Santa Ana, Diablo, le Downslope Windstorms: Ember Storms le Likoloi tse Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa¶

Maholiotsoana a lithabeng tsa Downslope, a tsejoang sebakeng ka lebitso la Santa Ana le Diablo winds California, Chinook winds ho theosa le matsoapo a ka bochabela a Rocky Mountains naheng ea Canada le United States, moea oa Wasatch le East Canyon Utah le Oregon, Foehn winds, Meea ea Foehn, ho pholletsa le moea oa Zonda Alps le Europe meea** Afrika Boroa, ke melatsoana e matla ea sepakapaka e khannoang ke matla a khoheli e theohelang lehlakoreng la mokoloko oa lithaba ka lebelo la 80 ho isa ho 160 kilometers ka hora (50 to 100 miles per hour) le meea e matla e fetang 200 kilometers ka hora (125 miles per hour).

Ha moea ona o theoha limilimithara tse likete ho tloha libakeng tse phahameng ho ea lebōpong la leoatle kapa lithoteng, adiabatic compression e futhumatsa moea ka \(10^\circ\text{C}\) bakeng sa limithara tse ling le tse ling tse 1,000 ho theoha (\(5.5^\circ\text{F}\) ka maoto a 1,000) ha mongobo o theoha ho ea ho 1,000 lekholong. Sena se baka mathata a makhetlo a mararo a polokeho ea bophelo: maholiotsoana a rapameng a hotetsang matlo a likete-kete ka pele ho moo malakabe a hlaha, literaka tse tšekaletseng ka tšohanyetso, li-RV, le litereila, le *likarolo tse pharalletseng tsa Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSvolta) le mehala ea motlakase e theohileng. Tataiso ena e fana ka liprothokholo tse sebetsang tsa ts'ireletso tse netefalitsoeng ke United States National Weather Service (NWS), Institute Insurance for Business and Home Safety (IBHS), Lefapha la California la Meru le Tšireletso ea Mollo (CAL FIRE), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), le Tikoloho le Phetoho ea Tlelaemete Canada (ECCC). Bakeng sa ho tlosa mollo o hlaha ka kakaretso, bala rona tataiso ea mello e hlaha; bakeng sa sefefo sa sefefo sa sefefo, bala derecho, moea o otlolohileng, le ho pholoha ha microburst.

Etsa sena hona joale¶

1. Hatafatsa "Zone 0" ea lehae la hau (limithara tsa pele tse 0 ho isa ho tse 1.5 [maoto a 0 ho isa ho a 5] ho pota-pota mabota a hau) pele moea o fihla. Tsamaea sekoti se le seng ho pota-pota ka ntle ho ntlo ea hau hona joale: tlosa mesamo eohle ea patio, mamati a coco-fiber, litulo tse entsoeng ka mapheo, patsi e pakiloeng, makotikoti a lithōle a polasetiki, 'me u koale fensetere e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ka limithara tse 3* skylight, le lemati la karache ka thata, le ho fiela linale tsa phaene likhohlong tse marulelong le likotopong tsa metsi.
2. Hakolla se bulang monyako oa karache ea othomathike ea hau 'me u hule thapo e khubelu PELE motlakase o tima. Nakong ea lifefo tse matla tsa Santa Ana le Diablo, lisebelisoa tsa lisebelisoa hangata li etsa Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) kapa makala a fofang a kha lithapo tsa motlakase hang feela ha mollo oa borashe o qala o qala. Haeba u sa tsebe ho bula lemati la karache ea hau e boima ka letsoho lefifing, koloi ea hau e tla qabelloa ka har'a karache nakong ea fensetere ea metsotso e 10 ea ho tsoa.
3. Paka koloi ea hau ea ho tsoa ka ntle ho tsela e shebaneng le seterata lifensetere li phuthiloe, linotlolo 'meleng oa hao, le mekotla e kentsoeng ka hare. Le ka mohla u se ke ua paka tlas'a lifate tse khōlō tsa eucalyptus, phaene, kapa lifate tsa oak nakong ea sefefo, 'me u boloke moea oa koloi oa hau o le Ho potoloha e le hore u se ke ua hema moeeng o fofang.
4. klzzwxh:0088 litereilara le li-campers mlakoreng a tsona ka nako e ka tlase ho metsotsoana e 'meli. Tsoa tseleng e kholo 'me u emise sebakeng sa literaka kapa sebakeng se katiloeng u supile moea ka kotloloho (nkong moeeng) hole le lifate le lithapo tsa motlakase ho fihlela moea o foka.
5. Dula bonyane dimithara tse 10 (maoto a 33) hole le terata efe kapa efe e theohileng, sefetoledi se betsang, kapa terata ya tshepe e oeleng nakong ya sefefo. Tšoara terata e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe e theohileng e le e phelang le e bolaeang, letsetsa nomoro ea hau ea tšohanyetso ea lehae (911 United States le Canada, 112 ho pholletsa le European Union, 999 United Kingdom, kapa u bone tsohle dinomoro tsa tshohanyetso), 'me u latele ea rona tataiso ea lithapo tsa motlakase tse theotsoeng.
6. *Haeba u qabeletsoe ka maoto kapa ka koloing ke sefefo se khannoang ke mollo o se nang tsela ea ho phonyoha, bolulo ka hare ho sebaka se hloekisitsoeng, sebaka se seholo sa ho paka makoloi, kapa moaho oa mabone/khonkreite, LE KA mohla u le tseleng e moqotetsane ea khohlo e nang le borashe. Bala mehato ea ho pholoha e Karolong ea 5 ka tlase le ho rona. tataiso ea mello e hlaha.

Sefefo sa moea se theohileng le sets'oants'o sa liqeto tsa tšohanyetso sa ember-cast¶

Sebelisa chate ena e meraro ha ho fanoe ka Tlhokomeliso ea Moea o Phahameng, Temoso ea Folakha e Khubelu, kapa Temoso ea Maemo a Kotsi (PDS) e Khubelu e fanoang bakeng sa meea e theohang thabeng.

flowchart TD
    Start["Boemo ba Tshohanyetso ba Sefefo sa Downslope:<br/>Santa Ana, Diablo, Chinook, kapa Meea ea Foehn<br/>E tsitsitseng 60-110 km/h (37-70 mph), Gusts 130-180 km/h (80-112 mph)"] --> Context{"<br/>tikoloho ea kotsi ea hau ke efe?"}

    Context -->|"1. KA LAPENG LA WILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE<br/>Tlhokomeliso ea Letlapa le Lefubelu + Upwind Smoke / Ember Cast"| EmberHome["EMBER-STORM TŠIRELETSO EA LAPENG LE HO FUSWA:<br/>1. Koloi e khutlelang tseleng e shebileng seterateng; hula karache ka letsoho tokollo <br/>2. Hlakola ka 1.5 m (5 ft) Zone 0: Tlosa mamati a mamati, mesamo, meqomo ea lithōle, patsi<br/>3. Koala lifensetere tsohle, mamati a liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, lisebelisoa tse futhumatsang mollo, le lifensetere tse kenyang moea o hloekileng oa HVAC<br/>4. Apara 100% ea matsoho a malelele a k'hothone/wool, lirifi tsa letlalo, le likhalase <br/>5. Tloha hang-hang ha u laetsoe kapa ha malakabe a qala ho lula jareteng"]

    Context -->|"2. HO KHANYA TSELENG E KHOLO KAPA PASS EA CANYON<br/>Makhohlo a Mateane / Lerōle / Litšila Tse Phakang"| HighwayWind{"U khanna koloi ea mofuta ofe?"}

    HighwayWind -->|"Koloi ea Boemo bo Holimo:<br/>RV, Camper, Trailer, Box Truck,<br/>Van, kapa Empty Semi-Trailer"| HighProfile["THIBISO EA TŠEBELETSO EA HAHOLO E PHAHAMENG:<br/>1. O SE KE oa khanna ho feta melomo ea likhohlo kapa marokho a phahameng ka moea o matla >= 80 km/h (50 mph)<br/>2. E tlohe sebakeng se latelang sa ho tsoa/se phomolo PELE ho kena phasejeng ea moea <br/>3. Park e supile MOPHEFO (nkong moeeng) ho thibela ntlha ea lehlakore<br/>4. Chock mabili, seta mariki a ho paka, lula hole le lifate le lipalo tsa motlakase"]

    HighwayWind -->|"Koloi e Tloaelehileng ea Bapalami / SUV"| LowProfile["HO PHOLOHELA MOEFO OA SEFOFANE SA KOLOI:<br/>1. Tšoara setereing ka 9 le 3 o'clock ka matsoho a mabeli <br/>2. Fokotsa lebelo la 20-30 km/h (15-20 mph); le ka mohla u se ke ua feta literaka tse soasoang <br/>3. Lebella ka tšohanyetso sekuti se nang le moea o matla se tsoang ka marokho, lithanele, kapa mafika"]

    Context -->|"3. POWER GRID SHUTOFF (PSPS) KAPA terata e theohileng<br/>Sparking Lines kapa Multi-Day Outage"| GridHazard["TŠEBELETSO EA MOTLATSI LE PSPS:<br/>1. Lula >= 10 m (33 ft) ho tloha lithapong tse theohileng le terata ea tšepe; letsetsa 911/112/999<br/>2. Mathisa lijenereithara tse nkehang >= 6 m (20 ft) ka ntle holim'a litšila tse hlobotseng/konkreite<br/>3. Le ka mohla u se ke ua beha seretse sa jenereithara se chesang haufi le joang bo omileng ka moea oa 80 km/h"]

Meteorology of the downslope windstorms: Ke hobane'ng ha moea o theoha lithabeng ka lebelo¶

Maholiotsoana a theohang ha se maemo a tloaelehileng a leholimo. Li etsahala ha sebaka se matla se ka hare ho naha sebaka sa khatello e phahameng se aha holim'a sehlabeng se phahameng se ka hare (joalo ka Great Basin of Nevada le Utah, Canada Rocky Mountain plateau, kapa lehlakore le ka boroa la Alps) ha botebo ba khatello e tlase bo lutse lebopong la leoatle kapa holim'a lithota tsa leeward.

1. Canyon Venturi acceleration le hydraulic jumps (Mountain Waves)¶

Ha moea o teteaneng o ka hare ho naha o ntse o nyolohela holimo le holim'a mokoallo oa thaba 'me o tšolohela ho theosa le moepa o lebang bophahamong ba leoatle, mekhoa e 'meli ea mokelikeli o matla o atisa matla a oona a ho senya: - Gap le canyon constriction (Phello ea Venturi): Ha moea o phunyeletsa lithabeng tse moqotetsane le likhohlong tse lebopong la leoatle (joalo ka Cajon Pass, Santa Ana Canyon, Malibu canyon, Banning Pass, Feather River Canyon, kapa Crowsnest Pass e Alberta), paballo ea matla e qobella moea hore o potlake haholo joalo ka ha moea o foka. - Maqhubu a thaba a sepakapaka (Downslope Hydraulic Jump): Tlas'a sepakapaka se tsitsitseng haufi le mochophoro oa thaba, khoheli e hulela moea tlase sebakeng se emeng lee wave se theohelang ka kotloloho maralla a klzzwxh:0024 hydraulic jump kaparotor* haufi le mosiko oa lithaba. Ke ka lebaka lena sebaka sohle se molomong oa khohlo se ka rulisoang 'me ho ntšoa masela a sekontiri ha toropo e bohōle ba lik'hilomithara tse 8 ho tloha thoteng e nang le moea o itekanetseng feela.

2. Ho futhumala ha Adiabatic le 5% Relative Humidity deiccation trap¶

Ha moea o ntse o teba ho ea libakeng tse tlaase moo khatello ea sepakapaka e leng holimo, sephutheloana sa moea sea hatelloa. Ka Molao oa Pele oa Thermodynamics, ho hatella khase ntle le ho eketsa kapa ho tlosa mocheso (dry adiabatic compression) ho phahamisa mocheso oa eona ka \(9.8^\circ\text{C}\) ka limithara tse 1,000 (\(5.4^\circ\text{F}\) ka maoto a 1,000) ea ho theoha ho ea holimo: - Moea o qalang ka mocheso o pholileng oa \(5^\circ\text{C}\) (\(41^\circ\text{F}\)) sehlabeng sa limithara tse 2,000 (6,500-foot) o fihla lebōpong la leoatle ka \(25^\circ\text{C}\) (\(77^\circ\text{F}\)) mariha kapa \(40^\ci\)rc\40^\ci$ (\(104^\circ\text{F}\)) lehoetla. - Hobane moea o futhumetseng o ka tšoara mouoane o mongata oa metsi ho feta moea o batang, ho futhumatsa lehoatata le omileng kapa moea oa continental moea o theola mongobo o amanang le oona (RH) ho isa ho 2% ho isa ho 8%. - Kamora lihora tse 3 ho isa ho tse 6 ** ha moea o foka, mafura a shoeleng ( joang bo omileng, linale tsa phaene, makala a chaparral le marulelo a lehong) a lahleheloa ke hoo e batlang e le mongobo o ka hare, o fihlang ** lihora tse 10 tsa mocheso oa mafura ka tlase ho karolo ea 2 ho ea ho 3 lekholong **, moo tlhase e le 'ngoe e nyenyane e tsoang ho ketane ea tereilara e hulang, mohloa o phunyeletsang, mohloa o phunyeletsang kapa o phunyeletsang. mollo o sa thijoeng.

Papiso ea libaka ea lifefo tse kholo tse theohileng lefatšeng ka bophara¶

Sebelisa lethathamo lena la litšupiso ho utloisisa nako ea sehla, litšobotsi tsa moea, le likotsi tsa mantlha tsa mebuso e meholo ea moea o theohang lefatšeng ka bophara.

Mokhoa oa ho sireletsa ntlo ea hau khahlanong le sefefo sa ember-cast ("Ember Blizzard")¶

Liphuputso tsa morao-rao tsa morao-rao tse entsoeng ke Setsi sa Inshorense bakeng sa Khoebo le Tšireletseho ea Lehae (IBHS), Setsi sa Sechaba sa Melao-motheo le Theknoloji (NIST), le CAL FIRE ka mor'a mello e meholo ea moea e theohelang tlaase (e kang Camp Fire, Woolsey Fire, Tubbs Fire, Marshall Fire, le Lahaina Fire) li pakile linnete tse pholosang bophelo: Wilfire Meea e theohang ka lebelo la lik'hilomithara tse 100 ka hora hangata e fofela holim'a mohloa o motala, matamo a ho sesa le litselana tse 10 tsa konkreite e le hore li chese likaroloana tsohle tse tsoang ka hare ka mashala a fofang.

Ha ntlo e le 'ngoe e ka chesoa ke mollo o tukang, ntlo eo e tukang e fetoha mohaho o mobe oa mocheso le jenereithara ea mohatsela e hotetsang ntlo e 'ngoe le e 'ngoe ea boahelani ka har'a 10 ho isa ho 15 metres (33 ho 50 maoto). Haeba u na le metsotso e 30 ho isa ho e 60 pele mollo o khannoang ke moea o atamela (kapa ha ho fanoe ka Temoso ea Lefolakha le Lefubelu), tlatsa IBHS Ember-Hardening Sequence:

1. Tiisa lintlheng tse hlano tsa ho kena moo mashala a kenang ka tlung¶

Ka moea oa lebelo la lik'hilomithara tse 100 ka hora (62 mph), limilione tsa makhapetla a makhapetla a tukang, makhapetla a phaene le mapolanka a boholo ba lijo-thollo tsa raese ho ea ho libolo tsa kolofo li khannoa ka sefako kantle ho ntlo ea hau: 1. Attic, gable, le crawlspace vents: Likamore tse fofang li feta ka kotloloho ka har'a letlooeng le tloaelehileng la 6-millimeter (0.25-inch) ebe li lula holim'a mabokose a polokelo a lerōle la khateboto le ho kenya selulose ka har'a marulelo a lefifi, a chesa ntlo ho tloha marulelong ka hare pele mang kapa mang kantle a bona mosi. - Ntlafatso ea ka ho sa feleng: Koahela masoba ohle a ka ntle ka 3-millimeter (0.125-inch / ⅛-inch) mesh ea tšepe e sa cheng e sa cheng kapa kenya ASTM E2886 tse ferekaneng tse ferekaneng le malakabe a tukang. - Tlhahiso ya tshohanyetso ya metsotso e 10 pele o tloha: Haeba mollo o ntse o le teng hona jwale mme o na le masoba a kgale a letjeketjane, staple, tape, kapa foil ya aluminium e thata haholo, lesela la metale le benyang, kapa ka hare kapa kantle ho lesela le ka ntle la gable le mahlaku a crawlspace pele o ka kena tseleng ya ho tswa. 2. Ka tlas'a mamati a karache le mamati a ka ntle: Meea e matla e kenyetsa mamati a tšepe kapa a lepolanka ka hare ka lisenthimithara tse 1 ho isa ho tse 3 (0.4 ho isa ho 1.2 inches) likhutlong tse ka tlaase le litselaneng tse ka mahlakoreng, 'me e etsa sekheo sa vacuum se hulelang mashala a bilikang ka kotloloho holim'a bohlasoa ba karache, makotikoti a pente le mohloa. Koala mamati a karache ka thata, netefatsa hore sebaka sa leholimo sa rabara se tiile, 'me u kenye lithaole tsa k'hothone tse kolobileng kapa mekotla ea lehlabathe ka har'a lekhalo leha e le lefe le ka tlase le bonahalang pele u tloha. 3. Bula mathōko, litopo tsa linonyana, le lithaele tsa letsopa tsa moqomo: Embers o lula ka har'a likheo tse bulehileng ka tlas'a lithaele tsa meqomo ea Spain kapa likhohlong tse marulelong tse nang le makhasi a omileng. Fiela liphula tsa marulelo le lithapo tsa tšepe li hloekile ka ho feletseng pele ho nako ea moea, 'me u bulele lithaele tse bulehileng ("nonyana li emisa") ka seretse kapa tšepe e koetsoeng. 4. Fesetere le mabone a leholimo: Khalase e nang le phanele e le 'ngoe e pshatleha ka mor'a metsotso e 1 ho isa ho e 3 ha e le tlas'a mocheso o tsoang terateng e tukang kapa sehlahla ka ntle, 'me e kenya leholiotsoana la mashala phaposing ea ho robala. Koala lifensetere tsohle tse nang le likhalase tse halefileng tse peli, tlosa lifensetere tse ka ntle tsa fiberglass (tse qhibilihang ebe li tšoara mashala), le ** koala litšepe tse sa cheng kapa lirolara tse boima ** ho thibela mocheso o tukang likharetene le likobo ka hare ho phaposi. 5. Mamati a liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng, lifensetere tse omisang, le lichimela: Notlela mamati 'ohle a polasetiki a thellang a tiisitse, tiisa hore sebapi sa hau sa ka ntle sa tšepe se koalehang, 'me u koale mochini o futhumatsang mollo o ka tlung ka botlalo.

2. Tlosa "Zone 0" (limithara tse 0 ho isa ho tse 1.5 / maoto a 0 ho isa ho a 5 ho tloha marakong) ho theosa ho ea ho lirafshoa tse se nang letho.¶

Lesela le benyang le lutseng holim'a konkreite, lehlohlojane kapa litšila le shoa ntle le kotsi ka mor'a metsotsoana e 30. Lehlaka le lutseng holim'a mulch ea makhapetla a lepolanka, 'mata oa monyako, kapa sehlahla sa junipere hantle ka lehlakoreng la hao se hotetsa lelakabe le bolelele ba limithara tse 2 le oelang ka tlas'a sekoti sa hau ebe le pshatla lifensetere tsa hau: - Le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa mulch ea lekhapetla la lepolanka, joang ba paene, kapa mulch ea rabara sebakeng sa limithara tse 1.5 (5) ho tloha leboteng la moaho kapa mokatong ofe kapa ofe. E kenye sebaka sa eona ka lejoe le pshatlehileng, lehlohlojane la lierekisi, lipava kapa mobu o se nang letho. - ** Hlōla kapa o nke sebaka sa ho qetela sa limithara tse 1.5 (maoto a 5) sa terata ea patsi e tukang moo e thetsang lebota la ntlo ea hau:** Fensetere ea lekunutu ea patsi e sebetsa e le mohala o sa khaoheng o lebisang mollo o lebileng lehlakoreng la ntlo ea hau. Kenya sebaka sa heke kapa phanele e khomaretsoeng leboteng la ntlo ka ** heke ea tšepe kapa kholomo ea masonry **, kapa ** tšehetsa heke ea hau ea lepolanka e butsoe ka bophara (likhato tse 90 hole le ntlo) ** pele u tsoa ho senya tsela e tsoelang pele ea mafura. - Le ka mohla u se ke ua bulela marulelo a hau kapa lisebelisoa tsa ho fafatsa mohloa ebe u li siea li ntse li matha ha u tloha: Ho siea liphaephe tsa jarete ea bolulo kapa lifafatsi tsa marulelo tse mathang tikolohong eohle li hula litanka tsa polokelo ea metsi tsa masepala le ho theola khatello ea metsi ho 0 PSI, e siea bo-ralitima-mollo ba na le liphaephe tse se nang letho ha ba leka ho boloka seterata sa hau.

Ho pholoha ha makoloi a boemo bo holimo: Ho thibela li-rollovers tse tšelang moea litseleng tse kholo¶

Nakong ea sefefo sa Santa Ana, Chinook, Diablo, kapa Foehn, tsela e kholo e tšelang likhohlo tsa lithaba (tse kang Interstate 10, Interstate 15, le Highway 14 e Southern California; Interstate 25 le Interstate 80 Wyoming le Colorado; le Highway 2 libakeng tse ka boroa tsa Alberta tse nang le likoloi tse kholo) e fetoha sebaka se seholo sa likoloi.

The physics of crosswind vehicle rollover¶

Khatello ea moea oa aerodynamic ha e eketsehe ka mokhoa o lumellanang le lebelo la moea; matla a moya a eketseha ka SQUARE ya lebelo la moya (\(F \propto v^2\)): - Ha moea o fokang habeli ho tloha 50 lik'hilomithara ka hora (31 miles ka hora) ho isa ho 100 miles ka hora (62 miles per hour), lateral sututsa matla khahlanong le lehlakore la camper trailer kapa box truck quadruples (e eketseha ka 400 peresente). - Ka nako e ts'oanang, moea oa lebelo le phahameng o nyolohang holim'a marulelo a kobehileng a van, RV, kapa semi-trailer e etsa Bernoulli aerodynamic lift (e fokotsa ho hula ha mabili) ha moea o qabeletsoe ka tlas'a chassis o sutumelletsa holimo ka lehlakoreng la moea. - Bakeng sa tereila e se nang letho, teraka ea mabokose a thepa, tereilara ea maeto, k'haravene ea mabili a bohlano, vene ea marulelo a phahameng a Sprinter, kapa pickup camper, maqhubu a maqhubu a pakeng tsa 95 le 120 kilometers ka hora (60 le 75 miles per hour) a feta moeli oa koloi o sa fetoheng, o sutumelletsa koloi ka thoko ho bilika koloing. jackknife ho pholletsa le litsela tsohle.

Melao ea ho khanna kapa ho paka nakong ea Temoso ea Moea o Phahameng¶

1. Mamela tsela e kholo "Lithibelo tsa Likoloi tse Phahameng ka ho Fetisisa" hang-hang: Ha mafapha a mmuso a lipalangoang a beha matšoao a elektroniki a thibelang likoloi tsa boemo bo holimo kapa tse bobebe/tse se nang letho, tlohang tseleng e latelang ea ho tsoa.
2. Mokhoa oa ho paka koloi ea boemo bo holimo ka polokeho har'a sefefo se matla:
3. Kamehla retelletsa koloi hore bumper e ka pele e shebane le MOPHEKO (Paka ea koloi e ka pele): Lori, RV, kapa teraka e emisitsoeng ka bophara (90 degrees) ho isa lebelong la 130 km/h (80 mph) se ka feketsoa ha e ntse e eme e sa sisinyehe sebakeng sa ho paka. Ho supa nko e ka pele e tšesaane ea moea ka ho toba moeeng ho fokotsa sebaka se huloang ke moea ka karolo ea 75 ho isa ho 80 lekholong.
4. Le ka mohla u se ke ua paka haufi le teraka e 'ngoe e telele e nang le lekhalo le moqotetsane la 1-to-2-meter lipakeng tsa hau: Eka e paka hole le liqhobosheane tse ling tse telele (ka hona tereilara e se nang letho e ke keng ea pshatla marulelo a hau) kapa u latele tataiso ea teraka ea ho emisa hole le matšoao a holimo, lifate le lipalo.
5. Haeba o ka tshwarwa o kganna koloi ya bapalami hara diphefo tse matla tsa canyon:
6. *Tšoara lebili la setereng ka thata ka matsoho a mabeli sebakeng sa 9:00 le 3:00: Ha koloi ea hau e feta ka mor'a lefika, pilara ea tsela e kholo, lebota la molumo, kapa teraka e nyane, u kena moriting o mokhuts'oane oa moea moo o tlamehang ho leba moeeng; hang ha u hlaha ka mor'a tšitiso, matla a feletseng a sefefo se phunyeletsang ho li-fenders tsa hau tse ka pele (**wind-shear jolt **).
7. Hlokomela ho tima ha lehlabathe le lerōle le fokang: Meea e fokang tlaase e hohola linōka tse omileng le libaka tsa mahoatata, e baka lerōle le sa bonahaleng ka tšohanyetso tseleng e khōlō; bona tsa rona haboob le lerōle le matla le tataisang sefefo.

Pholoso le ho pholoha ha sebaka sa ho qetela haeba o ts'oaroa ke sefefo se khannoang ke moea¶

Li-wildfire tse khannoang ke meea e theohang li tsamaea ka lebelo le tšosang: ha mollo o tloaelehileng oa moru o hasana ho tloha ho 1 ho ea ho 3 km ka hora (0.6 ho 2 miles ka hora), Santa Ana, Diablo, kapa Chinook grass-and-brush fire e ka tsoela pele ka ** 10 ho 25 lik'hilomithara ka hora (6 ho 15 miles ka hora ho lahlela lik'hilomithara tse 2 hora) ho isa ho 3 miles)** ka pele ho ka pele.

1. Apara bakeng sa ho phela le mocheso o khanyang PELE o tsoa ka monyako¶

Likoluoa ​​tse ngata tsa mollo oa naha li etsahala ha baahi ba tloha ka motsotso oa ho qetela ba apere marikhoe a makgutshwane a nylon, lihempe tsa polyester le li-flip-flops: - Le ka mohla u se ke ua apara masela a maiketsetso (polyester, nylon, boea ba boea, spandex) nakong ea ho tlosoa ha mollo oa hlaha: Tlas'a mocheso o khanyang kapa ho kopana le ember, masela a maiketsetso a qhibiliha ho ba polasetiki e tukang e kopanyang letlalo la motho. - **Apara k'hothone e boima ea 100 lekholong (li-jean tsa denim, borikhoe ba mosebetsi oa canvas, hempe e boima ea k'hothone e matsoho a malelele) kapa boea **, ** lirifi tsa letlalo tse entsoeng ka lesela tse nang le likausi tsa boea **, ** li-gloves tsa mosebetsi oa letlalo *, se tiisitsoeng ski kapa likhalase tsa ts'ireletso ** (ho bona ka ho foufatsa ka mosi le ho phunya molora le ho phunya molora oa N5), 'me u tlose mosi o foufatsang le ho phunya molora molomo (le ka mohla u se ke ua sebelisa bandana e metsi mochesong o khanyang haholo, kaha moea o chesang haholo o fetola mongobo o ka har'a lesela ho ba mouoane o chesang tsela ea moea).

2. Seo u lokelang ho se etsa haeba tsela ea hau ea ho tsoa e khaotsoe ke malakabe le mosi¶

Haeba u tsoa ka har'a canyon kapa karohano le mosi o teteaneng, lipalo tsa motlakase tse oeleng, kapa malakabe a koala tsela e ka pele: 1. Khantša mabone a hao, li-hazard tsa 4-way, le horn, boloka lifensetere li phuthiloe 100% UP, 'me u sete AC/ventilation ho Recirculate. 2. Le ka mohla u se ke ua leka ho baleha mollo oa hlaha o theosa le meepa kapa moea o theohang ka maoto, hape le ka mohla u se ke ua lahla koloi ea hau e le ka har'a marako a maholo ho theosa tseleng e tletseng mosi. 3. Batla Sebaka sa Botshabelo sa Nakwana (TRA) se senang dimela: - Laisa koloi ea hau sebakeng se seholo ka ho fetisisa se fumanehang sebaka se se nang litšila, lehlohlojane, moo ho pakoang makoloi a konkreite, lebala la liatleletiki le nosetsoang le letala, mateano a litsela tse sephara, kapa sebaka se SE LENG TENG se chesitse botsho ("botšo"). - **Paka hole le borashe bo ommeng, lifate, meaho ea mapolanka, litanka tsa propane, le likoloi tse ling tse pakiloeng kamoo ho ka khonehang ** (haeba lithaere tsa koloi ea boahelani li ka cha, koloi ea hau e tla hotetsa). - Tlohela hore enjene e sebetse e sa sebetse (haeba u hloka ho suthela hole le sebaka se secha sa 20 metres), tima mabone a ka ntle ha ho hlokahala feela, **theoha fatše fatše ka tlas'a boemo ba lifensetere tsa khalase **, 'me u koahele mopalami e mong le e mong ka 100% kobo ea boea, baki ea letlalo, kapa jase e boima ea k'hothone. - Lula ka koloing ha lelakabe la metsotso e 2 ho isa ho e 5 le feta: Kamore e koetsoeng ea koloi e thibela mocheso o bolaeang (\(200^\circ\text{C}\) ho \(800^\circ\text{C}\)) le malakabe a benyang a malelele ho feta ao motho a ka phelang kantle ho ona. Leha lithaere li tsubella kapa lipolasetiki tsa kantle li tsuba, lula fatše ka tlas'a kobo ea boea ka har'a koloi ho fihlela lelakabe le ka pele le feta, ebe u tsoa ka hloko sebakeng se se nang letho haeba khabinete ea koloi ka boeona e ka cha.

Lenane la tlhahlobo ea ho itokisetsa koloi pele ho sefefo le sefefo¶

Tlatsa lethathamo lena lihora tse 24 pele ho ketsahalo e boletsoeng esale pele ea Santa Ana, Diablo, Chinook, kapa Foehn:

• Lefisa lifono tsohle, libanka tsa motlakase, li-backups tsa betri tsa bongaka, le liteishene tsa motlakase tse nkehang habonolo ho liperesente tse 100: Nka hore ho tla ba le ts'ebetso ea matsatsi a mangata ea Public Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) kapa ho tima ka lebaka la moea; bona bokooa le boitokisetso ba litlhoko tsa bongaka.
• Itloaetse ho hula mohele o mofubelu oa lemati la karache ea hau le ho phahamisa lemati ka letsoho: Netefatsa hore motho e mong le e mong e moholo le mocha e mong le e mong ka tlung a ka bula lemati la karache ntle le motlakase.
• Lumella kapa u tlise ka tlung "li-projectiles tsa moea" (li-trampoline, likhele tsa patio, li-awnings tsa tšepe, meqomo ea lithōle e se nang letho, le thepa ea ka tlung ea matamo): Ka lebelo la lik'hilomithara tse 130/h (80 mph) canyon gust, trampoline e sa anngoeng ka mor'a ntlo e fofela makholo-kholo a limithara ho kena lithapong tsa motlakase tse senyehileng kapa lifensetere tsa boahelani.
• Hloekisa makhasi 'ohle le linale tsa phaene ho tloha likotong tsa marulelo, liphuleng tsa marulelo, le ka tlas'a marulelo a patsi (Zone 0): Linale tse omeletseng tse tletseng letsoho ka har'a khatter ke sohle se hlokahalang hore lelakaba le hole le chese marulelo a hau.
• ** Tlatsa tanka ea mafura ea koloi ea hau ho liperesente tse 100 'me u khutlisetse koloi tseleng e shebaneng le seterata:** Laela koloi ea hau. mokotla oa tšohanyetso, bajari ba liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng (liphoofolo tse ruuoang lapeng maemong a tšohanyetso), litokomane tsa bohlokoa, le liaparo tsa 100% tsa ho tlosa k'hothone / boea + lieta tsa letlalo + likhalase tsa ski ka hare ho koloi pele u robala.
• Ingolise bakeng sa litlhokomeliso tsa SMS tsa maemo a tšohanyetso tsa sebaka sa heno-911 / setereke 'me u TSHOE "U se ke Ua Tsona" fonong ea hau bosiu bo le bong: Lifefo tsa moea tse theosa hangata li ba sehlohlolong pakeng tsa 10:00 PM le 6:00 AM ha mocheso oa mahlaseli bosiu o potlakisa phallo ea metsi a theohang tlaase; mollo oa canyon o tsamaeang ka potlako o ka fihla seterateng sa hau ka metsotso e 15 ha u ntse u robetse.

Lipotso tse botsoang khafetsa¶

Hobaneng ha meea ea Santa Ana le Diablo e chesa ha e hlaha lehoatateng le batang le phahameng la Nevada le Utah mafelong a hoetla le mariha?¶

Meea e theohang e futhumatsoa ke khatello e omileng ea adiabatic, eseng ke letsatsi kapa mocheso oa lehoatata moo e qalang teng. Moea sehlabeng se phahameng sa Great Basin o qala sebakeng se phahameng sa limithara tse 1 500 ho isa ho tse 2 500 (limithara tse 5 000 ho isa ho tse 8 200) ka holim’a bophahamo ba leoatle, moo moea o hlileng o batang haholo ka November kapa December. Leha ho le joalo, ha khatello e matla e sutumelletsa moea oo holim’a lithaba ’me e o qobella hore o theohele botebong ba limithara tse 2 000 (limithara tse 6 500) ho ea fihla bophahamong ba leoatle lebōpong la Pacific, boima bo ntseng bo eketseha ba sepakapaka bo kopanya limolek’hule tsa moea. Moea o hatellang o phahamisa mocheso oa oona ka tekanyo e tsitsitseng e omileng ea adiabatic lapse rate ea $9.8^\circ\text{C}$ ka limithara tse 1,000 ($5.4^\circ\text{F}$ ka maoto a 1,000) ho theoha, ho eketsa hoo e ka bang $20^\circ\text{C}$ (\\36^\} mocheso o pholileng oa ho thella le ho theoha ha mongolo. palo e le 'ngoe nakong eo e fihlang litoropong tse lebopong la leoatle.

Ke joang mollo oa hlaha o ka tšelang 'mila o moholo oa konkreite oa litsela tse 8 kapa letšeng le sephara ntle le ho chesa tsela e katiloeng?¶

Mello ea hlaha e khannoang ke meea e theohang ea 80-to-140 km/h (50-to-85 mph) ha e hloke joang bo tsoelang pele fatše ho tšela mokoallo; li tsamaea moeeng ka mokhoa o molelele oa ember cast (spotting). Maqhubu a matla a makhubu a lithaba a hahola limilione tsa likotoana tse tukang tsa makhapetla, li-eucalypt, le li-shingle tsa patsi lifateng tse tukang le marulelong, li li phahamiselitse bolelele ba limithara tse makholo le ho li isa ho rapama ka lik'hilomithara tse 1,5 ho isa ho tse 5 (1 ho isa ho 3 miles) ho theosa le moea. Mashala ana a benyang a nela ho pholletsa le litsela tse kholo, linōka le matša a kang sefefo sa sefako se tšekaletseng, se hotetsang joang bo omileng, mulch, le masoba a ntlo a sa sireletsoang lehlakoreng le hōle la tsela e kholo metsotso pele lelakabe le leholo le fihla tseleng.

Temoso ea "Haholo-holo Maemo a Kotsi" (PDS) ke Efe?¶

United States, National Weather Service e fana ka Litemoso tse tloaelehileng tsa Letlapa le Lefubelu ka makhetlo a 'maloa ka selemo ha mocheso o futhumetseng, mongobo o tlase le moea o matla li baka kotsi e phahameng ea mollo. Tlhokomeliso ea "Haholo-holo Maemo a Kotsi" (PDS) ke tlhokomeliso ea tšohanyetso ea maemo a holimo e sa tloaelehang, e boloketsoeng liketsahalo tsa moea tse matla, tse ka bang teng ka mor'a lilemo tse 'maloa moo leholiotsoana le matla ($100\text{ho isa ho }160\text{ km/h}$ [{}61-mphd -text{} mongobo ($< 5\%\text{ to }8\%$), and critically dry historic vegetation levels align simultaneously. During a PDS Red Flag Warning, any new fire ignition will immediately outrun all ground and aerial firefighting capabilities (especially since firefighting helicopters and air tankers are grounded when canyon turbulence exceeds 65 to 80 km/h [40 to 50 mph]).

Ke hobane'ng ha moea oa Chinook o Lithabeng Tsa Rocky o etsa hore mocheso o tlole \(25^\circ\text{C}\) (\(45^\circ\text{F}\)) ka nako e ka tlase ho hora ("Moja-lehloa")?¶

Chinook ke moea oa khale oa alpine Foehn-type downslope o hlahang ha moea o mongobo oa Pacific o nyolohela moepeng o ka bophirimela oa Rocky Mountains, o pholile ka lebelo le fokolang la adiabatic ($5^\circ\text{C}$ to $6^\circ\text{C}$ per 1,000 metres) ha lehloa le koloba lehloa le lehloa lehloa lehloa lehloa le bophirimela. condensation), ebe e theohela letsoapong le ka bochabela lithoteng tsa Alberta, Montana, Wyoming, kapa Colorado, e futhumala ka sekhahla se omileng haholo sa adiabatic ($9.8^\circ\text{C}$ ka limithara tse 1,000). Ha moea ona o purumang oa matsoapo a tlaase o sutumelletsa ka ntle letamo le sa tebang la $-25^\circ\text{C}$ ($-13^\circ\text{F}$) Moea oa Arctic o lutse lithoteng tse ka bochabela, lipalo tsa thermometer li ka phahama ka $20^\circ\text{C}$ to $27^\circ$3{{}$circ$3{6} $49^\circ\text{F}$) ka mor'a metsotso e 15 ho isa ho e 30, e tlosa lehloa le ho qhibilihisa 30 centimeters (12 inches) ea lehloa thapama e le 'ngoe.

Mehloli e hlahlobiloe¶

• Tšebeletso ea Naha ea Boemo ba Leholimo ba United States (NWS / NOAA): Santa Ana Wind, Diablo Wind, le Polelo ea Boipheliso ea Thaba ea Chinook, Tlhokomeliso ea Letšoao le Lefubelu le Melao ea PDS, le Tataiso e Phahameng ea Tšireletso ea Moea.
• Setsi sa Inshorense sa Khoebo le Tšireletseho ea Lapeng (IBHS): Melao ea Lehae e Lokisitsoeng ka Mollo oa Hlaha, Zone 0 (0-to-5-Foot Non-Combustible Buffer) Research, le Ember-Cast Wind Tunnel Studies.
• Lefapha la California la Meru le Tšireletso ea Mollo (CAL FIRE) le United States Forest Service (USFS): E Itokisitse, E Behiloe, Tataiso ea Phallo ea Mollo o Hlaha, Ho thatafatsa Lehae (⅛-Inch Ember Mesh), le Melao-motheo ea Botšabelo ba Likoloi tsa Resort.
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, United States) le Environmental and Climate Change Canada (ECCC): High-Profile Vehicle Crosswind Rollover Thresholds and Mountain Pass Wind Closure Standards.
• Setsi sa Naha sa Maemo le Theknoloji (NIST, United States): Liphuputso tsa Koluoa tsa Post-Fire WUI (Camp Fire, Tubbs Fire, le Marshall Fire Structure-to-Structure and Ember Ignition Reports).

Litataiso tse amanang¶

• Lillo tse hlaha: ho lokisetsa, ho falla le ho pholoha
• Mosi oa mollo o hlaha le tšireletso ea ho hema molora
• Derecho, moea o otlolohileng, le ho pholoha ha microburst
• Lithapo tsa motlakase tse theohileng le ho pholoha ha motlakase oa koloi
• Lethathamo la mekotla le pakete ea ho tsoa