Dibutuka dia luya lua meteor, mavuala a mu midimu ya bianza, ne njiwu ya dibutuka dia makala adi ne bukole bua bungi¶

Padi tshintu tshia bunene bua nzubu (bolide) tshituta mu lupepele lua kuulu anyi nzubu munene wa midimu, nzubu wa dilamina bintu bia mvita, nzubu wa dilengeja bintu bia tshimpitshimpi anyi nzubu wa dilamina bintu bia ntete bibutuka mutantshi wa kilometre ya bungi, tshintu tshidi tshishipa bantu tshidi tshikuata bantu bonso badi pabuipi apu: **dishilangana dinene didi pankatshi pa lubilu lua butoke ne lubilu lua mutoyi udi ufuma ku difuisha dia muulu. kapia anyi ditutu dia nkunde didi dienda lubilu lua kilometre 300 000 ku sekonde (186 000 miles ku sekonde), difika ku mêsu ebe diakamue. Kadi, tshipepele tshikole tshia mutoyi tshidi tshinyangakaja (tshipepele tshikole tshia dibutuka) tshidi tshienda mu lupepele ne lubilu lua mutoyi, metre 340 ku sekonde (1,115 feet ku sekonde, anyi pabuipi ne kilometre 1 ku sekonde 3 / kilometre 1 ku sekonde 5 yonso).

Mu tshikondo atshi tshia 10 too ne ku 150 tshia sekonde kunyima kua diulu dimpe anyi kapia ka muulu, dijinga dia bantu dia kumanya malu didi disaka bantu miliyo ya bungi bua kuya buludiludi ku madidishi manene a binjinjimbi, ku bimanu bia biro bia makala, ne ku madidishi a mu kalasa ka tulasa bua kutangila pambelu pa njila wa muishi. Kunyima kua masekonde makese, tshipepele tshikole tshidi katshiyi tshimueneka tshidi tshibuela mu nzubu, tshikudimuna binunu ne binunu bia metre kare ya makala a tshiamu tshia mitaku mu mvula wa mabue a nsongo adi apueka mu nzubu ne lubilu lua metre 30 too ne ku 60 ku sekonde (65 too ne ku 135 mph)**. Malu a kale adi afumina ku dibutuka dia mitoto minene ne dibutuka dia ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa adi aleja ne: pa lukama 80 too ne ku 90 ya bantu bonso badi bapeta njiwu idi ifumina ku madidishi adi apueka adi akuma bantu bavua benda batangile ku madidishi panyima pa bamane kumona munya. Kumanya mukenji wa lukasa, "Tangila tshipepele tshikole anyi muishi: umbuka diakamue ku madidishi", kudi kukuba mêsu ebe, mijilu yebe ne muoyo webe.

Enza nunku mpindieu¶

1. Ikala kule ne madidishi onso, biibi bia madidishi, bimuenekelu bia muulu, ne lumuenu dîba diudi umona munya wa muulu, njila wa kapia ka mu munya, anyi dibutuka dia kule. Kuenda nansha kakese ku dididishi bua kutangila mutoyi udi ukenka anyi muishi wa kapia to. Udi ne sekonde 3 too ne ku minite 2,5 kumpala kua tshipepele tshikole tshidi katshiyi tshimueneka tshifika ne tshikuma dididishi dionso dia nzubu ne tshikisu munda.
2. Ikala panshi mu tshisasa tshia munda, mu tshibandilu, anyi panyima pa bintu bia mu nzubu bikole ne ufuke mutu webe ne mêsu ebe. Lala mpala panshi anyi inama panshi ne mukolo webe mutangile ku dikalashi dionso didi dishale, bukubishe nyima wa mutu webe ne nshingu webe ne maboko ebe, ne ufunge mêsu ebe bikole bua lupuishi lua dikalashi ludi mu lupepele kaluyi mua kutapa dikoba diebe to.
3. Kangula mukana muebe kakese ne kukanga matshi ebe ne bintu bikole pikala tshipupu tshia pabuipi tshidi pabuipi. Kuenza bua luya lua mu matshi luikale lua muomumue ku nseke yonso ibidi ya tshitupa tshia matshi tshiebe (tshiamu tshia tympanique) kupitshila ku tube tua Eustachien kudi kukepesha njiwu ya ditshibuka dia tshitupa tshia matshi padi tshipepele tshia mu lupepele tshienda tshivula mu tshimpitshimpi; ufuke matshi eba a pambelu ne bianza biebe bia pa mutu eku ulama mpala webe mupole kakese.
4. Ikala kule ne bimanu bia nzubu ya dilamina bintu bitekete, bimanu bia mabue, ne bimanu bia kuulu kunyima kua dibutuka dia kumpala dia dîyi dikole. Dibutuka dia mitoto ne dibutuka dia nzubu ya midimu bidi bipatuisha mavuala a bungi (nansha ku bitupa bia meteore bidi bikuma miaba yabi ya ndekelu mu bulongame, anyi padi nzubu wa dilamina bintu mukese wa kumpala wenza kapia ka tshimpitshimpi kabidi nitrate anyi tshibombi tshia mafuta ne kapepe 30 to ne 120 sekonde pashishe).
5. Vuala bisabata bia nsongo mikole kumpala kua kuenza bualu bumue panyima pa tshipepele tshikole tshimane kupita, ne tangila ni mashi adi apatuka mu mashi. Panyima pa tshipepele tshikole tshimane kutshibula madidishi, tshisasa tshionso tshidi tshibuikila ne nshinga ya makala idi kayiyi imueneka. Ikala ukandamena disama dionso dia mu nshingu anyi dia ku bianza diakamue ne dikuma dikole anyi ne tshiamu tshia tourniquet (tangila diambuluisha dia kumpala dia mashi), ne kuela dîsu didi ne lupuishi lua dikalashi nansha kakese.
6. Tangila ni gaz udi upatuka, enda mu lupepele pikala tshintu tshidi tshimueneka, ne epuka dikanga dia ma rezo a dîyi dia ku telefone pa kumbusha wewe muikale ne bualu budi mua kukushipa. Bikila anu nimero ya njiwu ya muaba unudi (911 mu États-Unis ne mu Canada, 112 mu Union européenne mujima, 999 mu Royaume-Uni; tangila nomba ya tshimpitshimpi) bua njiwu mikole, bantu badibu bakuate, anyi kapia kadi kapia, ne enza mudimu ne mesaje a SMS bua kumanya bena mu dîku bua njila ya dituma dia bintu bia lukasa kayena inyanguka to.

Fizike ya lupepele, mavuala a tshimpitshimpi, ne bikondo bia dipanga dia butoke ne mutoyi¶

Nansha dibutuka dienzeke mutantshi wa kilometre 25 (15.5 miles) buludiludi mu stratosphère ufumina ku asteroide wa hypersonique anyi pa buloba mutantshi wa kilometre 5 (3.1 miles) ku nzubu wa dilengeja dia bintu bia tshimpitshimpi anyi ku tshilaminu tshia mafuta, mushindu wa kutapa muntu mu nzubu, mu tulasa ne mu biro udi ulombodibua kudi dibutuka dia tshimpitshimpi ne ditangalaka dia bungi lubilu.

flowchart TD
    A["Tshipepele tshidi tshifofomija mêsu mu diulu, njila wa luya, anyi dibutuka dia kule"] --> B["BUA KUENZA LUMUE: KUENDI ku dididishi to; wela mbila ne: 'UYEKA KU DILAPA'"]
    B --> C["Enda mu tshiibi tshia munda / nzubu mu tusunsa 3"]
    C --> D["Ikala panshi, mpala kule ne dikalashi, ufuke mutu/nshingu, kangula mukana kakese"]
    D --> E["BIDI BIKUATA BUA KUMPALA: Madidishi adi anyanguka; nzubu udi unyunguluka; mutoyi mukole"]
    E --> F["Bindile minite 2 to ne 3 mu tshibuikidiji bua mavuala abidi / dipueka dia makala"]
    F --> G{"Ntshinyi tshivua tshikebeshe tshipupu etshi?"}
    G -->|"Meteor / Bolide Airburst in Upper Sky"| H["Vwala bisabata; kuondopa bipese bia makala; Tangila biamu bia kapia bia gaz/biamu bia kapia bivua bipatuke kudi mavuala a bukole"]
    G -->|"Dibutuka dia pa buloba dia midimu ya bianza / ya tshimpitshimpi / ya ku tshitudilu tshia mazuwa"| I["Tangila njila wa lupepele; umbuke mu lupepele lua kuulu anyi kusokomena muaba kampanda pikala muishi wa buanga usemena pabuipi"]

Mushindu kayi udi tshipepele tshia muulu (bolide / superbolide) tshienza tshipepele tshikole tshia mu tshimenga tshijima¶

Dituku dionso, mitoto mikese idi itema kayiyi ne njiwu bu mitoto idi ipueka mutantshi wa kilometre 80 too ne ku 100 (50 too ne ku 62 miles) pa mutu pa buloba. Kadi, padi tshitupa tshia mabue anyi tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku tshidi ne bule bua metre 5 too ne ku 30 (16 too ne ku 100 feet)** tshibuela mu lupepele lua pa buloba ne lubilu lua **15 too ne ku 40 kilometre ku sekonde (33 500 too ne ku 90 000 mph, anyi Mach 45 too ne ku 20 Mach):

1. Bukole bua tshimuma ne mutoyi wa kapia udi ukenka: Padi tshipepele tshikole tshipueka mu lupepele lua bungi pankatshi pa 45 ne 20 kilometre (28 to 12 miles) bule, lupepele ludi kumpala kuende kaluena mua kupatuka mu njila lukasa to. Kapepe kakole kadi kafila kapia ka plasma ka kapia kakole kupita pa mutu pa dîba, kadi kakenka bua tshitupa tshîpi kupita dîba dia mu midi mu bule bua kilometre 100 (62-mile) ne kadi mua kuenza bua muntu yonso udi utangila buludiludi ikale ne luya lua ultraviolet ne bufofo bua tshitupa tshîpi.
2. Dibutuka dia mashinyi ne dibutuka dia luya lua tshinyangu: Padi bukole bua dibue didi dipita bukole bua dibue (pa tshibidilu 1 too ne ku 10 megapascals ku bule bua kilometre 20 too ne ku 30 / kilometre 12 too ne ku 19), dibue dia asteroide didi ditshibuka, ne bu mudi: udi unyanguka mu tshipepele tshikole tshia tshipepele tshia mu lupepele tshipatula bukole budi bufuanangane ne nkama ya kiloton ya TNT.
3. Cylindrical line-source shockwave: Bu mudi meteore wenda lubilu lua Mach 50+ mu njila udi kauyi mupuekele padiye ututa, tshitupa tshiende tshia Mach tshidi tshibuelakana ne onda wa dibutuka dia ndekelu bua kutuma onda munene wa tshitupa tshia buloba udi upueka panshi mutangile ku buloba. Bualu bua dibutuka didi dienzeka mutantshi wa kilometre 20 too ne ku 30 (12 too ne ku 19 miles) bululame pa mutu, bidi bilomba 60 too ne ku 150 sekonde bua tshipupu atshi tshipueka mu lupepele ne tshibuele mu bimenga bidi kuinshi.

Kubala dîba diebe dia kubala: tshikondo tshia flash-to-bang¶

Bu mudi butoke bufika mu tshitupa tshikese tshia milisekonde umue padi tshipepele tshikole tshienda lubilu lua metre 340 ku sekonde (0,34 kilometre ku sekonde, anyi kilometre 1 ku sekonde 4,8 yonso)** mu lupepele lua pa tshibidilu (lubilu lukese pabuipi ne muaba udi tshipepele tshikole), ntanta wa dibutuka udi uleja bungi bua sekonde iudi ne bua kufika kudi muntu yonso dikopo:

Mushindu kayi udi tshipepele tshikole tshitshibula madidishi mu nseke ibidi (tshitupa tshimpe ne tshibi)¶

Dibutuka dia tshipepele ki ndikuma dia lupepele lumue to; udi ne bitupa bibidi bishilangane bidi biumvuija bua tshinyi makala adi apueka munda mua nzubu ne pambelu pa misesu:

1. Tshitupa tshia bukole bua bungi (dibutuka dia munda): Muelelu wa kumpala wa tshipepele tshikole udi tshimanu tshitekete tshia lupepele lukole mudi tshipepele tshibandila diakamue kupita tshipepele tshia pa tshibidilu tshia mu lupepele. Nansha bukole budi bumueneka bu bukese bua 1.5 too ne ku 3.5 kilopascals (0.2 too ne ku 0.5 pounds ku inch carré / psi) budi buenza 150 too ne ku 350 kilogrammes ya bukole bua kutshibula ku metre carré (30 too ne ku 70 pounds ku metre kare) pa dididishi dia nzubu munene wa tshilala benyi anyi dia biro. Dikala dia tshiamu tshia mitaku didi dibuela munda dipita muaba udidi mua kutshibuka ne didi dibutuka mu nzubu mujima bu tshina tshia claymore tshia bingoma bidi bienda bibuuka.
2. The Negative Underpressure / Suction Phase (Outward pull): Diakamue kunyima kua mavuala a bukole bua bungi kudi kulonda tshitupa tshia vacuum trough mudi bukole bua kapepe bupueka muinshi mua bukole bua mu lupepele lua pa tshibidilu bua bitupa bia dikumi bia sekonde. Kapepe ka bukole kadi munda mua nzubu kadi kapatuka mu tshimpitshimpi mu njila udi ne kapepe kakese, kapatula madidishi adi manyanguke, rido, ne bilamba bia kujika nabi mêsu pambelu pa njila idi kuinshi. Ke bualu kayi kuimana mu njila wa mu tshimenga muinshi mua nzubu wa biro udi ne tshimanu tshia makala kunyima kua munya udi ne njiwu anu bu kuimana kumpala kua dididishi mu nzubu.

Diandamuna dia tshitupa ku tshitupa mu tshikondo tshia dibala dia shockwave¶

Wewe mumone butoke budi kabuyi bumvuika budi butokesha diulu anyi buenza mundidimbi wa tshimpitshimpi mu butoke bua munya, anyi wewe mumone tshintu tshinene tshia kapia tshitoka ne tshia orange anyi tshilongo tshia nkunde tshidi tshienda tshibanda tshifumina mu tshitupa tshia midimu ya bianza:

1. Munda mua nzubu, mu kalasa, mu biro anyi mu tshisalu¶

• Ela mbila diakamue ne dîyi dimpe: Ela mbila "Shockwave udi ulua, umbuke kule ne madidishi LELU." Bantu ba bungi batu bafika ku madidishi anyi benda batangile ku madidishi bualu kabatu bamanye ne: shockwave udi ulonda tshipepele tshikole to.
• Umbuka mu nzubu idi ne madidishi manene anyi a muulu: Umbuka diakamue mu nzubu ya tshilala benyi, nzubu ya munya, nzubu ya vert, nzubu ya manaya idi ne madidishi a muulu, ne biro bia ku mpenga bidi ne madidishi adi afumina panshi too ne ku plafond.
• Teka tshiibi tshikole tshia munda anyi tshimanu tshia kutapulula pankatshi pebe ne madidishi a pambelu: Buela mu tshisasa tshia munkatshi tshidi katshiyi ne madidishi, mu nzubu wa kuowa mâyi wa munda (udimuke bua matala a ku tshimanu), mu tshibuta tshia bilamba, anyi mu tshibandilu tshia beton, ne koka tshiibi tshia munda tshia mabaya tshikanga panyima pebe. Tshiibi tshia munda tshia patupu tshia mabaya tshidi ne munda mutupu anyi tshikole tshidi tshiimanyika 100 pa lukama ya bipese bia madidishi bidi bibuuka bifumina mu nzubu wa pambelu.
• Assume the blast protection posture: Ikala panshi anyi ulale panshi pa difu diebe ne makasa ebe matangile ku tshimanu tshia pambelu ne mutu webe mutangile kule ne dikalashi dionso. Ela maboko ebe kunyima kua nshingu webe, ela tshibeku tshiebe ku tshiadi tshiebe, ukanga mêsu ebe, ne ubulule mukana muebe kakese.

2. Pambelu mu njila wa mu tshimenga anyi muaba mubulula¶

• Patuka muinshi mua nzubu mitumbuke ya makala ne mabue: Wewe wenda mu njila wa mu tshimenga padi tshipepele tshikole anyi tshipupu tshia kule tshienzeka, mavuala a bukole ne mabi neapuekeshe kilo binunu ne binunu bia makala matshibuka kumbukila ku nzubu 10 too ne ku 40 pa mutu too ne ku tusunsa 60 panyima pa dibutuka.
• Kunyemi munda ku tshiibi tshinene tshia tshibuelelu tshia makala to: Pamutu pa nanku, ela muinshi mua tshibuelelu tshia nzubu wa beton mukolesha, ubuele mu tshibuelelu tshia muinshi mua buloba tshidi katshiyi ne makala a pa mutu, anyi ubuele munkatshi mua peluze munene wa mu parc anyi muaba wa mashinyi kule ne nzubu ne mionji ya mashinyi idi pa mutu, ne tshibuikidiji tshia mutu webe.

3. Paudi wendesha mashinyi¶

• Kuena ne bua kuela frein munkatshi mua mashinyi padi diulu dikenka anyi padi tshiona tshienda tshinyunguluka mashinyi ebe to: Mutoyi udi ukuma mashinyi adi enda udi umvuika ne umvuika bu ne: nkata yonso inayi idi ipatuka musangu umue anyi mashinyi adi pabuipi nebe adi akuma ku luseke lua biibi biebe.
• Leja tshimanyishilu ne ukoka bimpa ku luseke lua njila kule ne nzubu ya madidishi, njila minene idi ne bimanyinu bia tshianana, ne makunji a nzembu. Lama mukaba webe wa bukubi ne utangile kakese panshi mutangile ku tshiamu tshia mashinyi padi mavuala apita bua madidishi a ku luseke adi mua kunyanguka. (Madidishi a ku luseke a mashinyi a matuku etu aa mmaenza ne makala a bukubi ne madidishi a kumpala adi menza ne makala a polyvinyl butyral, bienza bua munda mua mashinyi ikale mu bukubi bua kubenga kunyanguka kupita kuimana ku luseke lua dididishi dia mu nzubu didibu balengeje.)

Diambuluisha dia kumpala bua dibutuka dia bukole ne mputa ya makala¶

Padi tshipupu tshia kumpala ne tshipupu tshibidi tshipita, udi mua kutabalela bantu badi bafue ku diambuluisha dia malu adi atangila njiwu adibu balongolole bilondeshile mishindu ya dibutuka ne ya makala:

Njiwu ya nzubu ya panyima pa tshipepele tshikole: mishipa ya gaz, makala adi alenga, ne bintu bidi ne buanga¶

Panyima pa dibutuka dimane kujika, malu abidi manene a tshimpitshimpi adi atekesha bantu badi bapanduka bilondeshile ni tshipepele tshikole tshidi tshifumina ku dibutuka dia meteore wa mu lupepele anyi ku dibutuka dia buloba bua midimu:

1. Njiwu ya monoxide de carbone ne gaz naturel kunyima kua tshipupu tshia bukole¶

Padi tshipepele tshikole tshipita mu tshimenga (nangananga mu muvu wa mashika, bu muvuabi bienzeke mu Chelyabinsk ku minus 15°C / 5°F), tshipepele tshikole tshia tshimpitshimpi tshidi tshipueka mu tshina tshionso tshia kapia ne tshia kuulu kua nzubu binunu ne binunu musangu umue:

• Mushimi wa kapia ka mu tshikuku ne wa tshiamu tshia kapia: Tshipepele tshidi tshipueka mu tshikuku tshidi tshipuekesha milonda ya kapia ka tshiamu tshia mitaku anu ku mutu kua biamu bia kapia bia gaz naturel ne bia mu nzubu, anyi tshidi tshibutula bipese bia kapia bia mabue munda mua bimanu. Shi tshioshelu tshitungunuka ne kuenza mudimu padi madidishi mibuikila ne mabaya bua kukuba mashika a mu muvu wa mashika, carbon monoxide (CO) udi kayi ne mupuya udi uwuja nzubu; tangila disama dia monoxide de carbone.
• Tangila tshiamu tshionso tshia gaz diakamue kunyima kua tshipepele tshikole: Tangila tshiamu tshia tshiamu tshia mitaku ne tshiamu tshia kupatula natshi luya pa tshiamu tshieba tshia kuenza natshi kapia ne tshioshelu tshia kapia kumpala kua kuenza mudimu ne kapia, ne umvua mupuya wa gaz wa mercaptan wa diyi dibole ku tshipiminu tshiebe; tangila gas leak what to do.

2. Clearing "guillotine" hanging shards from window frames¶

Do not allow family members or coworkers to walk beneath shattered window frames to sweep the floor until the upper frame has been checked. Annealed single-pane and double-pane windows leave heavy, jagged triangular daggers of glass hanging loosely in the top sash channel that drop like a guillotine when a door slams or an aftershock vibrates the wall. Wear heavy leather gauntlet gloves, hard-soled boots, and safety goggles, and tap remaining loose upper shards down into a heavy cardboard box or onto a thick tarp using a long broom handle from the side before anyone walks near the sill; see broken window emergency repair.

3. Industrial chemical plumes vs. harmless meteor dust¶

• If the shockwave came from a high-altitude meteor airburst: The white puffy cloud left hanging 20 to 40 kilometers (12 to 25 miles) up in the stratosphere consists of vaporized silicate rock, iron-nickel oxides, and ice crystals; it poses zero chemical toxicity to people on the ground. (If you find small black, fusion-crusted stony meteorites on the snow or pavement after an airburst, they are completely non-radioactive and non-toxic, though fresh fragments may be cold or warm; touch them only with clean gloves or foil if preserving them for scientific study.)
• If the shockwave came from a ground-level industrial, port, refinery, or train-derailment explosion: Assume the rising dark black, orange-brown (nitrogen dioxide from ammonium nitrate), or greenish-yellow smoke plume contains lethal toxic inhalation hazards (anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, or phosgene). Immediately check which way the wind is blowing: if the plume is blowing toward your neighborhood, evacuate at a 90-degree crosswind/upwind angle, or seal yourself inside an intact interior room with all broken windows covered in plastic sheeting and duct tape and all HVAC fans shut off; see chemical spills and hazmat releases.

Architectural glass types and how they fail under blast overpressure¶

Not all windows behave the same way when struck by an atmospheric shockwave. Knowing which type of glazing is installed in the rooms around you helps you assess your immediate laceration risk during an emergency:

Special protocols for schools, hospitals, and mass-gathering venues¶

When a blinding meteor flash or distant industrial explosion occurs during weekday daytime hours, teachers, hospital staff, and retail managers are responsible for dozens or hundreds of people who will instinctively rush toward the windows at the exact same moment:

1. In school classrooms and lecture halls:
2. Never allow students to run to the classroom windows to look at a bright sky flash or vapor trail. In historical airburst events, children suffered severe facial and ocular lacerations because whole classes crowded against tall annealed classroom windows during the 90-second delay before the sonic boom arrived.
3. Enza diakamue "Kupueka, Kubuikila, ne Kulama (Kule ne Dikalashi)" anyi Dishintulula dia mu tshisasa: Shi udi na sekonde mipite pa 15 (tshilejilu, njila wa meteore wa muulu muulu), patuka ne lukasa luonso balongi bonso mu kalasa kadi ne madidishi mu tshisasa tshia munda tshidi katshiyi ne madidishi, koka biibi bia kalasa, ne enza bua muntu yonso asombe panshi panshi tshimanu tshia munda tshia beton ne maboko abu avua mabuikile mitu yabu. Shi kakuena dîba dia kupatuka mu kalasa, ambila mulongi yonso bua kupueka diakamue muinshi mua mesa ende a mabaya/a tshiamu matangile kule ne tshimanu tshia dididishi, anu mudibi mu kunyungakane kwa buloba.
4. Mu mpitadi, mu nzubu ya bakulakaje, ne mu nzubu ya bana batekete:
5. Umbusha malalu ne biamu bia kukolesha nabi bana kule ne madidishi a ku mpenga anyi ubanyungulule mu 180 degrés: Shi bulalu bua mubedi udi kayi wendakana budi ku luseke lua dididishi padi muishi wa lumuenu anyi muishi wa mudimu udi kule umueneka, koka rido munene wa tshisokomenu NE tshibuikidiji tshia dididishi tshikanga, ulekela frein wa bulalu, ne koka bulalu mu nzubu wa tshilala benyi anyi ku mutu kua bulalu bua se: dididishi ne kukoka tshilamba tshia kulala ne tshilamba tshinene pa mpala ne pa tshiadi tshia mubedi kumpala kua mavuala kufika.
6. Mu nzubu minene ya dipanyishila bintu, mu nzubu minene ya dipanyishila bintu, ne mu nzubu ya dilamina bintu:
7. Umbusha bantu badi basumba bintu kule ne tshibuelelu tshinene tshia kumpala tshia makala ne ubapatule muinshi mua bimuenekelu bia makala anyi bitekelu bia palete (muaba udi luya lua tshimpitshimpi lua 5-kilopascal mua kukuluka bintu bia pa mutu bidi kabiyi bikanga).

Kulongolola nzubu webe, tulasa, anyi mudimu webe ku njiwu ya dibutuka dia makala¶

Shi udi musombele nansha wenza mudimu mutantshi wa kilometre 5 (3 miles) ne nzubu wa dilengeja mafuta, nzubu wa dilamina mafuta, nzubu wa dibandisha ntete, nzubu wa bingoma, anyi lupangu lua mashinyi, anyi musue anu kukuba madidishi manene ku bipupu bia mvula ne ku mavuala a mvula:

• Apply 4-mil to 8-mil (100-to-200-micron) clear polyester Anti-Shatter Safety Window Film: Professionally installed or DIY daylight-application security window film bonds tightly to existing window glass. When a shockwave shatters the pane, the tough polyester film holds 95 percent of the broken glass pieces stuck together in a single flexible sheet rather than allowing thousands of loose daggers to fly across the room.
• Install laminated safety glass (ANSI Z97.1 / EN 356) padibu bashintulula madidishi manene a binjinjimbi: Madidishi a tshiamu tshia mitaku adi alamakaja tshintu tshikole tshia polyvinyl butyral (PVB) pankatshi pa mabeji abidi a madidishi, anu bu tshiamu tshia kumpala tshia mashinyi.
• Hang heavy, closely woven curtains or shear-retention drapes behind large windows: Keeping sheer or heavy drapes drawn across glass windows catches a significant portion of low-velocity glass fragments during modest overpressure events.
• Arrange beds, cribs, and office desks away from direct alignment with large exterior windows: Never place a child's crib or bed directly underneath a large annealed glass window.

Everyone should consider completing a hands-on First Aid, Stop the Bleed, and CPR course through the Red Cross, St John Ambulance, or a local emergency training provider so you can manage severe glass lacerations in the critical minutes before ambulances arrive.

Nkonko itubu bela misangu ya bungi¶

Why is there a long silent delay between seeing a meteor fireball or distant explosion and getting hit by the shockwave?¶

Light from an atmospheric meteor airburst or an industrial detonation travels at 300,000 kilometers per second (186,000 miles per second), reaching your eyes instantly. However, the physical blast shockwave is an acoustic pressure wave that travels through the atmosphere near the speed of sound, roughly 340 meters per second (about 1 kilometer every 3 seconds, or 1 mile every 5 seconds). If a meteor explodes 30 kilometers (19 miles) overhead, or a refinery explodes 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) away, there will be a silent gap of 18 to 90 seconds after the bright flash before the destructive shockwave arrives and blows in windows.

Why do so many people get injured by glass during a meteor airburst or port explosion?¶

Because the blinding flash of light or towering smoke column arrives silently at first, natural human curiosity causes people inside homes, schools, and offices to walk right up to large windows to look outside and film the sky. Seconds or minutes later, when the invisible supersonic overpressure wave slams into the building, it shatters annealed window glass into thousands of razor-sharp shards propelled inward across rooms at 30 to 60 meters per second (65 to 135 mph), striking anyone standing in front of the glass in the face, eyes, and neck.

Should I open my mouth or cover my ears when I know a blast shockwave is about to hit?¶

Yes, both: drop low away from windows, cup your palms over your outer ears (or use your forearms to shield your head and neck), and open your mouth slightly with a relaxed jaw. Opening your mouth allows the sudden atmospheric overpressure spike to travel up your Eustachian tube into the middle ear at the same moment it pushes against the outside of your eardrum, helping equalize pressure across the tympanic membrane and reducing the likelihood of a ruptured eardrum.

Are meteorites that fall to the ground after a sky airburst radioactive or glowing hot?¶

No, natural meteorites from asteroids are not radioactive, and contrary to popular myth, small meteorite fragments that reach the ground after an atmospheric airburst are usually cold or only mildly warm to the touch. Only the outer 1-millimeter surface melts during the brief few seconds of hypersonic atmospheric entry before the ablating crust is blown away and the rock falls the last 20 kilometers (12 miles) for several minutes through freezing minus 40°C (minus 40°F) stratospheric air. However, never touch an unidentified smoking metallic object if it could be aerospace orbital debris containing toxic hydrazine propellant.

Miaba mifumina¶

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office, United States): Bolide Airburst Physics, Chelyabinsk Superbolide Injury Epidemiology, and Asteroid Impact Preparedness
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Reference Manual to Mitigate Potential Terrorist and Industrial Blast Attacks Against Buildings (FEMA 426: Blast Overpressure Thresholds and Glazing Protection)
• Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC, United States): Explosions and Blast Injuries: A Primer for Clinicians (Primary, Secondary, Tertiary, and Quaternary Blast Trauma)
• Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): * Vapor Cloud Explosions, Industrial Blast Overpressure Zones, and Window Glazing Hazard Management*
• United Nations Office for Outer Space Affairs (UNOOSA) and International Asteroid Warning Network (IAWN): Public Safety Messaging for Atmospheric Bolide Airbursts

Malu adi apetangana¶

• Dipatuka dia mashi dikole ne dienza dia tourniquet
• Eye injuries: chemical splashes, foreign objects, and trauma
• Broken window: emergency board-up and glass safety
• Chemical spills and hazardous materials releases
• Carbon monoxide poisoning