Moqomo oa Khase o Hatelitsoeng oa Valve Shear, Tank Rocketing, le Li-Leaks tsa Liquid Nitrogen¶

Li-cylinder tsa khase tse hatelitsoeng ka khatello e phahameng le mokelikeli o kentsoeng ka insulated cryogenic Li-flasks tsa Dewar li sebelisoa letsatsi le leng le le leng mabenkeleng a ho cheselletsa litšepe, lipetlele, lilaboratoring tsa univesithi, lireschorente, limela tsa semiconductor le libaka tsa kaho. Silinda e tloaelehileng ea tšepe ea tšepe ea boholo bo felletseng (joalo ka boholo ba K kapa T-size welding argon, oxygen, nitrogen, kapa helium tank) e boima ba 60 ho isa ho 80 kilograms (130 to 175 pounds) mme e ts'oara khase e hatelitsoeng ho **150 ho isa ho 300 bar (2,200 square 2,200) ho isa ho 2,200 p. hoo e batlang e le **70 ho makhetlo a 140 khatello e ka hare ho thaere ea koloi ea baeti **. Matla ao kaofela a bolokiloeng a khutlisetsoa morao ke belofo e le 'ngoe ea koporo ea molala e botenya ba limilimithara tse 25 feela.

Haeba silindara e otlolohileng e sa tlamisoang ntle le kepisi ea eona ea tšepe e sirelelitsoeng e thula 'me e otla kutu ea eona ea koporo holim'a mokatong oa konkreite, moeling oa benche ea mosebetsi, kapa tanka e haufi, molala oa koporo oa khaola. Hang-hang, sefofane sa khase se phonyohang se fetola silindara ea tšepe ea boima ba lik'hilograma tse 70 hore e be misaele e sa laoloang ea ballistic (tank rocketing) e khonang ho potlakela ho feta 50 metres ka motsotsoana (110 miles per hour) le ho otla ka ho toba maboteng a konkreite, mamati a tšepe le 'mele ea batho. E bolaeang ka ho tšoanang, 'me e sa bonahale ka ho feletseng, ke ho qhala kapa ho imolla khatello ea liquid nitrogen (\(LN_2\)), liquid argon, or liquid helium ka har'a laboratori e koetsoeng, e pholileng, kapa lifti ea thepa: hobane naetrojene e metsi e atoloha ** ka makhetlo a 696 ka molumo o batang** ha e ntse e qhala moea o batang. ka mor'a metsotsoana e seng mekae, ho etsa hore bapholosi ba lahleheloe ke kelello le ho bipetsana ka mor'a ** ho hema ha 'ngoe kapa habeli ** ntle le ho ikutloa eka ho hang. Ho tseba hore na ke hobane'ng ha u sa tlameha ho leka ho ts'oara moqomo oa khase o oelang kapa ho qhomela holim'a tanka e otlang, mokhoa oa ho ntša lets'oao la cryogenic le haelloang ke oksijene ntle le ho ba lehlatsipa la bobeli, le ho bona moqomo oa acetylene o bolang ka hare ho pholosa bophelo.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. Le ka mohla u se ke ua leka ho tšoara moqomo oa khase o boima oa lik'hilograma tse 70 (liponto tse 150) ka matsoho kapa 'mele oa hao, 'me LE KA mohla u se ke ua qhomela holim'a moqomo oo valve e kutang. Tlohela moqomo o oelang fatše ha o hata ka lehlakore ho tsoa tseleng ea oona; haeba valve ea koporo e phatloha 'me tanka e qala ho lla ka matla, e bilika, kapa e tsokotsa, e oela ka mor'a sekoahelo se boima sa mohaho (tšiea ea konkreite, mechine ea tšepe, kapa ka ntle ho phaposi) hang-hang ho fihlela silinda e iphahamisa e se na letho (hangata metsotsoana e 30 ho isa ho e 90).
2. Tsoa ka phaposing hang-hang 'me U SE KE UA kena ho pholosa mosebetsi-'moho le uena ea oeleng haeba metsi a naetrojene (\(LN_2\)), argon, helium, kapa carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)) e lutla sebakeng se koaletsoeng. Ho felloa ke matla ha moea ho etsa hore motho a idibe ka nako e ka tlase ho metsotsoana e 15 (1 ho ea ho 2) batho ba fetang karolo ea 50 lekholong ba shoang ka lebaka la ho lutla ha khase e sa sebetseng hantle ke bao e ka bang bapholosi ba potlakelang ho hema. Emela bo-ralitima-mollo ba apereng lisebelisoa tsa ho phefumoloha tse ikemetseng (SCBA); bona ho felloa ke matla sebakeng se koaletsoeng.
3. Le ka mohla u se ke ua tla le mokelikeli oa cryogenic oa Dewar kapa moqomo oa khase o petelitsoeng ka har'a khab ea lift Hammoho le bapalami. Haeba mokelikeli oa nitrogen Dewar o kena ka har'a shaft e koetsoeng ea lifti, ba ka ho sona ba ke ke ba phonyoha ha moea oa oksijene o theoha ka tlase ho karolo ea 6 lekholong; tsamaisa likepe tsa cryogenic holim'a li-lifti tsa thepa tse se nang motho ka ho sebelisa lisebelisoa tsa ho letsetsa fatše.
4. **Tloha bonyane limithara tse 100 ho isa ho tse 300 (maoto a 330 ho isa ho a 1,000) haeba silindara ea acetylene e chesa, e sisinyeha, kapa e ntša monko o kang konofolo kapa monko o bolila ka mor'a flashback kapa mollo. ka mor'a lihora tse ngata ntle le haeba e ne e pholile ka ho tsoelang pele ho tloha ka mor'a lithunya tse phatlohang ke li-monitor tsa metsi tse se nang motho.
5. Letsa nomoro ea hau ea ts'ohanyetso ea lehae (911 United States le Canada, 112 ho pholletsa le European Union, 999 United Kingdom) ho tsoa sebakeng se sireletsehileng sa moea o fokang moea. Bolella motho ea romelang molaetsa lebitso le tobileng la khase le nomoro ea kotsi ea UN ea linomoro tse 'nè holim'a leibole ea silinda ea mahetla (mohlala, Argon UN 1006, Oxygen UN 1001d UN 1072, Refrigerate, UN 1072, UN Nitrogen UN 1977) le hore na ho na le motho ea qabeletsoeng ka hare; hlahloba dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso.
6. *Frostbite e futhumetseng ea cryogenic kapa jete ea khase e batang e chesa metsing a potolohang a futhumetseng ka likhato tse 37 ho isa ho tse 39 tsa Celsius (98.6 ho isa ho 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit), le ka mohla u se ke ua itlotsa letlalo le leqhoa. le ho qoelisa menoana e leqhoa metsing a mocheso oa 'mele; bona hypothermia le serame.

flowchart TD
    Start["Khase e Hatelitsoeng kapa Cryogenic Cylinder Emergency"] --> HazardType{"Ke ketsahalo ea mofuta ofe ea khase kapa cylinder e etsahalang?"}
    HazardType -->|"Motlakase oa Moqomo o Phahameng oa Khatello e Phahameng o Sheared / Rocketing"| Rocket["1. U SE KE UA leka ho tšoara kapa ho penya moqomo oa ho pola <br/>2. Tobetsa ka mor'a konkreite e tiileng kapa sekoaelo sa mochini o boima oa tšepe <br/>3. Ema metsotsoana e 30 ho isa ho e 90 ho fihlela jete ea khase e matla e felile ka ho feletseng<br/>4. Hlakola kamore hang-hang haeba khase e ne e sa chese, e chefo kapa e ka cha"]
    HazardType -->|"Metsi a Nitrogen / Argon / Helium / CO2 Leak ka Kamoreng"| Cryo["1. Tsoa ka kamoreng hang-hang 'me mamati a ka ntle a bulehe haeba a bolokehile <br/>2. LE KA mohla u se ke ua kena ka phaposing u tšoere moea oa hao ho ntša mohlaseluoa ea akhehileng <br/>3. Kenya tšebetsong fene ea motlakase ea tšohanyetso ea laboratoring ho tsoa phasejeng e kantle <br/>4. Emela Pholoso ea Mollo ka litanka tsa SCBA ho ntša phofu"]
    HazardType -->|"Acetylene Tank Flashback, Fire, kapa Hot Cylinder Shell"| Acetylene["1. Koala valve ea cylinder FEELA haeba hang-hang (metsotsoana e 2 ea pele) le tanka e pholile <br/>2. Haeba lebota la cylinder le ikutloa le futhumetse kapa le lla: TSOA 100 ho isa ho 300 m (330 to 1,000 ft) hang-hang<br/>3. U SE KE UA tsamaisa moqomo o chesang oa acetylene (ho tšoha ho ka o qhomisa)<br/>4. Basebeletsi ba litima-mollo ba sebelisa pholiso ea metsi e sa sebetsoeng bakeng sa lihora tse 1 ho isa ho tse 24"]
    HazardType -->|"Ho Lula ha Oksijene ka Khatello e Phahameng kapa Tšilafalo ea Oli"| Oxygen["1. Tlosa litlhase tsohle, malakabe le ho tsuba hang-hang<br/>2. Tlohela sebakeng sa liaparo tse nang le oksijene 'me u ntše liaparo ka ntle ka metsotso e 30<br/>3. Le ka mohla u se ke ua tšoara lilaoli tsa oksijene kapa li-valve tse nang le liatlana tse mafura kapa lisebelisoa"]

Li-valve tsa cylinder tse betliloeng le rocketing ea tanka ea ballistic¶

Fisiks ea rokete ea cylinder ea 200-bar (3,000-psi).¶

Moqomo o tloaelehileng oa tšepe kapa aluminium e hatelitsoeng ka khase ke sekepe se nang le marako a teteaneng se entsoeng ka ntle ho seam, se lekiloeng ho mamella likhatello tse ka hare tsa ** 250 ho 500 bar (3,600 ho 7,250 psi) **. Leha ho le joalo, sehokelo se fokolang holim'a cylinder e 'ngoe le e' ngoe ea khase e hatelitsoeng ke ** kopano ea valve ea koporo e nang le khoele ** e kenngoeng ka har'a molala o moqotetsane o holimo ka holim'a botlolo, hammoho le mochine o fokolang oa koporo oa "disc-relief" (PRD) o hahiloeng ka lehlakoreng la 'mele oa valve.

Ha silindara e eme e otlolohile ntle le ketane ea lebota kapa strap (mohlala, ha setsebi se ntse se chencha selaoli sa khatello hore kepisi e sirelelitsoeng ea tšepe e tima) ebe e thula:

1. Tlhahiso ea guillotine: Ha moqomo oa tšepe o boima ba lik'hilograma tse 70 (liponto tse 155) o haola le arc ea limithara tse 1.5 (maoto a mahlano), belofo e ka holimo ea koporo e potlakela ho lebelo le holimo. Haeba belofo ea koporo e otla moeli oa tafole ea tšepe ea tšepe, fereko ea fereko, kapa mohato oa konkreite, kapa haeba ntho e boima e oela holim'a mochine oa khatello ea koporo e khomaretsoeng, "brittle brass stem" e hula ka holim'a molala oa cylinder, e siea sebaka se bulehileng ** 12-to-19-millimeter (0.5-to-0.75-inch) orifice * 0.75-inch.
2. Supersonic rocket thrust: Gase e bolokoang ho 200 bar (3,000 psi) e phatloha ho tsoa molala oa limilimithara tse 15 ka lebelo le phahameng haholo (phallo e hupelitsoeng), e hlahisa molumo oa hang-hang oa ** 3,500 ho isa ho 5,500 li-newtons, 5,500 5,500 5,500 5,500 liponto* hoo e ka bang ** makhetlo a mahlano ho isa ho a robeli boima bo shoeleng ba silindara ea tšepe ka boeona **.
3. Tsela e ferekaneng: Haeba belofo e robeha hantle ho bapa le axis e bohareng, silindara e tsubella morao joalo ka torpedo, e pshatla maboteng a li-cinder block, lithupa tsa lepolanka, khabinete ea laboratori le mamati a koloi, kapa e phunya mabota a konkreite ho ea fihla holim'a litšepe tsa siling. Haeba kutu ea belofo e kobeha ka lehlakoreng la likhato tse 45 pele e petsoha, silindara e bilika ka mokhoa o tsoileng matsoho joaloka pinwheel ea tšepe e boima ba lik'hilograma tse 70 ho makholo a RPM, e pshatla maqaqailana le maoto pele e tsubella lebenkeleng.

Seo u lokelang ho se etsa ha valve ea cylinder e kuta kapa e lutla ka mokhoa o sa laoleheng¶

1. Amohela hang-hang sekoaelo sa ballistic metsotsoana e 60 ho isa ho e 90: Hang-hang silindara e theoha 'me u utloa molumo o thibang litsebe, o thibang litsebe oa vallofo e ritetsoeng kapa lerata le phatlohileng, hoeletsa "TANK TOWN, TAKE COVER" 'me u ee ka mor'a sekoahelo se entsoeng ka mochini, ho pota-pota lebota la konkreite, ka mor'a lemati. Esita le cylinder e feletseng ea 9,000-liter (300-cubic-foot) e nang le khatello e phahameng ea khase e nang le molala o kutang ka ho feletseng e tla qeta tefiso eohle ea eona ka **30 ho metsotsoana e 90 **.
2. Ha motsamao oa kinetic o emisa, lekola kotsi ea khase PELE o kena ka phaposing hape: Esita le ka mor'a hore silinda e khaotse ho sisinyeha 'me e robale fatše, kaofela 6,000 ho isa ho 9,000 litres (210 ho 315 cubic feet) ea khase e hatelitsoeng e neng e le ka hare ho botlolo e ntse e tlatsa:
3. Li-asphyxiants tse inert (Nitrogen, Argon, Helium, Carbon Dioxide): Ka har'a lephephe le lenyenyane la tjheseletsa, oteropo ea polokelo, kapa lab e ka tlase, silindara e le 'ngoe e lahliloeng e ka theola oksijene ea sepakapaka ka tlase ho maemo a sireletsehileng a ho phefumoloha. Bula mamati ho tsoa kantle 'me u lumelle lifens tsa moea hore li hloekise sebaka pele u kena.
4. Likhase tse tukang (Hydrogen, Acetylene, Propane, Methane, Carbon Monoxide): Ntša moaho kaofela hang-hang ntle le ho phethola li-switches kapa li-breaker machine (tse etsang arc ea motlakase e ka qhomisang leru la khase).
5. Ligase tse etsang oxidizing (Oksijene e Hloekileng, Oksijene ea Nitrous): Oksijene e hloekileng e tlatsa liaparo tsa mosebetsi, moriri le masela a mabenkele; tlhase e le 'ngoe e tsitsitseng kapa sakerete nakong ea metsotso e 15 ea ho pepeseha ho tla etsa hore liaparo li phalle mollong o matla oa tochi.
6. ** Likhase tse chefo kapa tse senyang (Chlorine, Ammonia, Sulfur Dioxide, Hydrogen Sulfide, Silane, Phosgene): ** Hlahisa setsi se kotsi-lisebelisoa hang-hang, tlosa moea o holimo le o nyolohang, 'me u emele lihlopha tsa HAZMAT; bona ho qhalla ha lik'hemik'hale.

Cryogenic liquid nitrogen (\(LN_2\)), argon, le carbon dioxide asphyxiation¶

Hobaneng ho qhalana ha naetrojene ea metsi ho bolaea ntle le moea o le mong¶

Naetrojene e metsi (\(LN_2\), e belang ka minus 196 degrees Celsius / minus 320 degrees Fahrenheit) le liquid argon (\(LAr\), e belang ka minus 186 degrees Celsius / minus 303 degrees Fahrenheit) li bolokoa ka har'a vacuum-insulated 320 degrees Fahrenheit**) ho tloha stainless stainless-steel Li-cylinders tse hatelletsoeng ka lilithara tse 240.

Ha mokelikeli oa nitrogen Dewar o nang le mabili a kolokileng ka phasejeng, o phatlola khoele ea ho haha ​​khatello, kapa o otla valve ea ho thusa ka har'a laboratori e nyane, kamore ea cryobank, kapa kichineng ea reschorente (moo $LN_2 $ e sebelisetsoang lijo tse batang kapa li-cocktails), lintho tse peli li etsahala ka nako e le 'ngoe:

1. Karolelano ea katoloso ea 1 ho isa ho 696: Litha e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea metsi a naetrojene e qhalaneng e bonesa ho 696 lithara tsa khase e batang ea naetrojene ('me litara e le 1 ea mokelikeli oa argon e atoloha ho 847 lithara tsa khase e boima ea argon). Ho tšela lilithara tse 20 feela tsa naetrojene ea metsi ka har'a kamore ea polokelo e koetsoeng ea 3-by-4-meter (10-by-13-foot) e hlahisa **13,920 lilithara tsa khase e hloekileng ea naetrojene **, hang-hang ho theola khatello ea oksijene ea phapusing ho tloha ho tloaelehileng 20.9 lekholong ho theosa ho ** tlase ho karolo ea 8 lekholong **.
2. Sefi sa fisioloji sa tlala ea moea lefela: Boko ba motho ha bo ha bo lemoha hore na oksijene e kae maling ho tsosa takatso ea ho hema; ho e-na le hoo, li-chemoreceptors tse bokong le 'meleng ea carotid li lekanya ka thata khabone e qhibilihisitsoeng ea carbon dioxide (\(CO_2\)) maling.
3. Ha u kena ka phaposing e nang le 95% ea nitrogen kapa argon, u ntse u ka khona ho hema le ho tsoa ka mokhoa o tloaelehileng, u bululela carbon dioxide ea 'mele oa hau ka phefumoloho e' ngoe le e 'ngoe, kahoo ** u ikutloa u le leqe ho phefumoloha, ho khangoa ke zero, le temoso ea zero **.
4. Ho hobe le ho feta, ha khatello e sa fellang ea oksijene matšoafong e theohela ka tlase ho liperesente tse 6 ho isa ho tse 8, oksijene e hlile e hasana **ka morao ** ho tsoa maling a hau a venous ho ea matšoafong a hau mme e ntšetsoa ka moea oa hau oa pele. Nakong ea **8 ho metsotsoana ea 15 (ho phefumoloha ha 1 feela ho 2) **, mali a deoxygenated a fihla bokong ba boko 'me motho o oela fatše a sa tsebe letho, hantle moo ho batang, naetrojene e teteaneng kapa khase ea argon e teteaneng haholo; bona ho felloa ke matla sebakeng se koaletsoeng.

Karabelo ea mohato ka mohato ho tšolloeng ha mokelikeli oa cryogenic kapa ho chesa jete ea khase e batang¶

1. Ho falla hang-hang le pholoso ea sepakapaka¶

1. Haeba Dewar e ts'oalla, malebela, kapa e buleha ka lerata ka tlung, tsoa ka phaposing hang hang 'me u hule kapa u thehe lemati la phaseje le bulehile ho tsoa ka ntle hafeela ho etsa joalo ho sutumelletsa kamore sebakeng se bulehileng se se nang motho kapa ho baka moea o mongata oa phaposi ea phaposi ea tšohanyetso.
2. Sheba Monitor (ODM) e kentsoeng leboteng ka ntle ho monyako: Lilaboratori le li-cellars tsa reschorente tsa biri/soda li lokela ho ba le sebonela-hōle sa oksijene/CO2 se kenngoeng ka ntle ho lemati la monyako. Ho bala hofe kapa hofe ka tlase 19.5 lekholong ea oksijene ka molao ke sepakapaka se haelloang ke oksijene; ka tlase ** karolo ea 12 lekholong ** e bakang kahlolo e fokolang hang-hang; tlase 6 ho 8 lekholong e bolaea ka metsotsoana.
3. Haeba motho ea hlokofalitsoeng a le ka hare ’me a ka finyelloa ho tsoa ka ntle ho monyako ntle le ho kena ka phaposing (ka mohlala, maoto a hae a le monyakong o bulehileng oa monyako o kenang phasejeng e pharaletseng e nang le moea o pholileng), lula ka ho feletseng moeeng o hloekileng oa phasejeng ’me u a hulele ka ntle ka maqaqailana moeeng o hloekileng. Ho seng joalo, emela bapholosi ba lefapha la mollo ba apereng litanka tsa SCBA tse nang le khatello e ntle.
4. ** Hang ha motho ea hlokofalitsoeng a le moeeng o hloekileng, hlahloba phefumoloho le ho otla hang-hang: ** Haeba a sa phefumolohe, qala ** CPR ka phefumoloho ea pholoso ** (kapa mokotla-valve-mask ventilation le 100% ea oksijene) hang-hang; ho khutlisetsa oksijene matšoafong pele ho ts'oaroa ha pelo ea hypoxic ho lumella ho hlaphoheloa kapele; bona CPR.

2. Thuso ea pele bakeng sa mokelikeli oa cryogenic oa naetrojene kapa serame sa khase e batang¶

Marotholi a makhutšoane a metsi a naetrojene a bilikang letlalong le futhumetseng, le se nang letho hangata a tlokoma ntle le kotsi ka lebaka la Leidenfrost effect (moea o sireletsang oa khase ea naetrojene e nang le mouoane o hlaha hang-hang ka tlas'a lerotholi). Leha ho le joalo, haeba metsi a naetrojene kapa argon ea metsi e kenella ka har'a liaparo tsa k'hothone, matamo a ka har'a cuff ea glove ea cryogenic kapa boot, e phunyeletsa ka leihlong, kapa e fafatsa e le jete ea khase e batang e matla ka ho toba letlalong, e homisa letlalo le lisele tse tebileng tse tiileng ho isa ho likhato tse 196 tsa Celsius ka metsotsoana:

1. Le ka mohla u se ke ua rola liaparo kapa liatlana tse hoammeng letlalong la motho ea hlokofalitsoeng: Ha u tabola glove kapa sock e hoamisitsoeng monoaneng kapa leotong ho tabola botenya bo felletseng ba letlalo le letlalo ho tloha leotong. Ho e-na le hoo, lokolla cuff leha e le efe e thata ea letsoho 'me u qoelise letsoho kapa leoto le apereng ka metsing a foofo ho fihlela leqhoa le qhibiliha 'me seaparo se thella butle.
2. Futhumatsa letlalo le leqhoa ka potlako metsing a futhumetseng a 37 ho isa ho 39 degrees Celsius (98.6 ho isa ho 102.2 degrees Fahrenheit):
3. Kenya menoana, letsoho kapa leoto le leqhoa ka sekotlolo se hloekileng sa metsi se hlahlobiloeng ka thermometer (kapa ka setsoe sa hau se sa senyehang e le hore se ikutloe se futhumetse 'meleng, ** ha se chese **) bakeng sa **metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 30 ** ho fihlela lesela le lerootho, la waxy, lesela le thata le fetoha pinki / le khubelu 'me le fetoha le bonolo; bona hypothermia le serame.
4. Le ka mohla u se ke ua itlotsa kapa ua silila ho chesoa ha cryogenic, 'me le ka mohla u se ke ua tšoara matsoho a leqhoa holim'a sebasi sa laboratori sa Bunsen, radiator, kapa pompo ea metsi a chesang e ka holimo ho likhato tse 42 tsa Celsius (108 degrees Fahrenheit), kaha linama tse hatselitsoeng tse hatselitsoeng li chesa haholo ntle le ho li utloa.
5. Cryogenic splash to the eyes: Hang-hang hlakola leihlo le butsoeng ka metsi a futhumetseng a fofo a sa hloekang kapa metsi a pompo a hloekileng sebakeng sa ho hlatsoa mahlo ka nako metsotso e 15, le ka mohla u se ke ua lumella motho ea hlokofalitsoeng hore a sila mahlo a bona, 'me u koahele mahlo ka bobeli ka lesela le sa hloekang bakeng sa ho tsamaisoa hang-hang ho ea ho ngaka ea mahlo; bona likotsi tsa mahlo.
6. Lebella bohloko bo matla ba ho otla le mahlaseli a hlakileng/a tšollo ea mali nakong ea ho futhumatsa: Koahela linomoro tse tsosolositsoeng ka mokhoa o hlephileng ka lesela le omeletseng le sa hloekang le behiloeng pakeng tsa monoana o mong le o mong, le ka mohla le se ke la qhoma li-cryogenic blisters, le ho isoa setsing sa ho chesa (likotsi tsa cryogenic li laoloa ke likarolo tse khethehileng tsa ho chesa).

Acetylene cylinder flashback, ho bola ka hare, le mollo oa mafura a oksijene¶

1. The ticking time bomo ea acetylene cylinder e chesang¶

Ho fapana le oksijene, naetrojene, kapa li-cylinders tsa argon, e leng likhetla tsa tšepe tse sekoti tse tletseng khase, acetylene (\(C_2H_2\)) ha e tsitsa ka lik'hemik'hale 'me e ka phatloha ka tšohanyetso ntle le moea leha e le ofe kapa oksijene haeba e hatelloa e le khase e sa lefelloeng ka holimo **1.03 ho 2.0 bar (15 ho 29 psi)*. Ho boloka acetylene ka mokhoa o sireletsehileng ka har'a silinda ea welding ho 17 bar (250 psi), bokahare ba cylinder ea acetylene bo tletse bo tiileng ka ho feletseng ho tloha holimo ho ea tlase ka porous samente-joaloka monolithic boima bo tletseng liquid acetone (kapa DMF solvent), moo botlolo ea acetylene e kang khase e qhibilihang ka har'a khase ea acetylene.

Leha ho le joalo, maemo a mabeli a ts'ohanyetso a ka baka koluoa ​​e kholo, e ikemelang ka har'a cylinder ea acetylene:

• Torch flashback ka har'a silinda: Haeba toche ea oxy-acetylene e sehang kapa ea tjheseletsa ntle le ho ts'oaroa ha flashback e na le flashback (moo lelakabe le khutlelang morao holim'a hose e khubelu ea acetylene), kapa ha silinda e pepesehile mollong oa workshop e ka ntle kapa e oela ka matla, acetylene e ka hare ho carbon desocyting e qala ka holim'a carbon hydrogens ho ntsha mocheso o matla wa ka hare.
• ** Ke hobane'ng ha ho koala valve ho sa emise ho phatloha: ** Hobane ho senyeha ha acetylene ho hloka ** zero oksijene **, esita le haeba u koala valve ea cylinder ka ho feletseng, lik'hemik'hale tsa ho senyeha ha lik'hemik'hale li ka tsoela pele ho ja tsela ea tsona butle-butle ho ea tlaase ka boima ba porous ka har'a silinda ea tšepe e koetsoeng ka ** 1 ho lihora tse 24 **, ho phahamisa khatello ea ka hare le ho nolofatsa lerako la cylinder.

Tsela ea ho tseba hore na cylinder ea acetylene e senyeha joang, le hore na u etse eng¶

1. Metsotsoana e 2 ea pele ka mor'a flashback ea toche: Haeba toche ea hau ea oxy-acetylene e lla haholo, e letsa mololi, kapa e ntša mosi o motšo ntlheng, hang-hang koala valve ea oksijene ea toche, koala valve ea mafura a toche, 'me, *feela ha u ka fihla moqomong hang-hang' me 'mele oa silinda o ikutloa o pholile ka ho feletseng ha u koala letsoho le ka pele
2. Matšoao a kotsi a ho bola ha ka hare (U SE KE UA ATAMELA KAPA HO AMA):
3. 'Mele oa tšepe oa silindara ea acetylene o utloa e futhumetse kapa e chesa (kapa pente e metsi/metsi a holim'a khetla a chesa kapa a omella ka lipeche).
4. Silinda e ntša molumo o lerootho mololi oa ka hare, ho luma, kapa ho thothomela.
5. Khase e phonyohang e nkha hampe joalo ka **konofolo e bolileng, acetone e bolila, kapa monko o chesang **.
6. Li-fusible metal plugs (ka lisilindara tsa Amerika Leboea) lia qhibiliha ebe li thunya li-jet tsa lelakabe kapa mosi o motšo.
7. Protocol ea ho tsoa hanghang bakeng sa moqomo o futhumetseng kapa o tukang oa acetylene:
8. ** LE KA mohla u se ke ua leka ho nka, ho pitikisa, kapa ho nka moqomo o mofuthu oa acetylene ka ntle.** Ho tsieleha ha mochine o thulang moqomo oa acetylene e bolang ho ka o phatlola matsohong a hao.
9. Fulusetsa motho e mong le e mong sebakeng se ikhethileng sa bonyane limithara tse 100 ho isa ho tse 300 (maoto a 330 ho isa ho a 1,000) ka morao ho meaho e tiileng 'me u letse 911/112/999.
10. Litšebeletso tsa mollo li tla theha ** leihlo la metsi a fatše le sa sebetsoeng ** ka mor'a sekoahelo sa ho phatloha ho kolobisa khetla ea cylinder ho tsoela pele ka metsi a pholileng a mangata ho fihlela lihora tse 24 (ho hlahloba lik'hamera tsa litšoantšo tse futhumetseng le "teko ea ho omisa ka metsi" ho fihlela tšepe e lula e bata ka nako e fetang hora ka mor'a hore metsi a khaotse).

2. Khatello e phahameng ea oksijene Adiabatic compression le ho phatloha ha mafura¶

Le ka mohla u se ke ua kenya lerotholi le le leng la oli ea petroleum, grease, WD-40, Vaseline, kapa lotion ea letsoho e nang le oli holim'a valve ea oksijene cylinder valve, regulator ea khatello, kapa ho kenya tanka ea oksijene sepetlele, 'me le ka mohla u se ke ua bula valve ea cylinder cylinder ea khatello e phahameng ea oksijene ka potlako ha u eme ka pel'a litekanyo tsa taolo:

• Ha valve ea 150-to-200-bar (2,200-to-3,000-psi) ea oksijene cylinder cylinder e buleha ka potlako, oksijene e nang le khatello e phahameng e oela ka har'a sekoti sa koporo e kang piston, e hatella khase ka hare ka potlako hoo mocheso oa eona o nyolohang hang-hang ho feta 80500 likhato tsa 9 ** 7 ho ea ho likhato tse 3000 tsa Celsius. Fahrenheit)** (** adiabatic compression / diesel effect **).
• Boteng ba 100% ea khatello e phahameng ea oksijene ka likhato tse 600 tsa Celsius, esita le smear ea microscopic ea grease ea menoana, oli ea hydrocarbon, kapa sealant e sa lokelang ka har'a regulator e tuka haholo, e qhibilihisa 'mele oa koporo mollong oa tšepe o chesang o mosoeu' me o butsoela selaoli sa khalase ka har'a sekala sa sefahleho se otlolohileng.
• Molao o bolokehileng oa ho bula moqomo oa oksijene ("Senya butle, ema ka thōko"): Kamehla hlahloba likhoele tsa oksijene ka matsoho a hloekileng, a se nang oli, netefatsa hore T-screw e fetolang khatello ea regulator e tšehelitsoe ho tsoa (hlehlehile), ema ka lehlakoreng la silinda hore 'mele oa koporo o be pakeng tsa hao le molaoli, lebili la letsoho le buleha butle nale ea khatello e phahameng e emisa ho phahama pele e bula valve ka botlalo.

Lethathamo la polokeho ea khase e hatelitsoeng le cryogenic¶

Hlahloba sebaka sa hau sa pokello ea mesebetsi, tleliniki, kichineng, kapa laboratoring khahlanong le litekanyetso tsena tse hlano tse tlamang tsa polokeho ea lisilindara:

• Sireletsa silindara e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e emeng lintlheng tse peli (kapa ka holimo ho karolo ea boraro) ka liketane kapa marapo a boima, ebang a tletse kapa a se na letho: Le ka mohla u se ke ua siea silinda e ikemetseng e sa tlanngoe fatše, boema-kepe ba thepa, kapa kariki, esita le ka metsotsoana e 30 ha u ntse u fetola litanka. Boloka katiba e boima ea tšepe e sirelelitsoeng e kentsoe ka thata holim'a silindara e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe neng kapa neng ha e tsamaisoa kapa e sa hokeloa ka mafolofolo ho regulator.
• Sheba likhoele tsa khokahanyo ea CGA / ISO regulator, le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa li-adapter kapa tepi ea Teflon likhoeleng tse otlolohileng: Lelapa le leng le le leng la khase le sebelisa geometry e ikhethang, e sa fetoheng ea valve (joalo ka CGA 540 bakeng sa oksijene, CGA 580 bakeng sa inert argon/nitrogen, CGA 510 reverse-thread bakeng sa acetylene). Le ka mohla u se qobelle molaoli o sa lumellaneng holim'a silinda, le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa li-adapter tsa koporo tse iketselitsoeng hae ho hokela selaoli sa mafura le tanka ea oksijene, 'me le ka mohla u se ke ua phuthela tepi ea PTFE ea plumber holim'a litulo tsa CGA bullnose compression (likhoele tsa peipi tse tapered feela holim'a stems tsa gauge li nka teipi e lekantsoeng ka oksijene).
• Kenya lintho tse tšoarang li-flashback LE li-valve tsa ho hlahloba li-reverse-flow litocheng tsohle tsa oxy-fuel: Kenya li-flame-stainless flashback arrestors tse inehetseng ka ho toba sebakeng sa mahokelo a taolo ea khatello ea oksijene le mafura (ho phaella ho li-valve tsa ho hlahloba sebapi sa torch-hand) ho thibela lelakabe hore le se ke la fihla hose kapa cylinder.
• Hlomella likamore tsa cryogenic tse nang le lisebelisoa tse tsoelang pele tsa Oxygen Depletion Monitor (ODMs) le mouoane oa boemo bo tlaase: Kenya lisebelisoa tse lekantsoeng tsa mekhahlelo e 'meli ea oksijene (tse tšosang ka liperesente tse 19.5 le liperesente tse 18.0 \(O_2\)) tse nang le strobe e kantle le lenaka ka ntle ho monyako oa phaposi e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea naetrojene e mokelikeli, kapa u hatelle $5. liatlana (e le hore li ka ntšoa hang-hang haeba mokelikeli o phalla ka hare), thebe e tletseng sefahleho, le borikhoe bo se nang mapheo bo koahelang litlhōrō tsa lieta tse koetsoeng ha u tšela $ LN_2$.
• Qoba sepalangoang sa likoloi tse koetsoeng tsa lisilindara le leqhoa le omileng/LN2: Le ka mohla u se ke ua jara metsi a nitrogen Dewar, lebokose le leholo la leqhoa le omileng, kapa tanka ea acetylene/propane e sa hlahisoang ka har'a ntlo ea baeti ea koloi e koetsoeng kapa SUV e nang le lifensetere. Belofo e lutlang butle kapa e belang \(LN_2\) ka har'a khabinete ea koloi e koetsoeng e ka thefula mokhanni ka lebelo la tsela e kholo kapa ea hotetsa ka hare ho koloi hang hang ha lebone la brake kapa konopo ea fenstere ea matla e le arcs.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Ha e le hantle ho etsahala'ng haeba valve ea koporo e robeha ka holim'a tanka e feletseng ea welding kapa scuba gas?¶

Moqomo o felletseng oa liindasteri o hatelitsoeng (joalo ka welding argon, nitrogen, or oxygen) kapa aluminium scuba tanki e na le khase e hatelletsoeng ho 150 ho isa ho 300 bar (2,200 ho isa ho 4,500 psi). Haeba silindara e oela ntle le kepisi ea eona ea tšepe e sireletsang ebe e kuta belofo ea koporo molaleng, khase e tsoa ka lekhalo la limilimithara tse 15 (0.6-inch) ka lebelo le holimo, 'me e hlahisa li-newton tse fetang 4 000 (liponto tse 900) tsa rocket. Moqomo oo o potlakisa moqomo oa tšepe oa lik’hilograma tse 70 ho haola fatše kapa moeeng ka lebelo le fetang limithara tse 50 ka motsotsoana (lik’hilomithara tse 110 ka hora), o phunyeletsang habonolo marakong a liboto, mamati a litšepe le lihlopheng tsa likoloi pele o qeta metsotsoana e 30 ho isa ho e 90. Le ka mohla u se ke ua leka ho tšoara kapa ho hata holim'a silinda e nang le valve e senyehileng; nka sekoahelo hang-hang ka mor'a konkreite e boima kapa tšepe ho fihlela jete e emisa ka ho feletseng.

Ke hobane'ng ha batho ba tsoa ka har'a metsi a naetrojene kapa argon leak ntle le ho ikutloa eka baa bipetsa?¶

Ho phefumoloha ha 'mele oa hau le maikutlo a tšosang a "tlala ea moea" (ho bipetsane) li hlahisoa hoo e ka bang ka ho feletseng ke ho phahama ha carbon dioxide ($CO_2$) maling a hao, eseng ke khaello ea oksijene. Ha metsi a naetrojene kapa argon a phehile ka khase ka kamoreng e koetsoeng, e tlosa oksijene moeeng ha e ntse e u lumella ho hema naetrojene e se nang monko le ho ntša carbon dioxide ea hau ka tloaelo. Kaha maemo a hau a carbon dioxide a lula a le tlaase, u ikutloa u tloaelehile ka ho feletseng 'me u phutholohile, ho fihlela boemo ba oksijene bokong ba hao bo theohela tlaase hoo u lahleheloang ke kelello ntle le temoso ka mor'a ho hema hanngoe kapa tse peli feela (tlas'a metsotsoana e 15). Le ka mohla u se ke ua kena ka phapusing e nang le leqhubu la cryogenic ho pholosa motho ea sa tsebeng letho ntle le sesebelisoa sa ho phefumoloha se ikemetseng (SCBA).

Ke hobane'ng ha cylinder ea acetylene e ka phatloha lihora tse ngata ka mor'a hore valve e se e koetsoe?¶

Ho fapana le likhase tse ling tsa mafura tse kang propane kapa methane, acetylene ($ C_2H_2$) ke motsoako oa lik'hemik'hale oa endothermic o ka senyehang ho ba khase e tiileng ea carbon le hydrogen ha o ntse o ntša mocheso o moholo o ka hare, ntle le ho hloka moea leha e le ofe kapa oksijene ho hang. Haeba flashback ea toche e khutlela ka har'a silindara ea acetylene, kapa haeba silindara e futhumatsoa ke mollo o haufi, mokhoa ona oa ho bola o makatsang o ka qala ka holim'a moqomo. Esita le haeba hang-hang u koala valve ea silinda e le hore ho se ke ha tsoa khase le moea o kenang, leqhubu la mocheso le ka tsoela pele ho tsamaea butle ho ea tlase ka har'a khetla ea tšepe e koetsoeng ka lihora tse 'maloa ho fihlela khatello e ka hare e phatlola silindara ka tlokotsi. Haeba tanka ea acetylene e utloa e futhumetse ha u e tšoara, e lla ka hare, kapa e nkha joaloka konofolo ka mor'a flashback, e tlohele hantle moo e leng teng, tlosa 100 ho 300 metres (330 ho 1,000 maoto) 'me u letsetse lefapha la mollo.

Hobaneng ho le kotsi hakaale ho fumana oli kapa grease ho regulator ea bongaka kapa welding oxygen?¶

Oksijene e hloekileng ka khatello e phahameng (150 ho 200 bar / 2,200 ho 3,000 psi) e theola haholo mocheso o tukang oa mofuta ofe kapa ofe oa organic hydrocarbon, ho kenyeletsoa oli ea motlakase, mafura a jereng, WD-40, balm ea molomo le jelly ea Petroleum. Ho phaella moo, ha u bula valve ea oksijene ea cylinder, khase e nang le khatello e phahameng e potlakela ka har'a tsela e moqotetsane e shoeleng ea molaoli 'me e hatella khase e qabeletsoeng ka potlako hoo mocheso o ka hare ho koporo o kenang ho feta likhato tse 500 tsa Celsius (930 degrees Fahrenheit) ka milliseconds (tse tsejoang e le adiabatic compression). Haeba esita le smear e nyenyane ea oli kapa grease e le teng holim'a likhoele kapa setulo sa valve, e chesa hang-hang ka hare ho oksijene e hloekileng, e beha koporo le tšepe ea molaoli ka boeona 'me e etsa hore molaoli a phatlohe.

• Tataiso ena e fana ka tlhahisoleseling ea ts'ireletso ea tšohanyetso le thuso ea pele bakeng sa maemo a tšohanyetso a khase e hatelitsoeng le mokelikeli oa cryogenic 'me ha e nke sebaka sa thepa e kotsi e netefalitsoeng, welding kapa koetliso ea polokeho ea laboratori. Nahana ka ho nka thuso ea pele ea thuso ea pele le thupelo ea CPR ho tsoa ho Red Cross, St John Ambulance, kapa mokhatlo oa lehae oa koetliso ea bongaka ba tšohanyetso.

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Ho felloa ke moea sebakeng se koaletsoeng: likoti, lisila le litanka
• Hypothermia le serame thuso ea pele
• Ho qhalla ha lik'hemik'hale le lisebelisoa tse kotsi
• Likotsi tsa mahlo le ho phatloha ha lik'hemik'hale
• Ho chesa le ho chesa thuso ea pele
• Likotsi tsa mosebetsing le likotsi tsa indasteri

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe¶

• Compressed Gas Association (CGA, United States): Handbook of Compressed Gases and Safe Handling of Compressed Gases in Containers (Pamphlet P-1) and Safe Handling of Cryogenic Liquids (Pamphlet P-12)
• British Compressed Gases Association (BCGA, United Kingdom) le Health and Safety Executive (HSE, United Kingdom): Tšebeliso e Sireletsehileng ea Li-Cylinders tsa Khase tse Hatelitsoeng (INDG306) le ho sebetsa ka Sireletsehile le Acetylene (INDG327)
• US Chemical Safety and Hazard Investigation Board (CSB, United States): Likotsi tsa Nitrogen Asphyxiation Safety Bulletin (No. 2003-10-B)
• European Industrial Gases Association (EIGA): Acetylene Cylinder Incident Management and Adiabatic Compression in Oxygen Regulators
• Occupational Safety and Health Administration (OSHA, United States): Litlhoko tse Akaretsang tsa Ligase tse Hatelitsoeng (29 CFR 1910.101) le Oxygen-Fuel Gas Welding and Cutting (29 CFR 1910.253)