Dibutuka dijima mu tshina tshia mabue, mu tshina tshia mabue, anyi mu mazuwa adi manyanguke: Kupeta bulombodi budi bujimine mu dimueneka dia zero¶

Kubandisha dilongo dia ultrafine sediment (bentonite, marl, anyi calcium carbonate buloba) munda mua tshina tshia muinshi mua mayi, cenote wa mu Mexique, tshina tshia mabue tshidi tshiuwule tente ne mâyi, anyi njila wa mazuwa udi mubuele mu mâyi udi ushintuluka 50-meter (165-foot) tshimuenekelu tshitoke mu bitotshi bifiike, kakuyi tshimuenekelu mu bitupa bikese bia 3 sekonde. Tshidi tshibi menemene, miaba idi pa mutu pa buloba itu misangu ya bungi ne tshitupa tshia buloba tshidi tshilamakaja ku plafond, tshidi tshiloka bu mvula wa tshipepele tshikole dîba didi bipese bia mupuya bidi bienda bivula bia muena mayi bibuela mu dibue dia calcaire didi pa mutu pa mutu. Mu tshitupa tshia pa mutu mudi mabue anyi tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia metre nkama ya bungi tshipangisha dibandila dia pa mutu pa buloba, tshijimija dipetangana dia mubidi ne tshilombodi tshia nylon tshidi tshitungunuka (gold line / cave line) mu tshikondo tshia dibutuka dia buloba bujima ke tshidi tshikebesha lufu lua dikuata dia muinshi mua mayi. Shi muena mayi udi utshina, udi wela luya lua bungi mu minite mikese ya mupuya (RMV) a 45+ liters per minute, ne udi wela mâyi mu tshimpitshimpi ukeba mushindu wa kupatuka kayi muele tshintu tshia kukeba natshi, nebaoshe mu Rule of Thirds patuka mu gaz wa tshilaminu mu minite mikese paudi wenda uya mu nzubu udi kayi ne njila.

Shi muntu udi mu tshina tshia mabue, mu tshina tshia mabue, anyi mu tshina tshia mazuwa mupangile bua kufika pa mutu pa dîba anyi yeye mumane kupatuka kunyima kua yeye mumane kupatuka ne bimanyinu bia masama a mitu anyi a mu mikolo, bikila nimero wa lupitadi lua muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis, mu Canada ne mu Mexique, 112 mu matunga masanga a ku Mputu, 999 mu Royaume-Uni), yukila ne Divers Alert Network (DAN) 24-Hour Emergency Hotline (+1-919-684-9111), didimuija dia tshitupa tshia Cave Rescue (IUCRR / NSS-CDS / BCRC), anyi tangila tshilaminu tshietu tshia buloba bujima tshia nomba ya tshimpitshimpi. Bua kupeta buludiki bua malu a bungi a dibuela mu mayi ne a muinshi mua buloba, bala régulateur de scuba free-flow, out-of-air, and CESA ascents, dibuela mu mayi ne njiwu ya muinshi mua mayi, ne dibunda dia mu tshina ne dia spelunking, dibutuka dia mâyi, ne dipanga dia butoke. Londa buoyancy-stop, safety-spool tie-off, circular sweep search, ne directional line-arrow protocols idi kuinshi eku.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. IMANIKA MUSHINDU ONSO WA KUENZA DIAMU DIAMUE NE UKANGE BUOYANCY WEBE: Dimona dia musangu muibidi didi dipueka anyi udi umona ne: udi mujimije dimona ne dilenga dia bulombodi budi butungunuka, imana pa muaba (hover or kneel lightly if already on a solid rock floor). Dikuma dionso dia mu tshitupa tshia buloba didi dijula ​​dilongo dia bungi mu tshibandilu ne dikufikisha kule ne mulongo uuvua pabuipi ne sekonde 3 mimane kupita.
2. LEKELA MUPEYA WEBE BUA KUKUBA "MUKANDA WA BITUPA" BUA KUPUTUKA MU MUTU: Adrenaline udi ubandisha lubilu lua mupuya webe misangu isatu, udi ukebesha hypercapnie (CO2 buildup), dijimija dia lungenyi, ne dijimina dia lukasa dia tshina. Ela mupuya bitekete bitekete mu masekonde 4 ne upuekesha mupuya mu masekonde 6 paudi utangila tshipiminu tshia bukole tshia muinshi mua mâyi (SPG) pa kukuata tshiamu tshia luminescent buludiludi ku tshilamba tshiebe tshia mpala ne muendu webe wa panyima mufina ku dikalashi.
3. KUENZA MUABA WA NDEKELU WA KUDIMUENA NE SPOOL WA KUDIMUENA: Kuena ne bua kuowa mâyi kuyi musuike mu muaba udi kauyi umueneka bua kukeba tshina anyi mulongo wa mazuwa adi manyanguke to. Suika tshilamba tshiebe tshia bukubi tshidi tshijimine (or gap reel) buludiludi ku tshintu tshidi katshiyi tshienda, tshidi katshiyi tshienda anu muaba uvua muimane (a rock projection, stalagmite, pipe, or clipped onto a heavy stage bottle placed on the floor - ki mmusuika kudi mulunda udi wenda pa mâyi to).
4. SWEE LOW AND HIGH KUENZA MUDIMU WA TAUT SAFETY SPOOL MU EXPANDING ARCS: Kuata tshintu tshia bukubi tshisuika bikole ku tshianza tshimue bua wewe kumona mua kudipingaja ku tshibangidilu tshiebe. Olola diboko diebe dia tshianana dikomba kumbukila panshi too ne ku plafond (using the back of your open hand or an "OK" finger ring, never clawing fingers that snag and snap the line) mu 360-degree tshijengu anyi tshitupa tshia tshijengu tshia pendulum search, kupatuka 1 metre (3.3 feet) kumpala pa dipita dionso too ne padi diboko diebe dia kumpala dibuela mu njila munene.
5. KALAMIKA MUSHINDU WA KUPATUKA PA KUMVUA MUSHINDU WA MUSHINDU WA MULONGO: Padi tshianza tshiebe tshilenga tshilombodi tshinene, enza "OK" unyunguluka mulongo ne munu webe munene ne munu webe wa tshianza (never pull hard on the line or let go of it). Ela bitekete bitekete pa mulongo eku ulama tshiamu tshiebe tshia bukubi tshilamakaja too ne padi minu yebe ilenga tshintu tshia plastique tshia nseke isatu Directional Line Arrow (Dorff Arrow): mu dilombola dia maleta a bampofu, tshitupa tshikese tshia muele tshidi tshileja misangu yonso ku tshibuelelu tshia pabuipi tshidi mua kupuyakana, eku tshishimikidi tshinene tshitangile mu tshina.
6. PATUKA MU "TOUCH CONTACT" WA KUTUADILA BIkala TEAMTE GAS OR LIGHT FAIL: Enza tshisumbu tshia bantu tshia mulongo umua ku luseke lua njila: muena mudimu wa kumpala udi ukuata mulongo ne "OK" tshilamba tshia munu padi muena mayi udi panyima mukuate bicep anyi diboko dia muena mayi wa kumpala (Touch Contact), wenza mudimu ne bimanyinu bia kufina ne kufina bua kupitshila mu mikandu ne kuabanya gaz too ne ku mayi.

Mutshi wa dipangadika: kushala ne muoyo mu tshina tshia mabue, mu tshina tshia mabue, anyi mu tshina tshia mazuwa tshidi tshinyanguke ne mulongo mujimine¶

Wenza mudimu ne mutshi wa dipangadika dia malu a muaba udibu basombele udi umueneka diakamue ku zero:

flowchart TD
    Silt["Dibutuka dia tshimpitshimpi dia Zero-Visible Silt-Out mu Nkuna, Cenote, anyi Shipwreck"] --> LineCheck{"1. Minwe yebe idi ilenga tshilele tshinene anyi?"}
    LineCheck -->|"EYOWA: Mulongo wa dikuata"| HoldOK["KEPE 'OK' FINGER LOOP ON LINE: Lekela dikuma, ikala ne buoyancy neutre, shintulula ku dikuma dia flutter too ne ku dikuma dia frog/modified"]
    HoldOK --> BuddyCheck{"Mulunda webe udi mu malanda anyi?"}
    BuddyCheck -->|"EYOWA"| FeelArrow["Tangila mu mulongo too ne ku mulongo wa njila udi pabuipi Arrow: Umvua nsongo ya nsongo idi ileja EXIT; kuowela bitekete bitekete"]
    BuddyCheck -->|"NO: Mulunda udi mujimine"| TieSpool["Suika tshiamu tshia bukubi buludiludi pa tshilombodi tshinene; Komba 3 too ne ku 5 m pa tshitupa tshikole pa tshibombi tshikole paudi ukuma tshibombi tshia tshibombi bua kubikila mulunda"]
    LineCheck -->|"NO: Dijimija dia malanda ne buludiki"| Freeze["1. IMANYA DIAMUE: Kakuyi dikuma dia fin; ikala muulu anyi wikishe kakese pa dibue dikole/tshibandilu; kupuyakana bitekete bitekete (4s mu / 6s pambelu)"]
    Freeze --> AnchorSpool["2. MUSHINDU WA KUDIMUENA MUSHINDU: Lamakaja mulongo wa tshibombi ku dibue dikole didi dipatuka, stalagmite, tshibumba tshia dibutuka, anyi tshintu tshidi ne bujitu tshidi panshi"]
    AnchorSpool --> Sweep["3. ENZA TAUT-SPOOL CIRCULAR SWEEP: Lama tshilongo tshia spool tshikole; kukomba tshianza tshia tshianana kumbukila panshi too ne ku plafond mu 1.5 m, 3 m, ne 4.5 m arcs"]
    Sweep --> FoundLine{"4. Uvua mupetangane ne bena mudimu banene anyi?"}
    FoundLine -->|"EYOWA"| TieIn["Suika tshiamu tshia bukubi buludiludi pa njila munene (tshimanyinu tshia difika); kukosa/kulama mukila wa tshingoma anu pikala nkayebe; umvua muele wa mulongo mutangile ku EXIT"]
    FoundLine -->|"NO: Kusukula kua tshianana"| EntangleCheck["Tangila bipese biebe, ma valve a tanki, ne bande ya cam (Udi mua kuikala ne muonji mutshibuka/mukoka pa tshiamu tshiebe tshia mudimu); shi utshidi mujimine, banda ku tshimanu tshia ku plafond ne ulame kapepe bua kukusungila"]

Tshitupa 1: Fizike wa dilengeja dia buloba ne dijadika dia lukasa¶

Bua tshinyi tshina tshia mabue anyi tshibumba tshidi tshipatuka lukasa, ne bua tshinyi kuena mua kuindila anu "minite 10 bua bitotshi bimane"?

1. Bikondo bia dijadika dia mikenji ya Stokes: Nsenga ne mabue a calcaire Marl ne dilongo dia colloidal¶

Padi muena mayi uvuale bipese bia mu mayi biunzulula wenza flutter kick pabuipi ne panshi mu tshina tshia mabue anyi mu nzubu wa motere wa mazuwa, tshipepele tshia mayi tshidi tshipueka tshidi tshituta bitupa bia bintu bidi mu mayi. Bilondeshile Mukenji wa Stokes, lubilu lua dipueka ludi lupetangana ne bunene bua diametre wa tshitupa:

2. Anti-Silt Propulsion ne Body Trim (Why Flutter Kicks Are Banned)¶

Dîba diudi umona ditutu dia buloba dibanda panyima pebe (or before entering any low-clearance restriction): 1. Angata Horizontal 0-Degree Kukosa (Makasa Mabandisha Kakese ku 10 to 15 Degrees): Kuena ne bua kuowa mâyi mu "seahorse" mutu mulu, makasa panshi (45-degree angle), udi ulombola tshintu tshionso tshidi tshibuela buludiludi mu buloba bua bitotshi. Ikala ne mubidi webe mululame ne inama binu biebe ku 90 degrees nunku bipese biebe bidi bishala mu tshitupa tshia kuulu tshia tshilongo tshia mayi. 2. Shintula anu ku Frog Kick, Modified Flutter, anyi Pull-and-Glide: - Frog Kick: Udi utuma mayi bululame panyima (mu tshikoso) panyima pa muena mayi pamutu pa kuya panshi. - Modified Shuffle / Micro-Frog: Udi unyunguluka anu bikono mu tshitupa tshia 15-centimetre pa mutu pa mataku bua kuikala ne mikandu mikole. - Kukoka ne kusemena ne munu (tshimanu tshia mu tshina tshia mabue / tshibumba tshia tshinyangu): Pa mabue adi kaayi ne tshintu anyi pa biamu bia tshiamu tshikole (kakuyi nansha kakese pa mabue a stalactite adi kaayi ne bukole anyi pa tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshinyanguke), enza mudimu ne minu ibidi bua kukoka ne kusemena kumpala bitekete bitekete kakuyi dienda dia tshiadi. Kuena muanji kudikoka ku tshianza pa tshianza pa kukoka buludiludi pa tshibandilu tshia mu tshina tshia nylon, tshidi tshikoka mulongo ku mielelu ya mabue a nsongo ne tshipatula bitupa bia pankatshi (placements).

Tshitupa 2: Tshilongelu tshia bulombodi tshijimija (Taut Spool Anchor ne Circular Sweep)¶

Shi udi mubuela mu mulongo kudi mulunda webe udi ne buôwa, mulekele tshiamu tshia mashinyi mu tshikondo tshia dikokangana, anyi mukudimuke kunyima kua dikuata foto wa muinshi mua mayi bua kudimona mu dipanga dia mabele ne tshikolakola kuyi ne mulongo mu tshianza tshiebe, enza NACD / NSS-CDS / GUE Lost Line Protocol:

1. Mulongo wa dipingaja dia mulongo mujimine ku kakese ku kakese¶

1. Tshitupa 1: Imana, Uteke, ne Tangila mubidi webe kumpala (First 10 Seconds):
2. Misangu ya bungi, bualu budi buenza bua mukenji eu "ujimine" budi ne: uvua muele biamu biebe (wrapped around a tank valve, stage bottle bolt snap, dive computer strap, or fin heel strap) ne udi umukoka ku dibue dia dibue ne wewe.
3. Paudi ushala anu muimane, ela bianza biebe bimpe pa bipese biebe, pa maboko ebe, pa tshibombi tshiebe tshia butoke, ne pa nshingu yebe bua kujadika ne: muonji kawena muanji kukuata mubidi webe to.
4. Tshitupa 2: Ela ne ulamakaja tshiamu tshieba tshia bukubi (Point of Last Contact):
5. Umbusha tshibombi tshieba tshia bukubi (45 meters / 150 feet of #24 braided nylon line with a double-ended stainless steel bolt snap)** ku D-ring webe wa kunyima anyi wa tshiadi.
6. Fika panshi anyi ku luseke bua kupeta tshitupa tshikole, tshidi katshiyi tshiendakana (a bedrock horn, stalagmite base, heavy shipwreck pipe, or your own lead weight/stage bottle placed on the floor). Ela mulongo wa tshibombi misangu ibidi pa dibue ne upingaje tshitupa tshia ku ndekelu pa mulongo udi muimane.
7. Ntshinyi tshiudi mua kuenza wewe muikale munkatshi mua buloba budi kabuyi ne tshintu tshidi katshiyi ne mabue a kusuika? Wenda ne muele wa dibuela mu mâyi, muele wa nshinga wa titanium/cookie, anyi tshintu tshiebe tshia pa mutu tshidi tshikuata buludiludi panshi pa buloba bua dilongo bu mutshi wa tshitupa tshîpi - kukebi nansha kakese kuyi ne pivot wa munkatshi udi mushindame.
8. Tshitupa 3: Pendulum wa tshijengu / Dikeba dia tshijengu:
9. Kuata tshiamu tshia bukubi tshikole ku tshianza tshiebe tshia balume (keeping tension on the line so you cannot drift away from your anchor).
10. Ela pambelu 1.5 metres (5 feet) too ne padi tshilongo tshikuimanyika.
11. Bualu bulombodi bua mu tshina tshia mabue ne bua bintu bidi binyanguke kabutu misangu mivule panshi to - batu misangu mivule basuika 0.6 too ne ku 1.5 metre (2 too ne ku 5 feet) ku tshimanu anyi basuika munkatshi mua mayi - udi ne tshia kukomba diboko diebe dia balume kumbukila panshi too ne ku plafond pa tshibandilu tshionso paudi wenda unyunguluka.
12. Lama tshianza tshiebe tshia kukomba tshiunzulula ne minu pamue (kukomba ne diboko dia kumpala ne tshianza) bua wewe kumvua mulongo wa nylon mukole ukuata ku diboko diebe pamutu pa kutshikuata ne minu mikosa ne kutshikoka ku dibue diatshi.
13. Shi 1.5-meter tshijengu tshia radius (anyi 180-degree wall-to-wall arc) kena ulenga mulongo to, upatule mulongo mukuabu wa metre 1,5 (5 feet) wa spool (now at 3 meters / 10 feet radius) ne kukomba mu njila mukuabu. Pingaja pa 4.5 meters (15 feet). Malu mapite pa 95 pa lukama a dijimija dia njila adi enzeka mutantshi wa metre 3 ne njila munene.
14. Tshitupa 4: Kulamakaja mu bulombodi bunene ne kubala bimanyinu bia kulenga:
15. Diakamue padi diboko diebe dia kumpala dikuata tshilombodi tshinene, enza "OK" enza tshijengu pa mulongo munene ne munu webe munene ne munu webe wa tshianza bua wewe kubenga kujimija kabidi.
16. Ela tshiamu tshieba tshia bukubi misangu ibidi pa tshibandilu tshinene ne ela tshiamu tshieba tshia kukanga natshi tshia nsongo ibidi pa mulongo wa tshiamu (locking your search line onto the main highway).
17. Shi udi nkayebe (anyi mulunda webe ukadi nebe), udi mua kupingana kunyima bua kupeta ndekelu wa tshiamu tshieba, anyi kukosa ne kupeta mulongo wa tshikebelu bimpe bua wewe kubenga kushiya "false exit trap line" udi ne njiwu mu tshina.

2. Dilombola dia maleta a bampofu pa mulongo: Mikete (Dorff), Cookies, ne REM Markers¶

Mu tshibungi, kakuena tshimuenekelu nansha tshimue padi nsenga mikole menemene bua kufina 1,500-lumen butoke bua tshibombi tshia kumpala budi butangila dikala dia tshilamba tshiebe tshia mpala budi buleja anu butoke bua mvinyo, udi ne bua kupitshilamu mujima ku kulenga (Braille Out):

Tshitupa 3: Kupatula mulongo wa bintu ne kuenza mudimu wa dipatuka dia tshisumbu tshia "Touch-Contact"¶

Bilumbu bikuabu bibidi bitu misangu ya bungi bifikisha ku dinyanguka dia buloba didi kadiyi dimueneka: mulongo wa dibuela (mulongo wa tshina udi munyanguke anyi tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi tshinyanguka tshidi tshinyunguluka biamu bia tshina tshiebe anyi bipese bia mashinyi) ne dinyanguka dia gaz/butoke didi dilomba bua tshisumbu tshia bampofu tshipatuke.

1. Mushindu kayi wa kujikija dinyanguka dia mulongo wa Zero-Visibility kuyi ukosa njila munene¶

MUYUKI WA MUSHINDU: Kukoki nansha kakese muele wa dibuela mu mayi ne kutshibula tshintu tshikole tshidi tshikunyunguluke mu mushindu udi kauyi umueneka pa kumbusha wewe muikale mumane kusuika tshiamu tshia bukubi ku nseke yonso ibidi ya tshilamba. Wewe mukose njila munene wa mu tshina tshia mabue kuyi muanji kutshibuikila, nsongo ibidi mikosa idi ipingana panyima metre 3 mu nseke mishilangane mu bitotshi bifiike bikole, ne ikushiya wewe ne muena mayi yonso udi mu tshina tshia mabue mutapuluke kashidi ne tshibuelelu: 1. Lekela kuenda ne umanyishe mulunda webe (Never Twist or Kick): Kunyunguluka bu mudi tshibombi tshidi tshinyunguluka tshilamba tshimue tshia nylon mu tshilongo tshia 10 tshidi tshinyunguluka bitupa biebe bia kumpala ne tshiamu tshia SPG. 2. Indila bua mulunda webe akupatule ku dikulenga: Shi mulunda webe udi ukutangila, ikala kayi unyema nansha kakese (hands in front of your face holding the intact line coming from the exit side) padi mulunda webe wenza mudimu ne minu yende bua kubandisha bitekete bitekete tshilamba tshia slack pa nsongo ya dikasa diebe anyi pa valve wa tank. 3. Bikala Solo anyi Bonso babidi badi mu dibuela - Tshibumba Kumpala kua Kukosa: - Fika kumpala kua tshintu tshiebe tshia kukuata bua kukuata bulombodi bunene ku luseke lua dipatuka, ne fika panyima pebe (anyi enza bua mulunda webe afike) bua kukuata bulombodi bunene ku luseke lua mu tshina. - Suika tshibombi tshiebe tshia bukubi bimpe ku mulongo munene wa ku luseke lua A, utshiendeshe bimpe kupitshila ku mubidi webe, ne utshisuike bimpe ku mulongo munene wa ku luseke lua B (creating a continuous bypass bridge). - Anu panyima pa tshibumba tshia bypass tshikanga, ke paudi mua kuenza mudimu ne muele wa Z mulamibue / tshiamu tshia kukosa natshi milongo (never a long pointed stiletto blade that can puncture a drysuit or LP inflator hose in the dark) bua kukosa tshilamba tshimue tshidi tshinyanguke pa tshiamu tshieba.

2. "Touch-Contact" Tactile Signaling Protocol for Zero-Visibility Exits¶

Paudi upatuka mu tshina tshia mabue anyi mu tshitudilu tshia mazuwa bu tshisumbu (nangananga padibu babanyangana gaz ku diambuluisha dia 2.1-meter / 7-foot long primary regulator hose), bimanyinu bia ku bianza ne bimanyinu bia butoke kabiena ne mushinga to. Udi ne tshia kuenza mudimu ne Bimanyinu bia kulenga-kulenga (bia kulenga): - Diteka dia mubidi: - Muena mayi #1 (Mulongo wa Mulombodi / Mulombodi) udi wela mu mâyi kakese kumpala, mukuate tshilombodi tshidi tshitungunuka munda mua "OK" tshianza tshinene ne munu mukese (arm extended forward to feel walls and restrictions before the head hits them). - Muena mudimu #2 (Ulonda / Muangatshi wa pambelu pa lupepele) udi ukuata Muena mudimu #1 ku diboko dia kuulu (bicep) anyi diboko dia kumpala bikole ne tshianza tshimue (creating an unbroken physical circuit: Guideline -> Diver 1 -> Diver 2). Shi tshitupa tshidi tshikepela mu tshitupa tshikole tshia muntu umue mudibi kabiyi mua kuenzeka bua kuowa mâyi ku luseke ne ku luseke, Muena mu mâyi #2 udi ubuela buludiludi panyima pa Muena mu mâyi #1 ne ukuata Muena mu mâyi #1 wa ngombe/tshianza anyi tshia kuinshi kua tshibombi eku ulama tshianza tshikuabu pa mulongo. - Bimanyinu bia kufinya ku bianza bia pa buloba bujima: - Kuya kumpala ku diboko dia muena dibaka nebe: "Nda kumpala / Tungunuka ne kuowa mâyi." - Koka tshianza tshia muena dibaka nende kunyima: "Imana / Pingane." - 1 Firm Squeeze (Wait for 1 Squeeze Back): "Ntema / Kuikala muaba (tshilejilu, kuimana bua kupitshila mu tshibandilu anyi muele wa mulongo)." - 2 Firm Squeezes (or Rapid Repeated Squeezes): "Emergency / Out of Air / Entangled - STOP IMMEDIATELY."

[SURFACE EXIT] <--- (Sharp Tip of Line Arrow) <--- [Main Guideline]
                                                         |
                                              ("OK" Finger Loop)
                                                         |
                                              [Diver 1: Line Leader]
                                                         |
                                           (Hand Grips Bicep / Forearm)
                                                         |
                                              [Diver 2: Follower]

Tshitupa 4: Tshia kuenza pikala makebulula onso kaayi makumbane ne mafuta ajika (Air Bell vs. Wall Crest)¶

Netuambe tshinyi bikala muntu udi kayi mulonge bua kuendakana mu mâyi mu tshina tshia mbuu, mu cenote anyi mu tshina tshia mâyi tshidi tshinyanguke kayi ne tshiamu tshia kulombola natshi anyi tshidi tshimulombola, mubuele mu tshina tshia mâyi tshijima, kayi ne tshiamu tshia kumukuba natshi, ne mupuekele ku 50 bar (700 psi) wa gaz? 1. Keba butoke buonso bua munya (Turn Off Your Dive Light for 10 Seconds): - Mu tshitupa tshia mu tshina tshia mabue anyi mu mazuwa adi manyanguke mutantshi wa metre 60 (200 feet) ne tshibuelelu mu munya, munya webe wa LED udi ukenka udi umueneka pa buloba bufike kumpala kua tshilamba tshiebe tshia mpala (backscatter) udi ukufofomija tshishiki bua kumona butoke bukese bua vert/bleu bua tshibuelelu. - Ela tshianza tshimue pa mutu pa muendu webe wa dibuela mu mâyi (turning the beam completely dark) ne lekela mêsu eba adiunda mu tusunsa 5 too ne ku 10 paudi utangila mu 360 degrés. Nansha mu tshisuku tshikole, butoke bukese budi buleja njila wa mukana wa tshina tshia mabue anyi tshiibi tshia mazuwa. 2. Kubandila ku muaba mutambe bunene wa plafond / wa tshimanu: - Bualu dibandila dia bipese bia luya ne dienda dia mayi a muinshi mua buloba bitu misangu ya bungi binyangakaja 15-centimeter (6-inch) tshitupa tshia mayi matoke kakese pabuipi ne ditumba dia kuulu dia plafond too ne ku tshimanu (or inside a ceiling dome), kubanda bitekete bitekete too ne padi nyima ya tshina tshiebe tshilenga plafond kudi mua kuteka tshilamba tshiebe tshia mpala pa mutu pa tshibumba tshinene tshia panshi - ne kudi mua kuleja imue misangu tshibombi tshia kapepe tshidi mua kupuyakana (air bell) mu tshina tshia mabue a kapia anyi mu mbuu wa mâyi manene. - DIDIMUIJA DIA MUSHINDU WA KUENZA BIDIMU BIDI BIENZEKA BIDIMU: Kumbushi tshintu tshiebe tshia kulombola natshi mâyi mu tshibumba tshifiike tshia mu tshina tshia mabue too ne paudi mutangile tshipiminu tshiebe tshia bunene bua mâyi (is the ceiling at 0 meters / surface atmospheric pressure, or is it a pressurized pocket at 6 meters?) ne wangata tshikebelu tshimue tshia budimu eku ulama tshiamu tshieba tshia kulombola natshi mu tshianza tshiebe. Mabue a bungi a muinshi mua buloba adi ne oxygène nansha umue ne bungi bua dioxide de carbone (CO2) anyi hydrogène sulfure (H2S) udi ufuma ku bintu bia mu tshisuku bidi bibola bidi kulu. Misangu yonso, ikala upuekesha mupuya webe too ne ku dikopo dia ndekelu dia gaz ne tshipiminu tshikese tshia metabolisme (resting completely motionless against the rock) paudi muindile bantu badi basungila mu mbuebue, ukuma tshintu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi dikuma dia tshiamu tshiebe (3 clangs... pause... 3 clangs) nunku biamu bia hydrophones ne ba-rescue ba-diver badi mua kukupeta.

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya bibambalu¶

Padi muena mayi mufika munda mua tshina tshia muinshi mua mayi, cenote, tshina tshia mâyi, tshina tshia mabue, anyi mazuwa adi manyanguke, minite yonso udi ne mushinga. Bisumbu bia bampulushi anyi bia mudimu wa kapia kabena ne bua kubuela mu tshina tshia muinshi mua mâyi kabayi ne dilongesha dia pa buadi dia kusungila bantu mu tshina to, tshianana nebalue bantu babidi badi bafua; manyisha diakamue bena mudimu ba pa buabu ba dipandisha dia mu mbuebue pamue ne EMS:

• Ditunga dia États-Unis, Canada, ne Mexique (Florida Springs, Yucatan Cenotes, Great Lakes Wrecks):
• Kubikila 911 diakamue (udi wenza mudimu mu États-Unis, mu Canada, ne mu Quintana Roo / Mexique).
• Disungila ne dipingaja dia bintu bia muinshi mua mâyi bia pa buloba bujima (IUCRR - 24/7 North America & Florida Karst Emergency Dispatch): Bikila 911 ne kudimuija IUCRR / NSS-CDS Emergency Callout ku diambuluisha dia County Sheriff Dispatch (mu Floride: Suwannee, Columbia, Jackson, Levy, Hernando, ne Wakulla County Sheriffs badi ne njila ya IUCRR ya kuenza mudimu).
• Mexico (Tulum, Playa del Carmen, Akumal Cenote Corridor - Quintana Roo): Bikila 911, yukila ne Protección Civil Tulum (+52 984 871 2688), ne kudimuija Mexican Cave Rescue Service / Cinco Elementos / Quintana Roo Hyperbaric Chamber Network (Playa del Carmen / Cozumel) ne DAN (+1-919-684-9111).
• Majiba manene / Mazuwa a ku muelelu wa mâyi: Mvula wa mabue U.S. Balami ba ku muelelu wa mâyi (USCG) / Canadian Coast Guard (CCG) pa VHF Channel 16 ne ubikile DAN (+1-919-684-9111).
• Bukalenge buobumue ne Irlande (Yorkshire Dales, Peak District, Mendips, South Wales Sumps & Scapa Flow Wrecks):
• Ela 999 anyi 112, lomba muena mudimu bua Bampulushi, ne umuambile patoke ne: "Tshilumbu tshia dibuela mu tshina tshia mabue - Enza mudimu ne bena British Cave Rescue Council (BCRC) / Tshisumbu tshia dibuela mu mbuebue (CDG) Sump Rescue."
• Bua Scapa Flow (Orkney) anyi dikuata dia mazuwa a ku muelelu wa mâyi, bikila 999 bua HM Coastguard ne National Hyperbaric Center (0345 408 6008 mu Ecosse / 07831 151 523 mu Angleterre ne Pays de Galles).
• Buobumue bua matunga a ku Mputu (France Dordogne/Lot Caves, Sardaigne, Espagne, Alpine Sumps):
• Ela 112 mu matunga onso adi mu UE.
• France (Lot / Dordogne / Ardèche): Bikila 112 anyi 15 ne kulomba bua kuenza mudimu ne Spéléo Secours Français (SSF - Telefone wa tshianana wa 24/7 wa disungila dia mu mpata: 0 800 121 123 anyi +33 4 72 53 06 74).
• Italie (Sardinie / Veneto Caves): Bikila 112 anyi 118 bua CNSAS (Corpo Nazionale Soccorso Alpino e Speleologico - Squadra Forre e Speleosubacquea).
• Australie ne New Zealand (Mount Gambier Sinkholes, Nullarbor Caves, Poor Knights):
• Australia (Australie wa ku Sud / Mukuna wa Gambier / Nullarbor): Bikila 000 (112 ku telefone) bua Bampulushi ba mu Australie wa ku Sud (SAPOL) Water Operations, yukila ne Cave Divers Association of Australia (CDAA), ne ubikile Divers Emergency Service (DES) ku 1800 088 200.
• New Zealand (Riwaka / Pearse Resurgence / Poor Knights): Bikila 111 bua NZ Police National Dive Squad / Cave SAR ne NZ DES (0800 4 DES 111).

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Bua tshinyi kuena ne bua kuteta bua kuowa mâyi bua kukeba tshina tshidi tshijimine anyi njila wa dinyanguka kuyi muanji kukanga tshibombi?¶

Mu tshitupa tshia zero-visibility silt-out muinshi mua mayi, kuena ne tshitupa tshia kumona ne kuena ne bujitu, bidi bienza bua ditshi dia munda dia muntu (tshiamu tshia vestibulaire) dijimije lungenyi luonso lua njila mululame mu masekonde 5. Muena mayi udi wela mu mayi kayi musuike bua "anu bikuma bikese" wela meji ne: udi uya buludiludi ku tshimanu udi misangu yonso unyunguluka mu mushindu udi kauyi umvua bimpe kule ne tshidibu bamulombola, bienza bua bikale bikole bua kupeta kabidi muaba wa kutuadijila. Paudi wimana diakamue ne ulamakaja tshiamu tshia bukubi ku dibue dikole anyi ku tshibumba tshia dibue tshidi tshinyanguke ku Point of Last Contact webe, udi ujadika tshilamba tshishindame bua wewe kumona mua kukomba pambelu mu 1,5-metre, 3-metre, ne 4,5-metre ne misangu yonso udi upingana bimpe munkatshi.

Mmushindu kayi udi muele wa plastique wa nseke isatu uleja tshina tshia muinshi mua mayi anyi bulombodi bua dinyanguka dia mazuwa?¶

Bilondeshile tshipungidi tshia buloba bujima tshia dinaya dia mu tshina tshia mabue (tshijadikibua kudi NSS-CDS, NACD, CDAA, ne CDG), tshitupa tshia nsongo tshia tshiamu tshia plastique tshia nseke isatu (Dorff Arrow) tshidi tshileja misangu yonso muaba udi pabuipi ne muaba udibu mua kupuyakana, eku tshishimikidi tshinene tshitangile munda mutangile kunyima kua tshina tshia mabue. Mu zero visibility muaba uudi kuyi mua kumona muele, udi wenza tshifulu tshia munu tshia "OK" tshinyunguluke tshilombodi ne wela minu yebe kayiyi ne tshintu anyi tshilamba tshitekete tshia ku bianza pa tshimanyinu tshia plastique: umvua ndekelu udi ne muele wa mvita, ubalulule mubidi webe mu luseke alu, ne ulonda mulongo.

Bua tshinyi kuena mua kushala anu mupuwe ne kuindila bua bitotshi bibuele mu tshina tshia muinshi mua mâyi?¶

Nansha mudi nsenga mikole ya mu mbuu ipatuka mu mayi mu minite 1 anyi 3, bintu bidi panshi ne bimanu bia miaba ya mabue a calcaire a mu mâyi mimpe, mu bibandabanda bia mu Mexique, mu mine miule tente ne mazuwa adi manyanguke bikole bidi ne mabue a calcium carbonate marle, bitupa bia tshiamu tshia mitaku, ne bitupa bikese bia dilongo dia mabue a colloïde kupita 2 mikrometre. Muinshi mua mikenji ya Stokes, bitupa bia dilongo dia ultrafine bidi bishala mu mayi adi kaayi ajika munkatshi mua mêba 6 too ne ku 48 - misangu dikumi mipite bungi bua gaz udibu bafila mu tshiamu tshionso tshia scuba tshidi ne circuit ouvert. Kuena ne tshia kutekemena bua kuindila dibue dia tshisuku to; pamutu pa nanku, udi ne tshia kukeba bulombodi ne kuenza tshienzedi tshia kulenga ("braille") diakamue.

"Mukenji wa bisatu" mu dilama dia gaz wa dibuela mu mbuebue ne mu mazuwa adi manyanguke ntshinyi?¶

Mukenji wa bisatu udi wamba ne: muena mayi kena mua kuenza mudimu ne tshia bisatu tshipite pa tshia bisatu (1/3) tshia bukole bua gaz wende bua kuowela muulu, ne kulama tshia bisatu tshibidi (1/3) bua kupatuka pa mutu pa mâyi, ne kulama tshia bisatu tshia ndekelu (1/3) katshiyi tshikuata bu tshintu tshia kulama mu tshimpitshimpi. Tshitupa tshisatu tshia ndekelu etshi ntshienza bua kufila tshintu kudi mulunda udi tshiamu tshienda anyi tshina tshienda tshinyanguka ku tshitupa tshia kule tshia dibuela, anyi bua kusumba dîba dia pa mutu didi dikengedibua padi tshipepele tshidi katshiyi tshimueneka tshikepesha lubilu luebe lua kuowa mâyi lua kupatuka ku tshitupa.

Ntshinyi tshindi mua kuenza meme mubuele mu bulombodi mu tshikondo tshia zero-visibility silt-out?¶

Tshia kumpala, lekela kunyunguluka, kukuma, anyi kunyunguluka diakamue, bualu kunyunguluka kudi kukudimuna tshintu tshipepele tshia tshijengu tshimue tshilue tshikuku tshikole tshidi tshinyunguluke ma valve a mu tshina tshiebe ne tupoyi tua mâyi. Shi mulunda webe udi ukulenga, ikala kayi unyema padiye ubandisha bitekete bitekete mulongo wa tshilamba tshiebe tshia ku tshiadi anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku. Ku mutu kua bionso, KUPATUKI tshingoma ne kutshibula mu tshina tshinene tshia mu tshina tshia mabue to, anu wewe mumane kusuika tshiamu tshia bukubi ku tshina tshia mabue (tshidi tshilamakaja mulongo munene udi kumpala kuebe ne mulongo munene udi panyima pebe bu tshibumba tshidi katshiyi tshijika); kukosa bulombodi budi kabuyi ne tshibumba kudi kuenza bua nseke yonso ibidi ipatuke mu mîdima, kukupangisha wewe ne muntu yonso udi munda menemene.

Mmunyi muudi mua kuyukila ne mulunda webe wa dibuela mu mâyi mu tshitoke tshifiike tshidi katshiyi tshimueneka paudi upatuka pa tshibandilu?¶

Bantu badi mu mayi benza mudimu ne "Touch Contact": muena mayi udi ulombola udi ukuata tshintu tshia kulombola natshi munda mua tshijengu tshia munu wa "OK" eku muena mayi muibidi ukuata bicep anyi diboko dia muena mayi wa kumpala bikole ne tshianza tshimue. Kuela kumpala ku diboko dia mulombodi kudi kumvuija ne: "Ndaku / Enda kumpala"; kukoka kunyima kudi kumvuija "Imana / Kupingana"; difina dimue dikole (diandamuna ku difina dimue) didi diumvuija ne: "Diteka ntema / Diimana ku tshibandilu anyi ku muele wa mulongo"; ne bibidi anyi bipite apu bia lukasa, bikole bidi biumvuija ne: "Tshilumbu tshia lukasa / Kupatuka mu luya / Kubuelakana - Imana diakamue."

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Tshiamu tshia kuowela natshi mâyi tshidi katshiyi tshienda anyi tshidi tshipatuka mu lupepele muinshi mua mâyi: Controlled Emergency Swimming Ascent (CESA)
• Dibuela mu mayi ne njiwu ya muinshi mua mayi
• Dibunda dia mu tshina tshia mabue ne dia mu tshina tshia mabue, dibutuka dia mâyi, ne dipanga dia butoke
• Dibutuka dia buatu ne dipanduka mu mayi mashika

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• Tshibambalu tshia dibuela mu mbue tshia Société nationale de spéléologie (NSS-CDS) & Tshisumbu tshia ditunga tshia dibuela mu mbuebue (NACD): Basic Cave Diving: A Plan for Survival (Sheck Exley) & Student Manual for Silt-Out Prevention, Lost Line Drills, and Touch-Contact Exits.
• Bakebuludi ba muinshi mua mayi ba pa buloba bujima (GUE) & Technical Diving International (TDI): Njila ya kuulu: Anti-Silt Frog Kick Propulsion, Tactile Line Markers (Arrows, Cookies, and REMs), ne Bridging Entanglements.
• Tshisumbu tshia bena mu mbuebue tshia mu Grande-Bretagne (CDG) & Tshisumbu tshia bena mu mbuebue tshia mu Australie (CDAA): Sump ne Sinkhole Zero-Visibility Navigation ne Emergency Line-Search Protocols.
• Disungila ne dipingaja dia bintu bia muinshi mua mâyi bia pa buloba bujima (IUCRR) & British Cave Rescue Council (BCRC): Dikonkonona dia njiwu ya dibuela mu mâyi ne dilongolola dia dipandisha dia pa mutu pa buloba.
• Divers Alert Network (DAN): Luapolo lua tshidimu tshionso lua dibuela mu mayi: Dikonkonona dia malu adi akebesha lufu mu dibuela mu mayi mu tshina tshia mabue, mu tshina tshia mabue ne mu dinyanguka dia mazuwa.