Kuela muinshi mua mashinyi ku dikuluka dia mashinyi anyi dia tshibandilu¶

Kuenza mudimu muinshi mua mashinyi a bantu babandile, mashinyi manene, anyi mashinyi a manaya adibu bambuluisha anu ne tshiamu tshia hydraulique, tshiamu tshia ku njila, bibandilu bia plastique bidi ne munda mutupu, anyi mabue a beton adi anyanguka ntshimue tshia ku njiwu mikole mu nzubu ya mashinyi ne mu dilongolola dia njila. Mashinyi a bantu ba matuku etu aa adi ne bujitu bua 1500 too ne ku 2000 kilo (3300 too ne ku 4400 pounds), eku mashinyi manene anyi SUV adi ne nzembu adi ne bujitu bua 2500 too ne ku 4000 kilograms (5500 too ne ku 8800 pounds). Nansha padibu bumbusha anu ditumba dimue anyi tshitupa tshia kumpala tshia mashinyi panshi, pankatshi pa 750 ne 1 800 kilo (1 650 ne 4 000 pounds) ya bujitu bufue budi bushala buludiludi pa tshiadi, mutu anyi tshiadi tshia muenji wa mashinyi.

Padi O-ring wa munda wa tshiamu tshia caoutchouc upatuka munda mua cylindre wa jack wa hydraulique, tshiendedi tshia panyima tshidi katshiyi tshikanga tshienda tshipingana panyima pa njila wa mashinyi udi mutenteke, tshiamu tshia ciseaux tshienda tshinyunguluka ku luseke pa asphalte wa kapia, anyi tshibumba tshia beton tshidi ne munda tshidi tshinyanguka padibu batshikuma, mashinyi adi apueka mu tusunsa tukese tua sekonde ibidi. Muntu muela ku tshiadi anyi ku tshiadi tshia mashinyi kudi tshiamu tshia mashinyi anyi tshiamu tshia mafuta udi upeta diakamue asphyxie traumatique: dîba dionso didibu bapatula mupuya, bujitu bua mashinyi budi bupueka panshi pa tshimanu tshia tshiadi tshiabu, bumupangisha bua kualabaja mifuba yende bua kupuyakana kabidi. Kadi, shi muenji wa mashinyi mmukuate ku bikono, ku tshiadi, anyi kuinshi kua difu munkatshi mua minite mipite pa 15 padiye ushala ne mushindu wa kupuyakana, kubandisha mashinyi mu tshimpitshimpi kayi mudilongolole kudi baminganga kudi mua kufikisha ku lufu lua crush reperfusion syndrome ("lufu lua kuseka"), kutuma potassium ne toxine bia mu selile ya muoyo buludiludi. Kumanya mua kukanga ne kulama mashinyi adi makuluke kumpala kua kulenga tshibandilu, dîba dia kubandisha diakamue anyi dîba dia kuenza mudimu pamue ne baminganga, ne mushindu wa kupangisha mashinyi bua kukuluka musangu muibidi padibu basungila bantu kudi kusungila mioyo ya bantu.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. KUENA KUENZA muinshi mua mashinyi adi makuluke bua kutangila anyi kupatula muntu udibu bashipe to. Mashinyi adi mafuma ku dikuluka ku tshibandilu anyi matshibule tshintu tshidi tshikuatshisha ki mmashindame ne adi apueka tshitupa pa mubidi wa muntu udibu bashipe to; kukoka muinshi muawu anyi kukoka maulu a muntu udibu bashipe kudi mua kushintulula tshintu tshidi tshikuate ne kupuekesha bujitu budi bushala panuenu bonso babidi.
2. Bikila nimero ya njiwu ya muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu Union européenne, 999 mu Royaume-Uni) diakamue. Teka telefone webe ku tshiamu tshia kuakula natshi bua bianza biebe bikale bia tshianana, ambila muntu udi utuma bantu ne: muntu udi mukuate muinshi mua mashinyi adi makuluke, ne uleje ni bujitu budi pa mutu anyi pa nshingu anyi maulu/tshifu; tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.
3. Kutapa nkata idi mishale panshi diakamue kumpala kua kulenga tshibandilu. Ela mabaya makole, mabue a bujitu, nkunyi, anyi nkata ya pa mutu bikole kumpala ne panyima pa nkata yonso idi itshidi ilenga panshi bua mashinyi kaayi mua kukuluka kumpala anyi panyima paudi uteta bua kuabandisha.
4. Manya ni udi ne tshia kubandisha diakamue (Tshifu/Nshingu/Mutu udi utshibula anyi <15 minutes) or wait for paramedics (Limbs/Pelvis pinned >15 minite ne mupuya muimpe):
5. AMBA DIAMUE pikala mashinyi adi afina tshifu, nshingu, mutu, anyi difu dia muntu udibu bashipe, pikala muntu udibu bashipe kayi mua kupuyakana anyi kayi mumanye tshidiye wenza, anyi pikala dikuluka dienzeke kukadi minite 15. Sekonde yonso wa dikuma dia tshiadi udi ukebesha difuisha dia lufu.
6. IKAMBILA NE INDILA BANTU BA MUDIMU KUMPALA KUBANGA pikala muntu udibu bashipe muele anu ku maulu, ku bikono, anyi kuinshi kua tshifu, muikale mukuatshike munkatshi mua minite mipite pa 15, ne muikale mubike ne upuyakana bimpe. Kubandisha bujitu bua bungi pa maulu adi matshibuke munkatshi mua minite mipite pa 15 kakuyi mayi a mu mishipa ne manga a mutshima kudi kufikisha ku dijika dia mutshima dia tshimpitshimpi; mona disama dia tshiadi ne disama dia tshitupa tshia mubidi.
7. Londa mukenji wa "Bandisha santimetre umue, ela santimetre umue" dîba dionso diudi ubandisha mashinyi pa muntu udibu bashipe. Kueyemenyi tshintu tshimue tshia panshi anyi tshia tshiseba bua kukuata mashinyi padi muntu ukoka muntu udibu bashipe to. Padi muntu umo upompa tshiamu tshia mashinyi muinshi mua tshiamu tshikole, muntu muibidi udi ne tshia kutungunuka ne kuela mabaya makole, mabaya a 2x4 anyi 4x4, anyi tshiamu tshia pa mutu (tshiamu ne nkata miteka panshi) muinshi mua tshiamu tshia mashinyi bua kukuata mashinyi pikala tshiamu etshi tshienda tshisesuka kabidi.
8. Kuena ne bua kuenza mudimu ne mabue a beton anyi mabue bua kukuatshisha mashinyi adibu babandishe to. Mabue a beton adi ne bukole bua bungi padiwu mateka mu bimanu kadi kaena ne bukole bua dikokangana pa biamu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku to; bidi binyanguka bikole bilua lupuishi kakuyi didimuija muinshi mua bujitu bua mashinyi.

flowchart TD
    Start["Muntu muela muinshi mua mashinyi adi makuluke"] --> Chock["1. Bikila 911 / 112 / 999 ku tshiamu tshia kuakula natshi<br/>2. Tangila nkata yonso idi mimane panshi (ya kumpala ne ya panyima)<br/>3. KUENA muinshi mua mashinyi adi kaayi makole to"]
    Chock --> AssessLocation{"Mashinyi adi apueka penyi, ne mbakuate mutantshi bungi munyi?"}
    AssessLocation -->|"Tshifu, Nshingu, Mutu, anyi Difu dia Kuulu NANSHA Kulamakaja < 15 Minutes"| ImmediateLift["BIDI BIKENGELA BUA KUBANGA MUOYO WA MUOYO<br/>(Disama dia asphyxie didi dishipa muntu mu minite 3 anyi 5)"]
    AssessLocation -->|"Maulu anyi tshiadi nkayatshi, kupuyakana bimpe, NE kukanga > minite 15"| DelayedLift["NYIKA YA MUSHINDU WA KUTUKA<br/>1. Ela mutshi mukole anyi nkata ya pa mutu muinshi mua kazubu bua mashinyi kaayi mua kuimana kabidi<br/>2. KUANGISHI bujitu pa maulu adi matshibuke too ne padi baminganga balua ne manga a mu tshifu<br/>3. Tangila mupuya ne ulame muntu udibu bashipe mu ditalala"]
    ImmediateLift --> SafeJack["1. Teka tshintu tshikole tshia panshi muinshi mua tshiamu tshikole anyi tshiamu tshia pinch weld<br/>2. Kubandisha santimetre umua, tshitekelu tshia santimetre umua (ela mabaya anyi nkata ya tshianana muinshi mua kazubu)<br/>3. Ubandishe anu 5 too ne ku 8 cm (2 too ne ku 3 in) pa mutu pa muntu udibu bashipe, ukanga tshitanda, ne ukoke muntu udibu bashipe pambelu ne bilamba biende"]
    SafeJack --> PostCare["Tangila mupuya (tuadija CPR pikalabi bikengela) ne ukanda mashi adi apatuka pambelu"]

Bua tshinyi bibandilu bia mashinyi, bibandilu, ne bintu bia kukuatshisha nabi mashinyi kabiena bikumbane¶

Kujingulula bua tshinyi mashinyi avua makuluke kudi ne mushinga bua basungidi kabapinganyi dinyanguka dia mashinyi dia muomumue padibu bateta bua kumbusha mashinyi kudi muntu udibu bashipe to:

1. Dipanga dia tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia panshi ne tshiamu tshia milondo¶

Tshiamu tshia hydraulique tshia panshi tshia trolley anyi tshiamu tshia mulondo tshidi anu tshiamu tshia kubandisha natshi bintu, ki ntshintu tshia kukuata natshi to. Munda mua tshiamu tshia hydraulique, bujitu buonso bua mashinyi budi bushindamene pa tshilongo tshia hydraulique tshikanga kudi O-rings ya caoutchouc synthétique ne tshiamu tshikese tshia check-valve ball bearing:

• Dibutuka dia tshimpitshimpi anyi dipita: Shi tshibuikidiji tshia tshiamu tshia caoutchouc tshikulukulu tshipanduluke, bukoya bunyanga tshiamu tshia dipatula natshi, anyi tshiamu tshia dikuba natshi tshidi ne bujitu bua bungi tshiunzuluka, bukole bua mâyi budi bupueka too ne ku zero ne tshianza tshia dibandisha tshidi tshipueka panshi diakamue.
• Rolling arc pull-off: Padi tshiamu tshia panshi tshidi ne nkata tshibandisha mashinyi, tshibandilu tshia dibandisha tshidi tshienda mu tshitupa tshia arc tshidi tshikoseka. Bua kupangisha tshibandilu bua kusesuka pa muaba wa dibandila dia mashinyi, nkata ya tshiamu ya tshibandilu tshia panshi idi ne tshia kunyunguluka kakese munda mutangile munkatshi mua mashinyi padi diboko dienda dibandila. Shi nkata ya jack ya panshi mikange kudi tshitupa tshia beton, mabue, buloba, anyi plywood, jack kena mua kubuela munda to; pamutu pa nanku, tshilamba tshia kubandisha natshi tshidi tshikoka pambelu pa tshitupa tshia muinshi mua mashinyi too ne paditshi tshipueka ku tshibandilu tshia kazubu ne tshipueka mashinyi panshi.

2. Tshiamu tshia tshiseba tshia ku muelelu kua njila ne tshiamu tshia tshiseba tshidi tshikuluka¶

Tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshia tshimpitshimpi anyi tshiamu tshia tshianza tshimue tshidi mu tshibombi tshia mashinyi ntshienza anu bua kushintulula nkata ya mashinyi mu tshitupa tshîpi padiku kakuyi muntu udi muinshi mua mashinyi. Udi ne tshitupa tshikese tshia kuinshi (misangu mivule muinshi mua 10 ku 15 santimetre / 4 ku 6 inches). Shi tshiamu tshia kuimana natshi mashinyi katshiyi tshienza mudimu bimpe, nkata mikuabu kayiyi mikuate, anyi mashinyi adi mu njila wa 2-degree anyi pa asphalte mutoke, mashinyi adi ashintuluka mu njila wa 3 centimètres (1,2 inches), ne udi unyunguluka tshiamu tshia ciseaux bu mudi domino.

3. Jack stand ratcheting pawl slip and asphalt sinkage¶

Nansha biamu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi binyanguka mu mishindu isatu mishilangane:

• Unlocked ratchet pawls on cast-iron stands: Pa ratchet tooth-style jack stands, pikala tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi tshitangile kuulu tshia tshibandilu tshidi anu tshiteka pa nsongo ya tshilamba tshia kukanga natshi (tshidi tshienza tshitupa pankatshi pa bipese) anyi pikala muntu utua tshianza tshia dilekela padiye wenda unyunguluka muinshi mua mashinyi, milongo idi ipueka buludiludi too ne ku tshishimikidi.
• Asphalte punch-through: Bimanu bia tshiamu tshia mitaku bidi ne miele mikese ya kuinshi. Mu difuku dia mashika mu muvu wa été, njila ya asphalte mifike idi iteketa mu luya lua dîba; dikasa dimo dia mu ditumba dia tshitekelu tshia jack didi dibuela mu 2 centimètres (0.8 inches) mu goudron, ditenteka tshibandilu kupita 15 degrés ne dipuekesha tshibandilu tshia kazubu pa tshibandilu.
• Mashinyi a tshiamu tshia mashinyi: Mashinyi a tshiamu tshia plastique adi mua kupasuka bikole mu mashika makole a mu muvu wa mashika, kusesuka kumpala pa tshibandilu tshia nzubu wa mashinyi tshidi ne mvinyo wa epoxy padi nkata ya kumpala iteta bua kubanda, anyi kulekela mashinyi apingana panyima padi nkata ya panyima kayiyi mikuate.

4. Muyuki wa lufu wa mabue a beton ne mabue a dilongo¶

Tshidimu tshionso, bena mudimu ba ku nzubu batu bafua kunyima kua bamane kuimanyika mashinyi pa mabue a beton (mabue a cinder) anyi pa mabue a dilongo dikunze. Mabue a beton a munda mutupu adi menza bua kutantamena bujitu bua dikuma dia muomumue anu padiwu mateka pa mutu ne tshibumba tshidi tshitangalaja bujitu pa nshinga yawu ya ku mutu. Padi tshianza tshikese tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshiamu tshia mitaku tshiteka pa tshibumba tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku (nangananga tshibumba tshiteka ku luseke luatshi ne miji ya munda mutupu mimane), bujitu bua tshitupa tshidi tshipita bukole bua dikokangana dia beton, bienza bua tshibumba atshitshibuke tshilue lupuishi kakuyi nansha mutoyi wa ditshibuka kumpala kuatshi.

Mushindu wa kusungila bantu ku kakese ku kakese: Mushindu wa kujadika ne kubandisha mashinyi bimpe¶

Paudi upeta muntu mukuatshike muinshi mua mashinyi mu garage, mu njila, anyi ku muelelu kua njila, buôwa budi busaka bantu badi pabuipi bua kuenza bilema bia lufu: anyi kuendakana muinshi mua mashinyi, kuteta bua kubandisha tshibuta tshia kilo 1 800 (4 000-pound) ku bianza ne kutshibula mukolo wabu padibu batuta muntu udibu bashipe bikole, anyi bamupompa tshiamu tshia tshiseba katshiyi tshikuma nkata, tshienza bua mashinyi apueke ku tshiamu tshibidi ne atshibule tshifu tshia muntu uvuabu bashipe.

Londa bulongame ebu budibu benza nabu mudimu kudi bena mudimu ba mudimu wa dipandisha bantu ba mudimu wa kapia, balongolola bua bintu bia mu nzubu ya mashinyi ne bia ku muelelu kua njila:

Tshitupa 1: Dikonkonona dia lukasa dia tshikena kumona ne dikuma dia nkata (Masunsa 30 a kumpala)¶

1. Bikila 911 / 112 / 999 ku tshiamu tshia kuakula natshi: Ufila adrese wa njila ne uleje patoke ne: "Muntu mmukuate muinshi mua mashinyi adi makuluke." Bena mudimu ba kapia badi batuma tshisumbu tshia Heavy Rescue anyi Squad tshidi ne mifuku ya dibandisha dia luya lua bungi (mifuku ya luya), mifuba ya hydraulique, ne mifuku ya mabaya kulala.
2. Akula ne muntu udibu bakengesha diakamue kuyi ulenga mashinyi to: Ebeje ne: "Udi mua kupuyakana anyi? Mashinyi adi akufina penyi?"
3. Bikala muntu udibu bashipe mua kuakula mu miaku mijima ne wamba ne: mashinyi adi amukuata ku maulu, ku tshiadi anyi ku diboko, udi ne dîba dia kuela tshianza ne kulala bimpe (ne bikalabu bamukuate mu minite mipite pa 15, kuena ne bua kumbusha bujitu ku maulu ende too ne padi baminganga balua to; tangila tshitupa tshia Crush Syndrome tshidi kuinshi eku).
4. Shi muntu udibu bashipe udi mupuwe, udi upuyakana, udi ulua bule/mutoke ku mpala ne ku nshingu, anyi muele mu tshiadi, mu nshingu anyi ku mutu, udi ne bua kumbusha bujitu ku tshiadi tshiende mu minite 2 anyi 3 bua kuepuka lufu lua buongo lua hypoxie.
5. Kuta nkata yonso idi panshi (Kumpala ne kunyima kua nkata): Kuata tshintu tshionso tshikole mu tusunsa 5 tua kufika (mitshi ya kapia, mabaya a 4x4 a bujitu, nkata ya nkata, biamu bia mudimu, anyi mene mabue a cinder adibu basuike ku tshibandilu tshia nkata ya tshiamu tshia caoutchouc, muaba umuepele udi kayi ne njiwu bua tshiamu tshia cinder tshidi pa buloba ntshia kuimanyika tshiamu tshia caoutchouc udi wenda unyunguluka, nansha kakese muinshi mua mashinyi a tshiamu). Kutapa nseke yonso ibidi ya mulu ne ya panshi ya nkata ibidi idi panshi.
6. Tangila frein wa mashinyi ne transmission ANYI wewe mua kufika ku dididishi diunzulula kuyi unyunguluka mashinyi: Kubandi nansha kakese mu nkuasa wa muendeshi wa mashinyi adi masombe pa muntu udibu bashipe (bujitu buebe bua kilo 80 / kilo 175 ne dikankamika dia tshiamu tshia mashinyi nebikuate muntu udibu bashipe kabidi). Shi dididishi anyi tshiibi tshia muendeshi tshikale tshiunzulula ne udi mua kubuela ne diboko dimue bua kukoka frein wa ku tshianza anyi kufina butone bua frein wa mashinyi kuyi unyungisha tshiamu tshia mashinyi, enza nanku.

Tshitupa 2: Uwuje muaba udi kauyi ne tshintu ("Kuata bujitu") kumpala kua kubandisha¶

Kumpala kua wewe kutuadija kupompa tshiamu tshia mashinyi, tangila tshitupa tshidi pankatshi pa tshilamba tshia ku luseke lua mashinyi (tshiibi tshia ku tshiibi), tshitupa tshia mashinyi, anyi tshianza tshia dikuba ne panshi pa nzubu wa mashinyi:

• Ela tshishimikidi tshikole mu tshitupa tshidiku diakamue: Ela tshisumbu tshia mabaya a mabaya (2x4s, 2x6s, nkunyi, mabeji a plywood makole) anyi tshitekelu tshia jack tshiteka ku bule buatshi bua muinshi menemene muinshi mua tshibandilu tshia mashinyi mpindieu. Mu mushindu ewu, mashinyi wowu mashintuluke paudi uteka tshibandilu tshiebe, kaena mua kukuluka nansha milimetre umue panshi pa tshiadi tshia muntu udibu bashipe to.

Tshitupa 3: Teka tshiamu tshia nzembu pa tshishimikidi tshikole ne pa tshibandilu tshia tshibumba¶

1. Enza tshishimikidi tshikole pikala pa buloba, mabue, bisonsa, anyi asphalte wa kapia: Shi mashinyi kaena pa dibue dia beton dikole, teka tshitupa tshinene tshia 19-millimeter (¾-inch) plywood, dibaya dikole, anyi tshiamu tshia mitaku tshikole panshi muinshi mua jack bua katshiena mua kubuela mu buloba to udi wangata bujitu.
2. Teka tshibandilu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku muinshi mua tshiamu tshia kubandila natshi: Tangila ku muelelu wa kuinshi kua mashinyi kunyima kua nkata ya kumpala anyi kumpala kua nkata ya panyima bua kupeta pinch-weld jacking flange, tshiamu tshikole tshia frame rail (pa mashinyi manene ne SUV), crombers/ubframe ya kumpala, anyi kulombola tshianza tshia kuinshi.
3. Kuteka tshintu nansha tshimue muinshi mua tshilamba tshia mubidi tshia plastique, pa mabaya a tshiamu tshia mashinyi, mu tshibombi tshia mafuta a motere tshia aluminium, anyi mu tshibombi tshikese tshia mafuta. Kuela tshibandilu pa tshiamu tshikese tshia panshi tshidi tshituta tshibandilu buludiludi kuulu kupitshila ku tapis kuyi ubandisha tshintu tshidi tshisuika anyi tshia ku tshintu tshidibu bashipe, eku tshibombi tshia mafuta tshia aluminium tshidi tshipasuka ne tshitekelu tshia panshi pa motere.

Tshitupa 4: Enza "Kubandisha santimetre umue, Ela santimetre umue"¶

Kuena ne bua kubandisha tshiamu tshia 15 centimètres (6 inches) ne lukasa ne kuambila muntu bua kubuela ne kukoka muntu udibu bashipe padi mashinyi enda apita pa piston umue wa hydraulique to:

1. Teka muntu umo bua kupompa tshiamu tshia mashinyi ne muntu muibidi bua kulombola tshitekelu (kulama bianza pambelu muinshi mua kazubu):
2. Bandisha 2 too ne ku 3 santimetre (1 inch) musangu umua: Padi jack ubandisha mashinyi kakese, musungidi muibidi udi wenza mudimu ne dibaya dinene anyi tshianza tshia tshiamu tshia mudimu bua kuela dibaya dikuabu dia mabaya (2x4, 2x6, anyi 4x4) pa mutu pa tshibumba tshia bana tshidi muinshi mua tshibandilu tshia kazubu, anyi udi utua jack udi pabuipi ne tshibandilu nansha tshimue.
3. Ela tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi ne luya (tshidi tshiteka pa nkata yatshi) panshi pa tshibandilu tshia ku luseke diakamue padiku mushindu: Tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshidi ne luya tshidi tshiteka pa tshiamu tshia mitaku anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne bunene bua santimetre 18 too ne ku 23 (7 too ne ku 9 inches) padibu batshiteka panshi pa tshimanu tshiatshi tshia ku luseke. Katshiena mua kutshibuka, kukuluka, anyi kukuluka muinshi mua mashinyi a bantu to. Shi udi na nkata ya pa mutu mu tshibombi (nansha dikalu diumusha didi ku luseke lua muntu udibu bashipe ku mudimu wa frein uvuabu benza), ela dikalu adi panshi muinshi mua tshiamu tshia rocker anyi kazubu diakamue padi tshitupa tshikumbane.
4. Lekela kubandisha diakamue padi mashinyi afika ku bule bua santimetre 5 too ne ku 8 (2 too ne ku 3 inches) ne mubidi wa muntu udibu bashipe: Kutetshi ku kubandisha mashinyi muulu menemene to. Padi jack wenda ubanda, mashinyi adi anyanguka bikole ne adi mua kukuluka ku luseke lua jack. Udi anu dijinga ne muaba mukumbane bua kupatula muntu udibu bashipe panshi.
5. Puekesha mashinyi bitekete bitekete ku 5 millimètres pa tshibandilu tshieba tshikole anyi pa tshibandilu tshiebe tshikole, anyi lekela tshibandilu ne tshibandilu tshikole tshienza mudimu, pashishe ukoke muntu udibu bashipe panshi: Kuata muntu udibu bashipe ku makaya a jacket/tshilamba tshiende, muinshi mua maboko ende, anyi ku mukaba/pantalo wende (ulama mutu wende mululame ne nshingu wende mu mulongo mululame) ne ubalengeje muinshi mua mashinyi kuyi muteka mubidi webe muinshi mua mashinyi.

Disama dia asphyxie dia kanyinganyinga ne disama dia Crush reperfusion: Mukenji wa minite 15¶

Paudi umvua bilumbu bibidi bia luondapu bidi bifumina ku dikuma dia mashinyi, neumanye bua tshinyi dikuma dia mu tshiadi didi dilomba dibandisha dia lukasa eku dikuma dia ku makasa mutantshi mule dilomba kuindila baminganga:

1. Disama dia asphyxie (dikuma dia tshiadi anyi dia nshingu)¶

Padi tshitupa tshia mashinyi, nzubu wa dishilangana, anyi tshiendedi tshiteka pa tshimanu tshia tshiadi tshia muntu udibu bashipe, tshiadi anyi tshiadi tshia kuulu, muntu udibu bashipe kena mua kualabaja tshifu tshiende kumpala kua bujitu bua kilo 500 too ne ku 1500 to:

• Mushindu wa kuela mupuya: Shi muntu udi mushipibua udila anyi mupuya, tshifu tshiabu tshidi tshifiika kakese, ne bukole budi bukokela bintu pa buloba budi buenza bua tshiamu tshia mashinyi tshitangalake panshi ne tshilonde tshiadi panshi, tshienza bu tshintu tshidi tshienda mu njila umue (anu bu boa constrictor) nunku muntu udibu bashipe katshiena mua kupuyakana kabidi to.
• Bimanyinu bia kale bia disama: Dipuekesha dia mashi dikole dia mu tshiadi didi dienzeja mashi adi kaayi ne oxygène bua kupingana mu vena cava wa ku mutu ne mu nshingu (udi kayi ne tshiamu tshia mishipa tshia njila umue). Mpala wa muntu udibu bashipe, nshingu, ne makaya a kuulu bidi bilua bia bule bua violet-bleu (cervicofacial cyanosis), mêsu ende adi alua mashi ne mashi adi apatuka mu tshitupa tshia ku mêsu, ne bitupa bikunze (petechiae) bidi bimueneka pa dikoba dia mpala ne dia tshiadi tshia kuulu.
• Tshienzedi tshia lukasa kunyima kua dipatula: Diakamue paudi upatula muntu udibu bashipe mu tshiadi muinshi mua mashinyi, tangila ni udi upuyakana bimpe. Bikalabu kabayi bamanye bualu ne kabayi bapuyakana (anyi benza anu mupuya wa agonal misangu mikuabu), tuadija CPR ya bianza nkayayi anyi ya pa tshibidilu diakamue; tangila CPR. Nansha mudi mifuba ya bungi mityumuke kudi mashinyi, dikuma dia tshiadi ne dipuekesha dia mupuya ke mushindu umuapele wa kupingaja oxygène mu buongo ne mu mutshima.

2. Disama dia dipingana dia mashi mu mashi ("Lufu lua kuseka") mu dikuata dia tshitupa tshile tshia tshiadi anyi tshiadi¶

Fuanyikijabi ne: muenji wa mashinyi uvua ushintulula biamu bia frein bia panyima anyi tshiamu tshia kupatula natshi mashinyi pavua mashinyi manyanguke, muele tshiadi tshimue anyi bionso bibidi anyi tshitupa tshia kuinshi tshia tshiadi pa buloba bua beton, mushiye tshiadi ne mutu biende biumvuangane. Bu mudibu mua kupuyakana bimpe, badi mua kushala bamanye malu ne bakula munkatshi mua minite 30, 45 anyi 60 kumpala kua muntu kumvuabu bela mbila anyi kumpala kua basungidi kupeta tshintu tshikole:

1. Tshidi tshienzeka munda mua mishipa mitshibuka kunyima kua minite 15: Bujitu bunene bua mashinyi budi bupangisha mashi adi apita mu mishipa minene ya mu nshingu ne ya mu nshingu. Padibu kabayi ne oxygène, selile ya mifuba idi itshibuka ne inyanguka (rhabdomyolyse traumatique), ipatula bungi bua bungi bua munda mua selile potassium, myoglobine (proteine ​​wa mifuba mukunze mufike), acide lactic, ne phosphore mu tshitupa tshia mishipa tshidi tshikuate mu maulu. Padi mashinyi atshidi anu afina panshi pa bikono, adi enza mudimu bu tshintu tshidi tshilama bintu bidi bishipa bantu munda mua maulu.
2. Bua tshinyi dibandisha dia tshimpitshimpi didi dishipa mubedi: Shi bena mutumba badi ne meji mimpe bafika kunyima kua minite 30 ne diakamue babandisha mashinyi ku bikono bia muenji wa mashinyi, muntu udibu bashipe utu misangu ya bungi useka ne ubasakidila bualu kanyinganyinga kadi kakepela ("lufu lua kuseka"). Kunyima kua masekonde makese, malu mabi abidi adi enzeka musangu umue:
3. Too ne ku 2 too ne ku 4 litre ya mashi adi enda mu mashi adi apatuka mu tshimpitshimpi mu tshitupa tshia munkatshi tshia mashi adi apita mu bitupa bia mashi bidi bipatuka, binyanguke bia maulu (bifikisha ku tshipupu tshikole tshia hypovolemic).
4. A massive bolus of venous blood packed with potassium and lactic acid flushes out of the legs straight up the inferior vena cava into the right side of the heart, triggering fatal hyperkalemic ventricular fibrillation (cardiac arrest) within 60 to 180 seconds.
5. What to do if a conscious, breathing victim has been pinned across the legs/pelvis for more than 15 minutes:
6. Wedge cribbing under the car immediately so it cannot sink any deeper, and if necessary, jack the car up by 1 centimeter just enough to take the increasing spring pressure off, but DO NOT fully release the crushing weight from the legs until advanced life support (ALS) paramedics are on scene.
7. Paramedics will start large-bore intravenous (IV) lines before the vehicle is lifted, infuse 1 to 2 liters of normal saline to expand blood volume, and administer intravenous sodium bicarbonate, calcium gluconate/chloride, and inhaled albuterol to protect the heart muscle from potassium spikes the exact moment the fire department lifts the vehicle; see disama dia tshiadi ne disama dia tshitupa tshia mubidi.

Secondary hazards under a collapsed vehicle¶

While managing the rescue, check immediately for three lethal secondary hazards around the vehicle:

1. Running engine and carbon monoxide poisoning: If the engine was idling inside a garage when the car fell, exhaust fumes rapidly fill the floor-level breathing zone with carbon monoxide (CO) and scorch the victim against the hot catalytic converter (400 to 800 degrees Celsius / 750 to 1,500 degrees Fahrenheit). Open the garage door wide and reach through the driver's window to turn the ignition OFF; see carbon monoxide.
2. Hot exhaust or radiator coolant burns: If the exhaust pipe is searing into the victim's skin or a punctured hose is spraying scalding coolant onto them, use a garden hose on a gentle stream to cool the metal and burned skin rapidly; see burns.
3. Crushed fuel line or high-voltage battery damage: If a jack stand punched through the fuel tank or into an electric vehicle's lithium-ion battery pack, eliminate ignition sources immediately, ready a fire extinguisher, and warn approaching fire crews; see lithium-ion battery fires.

Checklist: How to never be pinned under a vehicle during repairs¶

Before placing any part of your body beneath an elevated vehicle, verify every item on this six-point safety checklist:

• Work only on a flat, level, solid surface: Never jack up a vehicle on a sloped driveway, grass, mud, or gravel. On warm asphalt or firm dirt, place wide 19-millimeter (¾-inch) plywood boards or steel plates beneath both the jack and jack stands.
• Set the parking brake and chock the grounded tires on BOTH sides: Place rubber or wooden chocks tightly against the front and rear of the grounded tires before lifting the car.
• Support the vehicle on a matched pair of rated steel jack stands: Never get under a vehicle supported only by a hydraulic or scissor jack. Lower the car onto rated jack stands under designated frame rails or pinch welds, and insert the secondary steel locking pins.
• Keep the hydraulic jack slightly raised as a backup contact point: After lowering the vehicle onto jack stands, pump the floor jack up until its saddle lightly touches the frame crossmember as a redundant third support.
• Slide the removed wheel (or spare tire) flat under the side sill: Whenever you remove a wheel, lay it flat on its sidewall underneath the frame rail or rocker panel next to your torso. If the stands fail, the car falls onto the 20-centimeter-thick wheel instead of your chest.
• Perform a vigorous push test before crawling underneath: Stand clear of the elevated car and push firmly against the fender or bumper to verify that the stands are seated solidly before sliding under the chassis.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Why do hollow concrete cinder blocks shatter without warning under a car?¶

Concrete masonry units (cinder blocks) are manufactured from brittle Portland cement and aggregate designed exclusively to carry evenly distributed vertical compression across a mortared building wall. They have almost zero tensile or shear strength when subjected to a concentrated point load, such as a narrow steel car frame rail, control arm, or axle tube resting across the middle of the block. Even more dangerously, when people turn a cinder block onto its side so the hollow holes run horizontally, the thin 2.5-centimeter (1-inch) concrete webs experience severe bending stress and shatter instantaneously into powder without any warning creak or crack, dropping the full weight of the car onto the person underneath.

If someone is pinned under a car by their legs and can breathe fine, why can lifting the car right away kill them?¶

When heavy weight crushes large muscle groups like the thighs or pelvis for more than 15 minutes, the deprived muscle cells break down (rhabdomyolysis) and release massive concentrations of potassium, myoglobin, and lactic acid into the stagnant blood trapped inside the legs. As long as the car is pressing down on the legs, those lethal chemicals remain isolated below the crush point. If rescuers suddenly jack the car up after 20 or 30 minutes without paramedics present, blood rushes back into the damaged legs (causing sudden low blood pressure) while a concentrated wave of potassium flushes out of the legs straight into the heart, causing fatal cardiac arrest within minutes (known as crush reperfusion syndrome or "smiling death"). Stabilize the car so it cannot settle any deeper, and wait for paramedics to administer intravenous fluids and heart-protecting medications right before the lift.

What is the best household item to slide under a car when jacking it off a trapped victim if you do not have jack stands?¶

An inflated spare tire mounted on its steel or alloy wheel (or any wheel already removed from the vehicle) laid flat on its sidewall underneath the side rocker panel or frame rail is the safest, strongest immediate support available in any garage or trunk. A mounted automotive wheel assembly is roughly 18 to 23 centimeters (7 to 9 inches) thick, slightly thicker than an adult's compressed chest, and can easily support over 5,000 kilograms (11,000 pounds) without crushing or tipping over. Pair the flat wheel with stacked solid dimensional lumber (such as 2x4, 2x6, or 4x4 wood planks, or solid firewood logs) pushed incrementally under the frame as you jack the vehicle up.

Why does a wheeled hydraulic floor jack sometimes pull the car sideways off its jack stands while lifting?¶

The lifting arm of a hydraulic trolley floor jack pivots from the back of the jack body, which means the lifting saddle travels in a curved arc, moving both upward and slightly backward toward the handle as the car rises. For the saddle to stay centered underneath the car's frame rail, the floor jack's four steel caster wheels must roll freely inward underneath the car as you pump the handle. If the jack wheels get stuck in gravel, dirt, soft asphalt, or a concrete expansion joint, the jack cannot roll inward; instead, the rising arm pulls the entire vehicle horizontally toward the jack until the opposite side of the car tips off its jack stand.

This guide provides emergency rescue and first aid procedures for vehicle collapse accidents and does not replace professional technical rescue or clinical care. Consider taking a certified first aid and CPR course from the Red Cross, St John Ambulance, or a local emergency medical training provider.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Disama dia mutshima ne disama dia tshitupa tshia mubidi
• Changing a flat tire and tire pressure
• CPR: cardiopulmonary resuscitation
• Dipatuka dia mashi dikole ne dienza dia tourniquet
• Carbon monoxide poisoning
• Disama dia mukolo: dibenga kuenza mudimu ne dilama

Miaba mifumina¶

• American Society of Mechanical Engineers (ASME, United States): Safety Standard for Portable Automotive Service Equipment (ASME PASE, covering hydraulic service jacks, jack stands, and vehicle ramps)
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Safe Work Under Vehicles in Motor Vehicle Repair (MVR) and Prevention of Crush Injuries from Collapsed Jacks (INDG434 / HSG261)
• Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC, United States) and National Highway Traffic Safety Administration (NHTSA, United States): Jack Stand Failure Recalls and Home Mechanic Vehicle Support Safety Alerts
• National Association of Emergency Medical Technicians (NAEMT, United States): Prehospital Trauma Life Support (PHTLS) Guidelines on Traumatic Asphyxia and Crush Syndrome Resuscitation
• National Fire Protection Association (NFPA, United States): Standard for Technical Rescuer Professional Qualifications (NFPA 1006, Vehicle Extrication and Structural Cribbing Principles)