Dikuluka dia tshimpitshimpi dia plafond wa plaster anyi wa drywall: Kusungila bana batekete/badi balala ne kutangila nshinga ya Live Joist¶

Mu nzubu ya bungi ya kumpala kua 1960, nzubu ya nzubu ya bungi, ne mabue a nsongo, nzubu ya bulalu ya kuulu ne ya nzubu wa tshilala benyi mienza ne 3-coat lime-and-gypsum horsehair plaster miteka pa mutu pa mabaya a lath strips, ne bujitu bua 40 too ne ku 60 kilogramme ku metre kare (21 to square pounds dikasa). Mu bidimu 60 too ne ku 120 bia luya lua mu tshikondo kampanda, bantu badi benda mu nzubu wa kuulu, dikankamika dia njila, ne tuishi tukese tua kuulu anyi tua mu mayi, bipese bia plaster bidi binyanguka bidi bifina pankatshi pa mabaya a tshilamba bua kulamakaja plafond ("tshifungu tshia plaster") bidi binyanguka ne binyanguka umue ku umue. Bujitu bua muomumue budi ne tshisasa tshia matuku etu aa tshia 16-millimeter (⅝-inch) Type X fire-rated gypsum drywall anyi tshibumba tshia mishindu ibidi tshidi ne blown-in cellulose anyi fibreglass attic insulation: padi tshiamu tshia kuowa mâyi tshia kuulu tshituta, luya lua mashika ludi pa mutu pa tshisasa anyi panshi padiwu apatukila, dibeji didi ditangile ku tshimanu tshiume didi dikuata mâyi ne dijimija 90 pa lukama lua bukole buadi bua dikokangana, bienza bua mitu ya vis ikoke bululame mu tshitupa tshia gypsum tshidi ne mâyi.

Padi plafond wa plaster-and-lath anyi wa drywall muwule tente ne mayi unyanguka, katu upueka dibue dikese nansha dimue ku musangu to: plafond wa nzubu mujima udi upatuka ku mabaya musangu umue mu dikuluka dia tshimpitshimpi dia "pancake collapse", upuekesha **200 too ne ku 600 kilogramme (444, 300,000) ya mabue a mabue a bungi tshibumba, bipese bia mabaya bia nsongo, lupuishi lua makala a mu nzubu wa tshisasa lua bidimu lukama, tshiamu tshia kukuba natshi mâyi, ne tshiamu tshia ku plafond anyi tshia chandelier tshikole tshidi tshiteka buludiludi pa bantu badi balala mu bulalu anyi pa muana udi munda mua tshitanda mu muinshi mua sekonde 0,7. Kumanya mua kujima tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia mu nzubu kumpala kua kulenga bintu bia nzembu bidi bilenga, mushindu wa kubandisha tshiamu tshia plaster anyi tshia drywall tshidi katshiyi tshinyanguke pa tshitanda tshia muana kuyi wela lupuishi panshi mu matela, ne mushindu wa kumbusha lupuishi lua plaster ku mishiku ne ku mishiku ya muana kudi kusungila mioyo ya bantu. Tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi, dinyanguka dia nzubu ne dikuluka, dikuluka dia panshi, mabaya a mu nzubu wa kuowela mabole, ne tshina tshia kuowela anyi tshia kuowa mâyi tshidi tshibuela panshi, ne kufua.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. TANGILA ku bimanu bia ku plafond bidi bimueneka patoke ne utangile bikalaku bipese bia ku plafond bidi bilenga, biamu bia nzembu, anyi mionji ya nzembu mipanduluke KUMPALA kua wewe kutua pa tshibumba tshia plaster anyi tshia drywall. Bikala tshintu tshia kutokesha natshi tshidi tshipatuka mu kazubu katshi ka disangisha ne tshiikisha pa tshibumba tshia bipese bia mâyi, bikalabi ne cloth anyi cloth-ob-insulated anyi insulation Nsinga ya BX idi itema, jika tshiamu tshia bulalu/tshiamu tshinene ku tshiamu tshieba tshia nzembu (anyi wenze mudimu ne tshiamu tshia kuowa natshi tshia mutshi tshiume bua kumbusha tshiamu tshionso tshidi tshilengeja) kumpala kua kulenga tshiamu tshia tshitanda anyi gypse mutoke; mona dikuma dia nzembu.
2. Bikala dibue dia ku plafond dikuluke pa tshitanda tshia muana, pa bulalu bua muana, anyi pa bulalu bua muntu udi ulala, KUTSHIBUI ku mutu kua dibue anyi kuteta bua kuela bitupa bidi kabiyi bipueka panshi to. Mabaya male a ku luseke lua tshitanda tshia muana adi misangu ya bungi akuata tshimanu tshiume anyi tshia plaster tshidi tshikuluka bu tshibumba (""misangu ya bungi tshidi tshikebesha lufu lua luya muinshi mua tshibumba; Kupuekesha panshi pa dibue anyi kubandisha luseke lumue kuyi ukuatshisha tshitupa tshia pankatshi nekutshibule dibue mu bitupa bibidi ne kuela kilo nkama ne nkama ya lupuishi lua plaster ne bipese bia mabue buludiludi pa mpala wa muana.
3. **Bua kusungila muana mu tshitanda tshibuikila, lomba bantu babidi bua kukuata ku nseke ya pambelu ya tshibumba tshia drywall/plaster ne kutshibandisha MU MUTU ne ku LUSE lua ku tshitanda tshia tshitanda bu mudi mesa makole, anyi kufika bimpe MUINSHI mua dibue dia ntenta kupitshila ku bimanu bia ku luseke lua tshitanda bua kupatula muana kumpala kua tshilamba anyi kutshibula muinshi mua bulalu bikalabi bikumbana. udi ubandisha bua kukuata lupuishi lua lime ludi lupona.
4. Kupula diakamue tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, lupuishi lua lime, ne tshiamu tshia cellulose tshidi ne mâyi mu mishiku, mishiku ne mukana mua muana anyi wa muntu udi mulale ku diambuluisha dia ditumba dia tshilamba tshikezuke anyi tshilamba tshikezuke, ne utangile mudiye upuyakana. Lupuishi lua tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia alkaline ne tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidibu bapuekesha mu tshikondo tshia dikuluka dia luya lukole ** dibuikila, disama dikole dia mu mikolo, ne dibutuka dia alkali mu mêsu**; Shi muana kena upuyakana biyampe, utuadije CPR ya muana diakamue; mona CPR ne AED.
5. Bikila nimero ya tshimpitshimpi ya muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne Canada, 112 mu Union européenne mujima, 999 mu Royaume-Uni) pikala muntu mukuatshike ku mutu anyi ku tshiadi kudi tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshikuluka, mupuya lupuishi lua ku plafond, anyi pikala mabaya a plafond adi mulu manyanguke anyi manyanguke muntu yonso udi ne bua kupatuka diakamue mu nzubu. biumusha, bualu bitupa bia plafond bidi pabuipi bidi bikuluka misangu ya bungi minite 2 too ne ku 15 kunyima kua dikuluka dia kumpala; tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.
6. Kanga tshiibi tshia nzubu udi mukuluke ne kanga diakamue tshiamu tshia luya anyi tshia mashika (HVAC) tshia mu nzubu muebe diakamue. Ma plafond avuabu bibake kumpala kua 1980 too ne 1990 atu misangu ya bungi ne asbeste udi mua kunyanguka (mu "popcorn" textures acoustic, plaster compound, or vermicullation) ne vermiculture lupuishi lua peinture wa plomb ne mashi a nyama ya nsengu; kukanga tshipepele tshia HVAC kudi kupangisha tshioshelu bua kukoka lupuishi lua mu nzubu wa bulalu ne kulupuekesha mu nzubu yonso wa mu nzubu; tangila luya lua radon, asbeste, ne plomb peinture exposure triage.

Mutshi wa dipangadika: dikuluka dia tshimpitshimpi dia pancake wa plafond ne disungula dia njiwu¶

flowchart TD
    Start["Dikuluka dia tshimpitshimpi dia plafond wa plaster anyi wa drywall"] --> ImmediateCheck{"Muntu udi mukuatshike mu bulalu anyi mu tshitanda tshia muana muinshi mua dibue anyi?"}
    ImmediateCheck -->|"Muana mu tshitanda anyi mulale muinshi mua dibue dikuluke"| CribRescue["1. Tangila bintu bia nzembu bidi bilenga; jika tshintu tshidi tshikosa anyi kuepuka dipetangana; 2. KUTUA panshi pa dibue didi dibuikila pa tshibandilu tshia tshitanda anyi pa mutu pa bulalu to; 3. Fika mu bipese bia ku luseke lua tshitanda bua kupatula muana ANYI lomba basungidi 2 bua kubandisha tshitanda tshitekete ne ku luseke lua tshitanda; 4. Kupula lupuishi lua lime/plaster ku mishiku, ku mishiku, ne ku mêsu diakamue"]
    ImmediateCheck -->|"Nzubu udi mutupu anyi bantu badimu mbapatuke kale"| EmptyRoom["1. Umbuka mu nzubu diakamue (mabaya a ku plafond adi apueka misangu ya bungi kunyima kua minite mikese); 2. Kanga tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia mu nzubu ne tshiamu tshinene tshia mayi pikala tshiamu tshia nzembu tshituta mulu; 3. Kanga tshiamu tshia HVAC tshia munkatshi ne kanga tshiibi tshia nzubu wa bulalu bua kulama lupuishi lua asbeste/plomb/silica; 4. Tangila bimanu bia plafond ku tshiibi: bimanu bia mabaya mbipanduluke anyi anu tshilamba tshidi tshipatuke?"]
    CribRescue --> MedicalTriage{"Muntu udibu bapandishe udi ne bimanyinu kayi?"}
    MedicalTriage -->|"Kakuyi diandamuna, disama dia mutu, dipuekesha dia luya, anyi Stridor / Dipuekesha dia luya"| EmergencyEMS["1. Bikila 911 / 112 / 999 diakamue; 2. Enza CPR wa muana/muntu mukulumpe pikala kayi wandamuna ne kayi upuyakana; 3. Ela mesu a lupuishi lua tshiamu tshia mitaku ne mayi malenga/saline munkatshi mua minite 15 to ne 20; 4. Imanyika mukolo wa mukolo pikala tshintu tshikole tshikuate ku mutu anyi ku nshingu"]
    MedicalTriage -->|"Ubike ne upuyakana, mubuikila kudi lupuishi lua kale lua ku plafond"| Decon["1. Ela diakamue mu lupepele luimpe; 2. Sukula bitekete bitekete mêsu ne mishiku ne mâyi a mukele anyi malenga; 3. Umbusha bilamba bidi ne lupuishi ne uowa mayi a luya (bikala nzubu wa kumpala kua 1980); 4. Keba munganga bua kumanya disama dia mutshima anyi disama dia tshiadi tshia mupuya"]

Bua tshinyi tshilamba tshia miosa ya tubalu ne plafond wa drywall muele mâyi bidi bikuluka musangu umue¶

1. Mudimu wa tshiamu tshia 100 tshia tshiamu tshia "Key Shear" tshia bidimu 100.¶

Mu nzubu ne mu nzubu ya tshilala benyi mibaka pankatshi pa 1850 ne 1955, bavua bibaka bimanu bia mabaya ne binunu ne binunu bia mabaya makese (tshilamba tshia mabaya, pa tshibidilu 6 x 38 mm / ¼ x 1.5 in) kuinshi kua mabaya a kuulu ne 6-to-10-millimeter (14-3-inch)/8-toch tshitupa pankatshi pa tshitupa tshionso. Pashishe benji ba tshiamu tshia mitaku bakateka bipese bisatu bia bujitu bia lime, nsenga, gypse, ne miosa ya nyama (miosa ya tubalu anyi ya ngombe bua kukolesha miosa) kuulu pa tshilamba tshia mabaya, bivua ne bunene bua 20 too ne ku 30 milimetre (¾ to ne ku 1,25 inches) ne bujitu bua 45 to ne ku kilogramme ku metre kare ku 29 too ne ku 29 kilo ku metre kare).

Bia mushinga, kakuena misonso anyi tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi tshilamba tshia plaster tshikole ku plafond to:

• Mushindu udi "Plaster Keys" wenza mudimu: Pavua tshilamba tshia kumpala tshia mayi ("scratch coat") tshibandishibua kuulu ku tshilamba tshia mutshi, mionji ya plaster miume ivua mifina mu bitupa bikese bia milimetre 8 pankatshi pa mitshi ne ivua mibuikila pa mutu pa luseke lua panyima lua tshilamba. Padibu bamane kukolesha, bipese ebi bidi bikuata, bidibu babikila ne: nshinga ya plaster, bivua bikuata tshibumba tshijima tshia mabue a bungi tshivua tshilengeja muinshi mua tshilamba.
• Mushindu udi dipanga dia tshifungu didi dienda dikola difikisha ku dikuluka dia domino:
• Mu bidimu lukama bia dikankamika (dienda dia makasa makole kuulu, biibi bidi bikuma, mashinyi a muinshi mua buloba anyi mashinyi manene adi pabuipi), divulangana dia kapia, anyi dipatuka dia mâyi a mu nzubu wa kuulu anyi a mu nzubu wa kuowa mâyi didi divuija mabaya a nsongo ne pashishe adi akepesha padiwu auma, makumi a nsongo ya plaster idi inyanguka idi ipatuka kunyima kua nzubu wa tshilala benyi munkatshi mua nzubu.
• Padi 20 pa lukama ya nsapi idi munkatshi mua plafond wa nzubu wa bulalu itshibuka, dibue dinene dia plaster didi ditapuluka 5 too ne ku 15 millimètres (¼ too ne ku ⅝ inch) kuinshi kua tshilamba tshia mutshi, dituma bujitu buadi buonso bufue pambelu pa nsapi idi kayiyi minyanguke idi pabuipi.
• Mu mbingu anyi ngondo, anyi diakamue padi tshina tshia kuowa mâyi tshia kuulu tshiuwule anyi tshiibi tshikuma, nshinga ya mu tshisasa idi ne bujitu bua bungi idi ifika ku tshipiminu tshiayi tshia dikosa ne idi ipatuka mu plafond mujima ne lubilu lua mutoyi, ipuekesha tshitupa tshikole tshia 3-ku-4-metre (10-ku-13-foot) tshia mabue a bujitu bua kilo+50 (1,100+ pounds) pa bulalu budi kuinshi.

2. Water-soaked gypsum drywall ne wet attic insulation pull-through¶

Ma plafond a matuku etu aa adibu bibake kunyima kua bidimu bia 1950 adi ne 12,7-millimetre (½-inch) anyi 15,9-millimeter (⅝-inch) gypsum drywall (plasterboard / Gib board) milamakaja ku mabaya anyi ku njila ya tshiamu tshia mitaku ne biamu bia drywall anyi nails:

• Bujitu buume ne bujitu bua mayi: Tshimanu tshiume tshia 16-millimeter (⅝-inch) tshidi ne bujitu bua 11 kilograms ku metre kare (2.2 pounds ku metre kare). Ino, gypsum i tshintu tshia mushinga mukole tshidi pankatshi pa mabeji abidi a bujitu, ne muaba wa kuulu udi pa mutu pa tshisasa tshia kuulu utu pa tshibidilu muwule tente ne 25 too ne ku 40 santimetre (10 too ne ku 16 inches) ya cellulose, fibre de verre anyi rockwool.
• Tshienzedi tshia tshiponji: Padi tshibandabanda tshia kuulu tshipatuka mu tshikondo tshia tshipepele tshikole, muonji wa HVAC wa mu nzubu wa kuulu ukanga, anyi tshina tshia kuulu tshia tshiibi tshia kuulu tshipatuka, tshilamba tshia kuulu tshidi tshienza mudimu bu tshiponji tshinene, tshikuata kilo 30 too ne ku 80 ya mâyi ku metre kare (6 too ne ku 16 ku metre kare) ne tshidi tshipueka bujitu buonso bua mayi buludiludi pa mutu pa plafond wa drywall.
• Dipatuka dia mabeji ne dikoka dia tshintu tshia kulamakaja natshi: Pabuipi ne 80 pa lukama ya bukole bua dikoseka dia dibeji dia drywall ne bukole bua dilama dia vis bidi bifumina ku tshilamba tshia dibeji dia kraft. Padi mayi apita mu tshitupa tshia gypsum ne alengeja tshitupa tshia dibeji tshia kuinshi, gypsum udi ukudimuka bu mush ne mitu mikese ya tshiamu tshia drywall idi ikoka buludiludi mu dibeji dia drywall. Bualu bua mabeji a drywall adi malamakaja pamue ku milonda ne tshiamu tshia mitaku ne tshilamba tshia mesh, padi dibeji dimue diume dilekela, didi dikosolola mabeji adi pabuipi mu pancake collapse.

Disungila dia tshitupa ku tshitupa padi plafond upona pa bulalu anyi pa tshitanda tshia muana¶

1. Bua tshinyi bitanda ne mitu ya bulalu bidi bienza tshibombi tshia "Tente" tshitekete¶

Padi tshilamba tshinene tshia drywall anyi tshitupa tshinene tshia miosa ya kabalu tshipatuka pa mutu pa nzubu wa bulalu, tshidi tshikuluka panshi bu karte ka manaya kadi kapona. Shi muana mulale munda mua tshitanda tshia tshitanda tshia mabaya anyi tshia tshiamu (tshidi ne bimanu bia ku luseke bidi 85 too ne ku 110 santimetre / 34 too ne ku 43 inches panshi) anyi muntu mukulumpe mu bulalu budi ne tshitanda tshile tshia ku mutu anyi tshia ku makasa, dibue didi dipona didi ditamba kuma ku mutu kua tshitanda anyi ku mutu kua bulalu kumpala.

Ebi bidi bifila umue wa ku nsombelu ibidi mikole:

1. Tshibumba tshidi katshiyi tshinyanguke anyi tshipanduluke ("The Tent"): Tshilamba tshia drywall anyi tshiamu tshia plaster tshidi tshikolesha ne nsuki tshidi tshipatuka munkatshi mu tshimfuanyi tshia V anyi tshidi tshishala tshibuikila ku tshibandilu tshia kuulu tshia tshitanda, tshilama 50 too ne ku 150 kilograme (110 too ne ku 330 pounds) ya bintu bitshibuka, bintu bia kuenza nabi mudimu ne bintu bia kulongolola nabi udi mubandishibue 20 too ne ku 40 santimetre (8 too ne ku 16 inches) pa mutu pa mubidi wa muana.
2. The Deadly Rescue Mistake: Mu buôwa bua bungi, muledi udi unyema mu nzubu wa bana udi ne mîdima ne lupuishi ne ukuata ditumba dimue dia dibue ne udi ukoka ku luseke, anyi udi uteta bua kutshibula munkatshi mua dibaya kumbukila kuulu. Kubandisha muelelu umua wa tshimanu tshitapuluke, tshidi ne mayi anyi tshibumba tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu kudi kuenza bua tshitupa tshinene tshia pankatshi tshikuluke panshi bu tshiamu tshia nzembu ne kuela bujitu buonso bua bitupa bia tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu ne lupuishi lua bidimu lukama lua mu nzubu wa tshisasa buludiludi panshi mu tshibombi tshia bulalu pa muana.

   SAFE CRIB EXTRICATION AFTER CEILING COLLAPSE

      [ Cracked Plaster / Drywall Slab Bridged on Crib Rails ]
     ==========================================================
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   <-- DO NOT push down on center or lift 1 end   ||
       ||       (hinges middle downward onto infant)       ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   OPTION A (1 Rescuer): Reach horizontally       ||
       ||   through side crib slats (or drop/spread rail)  ||
       ||   under the tented pocket and slide baby out.    ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||   OPTION B (2+ Rescuers): Grip BOTH sides of     ||
       ||   slab, support center crease, and lift UP       ||
       ||   and completely SIDEWAYS off crib like a lid.   ||
       ||                                                  ||
       ||               ( Infant on Mattress )             ||
     ==========================================================

2. Mushindu mulelela wa kupatula muana mutekete anyi mulale bimpe¶

• Tshitupa 1: Tangila ni nzembu ya nzembu idi ne muoyo pa tshitanda tshia bana anyi pa bulalu (Bidi bilomba tusunsa 2).
• Padi plafond wa mu nzubu wa bulalu upueka, udi unyangakaja tshiamu tshia mu plafond anyi ventilateur wa plafond tshidi munkatshi menemene mua nzubu, misangu ya bungi anu pa mutu pa bulalu anyi pa tshitanda tshia bana.
• Shi tshingoma tshia muendu anyi tshiamu tshia Romex/tshilamba tshia mu nzubu tshitshidi tshilamakaja ne tshitema anyi tshilenga tshiamu tshia tshitanda tshia bana, umbusha tshiamu tshia dikosa natshi nzembu anyi ukoka tshiamu atshi ne nkuasa wa mutshi muume anyi tshianza tshia tshisuku kumpala kua kulenga tshitanda tshia bana.
• Tshitupa 2: Tangila muinshi mua dibue dia tshibumba kupitshila ku bimanu bia ku luseke lua tshitanda.
• Ikala panshi ku luseke lua tshitanda tshia bana ne utangile pankatshi pa bimanu bia ku luseke bidi muinshi mua tshibumba tshia plafond.
• Bikala dibue dishindame pa tshibandilu tshia kuulu ne muaba udi muinshi muawu: KUENA kunyangakaja dibue dinene didi kulu nansha kakese. Pamutu pa nanku, fikila bianza biebe pankatshi pa bimanu bia ku luseke (anyi ubulule tshiibi tshia ku luseke tshidi tshipueka / tshidi tshipueka panshi, anyi ukoke bipese bibidi bia mabaya bia mu tshitanda) paudi wenza mudimu ne diboko dimue dia kumpala bua kulama mutu wa muana, ne bitekete bitekete patuisha muana ku luseke anyi kumbukila muinshi mua ntenta paudi umukuba ku mpala wende ne lupuishi anyi ne tshintu tshiudi wenza natshi mudimu tshilamba.
• Bikala dibue dikuluke munda mua tshitanda pa muana:
  1. Bikila muntu mukuabu mukulumpe diakamue pikala muntu mukuabu mu nzubu.
  2. Ela dibeji diakane, tshitupa tshinene tshia karton, anyi maboko ebe a kumpala muinshi mua tshitupa tshia panshi tshia dibue anu pa mutu pa muana bua kukuatshisha tshitupa tshia munkatshi bua katshipueka bitupa panshi to.
  3. Bandisha dibue dijima lulame KU MUTU ne udiangate ku luseke luonso pa tshibandilu tshia tshitanda kumpala kua kutshiteka panshi. Kuena ne bua kukudimuna bipese munda mua tshitanda to.

Diambuluisha dia kumpala bua dipuekesha dia lupuishi lua plaster, diosha dia mêsu a lime, ne mputa ya dibunda¶

1. Kusukula lupuishi lua tshiamu tshia mitaku, tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku ne tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku¶

Padi plafond wa plaster anyi wa drywall ukulukila pa muntu mukulumpe, muana anyi muana mutekete udi mulale, dikuma edi didi dipatula ditu dia sulfate wa calcium (gypse), hydroxyde wa calcium alkaline (calcaire mu plaster wa kale), nsenga ya silicate ya kristale, fibre de verre/cellulose insulation, ne decades of fiber/somotic noir tuishi. Kabidi, muntu udi mulale mubike ku tshiona tshikole udi wangata mupuya mukole kayi musue anu padi ditutu dia lupuishi dibuikila mpala wende:

1. Dilengeja dia lukasa dia mukana ne dia mishiku bua bana batekete ne bana:
2. Bana ba muinshi mua ngondo 6 badi bapuya mu mishiku; Shi tshiamu tshia plaster tshiume anyi lupuishi lua lime luume lubuikila mishiku yabu mikese, badi mua kufua lukasa nansha mudi mifuba yabu kayiyi mitapike.
3. Diakamue, kukupula mushiku wa muana, mishiku, ne mukana wa pambelu ne tshilamba tshitoke, ne wenze mudimu ne tshiamu tshia mu mishiku (anyi dipuekesha dia bupole) ne matonyi makese a mâyi a mukele anyi mâyi malenga bua kumbusha lupuishi lua plaster ku mishiku yonso ibidi.
4. Shi tshitupa tshinene tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu anyi tshia dibeji dia drywall tshimueneka munda mua mukana tshikanga njila wa luya, tshikomba bimpe ne munu mukese muele anu wewe mua kutshimona (kuenji nansha kakese dikomba dia munu mufofo to, didi dibueja bitupa bia munda menemene mu tshiadi); tangila kufua.
5. Tangila bua disama dia mu mikolo ne dia mu mishiku didi difumina ku lupuishi:
6. Lupuishi lua alkaline lua mu plaster wa kumpala kua 1955 ludi ne pH mukola udi unyingalaja mionji ya dîyi ne mishipa ya mu mikolo, udi ufila tshikoso tshikole, stridor wa mupuya mukole, anyi dipuekesha dia mupuya mukole mu minite mikese.
7. Ambula muntu udibu bashipe mu lupepele luimpe lua pambelu diakamue, umusombe mululame (anyi umukuate mululame pa dikaya diebe), umupeshe albuterol/salbutamol rescue inhaler ku diambuluisha dia spacer bikala muntu ne disama dia mputa, ne ubikile bena mudimu ba lukasa pikalaye ne lutatu lua kupuyakana, dipuekesha dia luya, didila dia mutoyi anyi dikokangana dikole; tangila tshipupu tshia mputa.

2. Kusukula lupuishi lua tshiamu tshia alkaline mu mêsu¶

Tshiamu tshia kale tshia tshiamu tshia calcaire tshidi ne calcium hydroxyde, tshidi tshikebesha disama dia tshiamu tshia mpala paditshi tshinyanguka mu filme wa binsonji, eku mabue a nsenga a gypsum ne a silice adi akosa mpala wa mêsu ku mêsu kuonso:

1. Ambila muntu udibu bashipe bua kubenga kukosa mêsu ende: Kukosa kudi kukosa nsenga ya silica ne nshinga ya fibre de verre too ne munda mua tshitupa tshia mêsu.
2. Ela mayi a mukele anyi mayi a mu pompi adi kaayi ne luya munkatshi mua minite 15 anyi 20: Ela mayi bitekete bitekete kumbukila ku ditumba dia munda dia dîsu (pabuipi ne muulu) pambelu pa dîsu diunzuluke bua bitupa bia tshiamu tshia lime bipatuke kabiyi bibuela mu dîsu dikuabu. Koka tshitupa tshia kuulu tshia mêsu bitekete bitekete kumpala pa mutu pa nsuki ya kuinshi bua kuambuluisha binsonji bua kupatula bintu bidi muinshi mua tshilamba tshia kuulu; tangila mputa ya ku mêsu.

3. Kukonkonona mutu mubumbakane, mukolo wa mu nshingu, ne disama dia nshingu¶

Tshintu tshia 30-millimetre (1.2-inch) tshia tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia kale tshidi tshikole bu tshibumba tshia beton, ne tshiamu tshia kuulu tshidi tshipueka tshidi ne bujitu bua 10 to ne 20 kilograms (22 to 45 pounds):

• Shi muntu uvuabu bashipe uvua mukuatshike ku mutu, ku nshingu, anyi ku mukolo ne muikale ne dijimija dia lungenyi, dipanga dia lungenyi, disama dia nshingu, dipanga dia lungenyi, disama dia mu nshingu, disama dia nshingu anyi dia nshingu, anyi muaba mutekete/mutekete mu mutu wa muana mutekete, ikala ne mutu ne nshingu kayiyi yenza mudimu pamue ne mubidi wabu wa munganga ne windile anu mu nzubu tshinyangu tshia lukasa tshia dikuluka dibidi; tangila mputa ku mutu ne mputa ya mukolo.

Mulongo wa malu a bukubi a nzubu, a nzembu, ne asbestos/plomb kunyima kua dikuluka¶

Padi bantu bonso ne bimuna bia mu nzubu bapatuka mu nzubu bimpe ne luondapu luenda luenzeka, londa malu atanu aa adi atangila bukubi bua nzubu panyima pa dikuluka dia nzubu kumpala kua kulekela muntu yonso upingana mu tshitupa atshi tshia nzubu:

1. Manya ni uvua "Dikuluka dia tshilamba" anyi "Dinyanguka dia tshiamu tshia mitaku":
2. Temesha muendu ku tshiibi tshiunzulula too ne ku mabaya a plafond (mabaya) kuyi wenda muinshi mua tshilamba tshidi tshishala:
3. Bikala mabaya a 2x8 anyi 2x10 mikale mimpe, milulame, ne mishindame, ne anu mabeji a drywall anyi dikoba dia plaster-and-lath didi dipatuka kuinshi, tshisasa tshia kuulu tshidi anu tshikoleshibue (nansha mudi bitupa bia plafond bidi bishala mu nzubu au mua kukuluka).
4. Bikala tshilamba tshia ku plafond tshia mabaya tshipanduluke, tshipanduluke, tshibole tshifiike bua dipatuka dia mayi mutantshi mule, anyi tshipueka panshi, tshisasa tshijima tshia kulu tshidi mu njiwu ya dikuluka dia nzubu. Patuka mu nzubu udi kuinshi ne mu nzubu udi kuulu diakamue ne ubikile bena mudimu ba kapia anyi muena mudimu wa nzubu; tangila dinyanguka dia nzubu ne dikuluka.
5. Kima tshiamu tshia nzembu NE tshiamu tshinene tshia kukanga natshi mayi (bikalabi):
6. Nansha mudiku kakuyi nzembu mipatuke mu tshikondo tshia dikuluka, mayi adi apueka mu bibombi bia nzembu bia ku plafond anyi mu bibombi bia mu tshibombi bidi bifila kapia ka nzembu diakamue ne njiwu ya dikuma dia nzembu. Jima tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshifila bukole ku minda ya ku plafond ne ku bintu bidi bimanyisha muishi.
7. Shi dikuluka difumina ku dipatuka dia mayi, kanga diakamue tshiamu tshinene tshia kukanga natshi mayi tshia nzubu webe; tangila milonda ya mashika ne dibutuka dia kuulu.
8. Mudi asbestos, pente wa plomb, ne lupuishi lua Hantavirus (nzubu ya kumpala kua 1985):
9. KUKOMBA anyi kukomba bipese bia ku plafond bia kumpala kua 1985 ne tshiamu tshia kukomba natshi anyi tshisuku tshia mu nzubu. Ma plafond adibu bateka anyi balongolole kumpala kua bidimu bia 1980 atu misangu ya bungi ne 1 too ne ku 10 pa lukama bia asbeste wa chrysotile anyi wa tremolite mu "popcorn" wa acoustic, pa bimanu bia paint, paint, plaster anyi plaster Zonolite (vermiculite) pebble attic insulation, ne high-concentration lead paint ne tuishi tua nyama ya nsengu.
10. Kukomba anyi kwingidija tshiamu tshia mudimu tshia pa tshibidilu kudi kuenza bua asbeste ne plomb miliyo ya bungi ikale mu nzubu mujima.
11. Dilama dia bukubi: Jima ventilateur wa HVAC wa munkatshi, ela tshilamba tshia plastique pa mutu pa bipese bia HVAC bia mu nzubu, upuekesha lupuishi lua bintu bia mu budimi ne tshiamu tshia pompe wa mu budimi + ditontolola dia sabuni wa kusukula nabi bintu bua kulama lupuishi lutoke bua kaluyi mua kuenda mu lupepele, kanga tshiibi tshia nzubu wa bulalu, ne uteka tshilamba tshia kuowa natshi ku tshiibi tshia kuinshi kua tshiibi too ne padi muaba umueneka dipuekesha dia bintu didi dilongolola; tangila luya lua radon, asbeste, ne plomb peinture exposure triage.

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya bibambalu¶

Shi dikuluka dia plafond dikuata muntu udi musombelamu, dienza mputa ku mutu anyi ku mupuya, dileja nzembu ya kapia, anyi dienza bua bimanu bia nzubu binyanguke, ubikile nimero wa njiwu wa muaba unudi diakamue. Bibambalu bia kapia bia mu tshimenga bidi ne biamu bia foto bia luya (bua kumona miaba idi nzembu misokome ne njila ya mâyi mu bimanu), biamu bia kutangila nabi luya, ne bilamba bia kusungila nabi bantu. Tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Bua tshinyi bimanu bia kale bia miosa ya tubalu bidi bikuluka diakamue kakuyi dipatuka dia mayi?¶

Mu nzubu miibaka kumpala kua munkatshi mua bidimu bia 1950, plafond wa plaster mukola wa lime ne gypsum (udi ne bujitu bua kilo 40 too ne ku 60 ku metre kare, anyi kilo 8 too ne ku 12 ku metre kare) udi anu ne "nshinga ya plaster", mionji ya plaster miume idi mifina mu bipese bia mabaya bidi pankatshi pa bipese bia mabaya ne bipese bia mabaya kuulu pavua plafond muenza ne trowel ku ntuadijilu. Mu bidimu 70 too ne ku 120 bia disomba dia nzubu, dikankamika dia njila, dienda dia makasa dia kuulu, ne dishintuluka dia luya, nshinga ya tshiamu tshia nzembu idi inyanguka ne inyanguka kunyima kua tshilamba tshia mabaya. Padi nfungulu mikumbane itshibuka munkatshi mua nzubu, dibue dinene dia tshiamu tshia nzembu didi dipueka kule ne tshilamba, dipitshisha nfungulu idi minyunguluke mu tshienzedi tshia tshijengu, ne dipuekesha plafond mujima mu tshitupa tshikese tshia sekonde umue.

Mmunyi mundi mua kumanya ni tshisasa tshia kale tshidi mu njiwu ya kukuluka kumpala kua kukuluka?¶

Keba bimanyinu binayi bia kale bia didimuija: tshia kumpala, tshibandilu tshidi tshimueneka tshipueka, tshibumba, anyi "difu" mu tshilamba tshia ku plafond (tshidi mua kumueneka bimpe padibu batemesha muendu wa toshete mu tshibandilu pa plafond butuku); tshibidi, miaba mile idi ne matamba adi ne nseke ibidi kayiyi kabidi mipetangana (luseke lumue lua tshitupa etshi ludi lupueka panshi kupita lukuabu); tshia busatu, nsenga anyi nsenga idi ipueka mu bipese padi muntu wenda mulu; ne tshinayi, "diteta dia tshisuku": wewe mufina bitekete bitekete kuulu pa plafond pabuipi ne tshitupa tshidi tshipanduluke ne tshianza tshia tshisuku tshidi ne tshilamba ne tshiamu tshia plaster tshidi tshienda tshibandila kuulu ne milimetre ya bungi ne mutoyi wa tshisuku, nshinga ya plaster idi mipatuke ku tshilamba tshia mutshi ne plafond udi mua kukuluka dîba kayi dionso.

Bua tshinyi kuena ne bua kuela panshi anyi kutenteka luseke lumue lua dibue dia plafond didi dikuluke pa tshitanda tshia muana?¶

Bu mudi bimanu binayi bikole bia tshitanda tshia muana bidi ne bule bua santimetre 85 too ne ku 110 (34 too ne ku 43 inches), tshilamba tshia drywall anyi tshia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi tshipueka pa tshibidilu tshidi tshibuela mu tshibandilu tshia ku mutu kua tshitanda tshia muana bu tshilamba tshia ku mesa ("ntenta"), tshiimana 20 too ne ku 40 santimetre pa mutu pa matela ne kukuba muana muinshi mua matela. Bikala muledi udi ne buôwa ukeba kutshibula tshilamba tshia kuulu anyi ubandisha anu luseke lumue lua tshilamba tshidi tshipanduluke ne tshidi ne mâyi, tshitupa tshinene tshia munkatshi tshidi tshipueka panshi bu tshiamu tshia V ne tshiela nkama ya kilo ya plaster ne lupuishi lua tshiamu tshia mitaku/lupuishi lua mu nzubu wa tshisasa buludiludi pa mpala wa muana. Misangu yonso, fika mu njila wa ku luseke lua tshitanda tshia bana bua kupatula muana muinshi mua ntenta, anyi lomba bantu babidi bakole bua kubandisha tshilamba atshi buludiludi ne ku luseke luonso lua tshitanda tshia bana.

Lupuishi lua ku plafond mukuluke ludi ne njiwu ya kupuyakana anyi kubuela mu mêsu ebe anyi?¶

Eyowa. Tshia kumpala, tshilamba tshia kumpala kua 1955 tshidi ne tshiamu tshia calcium hydroxyde (calcaire mujimije) ne nsenga ya silicate ya kristale, idi mua kufikisha ku disama dia tshimpitshimpi ne ku dinyanguka dia mêsu ne ku dienza dia bronchospasme (dipuekesha dia mupuya ne divula dia njila wa luya) padibu bapuekesha, nangananga kudi bana batekete ne kudi bantu badi ne disama dia mputa. Tshibidi, plafond ne miaba ya kuulu ya nzubu mibaka kumpala kua 1980 too ne 1990 itu misangu ya bungi ne asbeste udi mua kunyanguka (mu mishindu ya popcorn, mu tshiamu tshia drywall, anyi mu tshiamu tshia vermiculite), lupuishi lua plomb, nshinga ya fibre de verre, ne tuishi tua nyama ya nsengu miume pa mutu pa tshilamba. Misangu yonso, ikala usukula mêsu adi ne lupuishi ne mâyi malenga munkatshi mua minite 15, usukula mishiku ya bana batekete diakamue, ukanga ventilateur wa HVAC, ne usukule bikulukulu bia kumpala kua 1985 pamutu pa kubikomba.

Bua tshinyi ndi ne tshia kujima tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia mu nzubu diakamue kunyima kua dikuluka dia plafond?¶

Pabuipi ne nzubu yonso wa bulalu anyi wa tshilala benyi udi ne tshintu tshia kutemesha natshi muendu, tshiamu tshia nzembu, anyi tshipepele tshia ku plafond tshiteka ku kazubu ka kusangisha nzembu mu plafond, ne kabidi nshinga ya nzembu idi ipita pa mabaya. Padi kilo 300 (660 paundi) ya tshimanu tshiume anyi tshiamu tshia plaster tshipatuka, misangu ya bungi tshidi tshipatula tshiamu tshia kutokesha natshi mu plafond anyi tshipatula tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia 120-volt anyi 230-volt, tshiela bintu bidi ne muoyo buludiludi mu bisuku bia mâyi, mu gypse mutoke, anyi ku biamu bia bulalu ne ku tshitanda tshia bulalu. Kujima tshiamu tshia nzembu kudi kumbusha njiwu ya dikuma dia nzembu mu tshikondo tshia dipandisha ne kudi kupangisha kapia ka nzembu mu mabaya adi patoke.

Mukanda ewu udi ufila diambuluisha dia dikuluka dia plafond, ditapulula dia bintu bia mudimu, ne mikenji ya diambuluisha dia kumpala dia lupuishi anyi lupuishi ne kawena upingana pa muaba wa dikonkonona dia nzubu dia bamanyi, dijimija dia asbeste dijadika, anyi luondapu lua bamanyi to. Ela meji bua kulonga diambuluisha dia kumpala dia bana ne bakulumpe ne CPR ku diambuluisha dia Croix-Rouge anyi dia St John Ambulance.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dinyanguka dia nzubu ne dikuluka
• Dikuluka dia panshi, mabaya a mu tshina tshia kuowela mabole, ne tshina tshia kuowela anyi tshia kuowa mâyi tshidi tshibuela panshi
• Gaz wa radon, asbeste, ne plomb wa peinture exposure triage
• Dibutuka dia kuulu
• Mputa ku mutu

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• U.S. National Park Service (NPS) Technical Preservation Services: Preservation Brief 21: Repairing Historic Flat Plaster: Walls and plafond (Plaster Key Failure Mechanics)
• Tshibambalu tshia dikuba dia buloba tshia mu États-Unis (EPA) ne tshibambalu tshia malu a bukubi ne makanda a mubidi (OSHA): Kulama lupuishi lua asbestos ne lua plomb mu tshikondo tshia dikuluka dia plafond ne disukula dia bintu bidi binyanguke kudi mâyi
• Mulombodi wa malu a bukola bua mubidi ne bukubi (HSE, Royaume-Uni): Bulombodi bua mudimu wa asbestos (HSG210): Bintu bia kulengeja nabi (Artex) ne bimanu bia Lath ne Plaster
• Tshilongelu tshia bena Amerike tshia malu a bana (AAP) ne tshisumbu tshia muoyo tshia bena Amerike (AHA): Diumusha dia njila wa luya lua bana, dipuekesha dia mubidi wa pambelu, ne mikenji ya dienza dia CPR dia bana
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a tshimpitshimpi tshia mbulamatadi (FEMA, mu États-Unis): Mikenji ya dikeba ne disungila bantu mu bimenga (USAR) idi ne butoke bua muaba udi kauyi ne tshintu ne ntenta ya bulalu