Kupanduka mu nzubu udi ne mashika kayi ne kapia: Njila wa 'Microclimate' wa ntenta wa munda mua nzubu ne bua tshinyi biamu bia kapia bia terracotta bidi anu bualu bua dishima¶

Padi tshipepele tshikole tshia mashika tshia mu muvu wa mashika, tshipepele tshikole tshia mashika, anyi dinyanguka dia gaz naturel anyi dia nzembu didi dipangisha tshiamu tshia kuenza natshi kapia mu matuku a bungi - anu muvua bantu miliyo ya bungi bamone mu tshikondo tshia dikuluka dia nzembu mu Texas mu 2021 ne bipupu bikole bia mu muvu wa mashika bia ku Mputu ne ku Amerike wa ku Nord - luya lua mu nzubu ludi mua kupueka muinshi mua 0 degrees Celsius (32 degrees Fahrenheit) mu meba 18 to ne 36. Shi muntu nansha umo mu njibo yenu udi ukankamika bikole udi ujika diakamue, ngakuilu mubi, dipanga dia lungenyi, bianza bienda binyanguka, dipanga bukole, anyi luya lua mubidi ludi muinshi mua 35 degrees Celsius (95 degrees Fahrenheit), nansha pikala alarme wa monoxide de carbone udila, udi mua kubikila nimero ya njiwu ya muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne Canada, 112 mu Union européenne mujima, 999 mu Royaume-Uni) ku diambuluisha dia nimero wetu nomba ya tshimpitshimpi tshilaminu. Tangila kabidi balombodi betu ba malu a tshimpitshimpi pa hypothermie ne diambuluisha dia kumpala dia mashika, kakuyi luya mu muvu wa mashika ne kupangisha milonda bua kuikala ne mashika, ne kulamba mu tshimpitshimpi mu nzubu kuyi ne nzembu.

Kuteta bua kuosha tshintu tshijima 200-square-meter (2,150-square-foot) Nzubu udi kayi ne nzembu udi kayi mua kuenzeka ne udi ufikisha mêku mu mateyi a lufu - bu mudi: kutemesha fulu wa mu tshikuku bua kuenza kapia mu nzubu, kulua ne tshiamu tshia kuosha natshi makala anyi tshiamu tshia kuosha natshi kapia tshia pambelu tshia propane, anyi kuibaka tshiamu tshia kuosha natshi kapia tshia "inverted terracotta over tea-light candles" tshia DIY. Bualu busokoka bua kuikala ne muoyo mu luya lua muinshi mua zero mu nzubu ne kakuyi mafuta nkukepesha bungi bua kapepe kadi mubidi webe ne bua kukaja (The Microclimate Principle). Mubidi wa muntu mukulumpe udi wikisha udi anu 80-to-100-Watt (275 to 340 BTU/hr) tshioshelu tshia bintu bidi ne muoyo; bantu babidi bakole ne muana umo balala pamue badi bapatula 220 to 250 Watts (750 to 850 BTU/hr) wa bukole bua kapia budi kabuyi bujika. Padi 250 Watts udi ujimina kayi umueneka munda mua nzubu wa tshilala benyi udi ne plafond mule, wela ntenta mukese wa bantu 2 too ne ku 4 pa mutu pa matela ebe mu nzubu mukanga ne wela bilamba bibidi bia miosa ya mikoko pa makunji a ntenta udi wenza kapepe kakese ka luya lufue kadi mubidi wa dîku diebe ulengeja nkayawu 10 to 15 degrees Celsius (18 to 27 degrees Fahrenheit) luya kupita nzubu wa bulalu udi munyunguluke mu minite 30.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Lekela nzubu mujima ne wenze muntu yonso ne nyama yonso mu nzubu umue mukese wa "Warm Core Room." Sungula nzubu umue mukese wa kulala anyi wa kulonga (ideally on the south-facing or sunny side of the house, on an upper or middle floor rather than a freezing concrete slab, with the fewest exterior windows). Kanga biibi bionso bia nzubu idibu kabayi benza nayi mudimu, wela bilamba bia kuowa nabi mâyi mu bipese bia kuinshi kua biibi, ne ela bilamba binene, bilamba bia kulala nabi, anyi tshilamba tshia bubble wrap + pa madidishi a nzubu uudi musungule.
2. Teka ntenta mukese wa bantu 2 to ne banayi pa mutu pa bulalu buebe (anyi enza tshibumba tshikese muinshi mua mesa a kudiila makole). Kulala pa muaba mule to 2.4-meter (8-foot) bunene bua plafond wa nzubu wa bulalu udi ne mashika. Teka ntenta mukese pa mutu pa matela eba (bua matela akukuba kuinshi), ela matamba ne mifuku ya kulala munda, ne ela tshilamba tshimue anyi bibidi bia miosa ya mikoko anyi miosa ya mikoko pambelu pa tshibumba tshia ntenta eku ushiya 10-centimeter (4-inch) tshitupa tshia kapepe tshiunzulula ku tshiibi tshia ntenta wa tshilamba nunku kapepe ka karbone (CO2) ne luya lua mupuya ludi mua kupatuka.
3. KENAKUENA tshilongo tshia "Terracotta Clay Flowerpot Over Tea-Light Candles" tshidi tshitangalake bikole. Mavideo a ku Enternete adi atamba kuikala ne bantu adi aleja ne: kukudimuna bilongo bibidi bia dilongo pa mutu pa 3 anyi 4 ya wax tea-light candles kudi kukaja nzubu bua makuta a bungi. Etshi ntshilumbu tshia njiwu tshia thermodynamic ne njiwu mikole ya kapia: muendu umua wa tshiayi udi upatula anu 30 to 35 Watts (100 to 120 BTU/hr) wa kapia - nansha tshilongo tshia dilongo tshidi pa mutu patshi anyi katshiyi (Mukenji wa dilama dia bukole). Tshibi menemene, kulama miendu inayi ya tshiayi muinshi mua tshibumba tshia dilongo tshidi katshiyi ne kapepe kudi kuenza bua parafine wax udi mu makopo a aluminium ikale ne luya lua bungi kupita 200°C (392°F) tshitupa tshia kapia, tshienza bua tshibombi tshijima tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshipatuke mu kapia ka kapia ka mushindu wa mafuta kadi katshiyi mua kukokeshibua eku kapia kapia ka oxygène ne kapatula monoxide de carbone (CO) ne lupuishi.
4. Ikala Muinshi mua Mubidi webe Kumpala (Conduction Beats Convection): Tshilamba tshia kulala tshikole anyi tshilamba tshia panshi tshitshibuke muinshi mua bujitu bua mubidi webe tshidi ne mushinga wa zero wa dikuba bualu mifuba ya kapepe idi mitshibuke. Wewe ulala panshi, kulala nansha kakese pa mabaya makole, pa mabue anyi pa beton to; ela nansha 5 to 10 centimeters (2 to 4 inches) ya bipese bia foam, bipese bia kutanda, bipese bia yoga, bipese bia miosa ya mikoko, anyi bibombi bia karton bipepele muinshi muebe kumpala kua kuela bilamba pa mutu.
5. Wenza mudimu ne "Core Artery Hot-Water Bottle" Multiplier: Shi udi na mushindu muyampe wa kukaja mayi (tangila wetu mukanda wa kulamba mu nzubu mu bukubi), ela kapia (not boiling, -70°C / 158°F) mayi mu mulondo munene wa mayi a kapia anyi mu tshibombi tshia 1-litre tshikole HDPE / Tritan Mulondo wa Nalgene, uwubuikile mu tshilamba tshia miosa ya mikoko bua kautshinyi, ne uwukuate pankatshi pa bikono biebe bia munda (femoral arteries), muinshi mua maboko ebe (axillary arteries), anyi kupitshila ku difu diebe munda mua tshibombi tshiebe tshia kulala. Kuosha mijilu minene ya mashi kudi kupingaja mashi a kapia buludiludi mu mutshima webe ne ku buongo buebe ne kulama tshibombi tshia kulala tshikole munkatshi mua mêba 6 too ne ku 8.
6. Shintulula mu 100% ya nshindamenu miume (synthetics or merino wool, NEVER damp cotton) kumpala kua kubuela mu ntenta webe bua kulala butuku. Dituku dijima, dikoba diebe didi dituta mâyi adi kaayi amueneka (insensible perspiration) mu masosete eba ne mu bilamba bia munda. Bu mudi mayi afila kapia kule ne mubidi misangu 25 lubilu kupita kapepe kaume, kulala mu tushete tua tshilamba tshia butoke ne tshilamba tshiuvua muvuale dituku dijima nekukupeshe mashika butuku bujima. Vwala bilamba bia munda bia kapia biume, tshilamba tshia miosa ya mikoko tshiume, ne masosete a miosa miume kumpala kua kulala.

Mutshi wa mapangadika: Kulongolola tshipepele tshia mu nzubu tshia mu muvu wa mashika mu tshikondo tshia matuku a bungi a dipanga dia kapia¶

Londa tshimfuanyi etshi tshia mushindu wa kulama kapia dîba didi tshiamu tshiebe tshia kapia, tshiamu tshia kapia anyi tshiamu tshia kapia tshijimija bukole mu tshikondo tshia mashika.

flowchart TD
    Freeze["Dikuluka dia tshiamu tshia mashika mu muvu wa mashika anyi dinyanguka dia tshikuku: Luya lua mu nzubu ludi lupueka too ne ku 0 C (32 F)"] --> HousePrep["Tshitupa 1: Lama tshiamu tshia nzembu tshia kumpala (kangula biibi bia tshitekelu + bipese bia mayi anyi kanga tshiamu tshia mayi ne milonda ya mâyi pikala luya lupueka muinshi mua -2 C / 28 F)"]
    HousePrep --> PickRoom["Tshitupa 2: Usangishe bantu bonso ne nyama ya mu nzubu mu nzubu umua mukese wa munda anyi mu nzubu wa bulalu mutangile ku sud (kanga biibi bikuabu bionso + biibi bia mu tshisuku)"]
    PickRoom --> WindowSeal["Tshitupa 3: Kulama madidishi a mu nzubu (Kuela tshilamba tshia bubble ku makala + Kuela bilamba bia bujitu pa madidishi)"]
    WindowSeal --> MicroCheck{"Udiku ne ntenta wa bantu 2 too ne ku 4 udi wimana nkayende anyi?"}
    MicroCheck -->|"EYOWA: Tenta wa munda mua nzubu"| TentSetup["Tshitupa 4A: Teka ntenta buludiludi pa mutu pa bulalu -> Ela 1-2 bilamba bia miosa ya mikoko/miosa ya mikoko bidi bipuyakana pa mutu pa tshisasa tshia ntenta -> Lekela 10 cm (4 in) Mesh Vent Open"]
    MicroCheck -->|"NO: Build Table Microclimate"| TableFort["Tshitupa 4B: Teka mesa a kudiila a bujitu pa mutu pa matela anyi a ditanda -> Ela bilamba bia bujitu panshi ku nseke yonso inayi -> Lekela 15 cm (6 in) tshitupa tshia kapepe ku ditumba dimue"]
    TentSetup --> BodyHeat["Tshitupa 5: Vwala bilamba biume bidi kabiyi bia butoyi + Tshifulu tshia tshilamba + Mashosette a miosa miunzuluke -> Teka mulondo wa mâyi a kapia a Nalgene mubuikila ne shosete ku bikono bia munda / munda"]
    TableFort --> BodyHeat
    BodyHeat --> HeaterCheck{"Udiku ne tshintu tshia kufila kapia ka mu nzubu anyi?"}
    HeaterCheck -->|"12V Electric Blanket on LiFePO4 Power Station"| ElecWarm["Ela tshilamba tshia 45W 12V DC tshidi ne kapia mu tshibombi tshia kulala (tshienza mudimu anu ne 350 Wh mu mêba 8 ne 12,000 Wh bua tshiamu tshia kapia tshia 1,500W)"]
    HeaterCheck -->|"ANSI Z21.103 Indoor Propane 'Buddy' Heater"| PropWarm["Teka ntenta wa pambelu pa buloba bukole (1 Metre / 3 Feet Clearance) + Dididishi dia mu nzubu wa 2.5 cm + Monitor Digital CO Alarm"]
    HeaterCheck -->|"Kakuena tshiamu tshia kapia tshidi ne nzembu"| BioWarm["Ikala wimanyina pa luya lua mubidi (100W/Muntu) + Biakudia bia kalori bia bungi bia mafuta + Milondo ya mâyi a kapia (KUENA MUENZA MUDIMU WA MUDILU)"]

Tshitupa 1: Bua tshinyi "Nzubu-mu-nzubu" wa ntenta wa mu nzubu udi wenza mudimu (Matematike a luya)¶

Bua tshinyi bantu batu bafika mu mashika 5°C (41°F) nzubu wa bulalu muinshi mua bilamba bisatu, kadi ulala bimpe pa -10°C (14°F) munda mua ntenta wa tshitudilu anyi? Diandamuna didi mu tshitupa tshia luya ne ma mikalu a luya.

1. Kufuanyikija bungi bua kapepe: Nzubu mujima ne nzubu wa bulalu ne ntenta wa bantu babidi pa bulalu¶

• Nzubu mujima (200 m² × 2.5 m ceiling = 500 cubic meters / 17,650 cubic feet wa lupepele):
• Kuosha 500 m³ wa kapepe ne binunu bia kilo ya drywall bidi bikengela 15,000-to-25,000-Watt (50,000 to 85,000 BTU/hr) tshioshelu tshia munkatshi.
• Nzubu wa bulalu mukese umue (3.5 m × 3.5 m × 2.4 m ceiling = 30 cubic meters / 1,060 cubic feet wa lupepele):
• Kukanga tshiibi tshia nzubu wa bulalu kudi kukepesha bungi bua kapepe ne 94 pa lukama (from 500 m³ down to 30 m³), kubandisha luya lua mu nzubu 3°C to 5°C (5°F to 9°F) pa mutu pa nzubu mukuabu udi kayi ne kapia.
• 2-to-3-Person Dome Tent Pitched Your Bed (2.1 m × 1.5 m × 1.0 m height ≈ 2.2 cubic meters / 78 cubic feet wa lupepele):
• Kuteka ntenta pa bulalu buebe kudi kukepesha bungi bua kapepe ne 93 pa lukama (from 30 m³ down to 2.2 m³ - muinshi mua 0.5 pa lukama wa bunene bua nzubu.).
• Munda mua tshintu tshikese atshi 2.2 m³ tshibombi tshia nylon-ne-fleece, bantu babidi bakole balala (generating 160 to 200 Watts of continuous metabolic heat) ne umue 1-liter mulondo wa mayi a kapia (storing -70 Watt-hours of thermal energy) kubandisha lukasa luya lua kapepe munda mua ntenta ne 10°C to 15°C (18°F to 27°F): shi nzubu weba udi kayi ne kapia mufike ku mashika 0°C (32°F), lupepele ludi munda mua ntenta webe wa bulalu mubuikila ne tshilamba ludi lushala muaba muimpe 11°C to 15°C (52°F to 59°F) butuku bujima - kukuba muulu webe, nshingu, ne mifuba yebe ku dipuya dia luya lua mashika eku tshibombi tshieba tshia kulala tshilama dikoba diebe 34°C (93°F).

2. Mushindu kayi wa kuenza nzubu wa tshilala benyi (ne anyi kayi ne ntenta wa tshitudilu)¶

1. Mushindu A: Tente wa Dome udi wimana nkayende pa matela (Best Overall):
2. Ela makunji abidi a aluminium anyi a fibre de verre a ntenta wa dome udi wimana nkayende ne uteka ntenta pa mutu pa matela a Queen, Full anyi Twin (anyi ela matela abidi a mapasa pamue panshi).
3. Bua tshinyi pa mutu pa matela? Tshilele 25-centimeter (10-inch) matela a foam anyi a inner-spring adi ne mushinga wa R-10 to R-15 - luya lua bungi kupita tshilamba tshia kulala tshia mu tshibuta tshia mu nshingu, ludi lupangisha dijimija dia luya mu tshisasa tshia mashika.
4. Teka tshilamba tshia miosa ya mikoko tshidi tshipuyakana anyi tshilamba tshia miosa ya mikoko tshidi tshiendakana pa mutu pa mitshi ya ntenta** (if your tent has a waterproof polyurethane rainfly, you can leave the waterproof rainfly off indoors and drape breathable fleece blankets over the mesh roof instead; this traps warm air while allowing water vapor from your breath to diffuse out so the inside of the tent does not get clammy with condensation).
5. Mushindu B: "Mesa a kudiila anyi tshilamba tshia nkuasa inayi" (If You Do Not Own a Tent):
6. Ela matela eba anyi mitanda ya sofa munene panshi mu kazubu kebe kakese ka luya ne uteka pankatshi pa mesa a kudiila a mabaya (anyi nkuasa inayi mile ya kudiila miteka ku matumba a matela) pa mutu pa bulalu.
7. Ela bilamba bia miosa ya mikoko ya bujitu, bilamba bia kulala nabi, anyi bilamba bia kuendesha nabi pa mutu pa mesa bua bikale bilenga too ne panshi ku nseke isatu ne tshitupa, ulamakaja nseke ne mikanda mile anyi ne biamu bia kukanga nabi (clothespins).
8. Lekela 15-centimeter (6-inch) tshiibi tshia tshiibi tshia nseke isatu ku ndekelu kua mutu bua kapepe kimpe ka mu nzubu wa bulalu kaende bitekete bitekete kakuyi luya lua mashika.

Tshitupa 2: Bua tshinyi "Bintu bia kuosha nabi buji bia mu tshibombi tshia terracotta" bidi nkindi ya lufu¶

Mu muvu wa mashika wonso, mikanda ya pa lutanda lua Internet ne mikanda ya dipanduka idi ifila bimfuanyi bia "DIY Terracotta Candle Heater" muenza ne diteka dia 3 anyi 6 ya buji bua tshiayi mu tshibombi tshia mampa tshia tshiamu ne diteka dia milondo ibidi ya maluba ya dilongo idi kayiyi ne lumuenu (with a bolt through the drainage hole) pa mutu pa miendu, wamba ne: "udi ufila kapia mu nzubu munkatshi mua mêba 8 ku diambuluisha dia dikolesha dia lumuenu." Balombodi ba kapia, tshisumbu tshia dikuba dia kapia tshia mu ditunga dijima (NFPA), UK Fire Service, ne bamanyi ba malu a fisike badi badimuija ne: tshiamu etshi tshidi tshishipa mikenji ya thermodynamique ne tshidi tshikebesha kapia ka kapia kanene:

Tshitupa 3: Math wa meji a batterie-to-body (Why a 45W 12V Heated Blanket Beats a 1,500W Space Heater by 33x)¶

Shi udi na LiFePO4 Tshipalu tshia nzembu tshia kumbula (tshilejilu, 1,000 Watt-hour / 1 kWh tshiamu tshia batterie bu mudi Jackery, EcoFlow, anyi Bluetti; mona wetu bulombodi bua bunene bua nzubu wa nzembu), kuela tshintu tshia mushinga nansha kakese 1,500-Watt Tshiamu tshia mudilu tshia AC munda muatshi: - TSHINTU 1,500W tshiamu tshia kapia tshidi tshiteta bua kukaja kapepe ka mu nzubu mujima ne netshipatule $700 1,000 Wh tshiamu tshia batterie tshifua tshishiki mu minite 35 patupu**. - Pamutu pa nanku, teka mubidi wa muntu munda mua tshibombi tshiebe tshia kulala anyi mu ntenta ku diambuluisha dia watt mukese 12V DC bipese bia kapia/bilamba:

Tshitupa 4: Tshilongelu tshia dilongolola dia bilamba, diteka dia miaba ya mashika, ne mafuta a mubidi¶

Kushala ne muoyo mu mashika a matuku a bungi mu nzubu kudi kulomba bua kulama mushindu udi mubidi webe upatula ne ulama kapia kuyi wela tuishi:

1. Tshiamu tshia 4-Layer tshia mu nzubu tshia kupanduka ku mashika (The "COLD" Rule: Clean, Avoid Overheating, Loose Layers, Dry)¶

• Tshitupa 1 (Next-to-Skin Base Layer - Moisture Management): Vwala 100% Miosa ya Merino (200 to 250 g/m²) anyi Polypropylene / Polyester thermal underwear. Kuvuadi nansha kakese bilamba bia munda bia tshitoyi, bilamba bia tshitoyi, jeans ya denim, anyi masosete a tshitoyi mu tshikondo tshia mashika ("Cotton Kills": mionji ya tshitoyi idi ikuata too ne 27 times their weight in water, kulama tuishi ku dikoba diebe ne kupuekesha mushinga wa tshilamba tshia kukuba natshi 90%).
• Tshitupa 2 (Mid-Layer - Trapped Dead-Air Loft): Vwala 1 anyi 2 ya bilamba bia polyester fleece pullovers, sweaters ya miosa ya nyama, anyi jackets/pantalons mitumbuke. (Mukenji wa bunene bua makasa ne bianza: Kokayi nansha kakese mashosette asatu makole adi afinya minu yebe pamue munda mua bisabata bikole. Kufinya makasa ebe kudi kufina mishipa ya mashi idi mu mishipa, kupangisha mashi adi apita mu mishipa ne kuenza bua mashika ikale ne mashika ne mashika a bungi. Vuala tshilamba tshimue tshikole, **sosete wa tshilamba tshikole, **udi ulengeja ** sosete mutoke. tshilamba tshia miosa munda mua sandala minene anyi bisabata bia mu muvu wa mashika).
• Tshitupa 3 (Outer Wind/Draft Shell): Nansha munda mua nzubu, kuvuala tshilamba tshia nylon tshidi tshipuyakana anyi tshilamba tshia mvula pa mutu pa miosa yebe kudi kukuata kapepe ka luya munda mua mionji ya miosa ya mikoko bua luya kaluyi lupuekesha paudi wenda mu tshisasa tshidi ne mashika.
• Tshitupa 4 (Head, Neck, and Extremities): Bu mudi mishipa ya mashi ya mu mutu ne ya mu nshingu kayiyi inyanguka bikole mu mashika bu mudi bianza ne makasa ebe bienza, mutu ne nshingu kabiyi bibuikila bidi mua kupatula 30 anyi 40 pa lukama bia luya lua mubidi wa muntu udi uikisha padi mubidi mujima mubuikila. Vwala tshifulu tshia miosa ya mikoko anyi tshia miosa ya mikoko (balaclava) ne tshilamba tshia ku nshingu (buff) mêba 24 ku dituku, nansha paudi ulala.

2. Mulondo wa mayi a kapia ne tshiamu tshia kukanga nabi bianza (Target the 4 Arterial Superhighways)¶

Padi bantu ne bintu bia kuowa nabi bianza bidi bienza mudimu ne luya (HotHands) anyi mulondo wa mâyi a kapia, batu batamba kubikuata mu bianza anyi panshi ku minu yabu. Padi luya lua mubidi webe lupueka nansha 0.5°C, buongo buebe budi buenzeja peripheral vasoconstriction - dipangisha mashi bua kuya ku bianza ne ku makasa bua kusungila mutshima ne buongo. Kuteka tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi tshianza pa minu idi mikole kudi anu kukolesha kikoba. Pamutu pa nanku, teka milondo ya mayi a kapia mibuikila anyi bintu bia kulamakaja nabi mubidi buludiludi pa mutu pa bipese binayi bia mashi adi apita bungi (misangu yonso pa mutu pa tshilamba tshitekete tshia kuinshi bua kuepuka 44°C+ low-temperature contact burns / erythema ab igne): 1. Tshitupa tshia tshiadi (Inner Groin / Upper Inner Thighs): Muaba udi mushipa munene wa tshiadi ne mushipa wa tshiadi bipita anu muinshi mua dikoba; a 1-liter Mulondo wa Nalgene mubuikila mu tshilamba tshia miosa mikole tshikuate pankatshi pa bikono biebe bia kuulu munda mua tshibombi tshia kulala tshidi tshilengeja mashi ebe onso adi endakana mu minite 15. 2. Axilla (Armpits / Side of Ribcage): Njila mululame kupitshila ku mishipa ya mu tshiadi/ya muinshi mua dikasa too ne ku mutshima. 3. The Carotid / Jugular Corridor (Sides of the Neck): Kubueja tshintu tshidi tshifila kapia munda mua tshilamba tshia ku nshingu tshia mikoko kudi kukaja mashi adi apita buludiludi mu hypothalamus (reducing shivering and brain fog). 4. Mifuba / Mukolo wa kuinshi (Lumbar Wrapper): Kulamakaja tshintu tshia kulamakaja natshi mubidi tshidi tshienza mudimu ne luya pa mutu pa tshilamba tshiebe tshia muinshi tshia mukolo kudi kukolesha tshitupa tshia munda tshia difu bua 10 to 12 hours.

3. Dikolesha dia kalori mu mubidi ne bua tshinyi maluvu adi akolesha disama dia hypothermie¶

• Dia biakudia bidi ne mafuta a bungi ne bidi ne kalori ya bungi kumpala kua kulala (Thermic Effect of Food): Didia dia biakudia didi dipatula kapia ka munda. Carbohydrates (oatmeal, honey, crackers) udi ufila luya lua lukasa lua dîba 1 too ne ku 2 paudi ubanda bua musangu wa kumpala mu tshibombi tshia mashika, eku mafuta ne proteyine (peanut butter, almonds, walnuts, olive oil, cheese, chocolate) kuosha bitekete bitekete mu mêba 6 too ne ku 8, kukolesha mubidi webe 100-Watt tshioshelu too ne mu dinda.
• Nua bintu bia luya: Lupepele lua mashika lua mu muvu wa mashika ludi lukujimija mâyi lukasa ku diambuluisha dia luya lua mupuya (cold diuresis), udi ukepesha bungi bua mashi ne wenza bua bianza ne makasa ebe bikale ne mashika lukasa. Nua tshiayi tshikole tshidi katshiyi ne kafeine, tshisuku, anyi mayi a kapia misangu yonso.
• KUNUA maluvu nansha kakese mu nzubu udi ne mashika: Maluvu (ethanol) i peripheral vasodilator udi wenza bua mishipa ya dikoba iunzuluke, wela luya luebe lua munda mu nzubu wa mashika ne upangisha buongo buebe bua kuteketa mu mikolo, wenza bua hypothermie udi ufua lukasa paudi ulala.

Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi ya mu tshijengu ne mikenji ya bibambalu¶

Shi muntu udi uleja bimanyinu bia hypothermie wa tshitupa tshîpi anyi mukole, disama dia mashika, anyi disama dia monoxide de carbone, udi mua kubikila bena mudimu ba lukasa lukasa anyi ku nimero ya telefone ya mu nzubu wa tshilala benyi wa mu tshimenga diakamue:

• États-Unis: Bikila 911 bua hypothermie anyi monoxide de carbone. Ela 211 (211.org) bua kupeta muaba udi pabuipi ne Centre de chauffage municipal / Nzubu wa Croix-Rouge ne mashinyi a tshianana. Londa buludiki bua dipanga dia nzembu mu muvu wa mashika kudi FEMA (Ready.gov/winter-weather), CDC, ne CPSC.
• Canada: Bikila 911 bua malu a luondapu anyi CO, anyi ela 211 (211.ca) bua nzubu ya mashika ya mu tshimenga ne mamanyisha a mashika makole a kudi Environnement and Climate Change Canada (ECCC) ne Bukubi bua bantu bonso mu Canada.
• Royaume-Uni: Bikila 999 bua ambulance/pompier anyi 111 bua kupeta mibelu ya lukasa ya NHS. Bikila 105 bua kumanyisha dijika dia nzembu ne kujadika ne: nzubu idi mu Mukanda wa midimu ya kumpala (PSR) kupeta diambuluisha dia nsombelu muimpe. Londa UKHSA Cold-Health Alerts ne Age UK (0800 678 1602) mikenji.
• Union européenne: Bikila ku 112 bua kupeta diambuluisha dia lukasa. Biamu bia kukuata nabi kapia bia mu nzubu bidi ne tshiamu tshia nzembu anyi bia nzembu bidibu benza nabi mudimu mu nzubu bidi ne bua kutumikila EN 449 (Equipped with Atmosphere Sensing Device / ODS).
• Australie ne New Zealand: Bikila 000 (Australie) anyi 111 (New Zealand). Biamu bia kuenza nabi kapia bidi kabiyi ne kapia bidi bikandika mu nzubu, ne biamu bia kapia bia mu nzubu bidi kabiyi ne kapia bia gaz naturel/LPG bidi ne bua kukumbaja mikalu ya AS/NZS 5263.1.3 ya dipatula dia kapia.
• India ne Asia-Pacifique: Mu Inde, bikila 112 anyi 108 mu tshikondo tshia mashika makole a ku nord (NDMA Cold Wave Guidelines); **kulala nansha kakese mu nzubu mukanga ne makala/makala a kapia angithi anyi bukhari brazier. Tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Ndiku mua kuenza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia propane tshia "Mr. Heater Buddy" munda mua nzubu wanyi mu tshikondo tshia mashika anyi?¶

Mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, biamu bia kukuata nabi kapia bia propane bidi bimanyishibua bua **`ANSI Z21.103`** (bu mudi *Mr. Heater Little Buddy / Portable Buddy / Hunting Buddy*) badi babanyishile bilondeshile mikenji bu **Indoor-Safe** bualu badi benza mudimu ne tshiamu tshia ceramique tshidi tshiosha propane ne pabuipi ne zero `CO` ne kubueja bintu bibidi bia kukuba nabi: **360-degree Tip-Over Shutoff Switch** ne **Pilot Oxygen Depletion Sensor (`ODS`)** udi ujika nkayende tshiamu tshia gaz pikala oxygène wa mu nzubu mupueka `20.9%` too ne ku `18.0%`. **Nansha nanku, udi ne tshia kutumikila mikenji inayi mikole:** (1) teka tshiamu tshia mudimu tshidi tshienza mudimu ne batterie (`CO`) tshimanyishilu** mu nzubu; (2) **kubulula dididishi `2.5 centimeters (1 inch)`** bua oxygène mupiamupia wa makeup; (3) **kuenza nende mudimu nansha kakese mu ntenta webe mukese wa kulala** (`keep it in the main room with at least 1 meter / 3 feet of clearance from all blankets, tents, and furniture`); ne (4) **kujima kumpala kwa muntu mukulumpe yense kuya kulala**.

Netuambe tshinyi meme muele "Bankete bia muulu" bia Mylar buludiludi pa mubidi wanyi munda mua tshibombi tshianyi tshia kulala?¶

Bilamba bia muulu bia Mylar bia aluminium bidi bileja too ne ku **80 too ne ku 90 pa lukama ya kapia ka infra-rouge**, **kadi bidi 100 pa lukama bia plastike bidi kabiyi mua kupuyakana (`zero moisture vapor permeability`)**. Wewe mubuikila tshilamba tshia Mylar pa mubidi webe anyi pambelu pa tshilamba tshia kulala tshia miosa ya mikoko munkatshi mua mêba 8, luya luonso lua mâyi ludi lupatuka mu dikoba diebe (`300 to 500 mL per night`) udi ubuela mu mayi a mashika pa tshilamba tshia Mylar tshidi ne mashika ne **udi wela tshibombi tshiebe tshia kulala ne bilamba munda too ne panshi**, bienza bua mashika ikale a mashika pa dîba 4:00 wa dinda. Pamutu pa nanku, **(A) ela bilamba bia Mylar ku bimanu bia munda/ku plafond wa ntenta webe** (bua se: kudi tshitupa tshia kapepe ne muaba wa kupatula luya pankatshi pebe ne Mylar), anyi **(B) ela tshilamba tshia Mylar muinshi mua matela/tshilamba tshiebe** bua kuleja kapia ka muulu kakuyi dikuata dia tuishi pa bilamba biebe.

Le i biyampe kuosha maluvu a kusukula nawu (isopropyl) anyi bioéthanol wa mu tshikuku tshia kapia mu tshibombi tshia kapia tshia pa mesa bua kukaja nzubu wa bulalu?¶

**Tòo.** Malongo a kapia a bioethanol a ku mesa ("miaba ya kapia ya mu nzubu idi kayiyi ne muishi") adi umue wa ku malu adi enda avula lukasa adi afila kapia ka mu nzubu ka tshitupa tshisatu ne dikola dia monoxide de carbone: tshia kumpala, adi ne **zero protection ku dibutuka** (`a bump in the dark spills burning liquid alcohol across blankets and carpets`); tshibidi, kuela mafuta mu tshibombi tshia mudilu tshidi ne kapia kudi kuenza bua lupepele ludi kaluyi lumueneka (`flame jetting`); ne tshia busatu, badi badia oxygène wa mu nzubu lukasa kakuyi tshiamu tshia oxygène depletion sensor (`ODS`).

Mmushindu kayi mutambe buimpe wa kulama muana anyi muana mutekete mu nzubu udi ne mashika kakuyi dienza mudimu ne bilamba bia mashika?¶

Bualu bua bilamba bia bujitu, matamba, ne mifuku ya kulala ya bantu bakole munda mua tshitanda bidi mua kuikala ne njiwu mikole ya **Lufu lua tshimpitshimpi lua muana mutekete (`SUID`) ne dipuekesha dia mupuya mu muaba kampanda** kudi bana ba muinshi mua ngondo 12, **kuela bilamba bia kulala nabi pa mpala wa muana nansha kakese**. Pamutu pa nanku, enza **tshitupa tshia ntenta tshia munda** tshia dîku diebe bua luya lua munda mua ntenta lushale pa mutu pa `13°C to 16°C (55°F to 60°F)`, uvuala muana **tshilamba tshimue tshitekete tshia merino/tshia kapia + tshilamba tshia kulala tshia miosa ya mikoko + tshilamba tshia kulala tshia TOG tshidi mua kuvuala (`2.5 TOG or 3.5 TOG wearable blanket`)**, ne **kudianjila kukaja matela a muana** ku diambuluisha dia mulondo wa mayi a kapia munkatshi mua minite 15 **ne umbusha mulondo wa mayi onso kumpala kua kuteka muana panshi bua kulala**. Tangila luya lua muana pa kulenga **nshingu wende anyi tshiadi** (nansha bianza/makasa ende, adi ne mashika; pikala nshingu ne tuishi, umbusha tshitupa tshimue).

Ndi ne tshia kukoka mutu wanyi mujima munda mua tshibombi tshianyi tshia kulala ne kutshikanga padi nzubu wanyi wa bulalu muikale muinshi mua mashika anyi?¶

**Kubuikidi mukana muebe ne muulu webe mujima munda mua tshibombi tshiebe tshia kulala to.** Butuku buonso, muntu mukole utu upuekesha luya lukole **`300 to 400 milliliters (1.5 cups)` wa luya lua mayi a luya** lua mu mikolo yabu. Wewe mupuya munda mua tshibombi tshiebe tshia kulala, luya luonso elu ludi lubuela buludiludi munda mua tshilamba tshiebe tshia kulala anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku, lulengeja nzubu wa kuulu ne luenza bua tshibombi tshiebe tshia kulala tshikale ne mashika dîba dionso. Pamutu pa nanku, uvuale tshilamba tshia **fleece balaclava / ski mask ne tshilamba tshia ku nshingu tshidi tshiunzuluke (`or pull the sleeping bag hood drawstring snug around your face while leaving your nose and mouth exposed to the air inside your tent`)**, ne wenze ntenta pa mutu pa bulalu buebe bua lupepele luudi upuya luikale kale `12°C` luya kupita nzubu.

Mmunyi mundi mua kulama nyama yanyi ya mu nzubu (mbwa ne mpushi) ne luya mu tshikondo tshia matuku a bungi a mu muvu wa mashika?¶

Ulue ne mbua yonso ne mpushi **mu nzubu weba wa Warm Core ne mu ntenta webe wa munda** - mbwa wa bunene bua pankatshi udi upatula **`40 to 80 Watts` (`135 to 270 BTU/hr`)** wa luya lua mubidi, udi ulengeja wewe ne ntenta. Bua mpushi ne mbua mikese idi ne nsuki mikese, enza **muaba wa tshibombi tshia karton** udi ne tshilamba tshia tshisuku ne tshilamba tshia nyama tshia Mylar-core tshidi tshidiosha nkayatshi (`which reflects the pet's own body heat without electricity`) ne wela tshilamba pa mutu pa 80 pa lukama lua tshibuelelu.

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dikuatshisha dia kumpala dia hypothermie ne dia mashika
• Kakuyi luya mu muvu wa mashika ne kupangisha milonda bua kuikala ne mashika
• Milonda ya mashika: mushindu wa kuyilengeja bimpe ne kuepuka dibutuka
• Kuteka mu tshimpitshimpi mu tshikondo tshia dijimina dia nzembu: bua tshinyi makala ne tshikuku bidi bishipa bantu mu nzubu
• Dikuba dia nzembu: bua tshinyi miendu idi ne kapia kakole idi ifila kapia ka nzembu
• Nomba ya tshimpitshimpi

Miaba ne buludiki bua mbulamatadi¶

• Bibambalu bia diluisha ne dikuba dia masama (CDC, États-Unis): Mukanda wa dikuba nawu mashika makole: Kuikala ne luya mu nzubu mu tshikondo tshia mashika, dimanya dia mashika, ne dikuba dia monoxide de carbone (cdc.gov/winter-weather).
• Tshibambalu tshia malu a tshimpitshimpi tshia mbulamatadi (FEMA) ne Croix-Rouge wa mu Amerike: Dilongolola dia tshipepele tshikole tshia mu muvu wa mashika: Disangisha mu nzubu umue wa luya, diteka bilamba bia pa mutu, ne dikuba dia njila ya mâyi.
• Tshisumbu tshia ditunga tshia dikuba dia kapia (NFPA) ne midimu ya kapia ne ya dipandisha ya mu UK: Madimuija a bukubi pa biamu bia kapia bia mu tshibombi tshia maluba bia mu budimi bia Terracotta bidi kabiyi bitabijibua (njiwu ya parafine mufuba ne njiwu ya monoxide de carbone).
• Tshibambalu tshia mikenji ya ditunga dia Amerika (ANSI Z21.103 / CSA 2.43): Mukenji wa tshiamu tshia nzembu tshidi katshiyi ne luya tshidi ne luya lua mu tshitudilu/tshia mu nzubu tshidi ne tshiamu tshia kukanga natshi luya lua oxygène (ODS).
• Tshilongelu tshia malu a bana tshia mu Amerike (AAP): Mishindu mimpe ya kulala bua bana mu tshikondo tshia mashika padi nzembu ijika (TOG Wearable Sleep Sacks vs. Loose Bedding Hazards).