Santa Ana, Diablo, uye Downslope Windstorms: Ember Storms uye High-Profile Vehicles¶

** Dutu remhepo remugomo reDownslope , rinozivikanwa munharaunda se ** Santa Ana ** uye ** Diablo mhepo ** muCalifornia, ** Chinook mhepo ** pamwe nechekumabvazuva kweMakomo eRocky Mountains muCanada neUnited States, ** Wasatch neEast Canyon mhepo ** muUtah neOregon, ** Foehn mhepo, uye mhepo yeZonda Alps, uye mhepo yeZonda yeEurope mhepo muSouth Africa, imvura ine chisimba, inofambiswa negiravhiti yemuchadenga inodzika nedivi remakomo mudungwerungwe wemakomo ichimhanya zve80 kusvika kumakiromita 160 paawa (mamaira 50 kusvika ku100 paawa) uye kuvhuvhuta kwakanyanya kunopfuura makiromita mazana maviri paawa (mamaira 125 paawa).

Mhepo iyi painodzika zviuru zvemamita kubva kunzvimbo dzakakwirira dzakananga kumahombekombe kana mapani, adiabatic compression inopisa mhepo ne\(10^\circ\text{C}\) pamamita 1 000 ega ega ekudzika (\(5.5^\circ\text{F}\) per 1,000 feet) uku ichidonhedza hunyoro hunoenderana ne1000 kusvika 2 percent. Izvi zvinogadzira dambudziko rakapetwa katatu rekuchengetedza hupenyu: ** madutu akachinjika ember-cast anobatidza zviuru zvedzimba mamaira pamberi pemoto wemusango chaiwo, ** kamwe kamwe kuyambuka mhepo yemarori, maRV, uye matrailer *, uye ** yakapararira yePublic Safety Power Shutoffs (PSvolta) uye yakaderedzwa matambo emagetsi. Gwaro iri rinopa maitiro ekudzivirira ekudzivirira akasimbiswa neUnited States National Weather Service (NWS), Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS), California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE), Federal Highway Administration (FHWA), uye Environment uye Climate Change Canada (ECCC). Kuti uwane kubviswa kwemoto wemusango, verenga yedu mutungamiriri wemoto wemusango; nokuda kwemhepo yemabhanan'ana, verenga derecho, mhepo yakatwasuka, uye microburst kupona.

Ita izvi ikozvino¶

1. Sima "Zone 0" yemba yako (yekutanga 0 kusvika 1.5 metres [0 kusvika 5 feet] kutenderedza madziro ako) mhepo isati yarova. Famba gumbo rimwe uchitenderedza kunze kwemba yako izvozvi: fambisa macushion ese epapatio, marati emusuwo ecoco-fiber, macheya akaturikidzana, marara epurasitiki, uye mashizha akaoma kubva pamadziro* matatu*10 skylight, uye gonhi regaraji zvakasimba, uye kutsvaira tsono dzepaini kubva mumipata yedenga nemapombi.
2. Dbvisa chemagetsi otomatiki chekuvhura gonhi regaraji uye dhonza tambo dzvuku yekuburitsa magetsi ASITI adzimwa. Munguva yemadutu emhepo eSanta Ana neDiablo, zvishandiso zvinowanzoita Public Safety Power Shutoffs (PSPS) kana mapazi anobhururuka anocheka tambo dzemagetsi panongotanga moto webhurashi unokurumidza kufamba. Kana iwe usingazive kuvhura gonhi rako rinorema regaraji nemaoko murima, mota yako ichavharirwa mukati megaraji panguva ye10-maminetsi ekubuda hwindo.
3. Mika motokari yako yekutanga yekubuda kunze mumugwagwa wakatarisana nemugwagwa wakapetwa mahwindo, makiyi pamuviri wako, nemabhegi ekufambisa akaiswa mukati. Usambofa wakapaka pasi pemiti yeeucalyptus, mipaini, kana mioki mihombe panguva yedutu remhepo, uye chengetedza mhepo yekabhini yemotokari yako yakarongwa kuti Kutendererazve kuitira kuti isapinda mumhepo inobhururuka.
4. Kana uri kutyaira motokari yepamusoro-soro (semi-rori, rori yebhokisi, camper van, RV, vhiri rechishanu, boat trailer, kana SUV ine denga remba), USAPINDA makomo kana miromo yecanyon panguva yeHigh Wind Warning. Kana mhepo dzakayambuka dzichipfuura 80 kusvika 100 makiromita paawa (50 kusvika 62 kudivi rekutakura-rimwe makiromita-rimwe makiromita kana diki) matrailer nemakambi pamativi avo asingasviki masekonzi maviri. Buda mumugwagwa mukuru uye upaka panomira marori kana kuti yakanangidzirwa ** yakananga kumhepo (mhino mumhepo)* kure nemiti netambo dzemagetsi kudzamara mafashamu adonha.
5. Gara zvinosvika mamita gumi (mamita makumi matatu) kubva pane chero waya yakadonhera, simbi inovhuvhuta, kana fenzi yesimbi yakadonha munguva yechamupupuri. Hurricane-force canyon winds inorova mitsara ine simba remagetsi ekuparadzira pamwe chete (conductor slap) kana kudonhedza 12,000-volt fenzi newaya dzakaoma. Bata waya yese yakadonhedzwa semhenyu uye inouraya, fonera nhamba yako yemuno ye emergency (911 muUnited States neCanada, 112 mhiri kweEuropean Union, 999 kuUnited Kingdom, kana kuona zvese nhamba dze emergency), uye kutevera yedu akadonhedza mitsara yemagetsi.
6. Kana wakavharirwa netsoka kana mumotokari nechamupupuri chinofambiswa nemoto pasina nzira yekupukunyuka nayo, pekugara mukati menzvimbo yakacheneswa, nzvimbo huru yekupaka, kana chivakwa chine kongiri, HAZVIMBORI mumugwagwa wakatetepa wekoni wakamisikidzwa nebhurasho. Verenga nhanho dzekupona muChikamu 5 pazasi uye mune yedu mutungamiriri wemoto wemusango.

Downslope windstorm uye ember-cast emergency decision flowchart¶

Shandisa iyi triage chati kana ** Mhepo Yakakwirira Yambiro**, ** Nyevero Mureza Tsvuku**, kana ** Kunyanya Mamiriro Engozi (PDS) Nyevero Yemureza Mutsvuku** yapihwa mhepo dzemumakomo.

flowchart TD
    Start["Downslope Windstorm Emergency:<br/>Santa Ana, Diablo, Chinook, kana Foehn Winds<br/>Yakasimba 60-110 km/h (37-70 mph), Gusts 130-180 km/h (80-112 mph)"] --> Context{"Ndeipi <br/>nzvimbo yako yengozi?"}

    Context -->|"1. MUIMBA MUWILDLAND-URBAN INTERFACE<br/>Red Flag Yambiro + Utsi hwemhepo / Ember Cast"| EmberHome["EMBER-STORM KUDZIVIRIRA KWEMUMBA & KUBVA:<br/>1. Mota yekumashure ichipinda munzira yakatarisana nemugwagwa; dhonza garaji remanyorero kuburitsa <br/>2. Pachena 1.5 m (5 ft) Zone 0: Bvisa magonhi, makushioni, marashi, huni<br/>3. Vhara mahwindo ese, magonhi emhuka dzinovaraidza, madhimusi epachoto, uye mafesi emhepo anofefetera eHVAC<br/>4. Pfeka 100% donje/wool maoko marefu, bhutsu dzematehwe, nemagogi<br/>5. Budai pakarepo kana warairwa kana kuti mazimbe atanga kumhara pachivanze"]

    Context -->|"2. KUSHAYIRA MUMUGWAJWA HUU KANA KUTI CANYON PASS<br/>Machinjiro Akasimba / Guruva / Kupupurutsa Marara"| HighwayWind{"Imotokari yerudzii<br/>yauri kutyaira?"}

    HighwayWind -->|"High-Profile Vehicle:<br/>RV, Camper, Trailer, Box Truck,<br/>Van, kana Empty Semi-Trailer"| HighProfile["KUDZIVIRIRWA KWENYURO YEKUKURUMBISA:<br/>1. USAtyaira uchipfuura muromo wecanyon kana mabhiriji marefu mukuvhuvhuta >= 80 km/h (50 mph)<br/>2. Dhonza panobuda/pokuzorora unotevera USATI wapinda mukoridho yemhepo <br/>3. Paki yakanongedza MUMHEPO (mhino kupinda mumhepo) kudzivirira divi-tip<br/>4. Chock mavhiri, seta mabhureki ekupaka, gara kure nemiti & mapango emagetsi"]

    HighwayWind -->|"Standard Passenger Mota / SUV"| LowProfile["KUPONA KWEMHIMOTI YEMOTAI:<br/>1. Bata chidhiraivho na9 na3 o'clock nemaoko ose <br/>2. Kudzikira ne20-30 km/h (15-20 mph); kusambopfuura marori anozununguka <br/>3. Tarisira kungoerekana kwabuda mhepo ine chisimba ichibuda mumabhiriji, tunnels, kana matombo ekucheka"]

    Context -->|"3. SIMBA GRID SHUTOFF (PSPS) KANA DOWNED WAYA <br/>Sparking Lines kana Multi-Day Outage"| GridHazard["RUGWEREKO NEPAPSPS:<br/>1. Gara >= 10 m (33 ft) kubva pawaya dzakadonha & fenzi dzesimbi; fonera 911/112/999<br/>2. Mhanya majenareta anotakurika >= 6 m (20 ft) panze pane tsvina isina chinhu/kongiri<br/>3. Usambofa wakaisa inopisa jenareta muffler pedyo neuswa hwakaoma mu 80 km/h mhepo"]

Iyo meteorology yemadutu emhepo inodzika: Sei mweya uchimhanyisa kudzika makomo¶

Madutu emhepo anoserera haasi mamiriro ekunze akajairika. Zvinoitika kana nzvimbo yakasimba mukati menyika ** yakakwirira-inomanikidza dome ** inovaka pamusoro penzvimbo yakakwirira yemukati (yakadai seGreat Basin yeNevada neUtah, Canadian Rocky Mountain plateau, kana kumaodzanyemba kweAlps) apo yakadzika ** yakaderera-inodzvinyirira dhiri ** inogara kumahombekombe kana pamusoro pemapani eLeeward.

1. Canyon Venturi acceleration uye hydraulic jumps (Mountain Waves)¶

Sezvo mhepo yakakora yemukati menyika inomanikidzwa kukwira nepamusoro pechivharo chegomo uye ichiteuka ichidzika nemateru emawere akananga kumwero wegungwa, nzira mbiri dzemagetsi dzinowedzera simba rayo rekuparadza: - ** Gap uye canyon constriction (Venturi effect):** Kana mweya wakapinda nemunzvimbo dzakatetepa dzemakomo uye makoronga emahombekombe (akadai seCajon Pass, Santa Ana Canyon, Malibu canyon, Banning Pass, Feather River Canyon, kana Crowsnest Pass muAlberta), kuchengetedza kwehuwandu hunomanikidza mhepo kuti ikurumidze kumhanyisa gadheni. - Kupwanya masaisai emakomo emuchadenga (Downslope Hydraulic Jump): Pasi penzvimbo yakagadzikana yemhepo padhuze negomo, simba rinokwevera pasi rinokwevera mhepo pasi ichidzika munzvimbo yakamira lee wave inonyura yakananga mujinga memakomo pa **120 kusvika 200 makiromita paawa (75 kusvika ku125 mamaira) ichikwira kumusoro kwemamaira ** hydraulic jump ** kana ** rotor ** mujinga memakomo. Ichi ndicho chikonzero nharaunda yese iri pamuromo wegomba inogona kubvarurwa matenga uye asphalt shingles kubviswa nepo taundi riri makiromita masere (5 mamaira) kure kunze kubani rakati sandara rinongofefetera zvine mwero chete.

2. Adiabatic kudziyisa uye 5% Relative Humidity desiccation trap¶

Sezvo mweya unonyura wakananga kunzvimbo dzakaderera uko kudzvanywa kwemuchadenga kwakakwira, mhepo yacho inotsikirirwa. NeMutemo Wekutanga weThermodynamics, kudzvanya gasi pasina kuwedzera kana kubvisa kupisa (dry adiabatic compression) kunokwidza tembiricha yaro ne \(9.8^\circ\text{C}\) pamamita 1,000 (\(5.4^\circ\text{F}\) per 1,000 feet) yekudzika kwakadzikama: - Mhepo inotangira panotonhorera \(5^\circ\text{C}\) (\(41^\circ\text{F}\)) pa2,000-metres (6,500-foot) inosvika pamhenderekedzo yegungwa pa \(25^\circ\text{C}\) (\(77^\circ\text{F}\)) muchando kana \(40^\ci\)rc\40^\ci$ (\(104^\circ\text{F}\)) mumatsutso. - Nekuti mweya unodziya unokwanisa kubata hupfu hwemvura hwakawandisa kupfuura mweya unotonhora, kupisa mugwenga wakaoma kana mhepo yemukondinendi inonyudza hunyoro hwehukama (RH) kusvika 2% kusvika 8%. - Mukati 3 kusvika kumaawa matanhatu panotanga mhepo inodzika, mafuta akafa akanaka (uswa hwakaoma, tsono dzepaini, chaparral matavi, uye denga rehuni rinodengenyeka) rinorasikirwa rinenge hunyoro hwemukati, hunosvika 10-awa hunyoro hwemafuta huri pasi pe2 kusvika 3 muzana, apo kashoma kadiki kadiki kubva kune inodhonza turera ketani, kuputika kwelawn, kuputika kwelawn moto wesango usingamisiki.

Kuenzanisa kwedunhu kwemadutu makuru ekuderera kwemhepo pasi rese¶

Shandisa tafura yereferensi iyi kuti unzwisise nguva yemwaka, maitiro emhepo, uye njodzi huru dzehutongi hwemhepo dzepasi rose.

Maitiro ekudzivirira imba yako kubva kune ember-cast dutu ("Ember Blizzard")¶

Kuferefetwa kwepashure kwenjodzi neInsurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS), National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST), uye CAL MOTO mushure memoto mukuru wekudonha kwemhepo (zvakadai seCamp Fire, Woolsey Fire, Tubbs Fire, Marshall Fire, uye Lahaina Fire) yakaratidza chokwadi chinoponesa upenyu: Wilfire drives 100-kilometer-per-awa (62-mamaira-per-awa) mhepo dzepasi dzinowanzosvetuka nepamusoro pehuswa yakasvibira, madziva ekutuhwina, uye mikoto gumi yekongiri mikoto kuti inopisa mativi ose kubva mukati nechomukati nemarasha anobhururuka.

Kana imba imwe chete ikabata moto kubva pamhunga, imba iri kutsva inova ** chimiro-ku-chimiro chinopenya kupisa uye ember jenareta ** inobatidza imba yega yevavakidzani mukati megumi kusvika gumi nemashanu metres (33 kusvika 50 tsoka). Kana uine maminetsi makumi matatu kusvika makumi matanhatu moto unofambiswa nemhepo usati wasvika (kana kana Yambiro yeRed Flag yapihwa), zadzisa iyi IBHS Ember-Hardening Sequence:

1. Nama panopinzwa shanu panopinda marasha mumba¶

Mumhepo inomhanya 100 km/h (62 mph), mamirioni emakwati anopisa makwati, pine cones, uye huni huni hwehuni hwesadza yemupunga kusvika kumabhora egorofu anofambiswa akachinjika sechimvuramabwe kunze kwemba yako: 1. Attic, gable, uye crawlspace vents: Marara anobhururuka anofamba akananga nepayakajairwa 6-millimeter (0.25-inch) hardware mesh yejira uye inomhara pamabhokisi ane guruva emakadhibhodi ekuchengetera uye selulosi insulation mukati medenga remba yako ine rima, ichipisa imba ichidzika kubva padenga mukati munhu asati aona chiutsi. - Kukwidziridza zvachose: Vhivha mavhavha ese ekunze ne 3-millimeter (0.125-inch / ⅛-inch) isingabatike nekuora-inodzivirira simbi waya mesh kana isa ASTM E2886 ember-uye-inodzivirirwa nemoto-inodzivirirwa mavhavha akabatikana. - Emergency yemaminetsi gumi pre-evacuation fix: Kana moto wakwira pari zvino uye uine maventi ekare akafara, staple, tepi, kana wedge heavy-duty aruminiyamu foil, simbi inopenya, kana nyoro ine mineral wool batts pamusoro pemukati kana kunze kwegable uye crawlspace mavents usati wabuda mukati mepanobuda moto. 2. Pasi pemagonhi egaraji nemagonhi ekunze: Mhepo inovhuvhuta yakatambanuka magonhi esimbi kana emapuranga egaraji mukati ne 1 kusvika 3 centimita (0.4 kusvika 1.2 inches) kumakona epasi nematiraki ekumativi, ichigadzira vacuum slot iyo inoyamwa marasha anotenderera akananga pamarara egaraji, magaba ependi, uye lawn. Vhara magonhi egaraji zvakasimba, simbisa kuti rubber pazasi weatherstripping haina kusimba, uye pfekedza matauro edonje akanyorova kana mabhegi ejecha pamwe nechero gap rinoonekwa repazasi usati wabuda. 3. Mazariro akavhurika, panomira shiri, uye mataira edenga emadhiramu evhu: Embers anogara mukati mepakazaruka pasi pemataira eSpanish kana mumipata yedenga ine mashizha akaoma. Tsvairai mipata yedenga nemagita esimbi zvakachenesesa nguva yemhepo isati yasvika, wovhara mataira anopera ("shiri dzinomira") nedhaka kana simbi dzakavharwa. 4. Mahwindo nechiedza chedenga: Girazi repani rimwe chete rinopwanyika mumaminitsi 1 kusvika ku3 kana rakaiswa mukupisa kunopisa kubva pafenzi iri kubvira kana gwenzi riri panze, zvichiita kuti kuvhuvhuta kwemazimbe kuchipinda muimba yekurara. Vhara mahwindo ese egirazi anopisa, bvisa mahwindo ekunze efiberglass (anonyunguduka nekubata marasha), uye **vhara mukati mesimbi isingabatike kana mapofu anorema anoumburudza ** kudzivirira kupisa kunopenya kubva pakubatidza maketeni nemubhedha mukati mekamuri. 5. Magonhi echipfuwo, madhiri ekuomesa, uye chimney flue: Kiya magonhi ese epurasitiki anotsvedza akasimba, simbisa ekunze simbi yekuomesa vent flap inovhara yakati sandara, uye vhara imba yako yemukati memoto flue damper zvachose.

2. Kubvisa "Zone 0" (0 kusvika 1.5 metres / 0 kusvika 5 tsoka kubva pamadziro) pasi kusvika pasisina mineral material¶

Nyara inopenya inomhara pakongiri, huruva, kana tsvina isina chinhu inofa zvisingakuvadzi mumasekonzi makumi matatu. Ember inomhara pahuni yakaoma bark mulch, coir doormat, kana gwenzi rejuniper rakatarisana nedivi rako rinobatidza murazvo wakareba 2 metres unogara wakananga pasi pemavhasi ako uye unopwanya mahwindo ako: - Usambofa wakashandisa makwati akachekwa, uswa hwepaini, kana mulch yerabha mukati memita 1.5 (mafiti mashanu) kubva pamadziro echivako chero chipi zvacho. Chitsiviwa nematombo akapwanyika, pea gravel, pavers, kana ivhu risina chinhu. - ** Bvisa kana kutsiva yekupedzisira 1.5 metres (5 tsoka) yehuni fenzi yehuni painobata madziro emba yako:** Fenzi dzehuni dzekuvanzika dzinoita semutsetse wefuse usina kuputsika unotungamira moto wepasi wakananga mudivi remba yako. Tsiva gedhi kana mapaneru akabatanidzwa kumadziro emba ne ** gedhi resimbi kana mbiru yematombo , kana ** prop yako yehuni fenzi gedhi rakavhurika (90 madhigirii kure neimba) ** usati wabuda kuti uparadze nzira yehuni inoenderera. - ** Usambofa wakabatidza denga rako kana zvekupfapfaidza uswa wozvisiya zvichimhanya paunobuda: Kusiya mapaipi egadheni ekugara kana zvimwaya zvepadenga zvichimhanya nenharaunda yese zvinodhonza matangi ekuchengetera mvura ekanzuru uye zvinodonhedza pombi yemoto kusvika ku ** 0 PSI **, zvichisiya vanodzima moto nemapombi asina chinhu pavanoedza kuchengetedza mugwagwa wako.

Kupona kwemota yepamusoro-soro: Kudzivirira kuyambuka mhepo mumigwagwa mikuru¶

Munguva yeSanta Ana, Chinook, Diablo, kana Foehn dutu remhepo, mugwagwa mukuru unoyambuka wakananga kumakoni emakomo (akadai seInterstate 10, Interstate 15, uye Highway 14 muSouthern California; Interstate 25 uye Interstate 80 muWyoming neColorado; uye Highway 2 iri kumaodzanyemba kweAlberta inofamba nemotokari dzinotenderera pamusoro pemotokari.

Iyo fizikisi ye crosswind mota rollover¶

Aerodynamic wind pressure haiwedzeri mutsetse nekumhanya kwemhepo; simba remhepo rinowedzera ne SQUARE yekumhanya kwemhepo (\(F \propto v^2\)): - Kana mhepo inoyambuka yakapetwa kaviri kubva 50 makiromita paawa (31 mamaira paawa) kusvika 100 makiromita paawa (62 mamaira paawa), lateral kusundira simba kudivi rekaravhani yemusasa kana rori yebhokisi mana (inowedzera ne400 muzana). - Panguva imwecheteyo, mhepo yepamusoro-soro ichikwira pamusoro pedenga rakakomberedzwa revhani, RV, kana semi-trailer inogadzira Bernoulli aerodynamic lift (inoderedza kudzika kwetayi) uku mweya wakavharirwa pasi pechasikisi uchisundira kumusoro kudivi remhepo. - Kune isina semi-tirailer, rori rinotakura zvinhu, karavhani yekufambisa, chishanu-mavhiri camper, Sprinter-style yakakwira-padenga kombi, kana pickup camper , mafashamo ari pakati pe95 nemakiromita zana nemakumi maviri paawa (mamaira 60 ne75 paawa) inodarika chikumbaridzo chemotokari chakamira, ichitenderedza motokari padivi kana kuvheyesa motokari padivi. jackknife mumigwagwa yese.

Mitemo yekutyaira kana kupaka panguva yeMhepo Yakakwirira Yambiro¶

1. Teerera mugwagwa mukuru "Zvirambidzo zveMotokari Yepamusoro" nekukasika: Kana madhipatimendi ezvekufambisa atumira zviratidzo zvemagetsi zvinorambidza mota dzepamusoro-soro kana dzakareruka/dzisina chinhu, simuka paunobuda unotevera.
2. Maitirwo ekupaka mota yemhando yepamusoro zvakachengeteka mudutu remhepo:
3. Gara uchitenderedza mota kuti bumper yekumberi yakatarisana neMHEPO (Musoro-mu-mhepo yokupaka): Rori yebhokisi, RV, kana semi-rori yakapakwa pakafaranuka (90 madhigirii) kusvika ku130 km/h (80 mph) kuvhuvhuta yakamira yakamira zvachose munzvimbo yekupaka. Kunongedza mhino yakatetepa yepamberi yakananga kumhepo kunoderedza nzvimbo yekukweva nemhepo ne75 kusvika 80 muzana.
4. ** Usambofa wakapaka padivi peimwe semi-rori ine mukaha wakatetepa we1-kusvika-2-mita pakati pako:** Paka kure kune mamwe marefu marefu (saka turera isina chinhu haigone kupwanya denga rako) kana kutevera nhungamiro yekumisa rori kure nezviratidzo, miti, uye mapango ekushandisa.
5. Kana akabatwa achityaira mota inotakura vanhu munzvimbo dzakakomba dzecanyon crosswinds:
6. Bata chidhiraivho chakasimba nemaoko maviri panzvimbo ya9 o'clock ne3 o'clock: Kana motokari yako ichipfuura seri kwedombo, mbiru inodarika mugwagwa mukuru, mudhuri wegudzanzwi, kana kuti semi-rori, unopinda mumumvuri wemhepo mupfupi maunofanira kunangana nemhepo; pakarepo iwe paunobuda uchipfuura chipingamupinyi, simba rakazara remuchinjiko rinorovera mukati mako mafenders ako (** mhepo-shear jolt **).
7. Chenjererai kudzima kwejecha neguruva rinovhuvhuta: Mhepo inovhuvhuta inovhuvhuta nzizi dzakaoma uye nzvimbo dzegwenga, zvichiita kuti huruva ionekwe kamwe kamwe mumugwagwa mukuru; ona zvedu haboob uye yakakomba guruva dutu gwara.

Kupukunyuka uye kupona-kwekupedzisira-kupona kana kubatwa nedutu remoto rinofambiswa nemhepo¶

Mwoyo wemusango unofambiswa nemhepo dzakadzika dzinofamba nekumhanya kunotyisa: nepo moto wesango wakajairwa uchipararira pa1 kusvika 3 makiromita paawa (0.6 kusvika 2 mamaira paawa), Santa Ana, Diablo, kana Chinook huswa-uye-bhurashi moto unogona kufambira mberi pa ** 10 kusvika 25 makiromita paawa (6 kusvika 15 mamaira paawa-3 kukanda makiromita makumi matatu) kusvika mamaira matatu)** pamberi pemberi.

1. Pfekedza ember uye kupenya-kupisa kupona USATI wabuda nepamusuwo¶

Njovu zhinji dzemoto wemusango dzinoitika apo vagari vanobuda paminiti yekupedzisira vakapfeka zvikabudura zvenylon, mahembe epolyester, uye mafiripi erubha: - Usambofa wakapfeka machira ekugadzira (polyester, naironi, mvere, spandex) panguva yekubuda kunze kwemoto wemusango: Pasi pekupisa kunopenya kana kuti ember kubata, machira ekugadzira anonyunguduka kuita epurasitiki inopisa inobatana paganda remunhu. - **Pfeka 100 muzana yekotoni inorema (denim jeans, bhurukwa rekushanda, canvas shati ine maoko marefu) kana mvere **, ** lace-up leather work boots ane masokisi emvere **, ** magurovhosi ematehwe **, ** yakavharwa ski kana magirazi ekuchengetedza ** (kuona kuburikidza nekupofumadza utsi uye kuvhuvhuta pamusoro pechiutsi * uye kuputira madota * N9 yekotoni * uye kupuruzira madota * N9, uye banda remadota reN9) muromo (usamboshandisa bhandi rakanyorova mukupisa kukuru, sezvo mweya unopisa unoshandura hunyoro mumucheka kuita chiutsi chinopisa nzira yemhepo).

2. Chii chaunofanira kuita kana nzira yako yekubuda nayo yakagurwa nemirazvo neutsi¶

Kana iwe uchityaira kubva mugomba kana kupatsanurwa uye utsi hwakakora, mapango emagetsi akadonha, kana mirazvo inovhara nzira pamberi: 1. Batidza marambi ako, 4-way hazard flasher, uye nyanga, chengeta mahwindo akakungurutswa 100% UP, uye isa AC/ventilation kuti Recirculate. 2. ** Usamboedza kumhanya uchikwira mugomo kana mhepo yekudzika netsoka **, uye ** usambofa wakasiya motokari yako iri mubhurasho rinorema kuti umhanye mumugwagwa uzere nehutsi . 3. Tsvaga Nzvimbo Yekupotera Yenguva (TRA) isina zvinomera: - Nangisa mota yako pane yakakura iripo ** nzvimbo ine tsvina isina chinhu, matombo, huru kongiri yokupaka, yegirinhi yakadiridzwa yemitambo yemitambo, mharadzano yakafara, kana nzvimbo YATOTOTSVA yakapisa nhema ("iyo dema"). - **Paka kure kure nebhurasho rakaoma, miti, zvivakwa zvemapuranga, matangi epropane, nedzimwe mota dzakamiswa sezvinobvira ** (kana matayi emota yepedyo akabatira moto, inobatidza mota yako). - Rega injini ichimhanya isina chayakaita (kana uchida kufambisa mamita makumi maviri kubva pane imwe hotspot itsva), dzima maraiti ekunze chete kana zvichidiwa, ** buruka pafloorboard pazasi pezinga remahwindo egirazi **, uye vhara mufambi wese zvachose ne 100% gumbeze remvere,hachi rematehwe, kana bhachi redonje rinorema **. - **Gara mukati memotokari apo to wepamberi wemaminetsi maviri kusvika ku5 uchipfuura: Kabhini yemotokari yesimbi yakavharwa inovhara kupisa kunouraya (\(200^\circ\text{C}\)\(800^\circ\text{C}\)) uye marasha anopenya akareba kupfuura anogona kurarama muviri wemunhu kunze. Kunyangwe matai aputika kana ekunze epurasitiki epurasitiki achipfungaira, ** garai pasi pasi pegumbeze remvere dzemakwai mukati memotokari kusvika murazvo mukuru wemberi wapfuura **, wobuda nokungwarira panzvimbo isina chinhu kana kabhini yemotokari pachayo ikabatira moto.

Pre-windstorm mhuri uye kugadzirira motokari yekuongorora¶

Pedzisa iyi yekutarisa maawa makumi maviri nemana pamberi pechiitiko chemhepo chaSanta Ana, Diablo, Chinook, kana Foehn:

• Chaja mafoni ese, mabhangi emagetsi, mabhatiri ekurapa, uye zviteshi zvemagetsi zvinotakurika kusvika 100 muzana: Funga nezvemazuva mazhinji ePublic Safety Power Shutoff (PSPS) kana kupera kunokonzerwa nemhepo kuchaitika; maona hurema uye kugadzirira zvinodiwa pakurapa.
• Dzidzira kudhonza mubato mutsvuku wemusuwo wegaraji uye nekusimudza gonhi nemaoko: Tarisa kuti munhu mukuru uye wechidiki ari mumba anogona kuvhura gonhi regaraji pasina magetsi.
• Simira kana kuunza mukati memba yese "mapurojekiti emhepo" (trampolines, maamburera epapatio, maawnings esimbi, mabhini emarara asina chinhu, uye fenicha yedhamu): Mumupata une 130 km/h (80 mph) canyon gust, trampoline yekuseri kwemba isina kuvharwa inobhururuka mazana emamita ichipinda mutambo dzemagetsi evavakidzani.
• Chenesa mashizha ese netsono dzepaini kubva mumageta edenga, mipata yedenga remba, uye pasi pemapaini (Zone 0): Tsama imwe chete yetsono dzakaoma dzepaini mumugero zvinongodiwa chete kuti moto uri kure upise denga rako.
• Zadza tangi yemafuta emotokari yako kusvika pazana uye dzosera mota munzira yakatarisana nemugwagwa: Rodha yako. emergency go-bag, vatakuri vezvipfuyo (mhuka dzinovaraidza munguva dzenjodzi), magwaro anokosha, uye 100% nguo dzekubvisa donje / mvere dzemakwai + bhutsu dzematehwe + ski goggles mukati memotokari usati waenda kunorara.
• Nyorera zviziviso zveSMS zvemuno reverse-911 / County wodzima "Usavhiringa" pafoni yako husiku hwose: Madutu emhepo anodzika pasi anowanzo kwira pakati pe10:00 PM na6:00 AM apo kutonhora kwemwaranzi yeusiku kunomhanyisa kuyerera kwemvura yakadzika; moto we canyon unokurumidza kusvika mumugwagwa wako mumaminitsi gumi nemashanu iwe wakarara.

Mibvunzo inowanzo bvunzwa¶

Sei mhepo dzeSanta Ana neDiablo dzichipisa kana dzichibva mugwenga rinotonhora reNevada neUtah mukupera kwematsutso nechando?¶

Mhepo dzepasi dzinopisa nekuoma kweadiabatic compression, kwete nezuva kana tembiricha yemugwenga kwainotangira. Mhepo iri munzvimbo yakakwirira yeGreat Basin inotangira pakakwirira mamita 1,500 kusvika 2,500 (5,000 kusvika 8,200 tsoka) pamusoro pegungwa, uko mhepo inotonhora chaizvo muna Mbudzi kana Zvita. Zvisinei, sezvo simba guru rinosunda mweya iwoyo pamusoro pemakomo uye richiumanikidza kunyura mamita 2 000 (6 500 feet) pasi kusvika pamwero wegungwa pamhenderekedzo yePacific, uremu hwemhepo huri kuwedzera hunomanikidza mamorekuru emhepo pamwe chete. Mhepo inodzvanyirira inosimudza tembiricha yayo payakaomeswa yakaoma adiabatic lapse rate ye$9.8^\circ\text{C}$ pa 1,000 metres ($5.4^\circ\text{F}$ per 1,000 feet) yekudzikira, ichiwedzera madhora makumi maviri ^\circ\text{C}$ (\\36 ^ kudonhedza hunyoro{36^\} $rc kudonhedza hunyoro{36^\} $36 ^\}circity nhamba imwe chete panguva yainosvika mumataundi emahombekombe.

Moto wesango ungayambuka sei mugwagwa wekongiri une mitsetse misere kana kuti dziva rakafara usingapise mugwagwa?¶

Moto wemusango unosundwa ne80-to-140 km/h (50-to-85 mph) mhepo dzakadzika haidi huswa hunoramba huri pasi pasi kuti vayambuke chipingamupinyi; vanofamba mumhepo kuburikidza neakareba-range ember cast (spotting). Kukwidza kunotyisa uye mhirizhonga yemakomo-wave eddies inoparadza mamiriyoni ezvimedu zvinopisa zvemakwati, pine cones, eucalypt, uye matanda ehuni kubva pamiti inopisa uye matenga, achizvikwidziridza mazana emamita kumusoro uye kuatakura akachinjika makiromita 1,5 kusvika ku5 (mamaira 1 kusvika ku3) achidzika nemhepo. Aya marasha anopenya anonaya achiyambuka migwagwa mikuru, nzizi, uye nyanza sechimvuramabwe chakati chechetere, achibatidza uswa hwakaoma, mulch, uye mapopoma emumba asina kuvharwa ari parutivi rwuri kure rwomugwagwa wakasununguka maminitsi murazvo mukuru usati watombosvika mumugwagwa.

Chii chinonzi "Kunyanya Nengozi Mamiriro" (PDS) Red Flag Yambiro?¶

MuUnited States, iyo National Weather Service inopa yakajairwa Red Flag Yambiro kakawanda pagore apo tembiricha inodziya, hunyoro hwakaderera, uye mhepo ine simba zvinogadzira yakakwira njodzi yemoto. "Pakaoma Mamiriro Engozi" (PDS) Nyevero Yemureza Mutsvuku ichenjedzo isingawanzoitiki, yepamusoro-soro yakachengeterwa zviitiko zvakanyanyisa, kamwe-mumakore akati wandei apo mhepo inovhuvhuta ($100\zvinyorwa{kusvika }160\text{ km/h}$ [{{}60-mphdry} zvinyorwa{{} digiti $61} humidity ($< 5\%\text{ to }8\%$), and critically dry historic vegetation levels align simultaneously. During a PDS Red Flag Warning, any new fire ignition will immediately outrun all ground and aerial firefighting capabilities (especially since firefighting helicopters and air tankers are grounded when canyon turbulence exceeds 65 to 80 km/h [40 to 50 mph]).

Sei mhepo dzeChinook muMakomo eRocky zvichiita kuti tembiricha isvetuke \(25^\circ\text{C}\) (\(45^\circ\text{F}\)) isingasviki awa ("Mudyi Wechando")?¶

Chinook imhepo yemhando yepamusoro-soro yeAlpine Foehn-type downslope mhepo inoitika kana mhepo yakanyorova yePacific inomanikidzwa kukwira kumawere ekumadokero kweRocky Mountains, inotonhora pamwero unononoka unyoro adiabatic rate ($5^\circ\text{C}$6^\circ\text{C}$ per 1,000 metres) apo inodurura mvura inonaya kumadokero nechando condensation), yobva yadzika pasi nemateru ekumabvazuva kumapani eAlberta, Montana, Wyoming, kana Colorado, ichidziya nekukasira kwekuoma kweadiabatic rate ($9.8^\circ\text{C}$ per 1,000 metres). Kana mhepo inovhuvhuta iyi inodziya yakadzika pasi ichisundira kunze dziva risina kudzika re$-25^\circ\text{C}$ ($-13^\circ\text{F}$) Mhepo yeArctic yakagara pamapani ekumabvazuva, kuverenga kwethermometer kunogona kukwira mudenga ne$20^\circ\text{C}$ to $27^\circ\text\C$3 $ $49^\circ\text{F}$) mumaminetsi gumi nemashanu kusvika makumi matatu, ichidzikisa nekunyungudusa masendimita makumi matatu (12 inches) echando mumasikati mamwe chete.

Kwatariswa¶

• United States National Weather Service (NWS / NOAA): Santa Ana Wind, Diablo Wind, uye Chinook Mountain-Wave Forecasting, Red Flag Warning uye PDS Criteria, uye High Wind Safety Guidelines.
• Insurance Institute for Business and Home Safety (IBHS): Wildfire Prepared Home Standards, Zone 0 (0-to-5-Foot Non-Combustible Buffer) Tsvakurudzo, uye Ember-Cast Wind Tunnel Studies.
• California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection (CAL FIRE) uye United States Forest Service (USFS): Yakagadzirira, Yakagadzika, Go Wildfire Evacuation Guide, Home Hardening (⅛-Inch Ember Mesh), uye Last-Resort Vehicle Refuge Protocols.
• Federal Highway Administration (FHWA, United States) uye Environment uye Climate Change Canada (ECCC): High-Profile Vehicle Crosswind Rollover Thresholds uye Mountain Pass Wind Closure Standards.
• National Institute of Standards and Technology (NIST, United States): Post-Fire WUI Disaster Investigations (Camp Fire, Tubbs Fire, uye Marshall Fire Structure-to-Structure uye Ember Ignition Reports).

Mazano anoenderana¶

• Wildfires: kugadzirira, kubuda, uye kupona
• Utsi hwemoto wesango uye kudzivirira kufemerwa nemadota
• Derecho, mhepo yakatwasuka, uye microburst kupona
• Yakaderedzwa tambo dzemagetsi uye motokari electrocution kupona
• Go-bhegi uye evacuation pack cheki cheki