumue, muena mudimu wa tshishimbi udi anu ne bujitu bua kufuta bitadi bia dishima dia bantu badi basumba bintu too ne ku tshipiminu tshia tshipungidi.

Mmunyi mundi mua kujadika ne: tshipiminu tshia kilometre tshivua tshipingajibue panyima bikala mupanyi muele tshimanyinu pa kazubu ka "Exempt" anyi "True Mileage Unknown (TMU)" mu maleta makese?¶

Tshia kumpala, muinshi mua mikenji ya NHTSA (49 C.F.R. Tshitupa 580), mashinyi menza mu tshidimu tshia 2011 ne bipiabipia kabiena bipatuka ku dimanyisha dia tshipiminu tshia kilometre tshia mbulamatadi too ne padibu bakumbaja bidimu 20 to (kubandisha mukenji wa kale wa bidimu 10 bia dilekedibua). Shi mupanyi muele mashinyi a bidimu 12 "Exempt," udi mumane kushipa mikenji ya mbulamatadi. Tshibidi, tubadi ne tshibambalu tshia malu a mikenji mbambe misangu ya bungi ne: mupanyi kena mua kumanyisha ne mêyi ne: mashinyi adi ne "kilometre mikese ya ku ntuadijilu" anyi kupingaja tshisumbu tshia mashinyi ne pashishe kutangila mu kazubu ka "True Mileage Unknown (TMU)" anyi "Exceeds Mechanical Limits" munda mua tshibungu tshia mabeji a kukanga nawu 49 U.S.C. § 32710 binyangu bisatu.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Lemon Law udi ne bilema bia mashinyi, dishima dia basumbishi, ne dilomba dia kusumba tshiakabidi
• Dilomba dia makuta a muena mudimu wa dilongolola dia mashinyi, mudimu udi kauyi muanyishibue, ne dilekela dia replevin
• Dipingaja dia mashinyi mu mushindu mubi, dishipa dia ditalala, ne dipingaja dia bintu bia muntu nkayende
• Kabadi ka bilumbu bikese, mikanda ya dilomba, ne mapangadika a tshianana
• Nomba ya njiwu bilondeshile ditunga

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• Tshibambalu tshia bukubi bua njila ya ditunga (NHTSA) ne Tshibambalu tshia malu a njila tshia mu États-Unis (USDOT): Mukenji wa Odometre wa ditunga (49 U.S.C. Chapter 327 ne 49 C.F.R. Part 580 - Malu adibu balomba bua kumanyisha Odometer ne mikenji ya dilekela dia bidimu 20).
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a mikenji tshia mu États-Unis (DOJ), Biro bia diambuluisha dia malu a kulumbuluisha (BJA): Tshibambalu tshia malu a mashinyi a mu ditunga dijima (NMVTIS) Mikenji ya dianyisha dia bantu badi basumba bintu ne ya dijadika dia bintu (28 C.F.R. Part 25).
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a bungenda tshia ditunga (FTC) (États-Unis): Mukenji wa disumbisha dia mashinyi a kale (16 C.F.R. Part 455 - Buyers Guide) ne Dilama dia malu adi bantu balomba ne adibu badibingisha nawu (16 C.F.R. Part 433 - Mukenji wa muena FTC).
• Tshibambalu tshia mikenji ya muomumue (ULC) ne Tshilongelu tshia mikenji tshia mu Amerike (ALI): Mukenji wa bungenda wa muomumue (UCC) Kanungu 2: Dipana (§ 2-312 Tshijadiki tshia mukanda, § 2-608 Dishipa dia dianyisha, ne § 2-711 Dijinga dia bukubi dia musumba mu bintu bidibu babenge).
• Biro bia malu a tshinyangu bia ditunga (NICB) ne tshisumbu tshia matunga masanga tshia bamanyi ba malu a buivi bua mashinyi (IAATI): Nomba ya dimanyisha dia mashinyi mifuka (VIN) Forensics, Rosette Rivet Verification, ne OBD-II Mode $09 Tshiamu tshia nzembu ECU Mikenji ya diela nkonko.