Ho Sireletsa Li-Elektroniki tse Bohlokoa ho tloha ho Geomagnetic Solar Storms (CMEs), ho phahama ha matla, le li-EMPs.¶

Ha NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (SWPC) kapa Setsi sa Ts'ebetso sa Boemo ba Boemo ba Leholimo sa UK Met Office (MOSWOC) e fana ka E feteletseng (G5) Tlhokomeliso ea Sefefo sa Geomagnetic ho latela tataiso ea Lefatše ** Coronal Mass Ejection (CME)**, kapa ha baetsi ba maemo a tšohanyetso ba itokisetsa boemo bo phahameng Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP / E1-E2-E3) kapa ts'ebetso e matla ea ho fetola li-substation, ho tseba hore na ke lisebelisoa life tsa elektroniki tse kotsing le hore na u ka li arola joang ho thibela tšenyo e sa feleng ea lisebelisoa nakong ea ho putlama ha grid nako e telele. Haeba sefefo sa letsatsi kapa ho phahama ha marang-rang ho se ho bakile mollo oa transformer, mohala oa motlakase o theohileng, kapa ho tima sebakeng, letsetsa nomoro ea hau ea tšohanyetso ea lehae (911, 112, kapa 999) bakeng sa likotsi tsa polokeho ea bophelo ka rona dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso directory, 'me u hlahlobe batataisi ba rona ho ho leka liteishene tsa motlakase tse nkehang tsa LiFePO4 le li-switches tsa phetisetso, likhokahano tsa tšohanyetso tse kantle ho grid: seea-le-moea sa NOAA, GMRS, le satellite SOS, le ho putlama ha marangrang a libaka le ho tima.

Boholo ba likeletso tsa sechaba li ferekanya ** lifefo tsa letsatsi tsa tlhaho (CMEs)** e nang le li-pulse tsa "nuclear electromagnetic pulses" (HEMP)**, e lebisang beng ba matlo ho thatela toaster e ’ngoe le e ’ngoe ka foil ea aluminium ha ba ntse ba siea e theko e boima $2,500 seteishene sa motlakase se nkehang se hoketsoe ho 30-meter (100-foot) potoloho ea lebota e sebetsang joalo ka lenakana le leholo la pokello. Ho utloisisa phapang e hlakileng ea fisiks lipakeng tsa mehato e liehang ea Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs / E3 magnetohydrodynamic heave) le nanosecond high-frequency radio-frequency pulses (E1 HEMP) e u fa buka ea ho bapala ea boenjiniere e hlakileng, e theko e tlase: 1. CME ea tlhaho ea Solar (G5 / Carrington-class geomagnetic storm) HA E halise lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse sa kenngoeng ka letsoho moeeng.E3 karolo ea EMP). E sokela lisebelisoa feela ka lithapo tsa motlakase tse tsamaisoang, ho theoha ha motlakase, le ho sotha ha harmonic ho kena ka lithapo tsa lisebelisoa tsa lapeng. Feela ho notlolla lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki ho tsoa maboteng a AC le likhoele tsa Ethernet/coaxial pele CME e fihla e fana ka tšireletso ea 100 lekholong khahlanong le sefefo sa letsatsi sa tlhaho. 2. EMP e Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa (HEMP) e eketsa nanosecond E1 gamma-Compton radio-frequency pulse (up to 50,000 Volts per meter ka nqane 10 MHz to 1 GHz+) tse ka kopanyang ka kotloloho mekhoeng e khuts'oane ea potoloho le 1-meter (3-foot) lithapo moeeng, tse hlokang kakaretso e tsoelang pele ea Faraday e kentsoeng ka khateboto/foam dielectric insulator ho sireletsa liea-le-moea tse sa sebetseng, lisebelisoa tsa bongaka, le lisebelisoa tsa motlakase tsa letsatsi.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. **Ha Bohloko (G4) kapa E feteletseng (G5) Geomagnetic Solar Storm Watch e fanoe (15 to 48 hours pele ho ts'usumetso ea CME), lefisa liteishene tsohle tsa motlakase tsa \(\text{LiFePO}_4\), lifono, lilaptop, le libeteri tsa radio ho 100% pele, ebe u li UNPLUG ka 'mele ho tsoa sebakeng se seng le se seng sa lebota.Cat5e/Cat6) lithapo, le lithapo tsa thapo/sathelaete coaxial ka ho felletseng ka ntle ho lebota pele leqhubu la leqhubu la CME la interplanetary le otla magnetosphere ea Lefatše.
2. Hakolla liphanele tsa letsatsi tse nkehang habonolo (MC4 lead) le lithapo tse atolositsoeng tse telele tse tsoang liteisheneng tsa hau tsa motlakase ha li sa laoloe ka botlalo. A 10-to-30-meter (33-to-100-foot) terata e sebetsa joalo ka lenakana la ho amohela hantle bakeng sa bobeli **E1 tse potlakileng tsa transient ** le E2 maqhubu a bakoang ke lehalima. Ho siea seteishene sa motlakase se nkehang se hoketsoe lithapong tse telele tsa terata ho hlola ho itšehla thajana ha sona.
3. Le ka mohla u se ke ua itšetleha ka maemo $15 matla-strip surge mosireletsi a le mong ho emisa spike ea grid-collapse transformer kapa E1 pulse. Tloaelo ea bolulo ea Metal Oxide Varistor (MOV) lithapo tsa motlakase li na le nako ea karabo e koalang ea 1 to 5 nanoseconds, e potlakile ho lekana bakeng sa li-transients tse tloaelehileng tsa lisebelisoa (E2), **empa e lieha haholo ho tiisa nako ea ho phahama ha sub-nanosecond (2.5 to 5 nanoseconds ho 50 kV/m) ea sesole E1 HEMP pulse **, le ho ruruha ha motlakase ka nako e telele ho tsoa ho transformer ea tikoloho e matla e ka tlala haholo le ho hotetsa ka theko e tlase. MOV maqephe.
4. Haeba u na le betri ea lapeng kaofela (Tesla Powerwall, Enphase, Generac, EcoFlow Pro) le sesebelisoa sa phetisetso kapa senotlolo se seholo, nahana ka ho fetohela ho "Off-Grid / Island Mode" nakong ea tlhoro ea lihora tse 3 ho isa ho tse 6. G5 geomagnetic storm window. Ho qolla seqhoqho sa ntlo ea hau (OFF) ho tsoa ho marang-rang a marang-rang ho sireletsa lisebelisoa tsa lehae tsa hau tse thata (liboto tsa pompo ea mocheso, li-inverter tsa sehatsetsi, lipompo tsa seliba) ho tsoa ho khopamiso ea li-harmonic tse lehlakoreng le kotsi e bakoang ke ho tlala ha halofo ea potoloho ea li-transformer tse nang le motlakase o phahameng.
5. Boloka lisebelisoa tsa hau tsa elektroniki tsa ts'ohanyetso (NOAA Weather Radio, GMRS/Ham handheld transceivers, spare smartphone/tablet e nang le limmapa tse kantle ho marang-rang, MPPT solar charger controller, le USB flash drive) ka har'a cage ea Faraday e kolokileng. cardboard/closed-cell foam inner liner* kahoo ha ho sesebelisoa se kileng sa ama lebota le se nang letho la tšepe.
6. Le ka mohla u se ke ua tšoara sesebelisoa ka ho toba leboteng la tšepe le se nang letho la cage ea Faraday, hape le ka mohla u se ke ua tsamaisa thapo ea ho tjhaja ka sekoahelong sa cage ea Faraday. Terata leha e le efe e fetang ho tloha ka ntle ho ea ka hare ho sekoahelo sa Faraday e sebetsa e le lenakana la waveguide le tsamaisang molumo oa motlakase o kantle ka hare ho hare, o fokotsa matla a ho sireletsa.

Sefate sa liqeto: Ho bapisa protocol ea hau ea ts'ireletso le ts'okelo ea motlakase¶

Latela chate ena ea boenjiniere ho khetholla pakeng tsa sefefo se boletsoeng esale pele sa letsatsi (CME), ho phahama ha lehalima / ts'ebeliso, le sekhahla se felletseng E1/E2/E3 motlakase oa motlakase.

flowchart TD
    Event["Ho Khethiloe Tšokelo ea Motlakase"] --> ThreatType{"Ke Ketsahalo ea Mofuta Ofe e Etsahalang Kapa e Lokiselitsoeng?"}
    ThreatType -->|"Sefefo sa Letsatsi sa G4/G5 se Boleletsoeng Pele (Coronal Mass Ejection / CME - Temoso ea Lihora tse 15 ho isa ho tse 48)"| CMEProtocol["PHYSICS: Butle E3-Joaloka Geomagnetically Induced Currents (GICs) on Long Grid Lines FEELA (Zero Air-Coupled E1 Pulse)"]
    CMEProtocol --> CMEActions["1. Jarisa Libetri Tsohle ho 100% Pele ho Tšusumetso -> 2. Nkolla Lithapo Tsohle tsa AC, EV Chargers, & Ethernet Cables -> 3. Ka boikhethelo: Flip Main Breaker to Island/Off-Grid Mode Nakong ea Peak Kp=8/9 Window"]
    ThreatType -->|"Ka tšohanyetso Grid Blackout / Ho phatloha ha Transformer / Rolling Brownout"| GridSurge["PHYSICS: Utility Switching Transients, Voltage Sags (<95V), & Re-Energization Inrush Spikes"]
    GridSurge --> GridActions["1. Tlosa 240V Compressor Breakers (AC/Heat Pump/Well) & Unplug Electronics -> 2. Ema Metsotso e 10 Ka mor'a hore Matla a Tšebeliso a Tsitsitse Pele o hokela hape"]
    ThreatType -->|"Boitokisetso ba EMP e Phahameng (HEMP: E1 + E2 + E3 Full Spectrum)"| HEMPProtocol["PHYSICS: Nanosecond E1 RF Pulse (50 kV/m, 10 MHz to 1 GHz+) + E2 Lightning Surge + E3 Grid Saturation"]
    HEMPProtocol --> HEMPActions["1. Store Spare Comms, Medical Gear, & Solar Controllers in Lined Conductive Faraday Cage -> 2. Kenya Mofuta oa 1/2 Whole-Home SPD + Clamp Ferrite Cores ho Key Cords"]

Karolo ea 1: Lifefo tsa Solar (CMEs) khahlano le Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa EMP (E1, E2, le E3 Fisiks Bapisoa)¶

Ho ea ka US Department of Energy (DOE), Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Matla a Motlakase (EPRI), Khomishene ea EMP, le UK Royal Academy of Engineering, litšokelo tsa motlakase li arola ka ** mefuta e meraro e fapaneng ea nako ea maqhubu (E1, E2, le E3)**. Ho utloisisa hore na waveform e teng ho u joetsa hantle hore na hardware e tla hloleha le hore na e tla pholoha eng.

1. Mefuta e 3 ea Maqhubu a Motlakase oa Motlakase le Mefuta e Tšoanang ea Letsatsi la Tlhaho¶

2. Ke Hobane'ng ha Ho Tloha ho Tsoa Leboteng ho Atleha ka 100% Khahlanong le Sefefo sa Solar sa Sehlopha sa Carrington (CME)¶

Etsa hore lipalo li u kholise: - Esita le nakong ea sefefo se matla ka ho fetisisa sa histori sa letsatsi (1859 Carrington Event kapa 1921 Railroad Storm), sebaka sa geoelectric se hlahisitsoeng holim'a Lefatše se fihla hoo e ka bang 20 to 85 Volts per kilometer (0.02 to 0.085 Volts per meter) bophahamong bo phahameng holim'a lefika le sa tsitsang. - Ka mose ho 300-kilometer (186-mile) mohala oa phetisetso ea motlakase o phahameng o theohile liteisheneng tse peli, 50 Volts/km e eketsa ho **15,000 Volts ea bokhoni ba quasi-DC **, ho khanna ratusan ea li-ampere ka har'a mapheo a motlakase oa grid ea utility le ho romela likhothaletso tse matla tsa motlakase oa harmonic (THD) le ho fetola li-surges malapeng a ntseng a hokahane le marang-rang. - Leha ho le joalo, ka har'a smartphone ea hau, laptop, kapa seteishene sa motlakase se sa kengoang se lutseng holim'a tafole ea kichineng, mokhanni o molelele ka ho fetesisa oa kahare ke 0.15 meters (6 inches) nako e telele. Tšimo ea 0.085 Volts/meter ka nqane 0.15 meters e susumetsa 0.012 Volts (12 millivolts) ka maqhubu a tlase haholo (< 1 Hz), e leng e sa bonahaleng ka ho felletseng le 100% e seng kotsi ho potoloho efe kapa efe e sa kengoang ea elektroniki. - Mola o ka tlase bakeng sa Maholiotsoana a Letsatsi: Ha ho hlokahale ** ho kenya mohala oa hau, laptop, kapa koloi ka har'a cage ea Faraday bakeng sa mollo oa letsatsi kapa CME. hloka feela ho holla lisebelisoa tsa hau tsa elektroniki tse hlokolosi lithapong tsa marang-rang tse telele pele CME e otla 'me u itokisetse ho khaoha ho ka bang teng tikolohong.

Karolo ea 2: Ke Lisebelisoa life tsa Elektronike tse Hlokoang tse Lokelang ho Kena ka har'a Cage ea Faraday (Bakeng sa E1 Boitokisetso ba EMP)?¶

Le hoja sefefo sa tlhaho sa letsatsi se hloka feela ho ntša marang-rang ho tloha marang-rang, ho lokisetsa mochine oa maiketsetso High-Altitude EMP (HEMP E1 pulse) kapa haufi ka kotloloho Lightning Electromagnetic Pulse (LEMP) e hloka ho sireletsa sete ea compact backup ea lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki khahlano le maqhubu a phahameng (10 MHz to 2 GHz) masimo a kopantsoeng ke moea.

Hobane sebaka se ka har'a moqomo oa lithōle kapa li-ammo se na le moeli, beha lintho tse tlang pele ** tse nang le li-microcontrollers tsa CMOS tse phahameng haholo.< 90 nm ho 3 nm liheke tsa transistor)** le hore **u ke ke ua phela kapa ua hokahanya ntle le nakong ea tšohanyetso ea libeke tse ngata **:

Lethathamo la Pele la Mokhahlelo oa polokelo ea Faraday Cage¶

Karolo ea 3: Mokhoa oa ho Haha le ho Lekola E netefalitsoeng 50 to 80 dB Faraday Cage Lapeng¶

A Faraday Cage e sebetsa ka ho aba bocha litefiso tsa kantle tsa motlakase le ho kenya maqhubu a eddy holim'a metsi ka har'a khetla e tsoelang pele ea tšepe e tsamaisang (**koporo, aluminium, kapa tšepe **), e hlakola sebaka sa makenete ea motlakase ka har'a sekoti se sekoti.

Bakeng sa thebe ea Faraday ho emisa ho itima lijo E1 HEMP pulse (eo makhubu a eona a makhutšoane a leng ho 1 GHz ke 30 centimeters / 12 inches, ka litaba tsa bohlokoa tsa harmonic tse hlokang likheo tsa zero tse telele ho feta 1.5 to 3 millimeters / 0.06 to 0.12 inches), sets'oants'o se tlameha ho ba le **360-degree e sa khaotseng ea ho kopana le tšepe ho ea ho tšepe mose ho sekoaelo sa eona **. Esita le lekhalo la moriri, pente ea pente ea rabara, kapa sekoahelo sa oxide e sa tsamaisaneng le sekoaelo se sebetsa joalo ka Slot Antenna e lutlang khafetsa. E1 matla a microwave a otlolohile ka lebokoseng.

1. Ho bapisa 4 DIY le Commercial Faraday Enclosures¶

2. Mohato ka Mohato: Mokhoa oa ho Tsamaisa le ho Paka Letlapa la Lithōle la Galvanized Steel Can Faraday Cage¶

1. Lekola Can for Pinholes: Nka moqomo oa matlakala oa hau oa tšepe (e.g., Behrens 20-gallon or 31-gallon steel can) ka kamoreng e lefifi, beha e khanyang 1,000-lumen lebone le ka hare ho seams tse ka tlase, 'me u netefatse hore leseli la zero lea lutla ka har'a crimp e tlase.
2. ** Kenya mochini o kenyang motlakase oa kahare oa dielectric (Mandatory):**
3. Seha sekotoana se chitja sa 12-mm (1/2-inch) khateboto e entsoeng ka masenke, polyethylene camping-mat foam, kapa rabara mat ebe o e ala fatše ka tlas'a lekotikoti la tšepe.
4. Tsamaea lerako lohle le ka hare la cylindrical ea tšepe e nang le **khateboto e hloekileng e entsoeng ka masenke ** e kentsoeng ka moqomong (kapa kenya ** moqomo o boima oa lithōle oa polasetiki / nkho ea polasetiki ea HDPE ea lilithara tse 5 ** e kenang hantle ka har'a lekotikoti la tšepe). Sena se tiisa hore **10-to-20-millimeter (0.4-to-0.8-inch) moea o se nang conductive / buffer ea polasetiki ** lipakeng tsa lisebelisoa tsa hau tsa elektroniki le letlalo la tšepe le kantle.
5. Lintho tse Nyane tsa Boleng bo Habeli-Shield ("Nested Shielding"):
6. Beha lisebelisoa tsa elektroniki tse nyane (sea-le-moea sa hau sa NOAA, liea-le-moea tsa GMRS tse nang le li-antenna tse sa koaloang, li-smartphone tsa khale, le li-drive tsa USB) ka har'a mekotla ea khoebo ea Faraday ** (kapa u phuthele ntho e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e nang le lebokose ka likarolo tse 2 tsa foil ea aluminium e boima) * pele * u li beha ka har'a moqomo oa lithōle oa tšepe. Ka boenjiniere ba RF, **nesting a 45 dB Mokotla oa Faraday ka hare ho a 50 dB tšepe e ka hlahisa ho itšehla thajana ka botlalo **, ho felisa ho hloleha ha seam se nang le ntlha e le 'ngoe.
7. ** Kenya Lipakete tsa Silica Gel Desiccant:** Tiiso **50 to 100 grams ea lipakete tsa silika tsa gel desiccant tse ka nchafatsoang ** ka har'a sets'oants'o e le hore mongobo o qabeletsoeng o se ke oa senya likhokahano tsa betri kapa liboto tsa potoloho nakong ea polokelo ea likhoeli tse ngata.
8. Tiisa Sekwahelo Se Seam: Tobetsa sekwahelo sa tšepe ka thata tlase. Bakeng sa polokelo ea nako e telele, thatela lesale le sa khaotseng la conductive aluminium foil HVAC tepi (3M 425 kapa Nashua foil tape) ho pota-pota sekoahelo sa sekoahelo sa sekoahelo, se nang le konopo e phuthoang ea hula e le hore u ka hahola theipi ka metsotsoana ea 2 ha boemo ba tšohanyetso bo felile.
9. Na U Lokela ho Theha Cage e nkehang ea Faraday (Trash Can / Ammo Can)?
10. CHE: Boloka makotikoti a manyenyane a Faraday A TSOSOA (a phaphametse holim'a shelofo ea lepolanka, 'mete oa rabara, kapa mokatong oa konkreite). Ntle le haeba kamore ea Faraday e fasoa ka lesela le sephara la koporo ka ho toba sebakeng se inehetseng. < 1-ohm sebaka sa lefats'e se entsoeng ke moenjiniere oa RF, o kopanya nako e telele 3-to-10-meter (10-to-33-foot) terata e tala ho tloha moqomong oa lithōle ho ea setsing sa motlakase sa ntlo ea hau kapa peipi ea metsi e fetola terata ea fatše hore e be lenakana le leholo le amohelang lenaka le kenyang tšebetso e fosahetseng le E1/E2 maqhubu ka kotloloho holim'a lekotikoti la hau. Etsa hore tšepe ea hau e ka lula e le mong holim'a raka e ommeng ea lepolanka kapa 'mete oa rabara.

3. Mokhoa oa ho Lekola Cage ea hau ea Faraday ka Metsotsoana e 60 (Le Hobaneng ha "Teko ea Mehala ea Mehala" Feela e sa Lekane)¶

• **Hobaneng Teko ea Mohala oa Mehala e Fokolang 850 MHz kapa 1900 MHz molaetsa wa mongolo kapa lesaka le ha setshelo se kokobela 99% (20 dB) ea lets'oao, kapa ka lehlakoreng le leng, mohala o mokatong o ka tlase oa lets'oao le fokolang e ka emisa mohala oa eona feela 15 dB ea tšireletso (e leng ka tlase hole le 50+ dB e hlokahalang bakeng sa E1 EMP).
• Teko e betere ea 1 (Teko ea seea-le-moea sa Betri ea AM/FM/Boemo ba Leholimo):
• Tobetsa FM kapa NOAA Weather Radio e tsamaisoang ke betri** ho seteisheneng sa heno se matla ka ho fetisisa sa motlakase* ebe u phahamisa molumo ho ea holimo.
• Beha seea-le-moea se bapalang ka har'a mokotla / lekotikoti la Faraday 'me u koale sekoahelo ka botlalo.
• Mamela ka hloko ka ntle ho lekoti: khaso e tlameha ho theoha hore e qetelle lerata le lesoeu (lentsoe le utloahalang kapa 'mino) ka bobeli. AM (530-1700 kHz) le FM/VHF (88-162 MHz). Haeba u ntse u ka utloa seboholi se bua ka har'a lekotikoti le koetsoeng, sekoahelo sa sekwahelo sa hau se na le ho lutla ha slot.
• Teko e Betere ea 2 (Teko ea Short-Range Walkie-Talkie / Smartphone Wi-Fi Hotspot dBm App Test):
• Beha Smartphone A haufi le bokantle ba lekotikoti la hao la Faraday e nang le 2.4 GHz / 5 GHz Wi-Fi Hotspot (kapa Bluetooth) e BULEtsoeng.
• Beha Smartphone B ka hare ho Faraday e ka tsamaisa mahala ** Wi-Fi Analyzer / Matla a Letšoao (dBm) Sesebelisoa sa ho rema lifate ** (kapa leka ka tse peli 2-Watt FRS/GMRS walkie-talkies ho 1 meter sebaka).
• Netefatsa bonyane a **50 to 60+ dB theoha ** ka matla a lets'oao (kapa ho hloleha ho felletseng ha walkie-talkie ea ka hare ho senya squelch ha o kenya transmitter ea kantle 1 meter hole).

Karolo ea 4: Ho Sireletsa Ntlo ea Hao ea Motlakase le Lisebelisoa tsa Hardwired (Whole-Home SPDs & Ferrites)¶

U ke ke ua kenya setsi sa moea se bohareng, pompo ea metsi e tebileng haholo, kapa sehatsetsi ka har'a moqomo oa lithōle ha u ntse u se sebelisa letsatsi le letsatsi. Ho sireletsa meaho ea lehae e hahiloeng ka thata ho ** maqhubu a marang-rang a sefefo sa letsatsi, lehalima (E2), le ho etsa li-surges **, kenya ts'ireletso e lekaneng ho phanele ea hau ea mantlha:

1. Lera 1: UL 1449 Type 1 kapa Type 2 Whole-Home Surge Devices (SPD) ho Main Breaker Panel:
2. E-ba le ramotlakase ea nang le laesense ea ho kenya mochine o phahameng oa lisebelisoa Whole-Home Surge Arrester (e lekantsoe 50 kA to 100 kA+ mokhahlelo ka mong, joalo ka Siemens FS140, Square D HEPD80, kapa Eaton CHSPT2ULTRA) e nang le thapo metsu e khutšoanyane, e otlolohileng (< 15 to 20 cm / 6 to 8 inches) ka kotloloho libareng tsa libese tse haufi le monyako oa lits'ebeletso tsa hau. Ho boloka lithapo tsa SPD li le khuts'oane 'me li sothehile hammoho ho fokotsa motlakase o kenang nakong ea ho phahama ka potlako.
3. Lera 2: Snap-On High-Frequency Ferrite Choke Cores ho Lithapo tsa Motlakase oa Sesebelisoa:
4. Hang-hang Nickel-Zinc (NiZn, Material 31 kapa 43/61) lifaha tse arohaneng tsa ferrite tse tlanngoeng holim'a lithapo tsa motlakase tsa AC tsa sehatsetsi sa hau, sebōpi sa khase, tjhaja ea seteishene sa motlakase, le lisebelisoa tsa seea-le-moea li sebetsa e le maqhubu a phahameng a RF 10 MHz to 300 MHz tloaelehileng-mokhoa E1 maqhubu. Ho theola thapo ka har'a mokokotlo oa ferrite ** 2 kapa 3 ho reteleha ** ho thinya hane ha RF e choking impedance.

Linomoro tsa libaka tsa tšohanyetso le liprothokholo tsa mekhatlo¶

Litšitiso tsa boemo ba leholimo ba sepakapaka le li-electromagnetic grid li shejoa 24/7 ke mekhatlo ea naha ea ts'epo ea tikoloho le motlakase:

• United States: Sheba lioache tsa sefefo sa letsatsi (G1 ho G5) ho tsoa NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center (swpc.noaa.gov). Botsitso ba grid bo hokahanngoa ke NERC (TPL-007) le CISA. Bakeng sa mello ea motlakase kapa maemo a tšohanyetso, letsetsa 911.
• Canada: Lekola Setsi sa Canadian Space Forecast Weather (spaceweather.gc.ca) e tsamaisoa ke Natural Resources Canada (NRCan). Nomoro ya tshohanyetso: 911.
• United Kingdom: Beha leihlo Setsi sa Ts'ebetso sa Boemo ba Boemo ba Leholimo sa Met Office (metoffice.gov.uk) le litemoso tsa National Grid ESO. Nomoro ya tshohanyetso: 999 kapa 112.
• European Union: Hlokomela Setsi sa Sepakapaka sa Europe (ESASpace Weather Service Network (swe.ssa.esa.int) le SIDC (Belgium). Nomoro ya tshohanyetso: 112.
• Australia le New Zealand: Hlokomela Sebaka sa Australia sa Meteorology Space Service Services (sws.bom.gov.au) le Transpower NZ. Linomoro tsa tšohanyetso: 000 (Australia), 111 (NZ).
• India le Asia-Pacific: Sheba litemoso tsa boemo ba leholimo tsa ISRO** India le NICT (swc.nict.go.jp) Japane. Sheba lenane la rona le felletseng ho dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Na ho tla hlaha khanya e matla ea letsatsi kapa Carrington-class Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) ho halika mohala oa ka o sa kengoang, laptop kapa koloi?¶

No. Ho tuka ha letsatsi la tlhaho kapa Coronal Mass Ejection (`CME`) ha*** ha e hlahise nanosecond ea maqhubu a holimo `E1` radio-frequency pulse e hlahisoang ke nyutlelie EMP. Sebakeng seo, CME ea letsatsi e hlahisa liphetoho tse fokolang tsa matla a khoheli (`E3`- mofuta oa likhahla tse susumelitsoeng ke Geomagnetically, `GICs`) tse kenyang li-millivolts feela ka mithara ka li-conductors tse khutšoane, ho bolelang hore mohala o sa kengoang, laptop, seteishene sa motlakase se nkehang, kapa koloi ha e amehe ka ho felletseng moeeng. CME ea letsatsi e senya feela lisebelisoa tsa elektronike ka ho kenya makholo a li-ampere tsa quasi-DC hona joale ka hare ho **lithapo tsa motlakase tse nang le matla a maholo a lik'hilomithara tse ngata **, tse tlatsang li-transformer tsa grid le ho romela maqhubu a matla a motlakase le ho tima ha motlakase mehahong e ntseng e hokeloa leboteng. Feela **ho phunya lisebelisoa tsa hau tsa elektroniki ho tsoa maboteng pele CME e otla ** ho li sireletsa ka botlalo.

Na likoloi tsa sejoale-joale le literaka li tla emisa ho matha kamora ho E1 High-Altitude EMP (HEMP)?¶

Litekong tse matla tse entsoeng ke **US EMP Commission** holim'a likoloi tse 37 le literaka tse 18 tse pepeselitsoeng ho etsisoa. `E1` pulses up to `50,000 Volts/meter`: ha likoloi li ne li pakiloe **enjene tsa tsona li TIMA**, likoloi tsa tsona li ile tsa sitoa ho tsamaea ho fihlela `25 kV/m`, 'me ho etsahetse liphoso tse nyane feela tsa dashboard ho `30 to 50 kV/m` (e lokisitsoe ka ho hakolla thapo ea betri ea 12V bakeng sa metsotsoana e 60 ho qala mohala bocha `ECU`). Ha likoloi li ne li ntse li sebetsa ** li matha** nakong ea ho pepeseha ka holimo `25 to 30 kV/m`, lienjine tse 'maloa li ile tsa ema 'me tsa hloka ho tima le ho bulela hore li qale bocha. Lisebelisoa tsa elektronike tsa morao-rao tsa likoloi li sirelelitsoe haholo ke 'mele oa koloi ea tšepe; leha ho le joalo, **le ka mohla u se ke ua siea Koloi ea Motlakase (`EV`) e kenngoa ka har'a tjhaja ea lebota la grid (`EVSE`) nakong ea sefefo sa letsatsi kapa temoso ea EMP**, ha thapo ea ho tjhaja ntlo e tla tsamaisa marang-rang a senyang a kenang ka har'a tjhaja ea koloi.

Na liphanele tsa letsatsi tse nkehang marulelong kapa tse nkehang habonolo li sentsoe ke EMP kapa sefefo sa letsatsi?¶

Bare photovoltaic (`PV`) Lisele tsa letsatsi tsa silicon ka botsona li khona ho mamella masimo a makenete a motlakase ka mokhoa o makatsang **ha li hokeloa ho tsoa ho lithapo tse telele tsa terata**. Se hlolehang ho sistimi ea letsatsi e tlameletsoeng ka holim'a marulelo nakong ea EMP kapa ts'ebetso e matla ke ** inverter ea likhoele tsa elektroniki, li-microinverters, le control controller **, hobane nako e telele `15-to-50-meter` Lithapo tsa likhoele tsa marulelo tsa DC le likhoele tsa marang-rang tsa AC li bokella li-spikes tse matla tsa motlakase ebe li li fepa ka li-MOSFET tsa inverter. Ho boloka **solar panel e menahang (e khaotsoeng lithapong tsohle)** le **setaolo sa tjhaja sa MPPT kapa compact $\text{LiFePO}_4$ seteishene sa motlakase ka har'a moqomo oa matlakala oa Faraday** ho tiisa hore o tla tjhaja letsatsi ka mor'a ketsahalo.

Hobaneng sekoahelo sa ka sa ammo-can Faraday se hlolehile ho etsa liteko tsa seea-le-moea leha sekoahelo se kentsoe ka thata?¶

Sesole se tloaelehileng `.50 caliber` makotikoti a tšepe a hlōlehile ho etsa liteko tsa tšireletso ea RF ka lebenkeleng hobane moqomo oa tšepe o koahetsoe ka pente e sireletsang 'me sekoahelo se lutse holim'a gasket e teteaneng **non-conductive rabara e thibelang metsi** e tšoarang sekoahelo sa tšepe. `2 to 3 millimeters` hole le 'mele oa lebokose la tšepe, ho bopa a `Slot Antenna` ho pota-pota. Ho fetolela ammo can hore e be 'nete `60+ dB` Faraday cage, hula sekoahelo sa rabara ka ntle ho sekoaelo, u hlabe pente molomong o ka holimo oa lekotikoti, 'me u kene ka har'a sekoahelo ho theosa le tšepe e benyang, 'me u kenye tšepe e lohiloeng ea EMI gasket (kapa e kentsoeng ka sekoahelo sa aluminium) ka sekoahelong sa sekoaelo kahoo ho ts'oara mofeng ho pshatla tšepe e se nang letho ho pota-pota tšepe e se nang letho.

A na ke lokela ho hokela terata e fatše ho tloha moqomong oa lithōle oa Faraday ho ea ho thupa ea fatše ea koporo kapa phallo ea lebota?¶

Che. Bakeng sa sebaka se ikemetseng sa Faraday se kampetsoeng (joaloka moqomo oa litšepe o entsoeng ka masenke, moqomo, kapa lebokose le phuthetsoeng ka foil), **e tlohele e sa thehoa ka ho feletseng (e phaphametseng)** holim'a shelofo ea lepolanka, palete ea polasetiki kapa 'mete oa rabara. Ho hokela terata ea fatše e bolelele ba limithara tse 'maloa ho tloha lekotikoti la tšepe le nkehang habobebe sebakeng sa motlakase sa ntlo ea hau kapa liphaephe tsa lipeipi ho fetola terata eo e telele hore e be lenakana le amohelang maqhubu a phahameng. `E1` matla le ts'ebeliso ea ts'ebetso e ka nyolohang ka kotloloho ho thebe ea hau.

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Liteishene tsa motlakase tse nkehang habonolo (LiFePO4), li-backups tsa betri, le li-switches tsa phetisetso ea matsoho
• Likhokahano tsa tšohanyetso tse kantle ho gridi: seea-le-moea sa leholimo sa NOAA, GMRS, Ham, le satellite SOS
• Ho putlama ha gridi sebakeng le ho tima
• Rolling brownouts, voltage sag, le ts'ireletso ea ho khathala ha sesebelisoa sa compressor
• Sebaka sa bolulo sa ho phatloha ha nyutlelie: Fesetere ea metsotso e 15 le molao oa ho bola oa 7:10.
• Linomoro tsa maemo a tshohanyetso

Mehloli le tataiso ea semmuso¶

• Khomishene ea ho Lekola Matšoenyeho a United States ho Tsoa Tlhaselo ea Electromagnetic Pulse (EMP): Tlaleho ea Khomishene ea ho Lekola Kotsi ho United States ho tsoa ho Motlakase oa Motlakase (HEMP E1, E2, le E3 Fisiks, Kotsi ea Meaho, le Liphetho tsa Teko ea Likoloi/Elektroniki).
• Lefapha la United States la Tšireletso ea Lehae (DHS / CISA) & FEMA: Motlakase Pulse (EMP) Litaelo tsa Tšireletso le Boitshoko bakeng sa Meralo ea Bohlokoa le Lisebelisoa (NCCIC / CISA Shielding Levels 1 to 4) le Ready.gov Boitokisetso ba Boemo ba Leholimo ba Sebaka.
• Taolo ea Naha ea Maoatle le Atmospheric (NOAA Space Weather Prediction Center, United States): NOAA Space Weather Scales for Geomagnetic Storms (G1 ho G5), Coronal Mass Ejection (CME) Forecasting, le Power Grid Geomagnetically Induced Current (GIC) Litšusumetso.
• Setsi sa Patlisiso ea Matla a Motlakase (EPRI) le Lefapha la Matla la US (DOE): High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) le Geomagnetic Disturbance (GMD) Transformer Half-Cycle Saturation and Mitigation Studies.
• ** Lefapha la Tšireletso la US (MIL-STD-188-125-1 / -2):** *High-Altitude Electromagnetic Pulse (HEMP) Tšireletso bakeng sa Mehaho ea C4I e Thehiloeng fatše e Etsang Mesebetsi e Bohlokoa, e Potlakileng Nako (Ho Sireletsa ka Katleho le Maemo a Khatello ea Ntlha ea ho Kena) *.