Meteor Airbursts, Industrial Shockwaves, le Blast Overpressure Glass Hazards¶

Ha meteoroid (bolide) e boholo ba ntlo e phatloha sebakeng se ka holimo kapa setsing se seholo sa indasteri, setsi sa polokelo ea libetsa, setsi sa ho hloekisa lik'hemik'hale, kapa silo ea lijo-thollo e phatloha lik'hilomithara tse 'maloa ho tloha moo, sefi se bolaeang sa fisiks se tšoara hoo e batlang e le motho e mong le e mong ea emeng haufi: klzzwxh:0000 **300,000 kilometers ka motsotsoana (186,000 milesa motsotsoana), e fihla mahlong a hauang-hang. Ka lehlakoreng le leng, leqhubu le senyang la supersonic acoustic shockwave (blast overpressure wave**) le tsamaea moeeng ka lebelo le batlang le lekana le molumo, **340 metres ka motsotsoana (1,115 feet per second, kapa hoo e ka bang kilometer metsotsoana e meng le e meng e 3 / mile e 1 metsotsoana e meng le e meng e 5)**.

Nakong eo e khutsitseng ea metsotsoana e 10 ho isa ho e 150 ka mor'a hore ho be le khanya e khanyang ea leholimo kapa bolo ea maoto a hōle, bohelehele ba batho bo qobella batho ba limilione hore ba tsamaee ka ho toba lifensetereng tse khōlō tsa litšoantšo, lifensetere tsa liofisi tsa khalase le lifensetere tsa litlelase tsa sekolo ho nyarela ka ntle tseleng ea mosi. Metsotsoana hamorao, leqhubu le sa bonahaleng la khatello ea maikutlo le otla mohahong, le fetola likete tsa lisekoere-mithara tsa khalase ho sefako se bolaeang sa mahare a bohale a fofang ho pholletsa le likamore ka 30 ho 60 metres ka motsotsoana (65 ho 135 mph). Lintlha tsa histori tse tsoang meteor airbursts le ho phatloha ha likou tsa indasteri li bontša hore **karolo ea 80 ho ea ho 90 lekholong ea likotsi tsohle tsa baahi li bakoa ke likhalase tsa fensetere tse fofang ** ho otla batho ba ileng ba ea fensetereng ka mor'a ho bona flash. Ho tseba molao oa hang-hang, "Bona lebone le foufatsang kapa mosi oa mosi: tloha lifensetereng hang-hang", ho sireletsa mahlo, methapo ea mali le bophelo.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. Suthela hole le lifensetere tsohle, mamati a khalase, mabone a sepakapaka le liipone hang ha u bona khanya ea leholimo e foufatsang, tsela ea motšehare oa mollo, kapa li-explosion plume tse hole. Le ka mohla u se ke ua tsamaea u lebile fensetereng ho sheba lebone le khanyang kapa kholomo ea mosi. U na le kae kapa kae ho tloha ho metsotsoana e 3 ho isa ho metsotso e 2.5 pele leqhubu le sa bonahaleng la supersonic le fihla 'me le phetlela fensetere e' ngoe le e 'ngoe ea moaho ka matla ka hare.
2. Itheohele fatše ka har'a phaseje e ka hare, litepising, kapa ka mor'a fenishara e tiileng 'me u ikoahele hlooho le mahlo. Robala ka sefahleho kapa u iname fatše ka mokokotlo oa hao o shebile khalase leha e le efe e setseng, sireletsa hlooho ea hao le molala ka matsoho a hao, 'me u koale mahlo a hao ka thata e le hore lerōle la khalase e fetisitsoeng ke moea le se ke la phunya mahlo a hao.
3. Bula molomo oa hao hanyenyane 'me u se ke ua thiba litsebe tsa hao ka lintho tse thata haeba leqhubu la ho phatloha le haufi le haufi. Ho leka-lekanya khatello ea moea mahlakoreng ka bobeli a moropa oa hau oa tsebe (tympanic membrane) ka methapo ea hau ea Eustachian ho fokotsa kotsi ea ho phatloha ha eardrum ha sekhahla sa tšohanyetso sa sepakapaka se otla; koala litsebe tsa hao tse ka ntle ka liatla tsa hao tse koetsoeng ha u ntse u boloka mohlahare o phutholohile hanyenyane.
4. Sula hole le marulelo a fokolang a polokelo, mabokose a litene, le siling e emisitsoeng ka mor'a lerata le lerata la pele. Ho phatloha ha meteor airbursts le liindasteri ho hlahisa litšisinyeho tse ngata (ebang ke likotoana tsa meteor tse petsohang ka tatellano, kapa ha tanka e nyane ea polokelo ea mafura e chesa nitrate ho isa ho 3 ammonium amonium). Metsotsoana e 120 hamorao).
5. *Apara lieta tse nang le sotho e thata pele u nka mohato o le mong ka mor'a hore leqhubu le fete, 'me u hlahlobe hore na ha ho na mali a tsoang maling. Ka mor'a hore leqhubu le phatloha le pshatle lifensetere, mokato o mong le o mong o kentsoe ka linale tsa khalase tse sa bonahaleng. Laola maqeba leha e le afe a molala kapa maoto le matsoho hang-hang ka khatello e tiileng e tobileng kapa tourniquet (bona ho tsoa mali thuso ea pele), ’me le ka mohla u se ke ua itlotsa leihlo le nang le lerole la khalase ka har’a lona.
6. Hlahloba hore na khase e lutle hakae, u tsamaele holimo haeba ho na le phallo ea lik'hemik'hale e bonahalang, 'me u qobe ho tlama marang-rang a lentsoe la cellular ntle le haeba u e-na le boemo ba tšohanyetso bo behang bophelo kotsing. Letsetsa feela nomorong ea hau ea tšohanyetso ea lehae (911 United States le Canada, 112 ho pholletsa le European Union, 999 United Kingdom; bona dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso) bakeng sa tsietsi e matla, bahlaseluoa ba qabeletsoeng, kapa mello e sebetsang, le ho sebelisa melaetsa ea SMS ho hlahloba litho tsa malapa e le hore liteishene tsa tšohanyetso tsa tšohanyetso li se ke tsa putlama.

Fisiks ea li-airbursts, shockwaves, le linako tsa ho lieha ho tloha ho khanya ho isa ho molumo¶

Hore na ho phatloha ho etsahala lik'hilomithara tse 25 (15.5 miles) ka ho otloloha sebakeng sa stratosphere ho tloha hypersonic asteroid kapa boemong bo tlase ba lik'hilomithara tse 5 (3.1 miles) sebakeng sa ho hloekisa lik'hemik'hale kapa setsing sa peterole, mochine oa likotsi ka hare ho matlo, likolo le liofisi o laoloa ke ho phatloha ho feteletseng le **acoustic propagation.

flowchart TD
    A["Foufatsa Flash Leholimong, Mouoane oa Mouoane, KAPA Ho phatloha ho hoholo ha Plume"] --> B["KETSO E HAHOLO: U SE KE UA tsamaea ka fensetere; hoeletsa 'TLOHA GALES'"]
    B --> C["E-ea ka hare ho Hallway / Kamoreng ka hare ho Metsotsoana e 3"]
    C --> D["Theohela tlase, Sefahleho hole le Khalase, Koahela Hlooho/Molala, Bula Molomo Hanyenyane"]
    D --> E["PRIMARY SHOCKWAVE HITS: Windows ea pshatleha; moaho oa sisinyeha; lerata la sonic boom"]
    E --> F["Ema Metsotso e 2 ho isa ho e 3 ka Sekoahelong bakeng sa Sekoahelo sa Bobeli sa Shockwave / Glass e Falling"]
    F --> G{"Mohloli oa leqhubu leo le tsoileng matsoho e ne e le ofe?"}
    G -->|"Meteor / Bolide Airburst e Upper Sky"| H["Apara lieta; tšoara likhalase tsa khalase; hlahloba lihitara tsa khase / liphaephe tse theoletsoeng ke leqhubu la khatello"]
    G -->|"Indasteri ea Boemo ba Lefatše / Phahlo ea Lik'hemik'hale / Ho phatloha ha Port"| I["Sheba tsela ea moea; Tlosa moea o fokang kapa oa sefefo kapa sebaka sa bolulo haeba mosi o chefo o atamela"]

Kamoo meteor (bolide / superbolide) airburst e hlahisang leqhubu le tšosang la toropo¶

Letsatsi le letsatsi, meteoroid e menyenyane e cha ka mokhoa o se nang kotsi joaloka linaleli tse thunyang lik’hilomithara tse 80 ho isa ho tse 100 (lik’hilomithara tse 50 ho isa ho tse 62) ka holim’a Lefatše. Leha ho le joalo, ha sekhechana sa asteroid sa majoe kapa sa tšepe se boholo ba 5 ho isa ho 30 metres (16 ho 100 maoto) ho pholletsa se kena sepakapakeng sa Lefatše ka lebelo la hypersonic la 15 ho isa ho 40 kilometers ka motsotsoana (33,500 ho 90,000 mph, kapa Mach 45 ho Mach:120)

1. Khatello e feteletseng ea pheleu le fireball e khanyang: Ha meteoroid e theohela sebakeng se teteaneng se pakeng tsa 45 le 20 kilometers (28 to 12 miles) bophahamo, moea o ka pel'a eona o sitoa ho tsoa tseleng ka lebelo le lekaneng. Moea o hatelitsoeng o chesa ho chesa ho feta bokaholimo ba letsatsi, 'me o khanya ka nakoana ho feta letsatsi la mots'eare ho pholletsa le sebaka sa 100-kilomita (62-mile) mme o khona ho baka ho chesoa ha letsatsi ho bobebe le ho foufala ha nakoana ho mang kapa mang ea e shebileng ka kotloloho.
2. Pankake ea mochini le ho phatloha ho hoholo ha moea: Ha khatello ea pheleu e emeng nkong ea asteroid e feta matla a mafika a lefika (ka tloaelo li-megapascals tse 1 ho isa ho tse 10 bophahamong ba lik'hilomithara tse 20 ho isa ho tse 30 / 12 ho isa ho 19 miles), asteroid e robeha, e robeha joalo ka mouoane. atmospheric airburst e ntšang matla a lekanang le makholo a kilotone ea TNT.
3. Cylindrical line-source shockwave: Hobane meteor e tsamaea ho Mach 50+ tseleng e sa tebang ha e ntse e phatloha, Mach cone ea cylindrical e kopana le leqhubu la ho phatloha ho etsa hore leqhubu le leholo la hemispherical le otlana fatše. Hobane ho phatloha ho etsahala lik'hilomithara tse 20 ho isa ho tse 30 (lik'hilomithara tse 12 ho isa ho tse 19) ka holimo, ho nka metsotsoana e 60 ho isa ho e 150 hore leqhubu leo ​​le tsamaee sepakapakeng ebe le thula metseng e ka tlase.

Ho bala fensetere ea hau ea ho bala: tafole ea nako ea flash-to-bang¶

Hobane leseli le fihla ka nako e ka tlase ho millisecond ha shockwave e tsamaea hoo e ka bang 340 metres motsotsoana (0.34 kilometers ka motsotsoana, kapa 1 mile metsotsoana e meng le e meng e 4.8) moeeng o tloaelehileng (ka lebelo le le leng haufi le mohloli oa ho phatloha moo leqhubu le leng holimo), sebaka sa ho phatloha ho bolela hore na u na le metsotsoana e mekae ho tloha khalase ho tloha ho batho:

Kamoo khatello e matla ea ho phatloha ho senya lifensetere ka mahlakoreng a mabeli (mekhahlelo e ntle le e mpe)¶

Leqhubu le matla ha se phefo e le 'ngoe; e na le mekhahlelo e 'meli e fapaneng ea khatello e hlalosang hore na ke hobane'ng ha khalase e oela ka hare ho likamore le ka ntle literateng:

1. Mokhahlelo o Positive Overpressure (Ho phatloha ka hare): Moeli o ka pele oa shockwave ke lerako le tšesaane la moea o hatelitsoeng moo khatello e nyolohang hang-hang ka holim'a khatello e tloaelehileng ea sepakapaka. Esita le khatello e bonahalang e nyenyane haholo ea ** 1.5 ho 3.5 kilopascals (0.2 ho 0.5 pounds per square inch / psi) ** e fana ka ** 150 ho 350 lik'hilograma tsa matla a ho senya ka mithara ea lisekoere (30 ho 70 pounds ka leoto la lisekoere) ** khahlanong le kamore e kholo ea ho phomola kapa fensetere ea ofisi. Khalase e phaphametseng e phaphamala ka hare ho feta moo e robehang teng ebe e phatloha ho pholletsa le phaposi joalo ka morafo oa letsopa oa lithipa tse fofang.
2. Mokhahlelo o Negative Under Pressure / Suction (Ho hula ka ntle): Hang-hang ka morao ho leqhubu la maqhubu a matla a phahameng ho latela karolo e itseng ea sekoti moo khatello ea moea e theohelang ka tlase khatello e tloaelehileng ea sepakapaka bakeng sa likarolo tse 'maloa tsa leshome tsa motsotsoana. Moea oa khatello e tloaelehileng o qabeletsoeng ka har'a meaho ka tšohanyetso o sutumelletsa ka ntle seterateng se nang le khatello e tlase, o tabola lifensetere tse petsohileng, likharetene, le li- blind ka ntle holim'a litselana tse ka tlase. Ke ka lebaka lena ho ema pel’a tsela ea toropo ka tlas’a mohaho oa liofisi oa lebota la lesira la khalase ka mor’a ho khanya ho leng kotsi joaloka ho ema ka pel’a fensetere ka tlung.

Karabelo ea mohato ka mohato nakong ea ho balloa ha shockwave¶

Haeba u bona leseli le foufatsang le sa hlaloseheng le bonesang leholimo kapa le hlahisa meriti e bohale ka tšohanyetso motšehare o moholo, kapa haeba u bona mollo o moholo o mosoeu le oa lamunu kapa kholumo ea li-mushroom e ntseng e phahama ho tsoa seterekeng sa indasteri:

1. Inside a home, school, office, or store¶

• Shout a clear, specific command immediately: Yell "Shockwave coming, get away from the windows NOW." Most people freeze or walk toward windows because they do not know a shockwave follows a bright flash.
• Evacuate rooms with expansive glass or skylights: Immediately leave atriums, sunrooms, greenhouses, gymnasiums with overhead glass skylights, and perimeter offices with floor-to-ceiling windows.
• Put a solid interior door or partition wall between you and the exterior windows: Move into a central windowless hallway, interior bathroom (watching out for wall mirrors), closet, or concrete stairwell, and pull the interior wooden door shut behind you. An ordinary interior hollow-core or solid-core wooden door stops 100 percent of flying window shards from the outer room.
• Assume the blast protection posture: Drop to your knees or lie flat on your stomach with your feet pointed toward the exterior wall and your head facing away from any glass. Cross your forearms behind your neck, tuck your chin to your chest, close your eyes, and open your mouth slightly.

2. Outdoors on a city street or in an open area¶

• Get out from underneath glass skyscrapers and masonry cornices: If you are walking on a downtown sidewalk when a sky flash or distant industrial blast occurs, the positive and negative pressure waves will shower thousands of kilograms of broken glass down from 10 to 40 stories overhead for up to 60 seconds after the boom.
• Do not run inside through a large plate-glass lobby door: Instead, step under a solid reinforced concrete recessed building overhang, into a subterranean subway entrance free of overhead glass canopies, or move into the center of a wide open park lawn or parking lot far away from building facades and overhead utility wires, and crouch low covering your head.

3. While driving a vehicle¶

• Do not slam on the brakes in the middle of traffic when the sky flashes or when the sonic boom rocks your car: A shockwave hitting a moving car feels and sounds like all four tires blowing out simultaneously or a neighboring car sideswiping your doors.
• Signal and pull smoothly to the side of the road away from glass buildings, highway overpasses with loose signage, and utility poles. Keep your seatbelt fastened and look slightly downward toward the dashboard as the wave passes in case side window glass crazes. (Modern automotive side windows are made of tempered safety glass and windshields are made of laminated polyvinyl butyral glass, making the inside of a car much safer against lacerations than standing beside an annealed household window.)

First aid for blast overpressure and shattered glass injuries¶

Once the primary shockwave and any secondary explosions have passed, care for casualties using trauma priorities tailored to blast and glass mechanisms:

Likotsi tsa ho haha ​​​​ka mor'a ho sisinyeha: liphaephe tsa khase, likhalase tse leketlileng, le liphaephe tse chefo¶

Ka mor'a hore boom e fokotsehe, maemo a mabeli a maholo a tšohanyetso a sokela baphonyohi ho itšetlehile ka hore na leqhubu le ts'oanelang le tsoa moeeng oa meteor airburst kapa ho phatloha ha mobu oa indasteri:

1. Carbon monoxide le likotsi tsa khase ea tlhaho ka mor'a leqhubu la khatello¶

Ha leqhubu le otlang toropo (haholo-holo nakong ea mariha, joalo ka ha ho etsahetse Chelyabinsk ka tlase ho 15°C / 5°F), moea o matla le o mobe o theola chimney le marulelo a marulelo matlong a mashome a likete ka nako e le 'ngoe:

• Sebōpi se khaotsoeng le liphaephe tse futhumatsang metsi: Khatello e theohelang chimney hangata e fehla liphaephe tsa tšepe tse tsoang holim'a licheso tsa khase ea tlhaho le liopi tsa lapeng, kapa e liha litšepe tsa litšepe tsa litene ka har'a mabota. Haeba sebōpi se ntse se sebetsa ha lifensetere li kentsoe plywood khahlanong le serame sa mariha, khabone ea monoxide (CO) e sa nkheng e tlala ntlo; bona chefo ea carbon monoxide.
• Hlahloba peipi e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e kenyang phaposi ea khase hang ka mor'a leqhubu le tšosang: Sheba sekoahelo sa sheet-metal le peipi ea ho ntša metsi holim'a hitara ea hau ea metsi le sebōpi pele ho chesa, 'me u nkha ha khase ea lehe le bolileng la mercaptan e lutla ka mithara ea hau; bona khase e dutla seo o ka se etsang.

2. Ho tlosa lithako tse leketlileng tsa "guillotine" lifensetereng¶

U se ke ua lumella litho tsa lelapa kapa basebetsi-'moho ho tsamaea ka tlas'a liforeimi tse pshatlehileng tsa lifensetere ho fiela fatše ho fihlela foreimi e ka holimo e hlahlobiloe. Lifensetere tse nang le liphanele tse nang le likarolo tse peli tse nang le liphanele tse peli li siea lithipa tse boima tse khutlo-tharo tse boima tse leketlileng ka har'a kanale e ka holimo ea seketsoana e oelang joaloka lehare ha lemati le betseha kapa ho thothomela ka morao ho thothomela. Apara liatlana tse boima tsa letlalo, libutsi tse soled ka thata, le likhalase tsa tšireletso, 'me u tlanye likotoana tse sa thekeseleng tse ka holimo ho theosa ka lebokoseng le boima la k'hateboto kapa holim'a terepe e teteaneng u sebelisa mofeng o molelele oa lefielo ho tloha lehlakoreng pele mang kapa mang a tsamaea haufi le sill; bona tokiso ea tšohanyetso ea fensetere e robehileng.

3. Liphahlo tsa lik'hemik'hale tsa indasteri khahlanong le lerole la meteor le se nang kotsi¶

• If the shockwave came from a high-altitude meteor airburst: The white puffy cloud left hanging 20 to 40 kilometers (12 to 25 miles) up in the stratosphere consists of vaporized silicate rock, iron-nickel oxides, and ice crystals; it poses zero chemical toxicity to people on the ground. (If you find small black, fusion-crusted stony meteorites on the snow or pavement after an airburst, they are completely non-radioactive and non-toxic, though fresh fragments may be cold or warm; touch them only with clean gloves or foil if preserving them for scientific study.)
• If the shockwave came from a ground-level industrial, port, refinery, or train-derailment explosion: Assume the rising dark black, orange-brown (nitrogen dioxide from ammonium nitrate), or greenish-yellow smoke plume contains lethal toxic inhalation hazards (anhydrous ammonia, chlorine, hydrogen fluoride, sulfur dioxide, or phosgene). Immediately check which way the wind is blowing: if the plume is blowing toward your neighborhood, evacuate at a 90-degree crosswind/upwind angle, or seal yourself inside an intact interior room with all broken windows covered in plastic sheeting and duct tape and all HVAC fans shut off; see chemical spills and hazmat releases.

Mefuta ea likhalase tsa meralo le hore na li hloleha joang tlas'a khatello e matla ea ho phatloha¶

Not all windows behave the same way when struck by an atmospheric shockwave. Knowing which type of glazing is installed in the rooms around you helps you assess your immediate laceration risk during an emergency:

Special protocols for schools, hospitals, and mass-gathering venues¶

When a blinding meteor flash or distant industrial explosion occurs during weekday daytime hours, teachers, hospital staff, and retail managers are responsible for dozens or hundreds of people who will instinctively rush toward the windows at the exact same moment:

1. In school classrooms and lecture halls:
2. Never allow students to run to the classroom windows to look at a bright sky flash or vapor trail. In historical airburst events, children suffered severe facial and ocular lacerations because whole classes crowded against tall annealed classroom windows during the 90-second delay before the sonic boom arrived.
3. Execute an immediate "Drop, Cover, and Hold On (Away from Glass)" or Hallway Transfer: If you have more than 15 seconds (for example, a high-altitude meteor trail in the sky), briskly march all students out of the windowed classroom into the windowless central interior corridor, pull the classroom doors shut, and have everyone sit on the floor with their backs against the interior concrete block wall and their arms covering their heads. If there is no time to exit the classroom, command every student to drop immediately underneath their solid wood/steel desks facing away from the window wall, just as in an earthquake.
4. Lipetlele, mahaeng a maqheku, le liphaposing tsa masea:
5. Wheel beds and incubators away from perimeter windows or spin them 180 degrees: If an immobile patient's bed is next to a window when a flash or distant industrial smoke column appears, pull the heavy privacy curtain AND window blind closed, release the bed caster brakes, and either pull the bed into the hallway or spin the head of the bed so the footboard faces the window and pull the mattress pillow and thick blanket up over the patient's face and chest before the wave hits.
6. In supermarkets, big-box retail stores, and warehouses:
7. Move shoppers away from the massive front plate-glass entrance facade and out from underneath glass skylights or high stacked pallet racks (where a sudden 5-kilopascal air pressure jolt can topple unstrapped top-shelf merchandise).

Preparing your home, school, or business against blast glass hazards¶

If you live or work within 5 kilometers (3 miles) of a petrochemical refinery, fuel storage farm, grain elevator, munitions facility, or industrial rail yard, or simply want to protect large windows from storm debris and shockwaves:

• Apply 4-mil to 8-mil (100-to-200-micron) clear polyester Anti-Shatter Safety Window Film: Professionally installed or DIY daylight-application security window film bonds tightly to existing window glass. When a shockwave shatters the pane, the tough polyester film holds 95 percent of the broken glass pieces stuck together in a single flexible sheet rather than allowing thousands of loose daggers to fly across the room.
• Install laminated safety glass (ANSI Z97.1 / EN 356) when replacing large picture windows: Laminated glass sandwiches a tough polyvinyl butyral (PVB) interlayer between two sheets of glass, just like a car windshield.
• Hang heavy, closely woven curtains or shear-retention drapes behind large windows: Keeping sheer or heavy drapes drawn across glass windows catches a significant portion of low-velocity glass fragments during modest overpressure events.
• Arrange beds, cribs, and office desks away from direct alignment with large exterior windows: Never place a child's crib or bed directly underneath a large annealed glass window.

Everyone should consider completing a hands-on First Aid, Stop the Bleed, and CPR course through the Red Cross, St John Ambulance, or a local emergency training provider so you can manage severe glass lacerations in the critical minutes before ambulances arrive.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Why is there a long silent delay between seeing a meteor fireball or distant explosion and getting hit by the shockwave?¶

Light from an atmospheric meteor airburst or an industrial detonation travels at 300,000 kilometers per second (186,000 miles per second), reaching your eyes instantly. However, the physical blast shockwave is an acoustic pressure wave that travels through the atmosphere near the speed of sound, roughly 340 meters per second (about 1 kilometer every 3 seconds, or 1 mile every 5 seconds). If a meteor explodes 30 kilometers (19 miles) overhead, or a refinery explodes 6 kilometers (3.7 miles) away, there will be a silent gap of 18 to 90 seconds after the bright flash before the destructive shockwave arrives and blows in windows.

Why do so many people get injured by glass during a meteor airburst or port explosion?¶

Because the blinding flash of light or towering smoke column arrives silently at first, natural human curiosity causes people inside homes, schools, and offices to walk right up to large windows to look outside and film the sky. Seconds or minutes later, when the invisible supersonic overpressure wave slams into the building, it shatters annealed window glass into thousands of razor-sharp shards propelled inward across rooms at 30 to 60 meters per second (65 to 135 mph), striking anyone standing in front of the glass in the face, eyes, and neck.

Should I open my mouth or cover my ears when I know a blast shockwave is about to hit?¶

E, ka bobeli: theoha fatše ho tloha lifensetereng, beha matsoho holim'a litsebe tsa hau tse ka ntle (kapa sebelisa matsoho a hau ho sireletsa hlooho le molala), 'me u bule molomo hanyenyane ka mohlahare o phutholohileng. Ho bula molomo oa hau ho lumella spike ea tšohanyetso ea sepakapaka ea khatello ea maikutlo hore e tsamaee ka tube ea hau ea Eustachian ho ea bohareng ba tsebe ka nako e ts'oanang e sutumelletsa ka ntle ho eardrum ea hau, e thusa ho leka-lekanya khatello ho pholletsa le lera la tympanic le ho fokotsa monyetla oa ho phatloha ha eardrum.

Na li-meteorite tse oelang fatše ka mor'a hore leholimo le be le mahlaseli a kotsi kapa ho chesa haholo?¶

Che, li-meteorite tsa tlhaho tse tsoang ho asteroids ha li na mahlaseli a kotsi, ’me ho fapana le tšōmo e tloaelehileng, likotoana tse nyenyane tsa meteorite tse fihlang fatše ka mor’a ho phatloha ha moea oa sepakapaka hangata li bata kapa li futhumala hanyenyane feela ha li li ama. Ke bokaholimo ba ka ntle ba millimeter e le 'ngoe feela bo qhibilihang nakong ea metsotsoana e seng mekae ea ho kena atemosfereng ea hypersonic pele letlapa le fefoleha 'me lefika le oela lik'hilomithara tse 20 tsa ho qetela (12 miles) ka metsotso e mengata ka lebaka la leqhoa la 40°C (ho tlosa 40°F) moea oa stratospheric. Leha ho le joalo, le ka mohla u se ke ua tšoara ntho e sa tsejoeng ea tšepe e tsubang haeba e ka ba matlakala a aerospace orbital a nang le chefo ea hydrazine propellant.

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe¶

• National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA Planetary Defense Coordination Office, United States): Bolide Airburst Physics, Chelyabinsk Superbolide Injury Epidemiology, le Asteroid Impact Preparedness
• Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA, United States): Buka ea Tšupiso ea ho Fokotsa Litlhaselo Tse ka 'nang Tsa E-ba Teng tsa Likhukhuni le Liindasteri Khahlanong le Meaho (FEMA 426: Mehaho ea Khatello e Feteletseng le Tšireletso e Khanyang)
• Litsi tsa Taolo le Thibelo ea Mafu (CDC, United States): Liqhomane le Likotsi tsa ho phatloha: A Primer for Clinicians (Tšimoloho, Sekondari, Thuto e Phahameng, le Quaternary Blast Trauma)
• Phethahatso ea Bophelo bo Botle le Tšireletseho (HSE, United Kingdom): * Ho phatloha ha Leru la Mouoane, Libaka tsa Khatello e Fetang ea Industrial Blast, le Window Glazing Hazard Management*
• Ofisi ea Machaba a Kopaneng ea Litaba tsa Sepakapaka (UNOOSA) le Marang-rang a Machabeng a Temoso a Asteroid (IAWN): Melaetsa ea Tšireletseho ho Sechaba bakeng sa Lifofane tsa Atmospheric Bolide Airbursts

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Ho tsoa mali ho matla le kopo ea tourniquet
• Likotsi tsa mahlo: ho phatloha ha lik'hemik'hale, lintho tse tsoang linaheng tse ling, le ho sithabela maikutlo
• Fesetere e robehileng: boto ea tšohanyetso le polokeho ea likhalase
• Ho qhalla ha lik'hemik'hale le ho lokolloa ha thepa e kotsi
• Chefo ea carbon monoxide